As an important part of nonstructural components,the seismic response of indoor water supply pipes deserves much attention.This paper presents shaking table test research on water supply pipes installed in a full-scal...As an important part of nonstructural components,the seismic response of indoor water supply pipes deserves much attention.This paper presents shaking table test research on water supply pipes installed in a full-scale reinforced concrete(RC)frame structure.Different material pipes and different methods for penetrating the reinforced concrete floors are combined to evaluate the difference in seismic performance.Floor response spectra and pipe acceleration amplification factors based on test data are discussed and compared with code provisions.A seismic fragility study of displacement demand is conducted based on numerical simulation.The acceleration response and displacement response of different combinations are compared.The results show that the combination of different pipe materials and different passing-through methods can cause obvious differences in the seismic response of indoor riser pipes.展开更多
In 2023,two consecutive earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 7 occurred in Türkiye,causing severe casualties and economic losses.The damage to critical urban infrastructure and building structures,including highw...In 2023,two consecutive earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 7 occurred in Türkiye,causing severe casualties and economic losses.The damage to critical urban infrastructure and building structures,including highways,railroads,and water supply pipelines,was particularly severe in areas where these structures intersected the seismogenic fault.Critical infrastructure projects that traverse active faults are susceptible to the influence of fault movement,pulse velocity,and ground motions.In this study,we used a unique approach to analyze the acceleration records obtained from the seismic station array(9 strong ground motion stations)located along the East Anatolian Fault(the seismogenic fault of the MW7.8 mainshock of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet).The acceleration records were filtered and integrated to obtain the velocity and displacement time histories.We used the results of an on-site investigation,jointly conducted by China Earthquake Administration and Türkiye’s AFAD,to analyze the distribution of PGA,PGV,and PGD recorded by the strong motion array of the East Anatolian Fault.We found that the maximum horizontal PGA in this earthquake was 3.0 g,and the maximum co-seismic surface displacement caused by the East Anatolian Fault rupture was 6.50 m.As the fault rupture propagated southwest,the velocity pulse caused by the directional effect of the rupture increased gradually,with the maximum PGA reaching 162.3 cm/s.We also discussed the seismic safety of critical infrastructure projects traversing active faults,using two case studies of water supply pipelines in Türkiye that were damaged by earthquakes.We used a three-dimensional finite element model of the PE(polyethylene)water pipeline at the Islahiye State Hospital and fault displacement observations obtained through on-site investigation to analyze pipeline failure mechanisms.We further investigated the effect of the fault-crossing angle on seismic safety of a pipeline,based on our analysis and the failure performance of the large-diameter Thames Water pipeline during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.The seismic method of buried pipelines crossing the fault was summarized.展开更多
This research project investigates the current status of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and a reconnaissance sur...This research project investigates the current status of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and a reconnaissance survey. Findings reveal that 30% of individuals rely on surface water (hand-tube wells, rivers, and ponds), prioritized as canal > river > pond, while 70% depend on groundwater (subterranean electric motor, deep tube-well). Drinking water is generally sufficient, with 95% reporting adequacy throughout the year. About 45% use hand tube-well water, 28% use deep tube-well water, and 11% use supply tap water for various purposes. Bathing trends include underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river, while for cooking, the order is underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river. Toilet water supply ranks as supply tap water > hand tube-well water > deep tube-well water. Although sanitation awareness is high, some lack knowledge of good hygiene practices. After defecating, handwashing methods include soap, ash, soil, or water. Children’s waste disposal varies, with some discarding it in open areas. Approximately 40% suffer from diseases like Diarrhoea due to unsafe water, primarily affecting children and elders. Training exists, but a significant portion lacks sanitation education. Dry skin or exposure to cold water may cause temporary irritation. Local government involvement in sanitation efforts is less active compared to non-governmental organizations. Results emphasize the need to enhance community awareness of safe water supplies and sanitation practices. .展开更多
With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply...With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.展开更多
For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention....For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.展开更多
