Background Vitamin A(VA)and its metabolite,retinoic acid(RA),are of great interest for their wide range of physiological functions.However,the regulatory contribution of VA to mitochondrial and muscle fiber compositio...Background Vitamin A(VA)and its metabolite,retinoic acid(RA),are of great interest for their wide range of physiological functions.However,the regulatory contribution of VA to mitochondrial and muscle fiber composition in sheep has not been reported.Method Lambs were injected with 0(control)or 7,500 IU VA palmitate into the biceps femoris muscle on d 2 after birth.At the age of 3 and 32 weeks,longissimus dorsi(LD)muscle samples were obtained to explore the effect of VA on myofiber type composition.In vitro,we investigated the effects of RA on myofiber type composition and intrinsic mechanisms.Results The proportion of type I myofiber was greatly increased in VA-treated sheep in LD muscle at harvest.VA greatly promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and function in LD muscle of sheep.Further exploration revealed that VA elevated PGC-1αmRNA and protein contents,and enhanced the level of p38 MAPK phosphorylation in LD muscle of sheep.In addition,the number of type I myofibers with RA treatment was significantly increased,and type IIx myofibers was significantly decreased in primary myoblasts.Consistent with in vivo experiment,RA significantly improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function in primary myoblasts of sheep.We then used si-PGC-1αto inhibit PGC-1αexpression and found that si-PGC-1αsignificantly abrogated RA-induced the formation of type I myofibers,mitochondrial biogenesis,MitoTracker staining intensity,UQCRC1 and ATP5A1 expression,SDH activity,and enhanced the level of type IIx muscle fibers.These data suggested that RA improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function by promoting PGC-1αexpression,and increased type I myofibers.In order to prove that the effect of RA on the level of PGC-1αis caused by p38 MAPK signaling,we inhibited the p38 MAPK signaling using a p38 MAPK inhibitor,which significantly reduced RA-induced PGC-1αand MyHC I levels.Conclusion VA promoted PGC-1αexpression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway,improved mitochondrial biogenesis,and altered the composition of muscle fiber type.展开更多
Background:In some developing countries,people have little knowledge about the causes of diabetic foot ulcers.Therefore,public health education for patients on these conditions is a prerequisite for effective pharmaco...Background:In some developing countries,people have little knowledge about the causes of diabetic foot ulcers.Therefore,public health education for patients on these conditions is a prerequisite for effective pharmacological treatment.Diabetic foot ulcers are a complex symptom of diabetes and are hard to cure due to the lack of efficacious medicine and alternative treatment approaches.Vitamin A(VA)is known to have potent biological functions,including skin repair and immunoregulation.However,the potential pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of VA on foot ulcers are still to be discovered.Methods:By using bioinformatic/computational analyses,including network pharmacology,gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis,we aimed to identify and reveal the pharmacological targets,molecular mechanisms,biological functions,and signaling pathways of VA in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.Results:A total of 66 intersection genes were identified as candidate targets of VA,which are related to diabetic foot ulcers.Therein,18 core genes/targets,namely JUN,MAPK1,THRB,MAPK14,MTNR1B,CXCR3,ESR1,AR,HDAC1,IL-10,CNR1,DRD2,EGFR,ADRA2A,CCND1,RXRB,RARA,and RXRA,were further identified.Furthermore,the biological processes,cell components,and molecular functions which may underlie the effects of VA against diabetic foot ulcers were characterized.Conclusion:Based on our findings,we concluded that the pharmacological effects of VA on diabetic foot ulcers primarily involve the promotion of cellular regeneration and proliferation and the inhibition of inflammatory response.The core genes/targets may potentially serve as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers.展开更多
Objective:To understand the vitamin levels in pregnant women and its influencing factors and provide a basis for formulating scientific and reasonable vitamin supplement plans for pregnant women.Methods:Pregnant women...Objective:To understand the vitamin levels in pregnant women and its influencing factors and provide a basis for formulating scientific and reasonable vitamin supplement plans for pregnant women.Methods:Pregnant women with a pregnancy period of 12 weeks to 36 weeks in Baoding area were selected as the research subjects using the random sampling method.The sample size is estimated to be 5,000 people,and the diversity of the research subjects,such as age,education level,pregnancy,etc.,were recorded through a survey.The content of the survey included the personal information of the research subjects,pregnancy conditions,eating habits,vitamin supplements taken,etc.At the same time,blood tests were carried out on the research subjects to detect indicators such as vitamin levels.Results:The results of serum measurement showed that the vitamin A level of pregnant women was 0.38±0.12 mg/L,the vitamin E level was 13.51±3.17 mg/L,and the vitamin D level was 17.82±4.18 ng/L;the level of vitamin A of pregnant women in the first trimester was significantly lower than those in the second and third trimesters,and the level of vitamin E of pregnant women in second trimester was significantly higher than those in the first and third trimesters,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).The rate of vitamin A deficiency in the early stage was significantly higher than that in the middle and late stages of pregnancy,(P<0.05);vitamin D deficiency existed in all pregnant women.Conclusion:Pregnant women should maintain a reasonable diet and eat more vitamin-rich foods,such as vegetables,fruits,etc.;besides,pregnant women should take vitamin supplements under the guidance of doctors or professionals according to their own conditions;moreover,the publicity and education for pregnant women should be improved with more emphasis on vitamin supplementation.展开更多
During growth in cattle,the development of intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle is dependent upon cell hyperplasia(increased number of adipocytes)and hypertrophy(increased size of adipocytes).Based on the results o...During growth in cattle,the development of intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle is dependent upon cell hyperplasia(increased number of adipocytes)and hypertrophy(increased size of adipocytes).Based on the results of previous studies,other adipose tissue depots(e.g.,perirenal and subcutaneous)develop from the fetal stage primarily as brown adipose tissue.The hyperplastic stage of intramuscular adipose is considered to develop from late pregnancy,but there is no evidence indicating that intramuscular adipose tissue develops initially as brown adipose tissue.Hyperplastic growth of intramuscular adipose continues well into postweaning and is dependent on the timing of the transition to grain-based diets;thereafter,the late-stage development of intramuscular adipose tissue is dominated by hypertrophy.For muscle development,hyperplasia of myoblasts lasts from early(following development of somites in the embryo)to middle pregnancy,after which growth of muscle is the result of hypertrophy of myofibers.Vitamin A is a fat-soluble compound that is required for the normal immunologic function,vision,cellular proliferation,and differentiation.Here we review the roles of vitamin A in intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development in cattle.Vitamin A regulates both hyperplasia and hypertrophy in in vitro experiments.Vitamin A supplementation at the early stage and restriction at fattening stage generate opposite effects in the beef cattle.Appropriate vitamin A supplementation and restriction strategy increase intramuscular adipose tissue development(i.e.,marbling or intramuscular fat)in some in vivo trials.Besides,hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myoblasts/myotubes were affected by vitamin A treatment in in vitro trials.Additionally,some studies reported an interaction between the alcohol dehydrogenase-1C(ADH1C)genotype and vitamin A feed restriction for the development of marbling and/or intramuscular adipose tissue,which was dependent on the timing and level of vitamin A restriction.Therefore,the feed strategy of vitamin A has the visible impact on the marbling and muscle development in the cattle,which will be helpful to promote the quality of the beef.展开更多