At present,the leakage rate of the water distribution network in China is still high,and the waste of water resources caused by water distribution network leakage is quite serious every year.Therefore,the location of ...At present,the leakage rate of the water distribution network in China is still high,and the waste of water resources caused by water distribution network leakage is quite serious every year.Therefore,the location of pipeline leakage is of great significance for saving water resources and reducing economic losses.Acoustic emission technology is the most widely used pipeline leak location technology.The traditional non-stationary random signal de-noising method mainly relies on the estimation of noise parameters,ignoring periodic noise and components unrelated to pipeline leakage.Aiming at the above problems,this paper proposes a leak location method for water supply pipelines based on a multivariate variational mode decomposition algorithm.This method combines the two parameters of the energy loss coefficient and the correlation coefficient between adjacent modes,and adaptively determines the decomposition mode number K according to the characteristics of the signal itself.According to the correlation coefficient,the effective component is selected to reconstruct the signal and the cross-correlation time delay is estimated to determine the location of the pipeline leakage point.The experimental results show that this method has higher accuracy than the cross-correlation method based on VMD and the cross-correlation method based on EMD,and the average relative positioning error is less than 2.2%.展开更多
Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of const...Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of constriction occurs when controlling the water rate for confined heating.In this study,we demonstrate a facile and scalable weaving technique for fabricating core-sheath photothermal yarns that facilitate controlled water supply for stable and efficient interracial solar desalination.The core-sheath yarn comprises modal fibers as the core and carbon fibers as the sheaths.Because of the core-sheath design,remarkable liquid pumping can be enabled in the carbon fiber bundle of the dispersed superhydrophilic modal fibers.Our woven fabrics absorb a high proportion(92%)of the electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum because of the weaving structure and the carbon fiber sheath.Under one-sun(1 kW·m^(-2))illumination,our woven fabric device can achieve the highest evaporation rate(of 2.12kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) with energy conversion efficiency:93.7%)by regulating the number of core-sheath yarns.Practical application tests demonstrate that our device can maintain high and stable desalination performance in a 5 wt%NaCl solution.展开更多
This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in ...This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in Indonesia.28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed.The data indicates that 85.4%of the water supply systems were fully functioning,9.1%were partially functioning,and 5.5%were not functioning.In the regression analysis,good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality.The latter suggests the need for comprehen-sive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas.We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system,while women’s participation was positively associated with the functionality.Furthermore,the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection.BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water,the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collec-tion.Moreover,the combination of strong management,strong financial status,and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%.Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia.This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.展开更多
The potability of drinking water depends not only on the source and the treatment system, but also on the quality of the waterworks. In fact, the quality of drinking water is considerably degraded by the dilapidated s...The potability of drinking water depends not only on the source and the treatment system, but also on the quality of the waterworks. In fact, the quality of drinking water is considerably degraded by the dilapidated state and lack of maintenance of drinking water networks. In Côte d’Ivoire, the majority of drinking water networks in the various towns are ageing. In Daloa, despite the efforts made by the company in charge of water treatment and distribution to make the water drinkable, the water at consumers’ taps is often colored, has an unpleasant aftertaste and settles after collection. As a result, people are concerned about the potability of tap water, and some are turning to alternative sources of drinking water of unknown quality. In order to determine the factors responsible for the deterioration in water color and taste, as well as the sectors of the network most affected, a diagnosis of the network’s equipment was carried out. Water samples taken from the network were analyzed for color and turbidity. The diagnosis revealed that most of the equipment (suction pads, valves, drains and fire hydrants) is outdated and irregularly maintained. Analyses show that the water is more colored in cast-iron and PVC pipes than in asbestos cement pipes. Coloration values in the network range from 0 to 27 UVC for asbestos cement pipes, from 15 to 56 UCV for ductile iron pipes, and from 11 to 102 UCV for PVC pipes. On the over hand, turbidity values vary from 8.02 to 3.32 NTU for ductile cast iron pipes, 8.51 to 16.98 NTU for asbestos cement pipes and 0.9 to 6.98 NTU for PVC pipes. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions on contact with water, degrading their color. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions into the water, degrading its color. The high color values observed in the vicinity of drains are thought to be due to irregular maintenance of the network. In fact, after network maintenance, a reduction rate ranging from 2% to 73% is observed for turbidity, while for color, the rate varies from 5% to 72%. In short, the network’s obsolescence and irregular maintenance contribute significantly to the deterioration of water quality.展开更多