AIM:To assess the vitamin A status of patients with Crohn's disease(CD) by evaluating serum retinol levels and the relative dose response(RDR) test(liver retinol stores).METHODS:Vitamin A nutritional status was me...AIM:To assess the vitamin A status of patients with Crohn's disease(CD) by evaluating serum retinol levels and the relative dose response(RDR) test(liver retinol stores).METHODS:Vitamin A nutritional status was measured by serum retinol obtained by high performance liquid chromatography and the RDR test for evaluation of the hepatic stores.Body composition was performed by densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Vitamin A dietary intake was assessed from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.RESULTS:This study included 38 CD patients and 33 controls.Low serum retinol concentrations were detected in 29% of CD patients vs 15% in controls(P < 0.005).The RDR test was positive in 37% of CD patients vs 12% in controls,which indicated inadequate hepatic vitamin A stores(P < 0.005).Individuals with hypovitaminosis A had lower BMI and body fat compared with those without this deficiency.There was no association between vitamin A deficiency and its dietary intake,ileal location,presence of disease activity and prior bowel resections.CONCLUSION:Patients with CD have higher prevalence of vitamin A deficiency,as assessed by two independent methods.展开更多
Variability in vitamin A (VA) intake of pregnant women in Ngaoundere town according to geographic origin, socio-professional and demographic factors was studied. A total of 100 pregnant women attending ante natal visi...Variability in vitamin A (VA) intake of pregnant women in Ngaoundere town according to geographic origin, socio-professional and demographic factors was studied. A total of 100 pregnant women attending ante natal visits at the Regional Hospital in Ngaoundere were involved in the survey. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on geographic origin, socio-professional status, birth history, demographic and anthropometric factors. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall. Meals potentially rich in VA consumed by these women were collected, their carotenoids contents quantified and VA activity determined by conversion. Results indicated that daily VA intake of these women varied significantly (p < 0.05) with geographic origin, level of education and age of pregnancy. VA intake of pregnant women of Northern origin (Adamawa, North and Far North Regions) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (496 μg/day/woman) than that of women of Southern origin (588 μg/day/woman), although both were below the recommended intake of 800 μg/day/woman. The more educated a woman and the older her pregnancy, the higher her VA intake. VA consumption of pregnant women of Northern origin was significantly influenced by their age, whereas for pregnant women of Southern origin, BMI (Body Mass Index) equally had a significant influence on their VA intake. Socio-professional status, marital status and number of children did not significantly influence the daily VA intake of these women. Thus, a pregnant woman originating from the Northern part of the country and having no formal education, consumed less foods rich in carotenoids and therefore was more at risk for vitamin A deficiency.展开更多
Dietary macronutrients and micronutrients play important roles in human health.On the other hand,the excessive energy derived from food is stored in the form of triacylglycerol.A variety of dietary and hormonal factor...Dietary macronutrients and micronutrients play important roles in human health.On the other hand,the excessive energy derived from food is stored in the form of triacylglycerol.A variety of dietary and hormonal factors affect this process through the regulation of the activities and expression levels of those key player enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase,fatty acid synthase,fatty acid elongases,and desaturases.As a micronutrient,vitamin A is essential for the health of humans.Recently,vitamin A has been shown to play a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.This review summarizes recent research progresses about the roles of vitamin A in fatty acid synthesis.It focuses on the effects of vitamin A on the activities and expression levels of mRNA and proteins of key enzymes for fatty acid synthesis in vitro and in vivo.It appears that vitamin A status and its signaling pathway regulate the expression levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis.Future research directions are also discussed.展开更多
Vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolites play an essential role in lung airway function. Patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a lower serum retinol concentration, and imp...Vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolites play an essential role in lung airway function. Patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a lower serum retinol concentration, and improvement of their 1-second Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) is achieved with VA supplementation. In order to test our hypothesis that the VA signaling pathway is compromised in COPD, we obtained 20 lung samples from COPD patients differing in the degree of emphysema as judged by their FEV% values. All were smokers or were exposed to secondhand smoke. Levels of VA (retinol/retinyl ester), tocopherols and carotenoids (lutein, beta-carotene) in these samples were determined using HPLC. Additional analytes beside VA were included for their known roles as antioxidants and modulators of VA-action. VA levels (retinol/retinyl ester) decreased significantly with the increase in severity of emphysema. Among other analytes, α-tocopherol levels fell by 25.8% in the severe emphysema group in comparison to the mild emphysema group, and lutein levels similarly decreased in severe compared to moderate emphysema groups. However, beta-carotene levels remained unchanged. Thus there is a significant linear correlation between lung VA-levels and the severity of emphysema. There was also a significant reduction in the levels of α-, δ-tocopherol and lutein in the severe emphysema group of COPD patients who either smoked or were exposed to smoke.展开更多