During the Northern Warlord Period(1912–1928),the construction industry in Shanghai underwent robust development.As an integral element of buildings,equipment served both functional purposes and stood witness to the ...During the Northern Warlord Period(1912–1928),the construction industry in Shanghai underwent robust development.As an integral element of buildings,equipment served both functional purposes and stood witness to the evolution of the economy and society,thus earning its place as part of the architectural heritage.However,due to various reasons,there are many loopholes in the protection of these building equipment.This paper examines the development of building equipment in Shanghai during the Northern Warlord Period,using water supply,drainage,and heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems as examples.Through historical context analysis,it summarizes this development from a social-spatial perspective,infers the reasons behind it,and analyzes the importance of preserving such equipment,considering both past and present viewpoints.In this research,the importance of protecting historical building equipment is emphasized,which aims to give people a deeper understanding of their cultural value,and suggests that scholars conduct more practical research on their protection.展开更多
With the continuous development of society and the market economy,people are putting forward higher and higher requirements for the construction,technology,and environmental friendliness of buildings.The prefabricated...With the continuous development of society and the market economy,people are putting forward higher and higher requirements for the construction,technology,and environmental friendliness of buildings.The prefabricated building not only has high installation efficiency,but is also safe and environmentally friendly,which is in line with the green building concept.The drainage design is a critical part of prefabricated buildings.In order to ensure the quality and construction efficiency of the building project,it is necessary to design the building water supply and drainage properly.Therefore,an in-depth investigation on prefabricated buildings was carried out in this paper,and water supply and drainage design for prefabricated buildings under the green building concept is proposed,in hopes of providing references for future water supply and drainage designs.展开更多
There are significant household water supply challenges including quantity sufficiency and quality, which have economic and social implications. The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establish...There are significant household water supply challenges including quantity sufficiency and quality, which have economic and social implications. The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establishing centralized or groundwater systems, and/or having individual crude systems. A Tanzanian rural household case study was considered by assessing the performance of a currently relied surface runoff collecting pond system for domestic purposes. A daily water balance model was applied with performance parameters, no water days (NWD) and rainwater usage (RUR). Rooftop runoff harvesting system was proposed as a water supply source in addition to the current one. Under such dual supply conditions, users can meet the drinking and non-drinking demand even in dry seasons at a minimum of 2 and 20 L/person/d, respectively. For rainwater harvesting adoption (considering selected regions), it was further established that amount and variation in rainfall impacts on quantity available for meeting demand. Increased catchment implies increased harvestable quantity, and with same storage higher reduction of number of NWD although with slight decrease of RUR. Also, increased storage is required for achieving higher RUR in case the same demand is maintained. But same storage can be maintained for increased demand relative to catchment size. However, rainwater catchment increase has greater impact on meeting a specified demand under given condition of rainfall quantity and variation. The RWH technology strategies presented in this study are replicable in other developing countries under site specific conditions.展开更多
Cyber-physical systems(CPS) is a system of systems which consists of many subsystems that can stand alone in an individual manner and can be taken as a typical complex network.CPS can be applied in the critical infras...Cyber-physical systems(CPS) is a system of systems which consists of many subsystems that can stand alone in an individual manner and can be taken as a typical complex network.CPS can be applied in the critical infrastructures such as water supply networks,energy supply systems,and so on.In this paper,we analyze the structure of modern city water supply networks from the view of CPS theory,we use complex network theory to build an undirected and unweighted complex network model for the water supply networks to investigate the structural properties,and present the structure of the water supply networks and detect communities by a spectral analysis of the Laplacian matrix.Then,we analyze the structure and controllability of water supply networks by the structural controllability method.The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed complex network model.展开更多
The serviceability of water supply networks(WSNs)under seismic loads has significant importance for estimating the probable losses and the impact of diminished functionality on affected communities.The innovation pres...The serviceability of water supply networks(WSNs)under seismic loads has significant importance for estimating the probable losses and the impact of diminished functionality on affected communities.The innovation presented in this paper is suggesting a new strategy to evaluate the seismic serviceability of WSNs,utilizing their operational physical mechanism.On one hand,this method can obtain the seismic serviceability of each node as well as entire WSNs.On the other hand,this method can dynamically reflect the propagation of randomness from ground motions to WSNs.First,a finite element model is established to capture the seismic response of buried pipe networks,and a leakage model is suggested to obtain the leakage area of WSNs.Second,the transient flow analysis of WSNs with or without leakage is derived to obtain dynamic water flow and pressure.Third,the seismic serviceability of WSNs is analyzed based on the probability density evolution method(PDEM).Finally,the seismic serviceability of a real WSN in Mianzhu city is assessed to illustrate the method.The case study shows that randomness from the ground motions can obviously affect the leakage state and the probability density of the nodal head during earthquakes.展开更多