Neurological signs like ataxia and hind limb paresis have often been reported in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), lions (Panthera leo) and snow leopards (Panthera unica). As a cause, copper and Vitamin A deficiencies have...Neurological signs like ataxia and hind limb paresis have often been reported in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), lions (Panthera leo) and snow leopards (Panthera unica). As a cause, copper and Vitamin A deficiencies have been discussed. Many cases were seen in cheetahs and lions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) within the last years. The aim of this study was to find correlations between nutrition, serum, and tissue levels, focusing on copper and Vitamin A. Blood and tissue samples of affected and unaffected animals were analyzed at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubai, UAE. Animals were split into three different groups (A, B and C) according to their diets. Minerals were determined in serum, tissue, food and water samples, and serum was additionally analyzed for Vitamin A and E. Liver, kidney and spinal cord samples were taken for histopathological investigations. Mean serum copper and liver copper levels of animals fed pure chicken muscle meat without supplements were significantly lower (0.41 ± 0.71 μM/L;2.16 ± 0.95 ppm wet weight) than in animals fed a whole carcass prey diet (12.16 ± 3.42 μM/L;16.01 ± 17.51 ppm wet weight) (p < 0.05). Serum Vitamin A and E levels were highest in animals fed whole carcass prey diets (1.85 ± 0.68;27.31 ± 5.69 μM/L). Liver zinc concentrations were highest in animals fed pure chicken meat only (43.75 ± 16.48 ppm wet weight). In histopathology, demyelination of the spinal cord was found in all of the affected animals and most commonly when fed a diet based on poultry without supplements.展开更多
Background:Vitamin A deficiency is the main problem of public health worldwide demonstrated that 190 million population of preschool children and 122 countries(in Africa and South-East Asia)have vitamin A deficiency,a...Background:Vitamin A deficiency is the main problem of public health worldwide demonstrated that 190 million population of preschool children and 122 countries(in Africa and South-East Asia)have vitamin A deficiency,according to recent estimated research.In Afghanistan,vitamin A supplementation is a key strategy to prevent vitamin A deficiency among young children.Children receive vitamin A supplements as part of National Immunization Days(NID)campaigns.Methods:In this case study,the data was collected from June 15/2015 to February 23/2016,and the final report of the Afghanistan Demographic Health Survey(AfDHS)2015 was released on February 15/2017.All 27,209 children aged 6-59 months who are living with their mothers were included in this study.Who consumed foods rich in vitamin A was not included in this study.Results:The percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months among all children 6-59 months aged.A total of 1,572 children aged among 6-8 months were given vitamin A supplements 670(42.6%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(2.46%).A total of 1,148 children aged among 9-11 months were given vitamin A supplements to 465(40.5%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(1.70%).Conclusion:After following up on more studies,we found that vitamin A deficiency is a public problem,thus it is better to use wheat flour fortification,vitamin A capsule(VAC)supplementation,nutrition education,source of vitamin A,and training of primary healthcare workers on the clinical to prevent and treat the vitamin A deficiency among children.Therefore,we aimed to determine the given vitamin A supplementation among children aged 6-59 months in 33 provinces in Afghanistan,in 2015.展开更多
Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesi...Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesis). As intramuscular adipogenesis is active during the neonatal stage, we hypothesized that vitamin A administration during the neonatal stage would enhance intramuscular adipogenesis and marbling.Methods: Angus steer calves(n = 30), in a completely randomized design, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups at birth, receiving 0, 150,000, or 300,000 IU of vitamin A at both birth and one month of age.A biopsy of the biceps femoris muscle was collected at two months of age. After weaning at 210 d of age, steers were fed a backgrounding diet in a feedlot until 308 d of age, when they were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet and implanted with trenbolone/estradiol/tylosin mixture. Steers were harvested at an average of 438 d of age. All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements.Results: Weaning weight and weight during the backgrounding phase were linearly increased(P < 0.05) by vitamin A level, though no difference in body weight was observed at harvest. Intramuscular fat of steers at 308 d of age, measured by ultrasound, quadratically increased(P < 0.05) with vitamin A level from 4.0±0.26 % to 4.9±0.26 %.Similarly, carcass marbling score in the ribeye quadratically increased(P < 0.05).Conclusion: Administration of vitamin A at birth increased weaning weight and enhanced marbling fat development.Thus, vitamin A administration provides a practical method for increasing marbling and early growth of beef cattle.展开更多
Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) as one of the most well-known autoimmune disease, results from the destruction of β-cells in pancreas by autoimmune process. T1 DM is fatal without insulin treatment. The expansion of a...Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) as one of the most well-known autoimmune disease, results from the destruction of β-cells in pancreas by autoimmune process. T1 DM is fatal without insulin treatment. The expansion of alternative treatment to insulin is a dream to be fulfilled. Currently autoimmunity is considered as main factor in development of T1 DM. So manipulation of the immune system can be considered as alternative treatment to insulin. For the past decades, vitamin A has been implicated as an essential dietary micronutrient in regulator of immune function. Despite major advantage in the knowledge of vitamin A biology, patients who present T1 DM are at risk for deficiency in vitamin A and carotenoids. Applying such evidences, vitamin A treatment may be the key approach in preventing T1 DM.展开更多
Objective:To investigate whether there is an association between diameter of bacille CalmetteGuerin(BCG)sears and effect of purified protein derivative(PPD)reaction anil to determine whether vitamin A(VA)combined vita...Objective:To investigate whether there is an association between diameter of bacille CalmetteGuerin(BCG)sears and effect of purified protein derivative(PPD)reaction anil to determine whether vitamin A(VA)combined vitamin I)(VD)supplementation influences the immune response to BCG revueeinated in Chinese infants.Methods:A cross-section and 3-month community-randomised trial was conducted.A total of 5 629 infants at 3,6 and 12 months of age in Junan County of China were examined for BCG scar fonnation.Then,597 revuccinated infants were randomly assigned to supplementation(n=307)and control(n=290)groups.The supplementation group were daily assigned to 1 500 IU VA and 500 IU VD for 3 months.Then all infants were subjected to skin test with PPD.Results:The diameter of BCG sears was positively con-elated with diameter of skin indurations of PPD(r=0.17,P<0.05)in the 5 629 infants.The rate of positive response to PP1)was higher in the supplementation group than in the control group(96.1%versus 89.7%,P<0.05,prevalence ratio 1.07.95%CI 1.02-1.12).The prevalence ralio of PPD response for the supplementation group compared with that for the control group was 1.07(95%CI 1.01-1.13)for the males and 1.08(95%CI 1.00-1.17)for the females.For the supplementation group,the males got larger tuberculin induration than the females[(0.73±0.2l)cm versus(0.67±0.20)cm.P<0.05)after intervention.Conclusions:The diameter of BCG scars was effectively correlated with PPD response,which indicates BCG scar formation may be an useful tool Io evaluate the effect of tuberculosis prevention.VA combined VD supplementation may play an immunoregulatory rale in BCG revuecination.This may contribute to the prevention of childhood tuberculosis.展开更多
Background: Vitamin A and its metabolite,retinoic acid(RA),are important regulators of cell differentiation and organ morphogenesis.Its impact on beef cattle muscle growth remains undefined.Method: Angus steer calves ...Background: Vitamin A and its metabolite,retinoic acid(RA),are important regulators of cell differentiation and organ morphogenesis.Its impact on beef cattle muscle growth remains undefined.Method: Angus steer calves were administrated with 0(control) or 150,000 IU vitamin A(retinyl palmitate in glycerol,i.m.) per calf at birth and 1 month of age.At 2 months of age,a biopsy of the Biceps femoris muscle was obtained to analyze the immediate effects of vitamin A injection on myogenic capacity of muscle cells.The resulting steers were harvested at 14 months of age.Results: Vitamin A administration increased cattle growth at 2 months.At 2 months of age,Vitamin A increased PAX7 positive satellite cells and the expression of myogenic marker genes including PAX7,MYF5,MYOD and MYOG.Muscle derived mononuclear cells were further isolated and induced myogenesis in vitro.More myotubes and a higher degree of myogenesis was observed in vitamin A groups.Consistently,vitamin A increased Latissimus dorsi(LD) muscle fiber size at harvest.In addition,vitamin A increased the ratio of oxidative type I and type IIA fibers and reduced the glycolic type IIX fibers.Furthermore,we found that RA,a key bioactive metabolite of vitamin A,activated PPARGC1 A promoter,which explains the upregulated expression of PPARGC1 A in skeletal muscle.Conclusion: Vitamin A administration to neonatal calves enhanced postnatal muscle growth by promoting myogenesis and increasing satellite cell density,accompanied with a shift to oxidative muscle fibers.展开更多
Using mice that lack retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 gene(Raldh1-/-mice),Kierfer et al demonstrated that retinoids(metabolites of Vitamin A) play an important role in the regulation of cellular metabolisms and energetic...Using mice that lack retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 gene(Raldh1-/-mice),Kierfer et al demonstrated that retinoids(metabolites of Vitamin A) play an important role in the regulation of cellular metabolisms and energetics.The Aldh1a1-/-mice were leaner and less prone to accumulate subcutaneous and visceral fat,and to acquire insulin resistance on high fat diet.Their lower fasting glucose levels concomitant with reduced hepatic expression of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase genes indicated that Aldh1a1-/-mice were defective in gluconeogenesis.These mice also had lower plasma levels of triglycerides,very low-density lipoprotein and lowdensity lipoprotein-triacylglycerol,while their skeletal muscles elicited higher expression of carnitine palmatoyl transferase,medium chain acyl-A dehydrogenase,peroxisome proliferation activated receptor(PPARα and PPARδ.Thus,the improved lipid and lipoprotein profiles of Raldh1a1-/-mice resulted from a combination of reduced lipogenesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation by retinoids.The mechanistic details of how retinoids integrate fasting glucose,hepatic gluconeogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis independent of body mass deserve further study.展开更多
This paper examines the risk of Vitamin A deficiency among selected pregnant women in Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. A total of one hundred (100) pregnant women attending ante natal visits at the Regional Hospi...This paper examines the risk of Vitamin A deficiency among selected pregnant women in Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. A total of one hundred (100) pregnant women attending ante natal visits at the Regional Hospital in Ngaoundere were involved in a survey conducted in 2012 which used a 24-hour dietary recall to assess their dietary intake. Food models were used to assist memory and portion sizes of food taken. Carotenoids were quantified in the meals commonly consumed, as well as proteins, sugar, fibers and oil, nutrients intervening in carotenoids absorption and vitamin A metabolism. The results indicated that the dietary intake of vitamin A was inadequate with 37.5% of the selected pregnant women exposed to acute vitamin A deficiency, while 20% of them were exposed to the severe form. The daily consumption of vitamin A was about 539.09 ± 43.09 μg, corresponding to a contribution of 67.39% to the vitamin A requirement of the pregnant women. The dietary intake of macronutrients was also inadequate with a daily consumption of 57.28 ± 12 g for oils, 177.88 ± 29 g for sugars, 47.34 ± 11 g for proteins and 11.28 ± 3 g for fibers corresponding respectively to a contribution of 63.6%, 70.8%, 78.90% and 45.1% of these nutrients requirement in these women. Given that over 50% of the women surveyed were exposed to vitamin A deficiency, there is a need for urgent intervention programs in the area to alleviate this situation.展开更多
Background: Although the role of vitamin A in childhood pneumonia in association with diarrhea is not fully proven, we did not find any published data demonstrating the impact of lack of vitamin A supplementation in u...Background: Although the role of vitamin A in childhood pneumonia in association with diarrhea is not fully proven, we did not find any published data demonstrating the impact of lack of vitamin A supplementation in under-five children who present with the co-morbidities of pneumonia and diarrhea. This study examined whether previous vitamin A supplementation was associated with reduced severity and duration of diarrhea and pneumonia for children presenting with both illnesses. Methods: All admitted children (n = 189) aged 0 - 59 months to the Special Care Ward of the Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b with diarrhea and radiological pneumonia from September-December 2007 were enrolled. We compared clinical features of the children who received (n = 96) and did not receive (n = 93) high potency capsule vitamin A supplementation during previous immunization according to EPI schedule. Results: In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders such as respiratory rate, lower chest wall in-drawing, severe wasting and systolic blood pressure, vitamin A non-supplemented children with pneumonia and diarrhea more often presented in their early infancy (95% CI 1.01 - 1.09), had duration of diarrhea for >4 days (95% CI 1.79 - 11.88), had clinical dehydration (95% CI 1.2 - 5.63), and more often required hospitalization for >7 days (95% CI 1.03 - 8.87). But, there was no significant difference in the clinical features of pneumonia, such as history of cough, respiratory rate, lower chest wall in-drawing, nasal flaring, head nodding, grunting respiration, cyanosis, and inability to drink between the groups. Conclusion: Lack of vitamin A supplementation in under-five children with radiological pneumonia and diarrhea is independently associated with young infancy, duration of diarrhea for >4 days, dehydration and hospitalization for >7 days which underscores the importance of routine supplementation of vitamin A in young infancy. However, lack of vitamin A supplementation did not influence any clinical signs of pneumonia.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972559)the Distinguished and Excellent Young Scholar Cultivation Project of Shanxi Agricultural University(2022JQPYGC01).