With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy ...With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy saving is also enhanced value,many fields in our country environmental protection and energysaving concept can be seen in the application,especially the application in building water supply and drainage design more widely,to protect the environment,to maximize the use of limited resources,how to reasonable use of water resources in building water supply and drainage construction,above is current the paper mainly discusses the problems in the construction field,this paper based on environmental protection and energy-saving concept,discusses its application in the building water supply and drainage design,for your reference.展开更多
Suppliers of potable water would benefit from a sustainable business as long as consumers continue to prefer their brand. Some of the reasons for choosing a particular brand include water quality, cost of the finished...Suppliers of potable water would benefit from a sustainable business as long as consumers continue to prefer their brand. Some of the reasons for choosing a particular brand include water quality, cost of the finished product, reliability of supply, and supplier ethics. These important determinant factors form the basis of this work. The objective is to delineate consumer preferences for water supplied to the Njala campus community, in southern Sierra Leone, and the underlying determinant factors. A list of questions administered to 140 respondents, are used to help achieve the objective. The results of water quality tests are also used to determine if quality has anything to do with consumer preference. The Oxfam Delagua water testing kit is customized to incubate and enhance counting of fecal and no-fecal coliform bacteria in water samples. Bacterial contamination is the major concern in the study area. The survey results reveal the consumers prefer package water for drinking. Treated water from Tia River is only used for other domestic purposes. The consumers do not trust the quality of water supplied from Tia River, albeit filtration and disinfection at the University’s treatment center. This distrust is confirmed by the bacterial test. None of the campus water sources meet recommended guidelines for drinking water. The consumers are, however, willing to shift preference from package to tap drinking water if treatment comes with quality assurance. The university could benefit through economic gratification, customer protection, and reduced plastic waste from package drinking water.展开更多
Dams for water supply usually represent an untapped hydroelectric potential. It is a small energetic potential, in most situations, usually requiring a particular solution to be viable. The use of pumps as power turbi...Dams for water supply usually represent an untapped hydroelectric potential. It is a small energetic potential, in most situations, usually requiring a particular solution to be viable. The use of pumps as power turbines often represents an alternative that enables the power generation in hydraulic structures already in operation, as is the case of dams in water supply systems. This potential can be exploited in conjunction with the implementation of PV modules on the water surface, installed on floating structures, both operating in a hydro PV hybrid system. The floating structure can also contribute to reducing the evaporation of water and providing a small increase in hydroelectric power available. This paper presents a pre-feasibility study for implementation of a hydroelectric power plant and PV modules on floating structures in the reservoir formed by the dam of Val de Serra, in southern Brazil. The dam is operated to provide drinking water to about 60% of the population of the city of Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The pre-feasibility study conducted with Homer software, version Legacy, indicated that the hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 227 kW can operate together with 60 kW of PV modules. This combination will result (in one of the configurations considered) in an initial cost of USD$ 1715.83 per kW installed and a cost of energy of USD$ 0.059/kWh.展开更多
An urban water supply network(WSN)is a crucial lifeline system that helps to maintain the normal functioning of modern society.However,the hydraulic analysis of a significantly damaged WSN that suffers from pipe break...An urban water supply network(WSN)is a crucial lifeline system that helps to maintain the normal functioning of modern society.However,the hydraulic analysis of a significantly damaged WSN that suffers from pipe breaks or leaks remains challenging.In this paper,a probability-based framework is proposed to assess the functionality of WSNs in the aftermath of powerful earthquakes.The serviceability of the WSN is quantified by using a comprehensive index that considers nodal water flow and nodal pressure.This index includes a coefficient that reflects the relative importance of these two parameters.The demand reduction(DR)method,which reduces the water flow of nodes while preventing the negative pressure of nodes,is proposed.The difference between the negative pressure elimination(NPE)method and the DR method is discussed by using the example of a WSN in a medium-sized city in China.The functionality values of the WSN are 0.76 and 0.99 when nodal pressure and nodal demands are used respectively as the index of system serviceability at an intensity level that would pertain to an earthquake considered to occur at a maximum level.When the intensity of ground motion is as high as 0.4 g,the DR method requires fewer samples than the NPE method to obtain accurate results.The NPE method eliminates most of the pipes,which may be unrealistic.展开更多
With the development of science and technology,the status of the water environment has received more and more attention.In this paper,we propose a deep learning model,named a Joint Auto-Encoder network,to solve the pr...With the development of science and technology,the status of the water environment has received more and more attention.In this paper,we propose a deep learning model,named a Joint Auto-Encoder network,to solve the problem of outlier detection in water supply data.The Joint Auto-Encoder network first expands the size of training data and extracts the useful features from the input data,and then reconstructs the input data effectively into an output.The outliers are detected based on the network’s reconstruction errors,with a larger reconstruction error indicating a higher rate to be an outlier.For water supply data,there are mainly two types of outliers:outliers with large values and those with values closed to zero.We set two separate thresholds,and,for the reconstruction errors to detect the two types of outliers respectively.The data samples with reconstruction errors exceeding the thresholds are voted to be outliers.The two thresholds can be calculated by the classification confusion matrix and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.We have also performed comparisons between the Joint Auto-Encoder and the vanilla Auto-Encoder in this paper on both the synthesis data set and the MNIST data set.As a result,our model has proved to outperform the vanilla Auto-Encoder and some other outlier detection approaches with the recall rate of 98.94 percent in water supply data.展开更多
Coronavirus is currently a huge threat to human health all over the globe. Even though it has no cure yet, it can be contained by proper personal and collective hygiene. This makes access to sufficient clean water sup...Coronavirus is currently a huge threat to human health all over the globe. Even though it has no cure yet, it can be contained by proper personal and collective hygiene. This makes access to sufficient clean water supply fundamental and indispensable. Since rural communities tend to be vulnerable to disease outbreaks due to poor standards of hygiene, this study examined the challenges of the rural communities in Enugu West Senatorial District in Nigeria over access to clean water supply and their preparedness to tackle COVID-19 pandemic, following the guidelines from world health experts. The survey showed general awareness of the pandemic in the selected communities. However, 71% neither have access to clean water supply, nor alternative to hand sanitizing agent. A large number of the respondents also acknowledged that availability and accessibility to clean water supply would improve the hygiene culture of the people and as a result curtail the spread of the disease. This study, therefore, recommends that government should intervene by extending water borehole projects and water treatment plants to various rural communities as well as providing maintenance services for non-functional ones.展开更多
基金Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration under Grant Nos.2021EEEVL0204 and 2018A02。
文摘As an important part of nonstructural components,the seismic response of indoor water supply pipes deserves much attention.This paper presents shaking table test research on water supply pipes installed in a full-scale reinforced concrete(RC)frame structure.Different material pipes and different methods for penetrating the reinforced concrete floors are combined to evaluate the difference in seismic performance.Floor response spectra and pipe acceleration amplification factors based on test data are discussed and compared with code provisions.A seismic fragility study of displacement demand is conducted based on numerical simulation.The acceleration response and displacement response of different combinations are compared.The results show that the combination of different pipe materials and different passing-through methods can cause obvious differences in the seismic response of indoor riser pipes.
基金funded by the China National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFC3003505)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institutes(No.DQJB23Y01)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278540)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institutes(No.DQJB22B28).
文摘In 2023,two consecutive earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 7 occurred in Türkiye,causing severe casualties and economic losses.The damage to critical urban infrastructure and building structures,including highways,railroads,and water supply pipelines,was particularly severe in areas where these structures intersected the seismogenic fault.Critical infrastructure projects that traverse active faults are susceptible to the influence of fault movement,pulse velocity,and ground motions.In this study,we used a unique approach to analyze the acceleration records obtained from the seismic station array(9 strong ground motion stations)located along the East Anatolian Fault(the seismogenic fault of the MW7.8 mainshock of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet).The acceleration records were filtered and integrated to obtain the velocity and displacement time histories.We used the results of an on-site investigation,jointly conducted by China Earthquake Administration and Türkiye’s AFAD,to analyze the distribution of PGA,PGV,and PGD recorded by the strong motion array of the East Anatolian Fault.We found that the maximum horizontal PGA in this earthquake was 3.0 g,and the maximum co-seismic surface displacement caused by the East Anatolian Fault rupture was 6.50 m.As the fault rupture propagated southwest,the velocity pulse caused by the directional effect of the rupture increased gradually,with the maximum PGA reaching 162.3 cm/s.We also discussed the seismic safety of critical infrastructure projects traversing active faults,using two case studies of water supply pipelines in Türkiye that were damaged by earthquakes.We used a three-dimensional finite element model of the PE(polyethylene)water pipeline at the Islahiye State Hospital and fault displacement observations obtained through on-site investigation to analyze pipeline failure mechanisms.We further investigated the effect of the fault-crossing angle on seismic safety of a pipeline,based on our analysis and the failure performance of the large-diameter Thames Water pipeline during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.The seismic method of buried pipelines crossing the fault was summarized.