文摘Background Vitamin A(VA)and its metabolite,retinoic acid(RA),are of great interest for their wide range of physiological functions.However,the regulatory contribution of VA to mitochondrial and muscle fiber composition in sheep has not been reported.Method Lambs were injected with 0(control)or 7,500 IU VA palmitate into the biceps femoris muscle on d 2 after birth.At the age of 3 and 32 weeks,longissimus dorsi(LD)muscle samples were obtained to explore the effect of VA on myofiber type composition.In vitro,we investigated the effects of RA on myofiber type composition and intrinsic mechanisms.Results The proportion of type I myofiber was greatly increased in VA-treated sheep in LD muscle at harvest.VA greatly promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and function in LD muscle of sheep.Further exploration revealed that VA elevated PGC-1αmRNA and protein contents,and enhanced the level of p38 MAPK phosphorylation in LD muscle of sheep.In addition,the number of type I myofibers with RA treatment was significantly increased,and type IIx myofibers was significantly decreased in primary myoblasts.Consistent with in vivo experiment,RA significantly improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function in primary myoblasts of sheep.We then used si-PGC-1αto inhibit PGC-1αexpression and found that si-PGC-1αsignificantly abrogated RA-induced the formation of type I myofibers,mitochondrial biogenesis,MitoTracker staining intensity,UQCRC1 and ATP5A1 expression,SDH activity,and enhanced the level of type IIx muscle fibers.These data suggested that RA improved mitochondrial biogenesis and function by promoting PGC-1αexpression,and increased type I myofibers.In order to prove that the effect of RA on the level of PGC-1αis caused by p38 MAPK signaling,we inhibited the p38 MAPK signaling using a p38 MAPK inhibitor,which significantly reduced RA-induced PGC-1αand MyHC I levels.Conclusion VA promoted PGC-1αexpression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway,improved mitochondrial biogenesis,and altered the composition of muscle fiber type.
文摘Background:In some developing countries,people have little knowledge about the causes of diabetic foot ulcers.Therefore,public health education for patients on these conditions is a prerequisite for effective pharmacological treatment.Diabetic foot ulcers are a complex symptom of diabetes and are hard to cure due to the lack of efficacious medicine and alternative treatment approaches.Vitamin A(VA)is known to have potent biological functions,including skin repair and immunoregulation.However,the potential pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of VA on foot ulcers are still to be discovered.Methods:By using bioinformatic/computational analyses,including network pharmacology,gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis,we aimed to identify and reveal the pharmacological targets,molecular mechanisms,biological functions,and signaling pathways of VA in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.Results:A total of 66 intersection genes were identified as candidate targets of VA,which are related to diabetic foot ulcers.Therein,18 core genes/targets,namely JUN,MAPK1,THRB,MAPK14,MTNR1B,CXCR3,ESR1,AR,HDAC1,IL-10,CNR1,DRD2,EGFR,ADRA2A,CCND1,RXRB,RARA,and RXRA,were further identified.Furthermore,the biological processes,cell components,and molecular functions which may underlie the effects of VA against diabetic foot ulcers were characterized.Conclusion:Based on our findings,we concluded that the pharmacological effects of VA on diabetic foot ulcers primarily involve the promotion of cellular regeneration and proliferation and the inhibition of inflammatory response.The core genes/targets may potentially serve as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcers.
基金Medical Science Research Project of Hebei Provincial Health and Health Commission,Epidemiological Investigation of Vitamin A,D,and E Levels of Pregnant Women in Baoding Area(Fund number:20190947)。
文摘Objective:To understand the vitamin levels in pregnant women and its influencing factors and provide a basis for formulating scientific and reasonable vitamin supplement plans for pregnant women.Methods:Pregnant women with a pregnancy period of 12 weeks to 36 weeks in Baoding area were selected as the research subjects using the random sampling method.The sample size is estimated to be 5,000 people,and the diversity of the research subjects,such as age,education level,pregnancy,etc.,were recorded through a survey.The content of the survey included the personal information of the research subjects,pregnancy conditions,eating habits,vitamin supplements taken,etc.At the same time,blood tests were carried out on the research subjects to detect indicators such as vitamin levels.Results:The results of serum measurement showed that the vitamin A level of pregnant women was 0.38±0.12 mg/L,the vitamin E level was 13.51±3.17 mg/L,and the vitamin D level was 17.82±4.18 ng/L;the level of vitamin A of pregnant women in the first trimester was significantly lower than those in the second and third trimesters,and the level of vitamin E of pregnant women in second trimester was significantly higher than those in the first and third trimesters,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).The rate of vitamin A deficiency in the early stage was significantly higher than that in the middle and late stages of pregnancy,(P<0.05);vitamin D deficiency existed in all pregnant women.Conclusion:Pregnant women should maintain a reasonable diet and eat more vitamin-rich foods,such as vegetables,fruits,etc.;besides,pregnant women should take vitamin supplements under the guidance of doctors or professionals according to their own conditions;moreover,the publicity and education for pregnant women should be improved with more emphasis on vitamin supplementation.
基金This work was supported by a Cooperation Research Project(2020R1A2B5B02001843)funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea.
文摘During growth in cattle,the development of intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle is dependent upon cell hyperplasia(increased number of adipocytes)and hypertrophy(increased size of adipocytes).Based on the results of previous studies,other adipose tissue depots(e.g.,perirenal and subcutaneous)develop from the fetal stage primarily as brown adipose tissue.The hyperplastic stage of intramuscular adipose is considered to develop from late pregnancy,but there is no evidence indicating that intramuscular adipose tissue develops initially as brown adipose tissue.Hyperplastic growth of intramuscular adipose continues well into postweaning and is dependent on the timing of the transition to grain-based diets;thereafter,the late-stage development of intramuscular adipose tissue is dominated by hypertrophy.For muscle development,hyperplasia of myoblasts lasts from early(following development of somites in the embryo)to middle pregnancy,after which growth of muscle is the result of hypertrophy of myofibers.Vitamin A is a fat-soluble compound that is required for the normal immunologic function,vision,cellular proliferation,and differentiation.Here we review the roles of vitamin A in intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle development in cattle.Vitamin A regulates both hyperplasia and hypertrophy in in vitro experiments.Vitamin A supplementation at the early stage and restriction at fattening stage generate opposite effects in the beef cattle.Appropriate vitamin A supplementation and restriction strategy increase intramuscular adipose tissue development(i.e.,marbling or intramuscular fat)in some in vivo trials.Besides,hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myoblasts/myotubes were affected by vitamin A treatment in in vitro trials.Additionally,some studies reported an interaction between the alcohol dehydrogenase-1C(ADH1C)genotype and vitamin A feed restriction for the development of marbling and/or intramuscular adipose tissue,which was dependent on the timing and level of vitamin A restriction.Therefore,the feed strategy of vitamin A has the visible impact on the marbling and muscle development in the cattle,which will be helpful to promote the quality of the beef.
文摘AIM:To assess the vitamin A status of patients with Crohn's disease(CD) by evaluating serum retinol levels and the relative dose response(RDR) test(liver retinol stores).METHODS:Vitamin A nutritional status was measured by serum retinol obtained by high performance liquid chromatography and the RDR test for evaluation of the hepatic stores.Body composition was performed by densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Vitamin A dietary intake was assessed from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.RESULTS:This study included 38 CD patients and 33 controls.Low serum retinol concentrations were detected in 29% of CD patients vs 15% in controls(P < 0.005).The RDR test was positive in 37% of CD patients vs 12% in controls,which indicated inadequate hepatic vitamin A stores(P < 0.005).Individuals with hypovitaminosis A had lower BMI and body fat compared with those without this deficiency.There was no association between vitamin A deficiency and its dietary intake,ileal location,presence of disease activity and prior bowel resections.CONCLUSION:Patients with CD have higher prevalence of vitamin A deficiency,as assessed by two independent methods.
文摘Variability in vitamin A (VA) intake of pregnant women in Ngaoundere town according to geographic origin, socio-professional and demographic factors was studied. A total of 100 pregnant women attending ante natal visits at the Regional Hospital in Ngaoundere were involved in the survey. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on geographic origin, socio-professional status, birth history, demographic and anthropometric factors. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall. Meals potentially rich in VA consumed by these women were collected, their carotenoids contents quantified and VA activity determined by conversion. Results indicated that daily VA intake of these women varied significantly (p < 0.05) with geographic origin, level of education and age of pregnancy. VA intake of pregnant women of Northern origin (Adamawa, North and Far North Regions) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (496 μg/day/woman) than that of women of Southern origin (588 μg/day/woman), although both were below the recommended intake of 800 μg/day/woman. The more educated a woman and the older her pregnancy, the higher her VA intake. VA consumption of pregnant women of Northern origin was significantly influenced by their age, whereas for pregnant women of Southern origin, BMI (Body Mass Index) equally had a significant influence on their VA intake. Socio-professional status, marital status and number of children did not significantly influence the daily VA intake of these women. Thus, a pregnant woman originating from the Northern part of the country and having no formal education, consumed less foods rich in carotenoids and therefore was more at risk for vitamin A deficiency.
基金Supported by the Financial Support of the Overseas Training Program for Outstanding Young and Middle-Aged Teachers in Universities in Jiangsu Province,China(to Yang FC).
文摘Dietary macronutrients and micronutrients play important roles in human health.On the other hand,the excessive energy derived from food is stored in the form of triacylglycerol.A variety of dietary and hormonal factors affect this process through the regulation of the activities and expression levels of those key player enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase,fatty acid synthase,fatty acid elongases,and desaturases.As a micronutrient,vitamin A is essential for the health of humans.Recently,vitamin A has been shown to play a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.This review summarizes recent research progresses about the roles of vitamin A in fatty acid synthesis.It focuses on the effects of vitamin A on the activities and expression levels of mRNA and proteins of key enzymes for fatty acid synthesis in vitro and in vivo.It appears that vitamin A status and its signaling pathway regulate the expression levels of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis.Future research directions are also discussed.
基金This work was supported by NIH grant 1R03 HL095419-01A1.
文摘Vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolites play an essential role in lung airway function. Patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a lower serum retinol concentration, and improvement of their 1-second Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) is achieved with VA supplementation. In order to test our hypothesis that the VA signaling pathway is compromised in COPD, we obtained 20 lung samples from COPD patients differing in the degree of emphysema as judged by their FEV% values. All were smokers or were exposed to secondhand smoke. Levels of VA (retinol/retinyl ester), tocopherols and carotenoids (lutein, beta-carotene) in these samples were determined using HPLC. Additional analytes beside VA were included for their known roles as antioxidants and modulators of VA-action. VA levels (retinol/retinyl ester) decreased significantly with the increase in severity of emphysema. Among other analytes, α-tocopherol levels fell by 25.8% in the severe emphysema group in comparison to the mild emphysema group, and lutein levels similarly decreased in severe compared to moderate emphysema groups. However, beta-carotene levels remained unchanged. Thus there is a significant linear correlation between lung VA-levels and the severity of emphysema. There was also a significant reduction in the levels of α-, δ-tocopherol and lutein in the severe emphysema group of COPD patients who either smoked or were exposed to smoke.
文摘Neurological signs like ataxia and hind limb paresis have often been reported in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), lions (Panthera leo) and snow leopards (Panthera unica). As a cause, copper and Vitamin A deficiencies have been discussed. Many cases were seen in cheetahs and lions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) within the last years. The aim of this study was to find correlations between nutrition, serum, and tissue levels, focusing on copper and Vitamin A. Blood and tissue samples of affected and unaffected animals were analyzed at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory in Dubai, UAE. Animals were split into three different groups (A, B and C) according to their diets. Minerals were determined in serum, tissue, food and water samples, and serum was additionally analyzed for Vitamin A and E. Liver, kidney and spinal cord samples were taken for histopathological investigations. Mean serum copper and liver copper levels of animals fed pure chicken muscle meat without supplements were significantly lower (0.41 ± 0.71 μM/L;2.16 ± 0.95 ppm wet weight) than in animals fed a whole carcass prey diet (12.16 ± 3.42 μM/L;16.01 ± 17.51 ppm wet weight) (p < 0.05). Serum Vitamin A and E levels were highest in animals fed whole carcass prey diets (1.85 ± 0.68;27.31 ± 5.69 μM/L). Liver zinc concentrations were highest in animals fed pure chicken meat only (43.75 ± 16.48 ppm wet weight). In histopathology, demyelination of the spinal cord was found in all of the affected animals and most commonly when fed a diet based on poultry without supplements.
文摘Background:Vitamin A deficiency is the main problem of public health worldwide demonstrated that 190 million population of preschool children and 122 countries(in Africa and South-East Asia)have vitamin A deficiency,according to recent estimated research.In Afghanistan,vitamin A supplementation is a key strategy to prevent vitamin A deficiency among young children.Children receive vitamin A supplements as part of National Immunization Days(NID)campaigns.Methods:In this case study,the data was collected from June 15/2015 to February 23/2016,and the final report of the Afghanistan Demographic Health Survey(AfDHS)2015 was released on February 15/2017.All 27,209 children aged 6-59 months who are living with their mothers were included in this study.Who consumed foods rich in vitamin A was not included in this study.Results:The percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months among all children 6-59 months aged.A total of 1,572 children aged among 6-8 months were given vitamin A supplements 670(42.6%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(2.46%).A total of 1,148 children aged among 9-11 months were given vitamin A supplements to 465(40.5%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(1.70%).Conclusion:After following up on more studies,we found that vitamin A deficiency is a public problem,thus it is better to use wheat flour fortification,vitamin A capsule(VAC)supplementation,nutrition education,source of vitamin A,and training of primary healthcare workers on the clinical to prevent and treat the vitamin A deficiency among children.Therefore,we aimed to determine the given vitamin A supplementation among children aged 6-59 months in 33 provinces in Afghanistan,in 2015.
基金supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants no.2015–67015-23219 and 2016–68006-24634 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
文摘Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesis). As intramuscular adipogenesis is active during the neonatal stage, we hypothesized that vitamin A administration during the neonatal stage would enhance intramuscular adipogenesis and marbling.Methods: Angus steer calves(n = 30), in a completely randomized design, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups at birth, receiving 0, 150,000, or 300,000 IU of vitamin A at both birth and one month of age.A biopsy of the biceps femoris muscle was collected at two months of age. After weaning at 210 d of age, steers were fed a backgrounding diet in a feedlot until 308 d of age, when they were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet and implanted with trenbolone/estradiol/tylosin mixture. Steers were harvested at an average of 438 d of age. All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements.Results: Weaning weight and weight during the backgrounding phase were linearly increased(P < 0.05) by vitamin A level, though no difference in body weight was observed at harvest. Intramuscular fat of steers at 308 d of age, measured by ultrasound, quadratically increased(P < 0.05) with vitamin A level from 4.0±0.26 % to 4.9±0.26 %.Similarly, carcass marbling score in the ribeye quadratically increased(P < 0.05).Conclusion: Administration of vitamin A at birth increased weaning weight and enhanced marbling fat development.Thus, vitamin A administration provides a practical method for increasing marbling and early growth of beef cattle.
文摘Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) as one of the most well-known autoimmune disease, results from the destruction of β-cells in pancreas by autoimmune process. T1 DM is fatal without insulin treatment. The expansion of alternative treatment to insulin is a dream to be fulfilled. Currently autoimmunity is considered as main factor in development of T1 DM. So manipulation of the immune system can be considered as alternative treatment to insulin. For the past decades, vitamin A has been implicated as an essential dietary micronutrient in regulator of immune function. Despite major advantage in the knowledge of vitamin A biology, patients who present T1 DM are at risk for deficiency in vitamin A and carotenoids. Applying such evidences, vitamin A treatment may be the key approach in preventing T1 DM.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81172662)Specialized Research Fond for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(20123706110004)
文摘Objective:To investigate whether there is an association between diameter of bacille CalmetteGuerin(BCG)sears and effect of purified protein derivative(PPD)reaction anil to determine whether vitamin A(VA)combined vitamin I)(VD)supplementation influences the immune response to BCG revueeinated in Chinese infants.Methods:A cross-section and 3-month community-randomised trial was conducted.A total of 5 629 infants at 3,6 and 12 months of age in Junan County of China were examined for BCG scar fonnation.Then,597 revuccinated infants were randomly assigned to supplementation(n=307)and control(n=290)groups.The supplementation group were daily assigned to 1 500 IU VA and 500 IU VD for 3 months.Then all infants were subjected to skin test with PPD.Results:The diameter of BCG sears was positively con-elated with diameter of skin indurations of PPD(r=0.17,P<0.05)in the 5 629 infants.The rate of positive response to PP1)was higher in the supplementation group than in the control group(96.1%versus 89.7%,P<0.05,prevalence ratio 1.07.95%CI 1.02-1.12).The prevalence ralio of PPD response for the supplementation group compared with that for the control group was 1.07(95%CI 1.01-1.13)for the males and 1.08(95%CI 1.00-1.17)for the females.For the supplementation group,the males got larger tuberculin induration than the females[(0.73±0.2l)cm versus(0.67±0.20)cm.P<0.05)after intervention.Conclusions:The diameter of BCG scars was effectively correlated with PPD response,which indicates BCG scar formation may be an useful tool Io evaluate the effect of tuberculosis prevention.VA combined VD supplementation may play an immunoregulatory rale in BCG revuecination.This may contribute to the prevention of childhood tuberculosis.
基金supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants No.2015–67015-23219 and 2016–68006-24634 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
文摘Background: Vitamin A and its metabolite,retinoic acid(RA),are important regulators of cell differentiation and organ morphogenesis.Its impact on beef cattle muscle growth remains undefined.Method: Angus steer calves were administrated with 0(control) or 150,000 IU vitamin A(retinyl palmitate in glycerol,i.m.) per calf at birth and 1 month of age.At 2 months of age,a biopsy of the Biceps femoris muscle was obtained to analyze the immediate effects of vitamin A injection on myogenic capacity of muscle cells.The resulting steers were harvested at 14 months of age.Results: Vitamin A administration increased cattle growth at 2 months.At 2 months of age,Vitamin A increased PAX7 positive satellite cells and the expression of myogenic marker genes including PAX7,MYF5,MYOD and MYOG.Muscle derived mononuclear cells were further isolated and induced myogenesis in vitro.More myotubes and a higher degree of myogenesis was observed in vitamin A groups.Consistently,vitamin A increased Latissimus dorsi(LD) muscle fiber size at harvest.In addition,vitamin A increased the ratio of oxidative type I and type IIA fibers and reduced the glycolic type IIX fibers.Furthermore,we found that RA,a key bioactive metabolite of vitamin A,activated PPARGC1 A promoter,which explains the upregulated expression of PPARGC1 A in skeletal muscle.Conclusion: Vitamin A administration to neonatal calves enhanced postnatal muscle growth by promoting myogenesis and increasing satellite cell density,accompanied with a shift to oxidative muscle fibers.
文摘Using mice that lack retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 gene(Raldh1-/-mice),Kierfer et al demonstrated that retinoids(metabolites of Vitamin A) play an important role in the regulation of cellular metabolisms and energetics.The Aldh1a1-/-mice were leaner and less prone to accumulate subcutaneous and visceral fat,and to acquire insulin resistance on high fat diet.Their lower fasting glucose levels concomitant with reduced hepatic expression of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxy kinase genes indicated that Aldh1a1-/-mice were defective in gluconeogenesis.These mice also had lower plasma levels of triglycerides,very low-density lipoprotein and lowdensity lipoprotein-triacylglycerol,while their skeletal muscles elicited higher expression of carnitine palmatoyl transferase,medium chain acyl-A dehydrogenase,peroxisome proliferation activated receptor(PPARα and PPARδ.Thus,the improved lipid and lipoprotein profiles of Raldh1a1-/-mice resulted from a combination of reduced lipogenesis and enhanced fatty acid oxidation by retinoids.The mechanistic details of how retinoids integrate fasting glucose,hepatic gluconeogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis independent of body mass deserve further study.
文摘This paper examines the risk of Vitamin A deficiency among selected pregnant women in Ngaoundere, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. A total of one hundred (100) pregnant women attending ante natal visits at the Regional Hospital in Ngaoundere were involved in a survey conducted in 2012 which used a 24-hour dietary recall to assess their dietary intake. Food models were used to assist memory and portion sizes of food taken. Carotenoids were quantified in the meals commonly consumed, as well as proteins, sugar, fibers and oil, nutrients intervening in carotenoids absorption and vitamin A metabolism. The results indicated that the dietary intake of vitamin A was inadequate with 37.5% of the selected pregnant women exposed to acute vitamin A deficiency, while 20% of them were exposed to the severe form. The daily consumption of vitamin A was about 539.09 ± 43.09 μg, corresponding to a contribution of 67.39% to the vitamin A requirement of the pregnant women. The dietary intake of macronutrients was also inadequate with a daily consumption of 57.28 ± 12 g for oils, 177.88 ± 29 g for sugars, 47.34 ± 11 g for proteins and 11.28 ± 3 g for fibers corresponding respectively to a contribution of 63.6%, 70.8%, 78.90% and 45.1% of these nutrients requirement in these women. Given that over 50% of the women surveyed were exposed to vitamin A deficiency, there is a need for urgent intervention programs in the area to alleviate this situation.
文摘Background: Although the role of vitamin A in childhood pneumonia in association with diarrhea is not fully proven, we did not find any published data demonstrating the impact of lack of vitamin A supplementation in under-five children who present with the co-morbidities of pneumonia and diarrhea. This study examined whether previous vitamin A supplementation was associated with reduced severity and duration of diarrhea and pneumonia for children presenting with both illnesses. Methods: All admitted children (n = 189) aged 0 - 59 months to the Special Care Ward of the Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b with diarrhea and radiological pneumonia from September-December 2007 were enrolled. We compared clinical features of the children who received (n = 96) and did not receive (n = 93) high potency capsule vitamin A supplementation during previous immunization according to EPI schedule. Results: In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for potential confounders such as respiratory rate, lower chest wall in-drawing, severe wasting and systolic blood pressure, vitamin A non-supplemented children with pneumonia and diarrhea more often presented in their early infancy (95% CI 1.01 - 1.09), had duration of diarrhea for >4 days (95% CI 1.79 - 11.88), had clinical dehydration (95% CI 1.2 - 5.63), and more often required hospitalization for >7 days (95% CI 1.03 - 8.87). But, there was no significant difference in the clinical features of pneumonia, such as history of cough, respiratory rate, lower chest wall in-drawing, nasal flaring, head nodding, grunting respiration, cyanosis, and inability to drink between the groups. Conclusion: Lack of vitamin A supplementation in under-five children with radiological pneumonia and diarrhea is independently associated with young infancy, duration of diarrhea for >4 days, dehydration and hospitalization for >7 days which underscores the importance of routine supplementation of vitamin A in young infancy. However, lack of vitamin A supplementation did not influence any clinical signs of pneumonia.