文摘This research project investigates the current status of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and a reconnaissance survey. Findings reveal that 30% of individuals rely on surface water (hand-tube wells, rivers, and ponds), prioritized as canal > river > pond, while 70% depend on groundwater (subterranean electric motor, deep tube-well). Drinking water is generally sufficient, with 95% reporting adequacy throughout the year. About 45% use hand tube-well water, 28% use deep tube-well water, and 11% use supply tap water for various purposes. Bathing trends include underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river, while for cooking, the order is underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river. Toilet water supply ranks as supply tap water > hand tube-well water > deep tube-well water. Although sanitation awareness is high, some lack knowledge of good hygiene practices. After defecating, handwashing methods include soap, ash, soil, or water. Children’s waste disposal varies, with some discarding it in open areas. Approximately 40% suffer from diseases like Diarrhoea due to unsafe water, primarily affecting children and elders. Training exists, but a significant portion lacks sanitation education. Dry skin or exposure to cold water may cause temporary irritation. Local government involvement in sanitation efforts is less active compared to non-governmental organizations. Results emphasize the need to enhance community awareness of safe water supplies and sanitation practices. .
文摘With the acceleration of urbanization,the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly.In the planning of urban construction,it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources.Therefore,the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city.In this paper,we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods.Besides,the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed,so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.52179062 and 51879087).
文摘For a water supply system with long-distance diversion pipelines, in addition to the water hammer problems that occur beyond pumps, the safety of the water diversion pipeline in front of pumps also deserves attention. In this study, a water hammer protection scheme combined with an overflow surge tank and a regulating valve was developed. A mathematical model of the overflow surge tank was developed, and an analytical formula for the height of the overflow surge tank was derived. Furthermore, a practical water supply project was used to evaluate the feasibility of the combined protection scheme and analyze the sensitivity of valve regulation rules. The results showed that the combined protection scheme effectively reduced the height of the surge tank, lessened the difficulties related to construction, and reduced the necessary financial investment for the project. The two-stage closing rule articulated as fast first and then slow could minimize the overflow volume of the surge tank when the power failure occurred, while the two-stage opening rule articulated as slow first and then fast could be more conducive to the safety of the water supply system when the pump started up.
基金supported by the three funds:Industry-University-research Project of Anhui Jianzhu University HYB20210116National Key Research and Development Project of China No.2017YFC0704100(entitled New Generation Intelligent Building Platform Techniques)Research Project of Anhui Jianzhu University jy2021-c-017(Project Name:Research and Application ofWater Distribution Network Leakage Detection System Based on DMA Partition).
文摘At present,the leakage rate of the water distribution network in China is still high,and the waste of water resources caused by water distribution network leakage is quite serious every year.Therefore,the location of pipeline leakage is of great significance for saving water resources and reducing economic losses.Acoustic emission technology is the most widely used pipeline leak location technology.The traditional non-stationary random signal de-noising method mainly relies on the estimation of noise parameters,ignoring periodic noise and components unrelated to pipeline leakage.Aiming at the above problems,this paper proposes a leak location method for water supply pipelines based on a multivariate variational mode decomposition algorithm.This method combines the two parameters of the energy loss coefficient and the correlation coefficient between adjacent modes,and adaptively determines the decomposition mode number K according to the characteristics of the signal itself.According to the correlation coefficient,the effective component is selected to reconstruct the signal and the cross-correlation time delay is estimated to determine the location of the pipeline leakage point.The experimental results show that this method has higher accuracy than the cross-correlation method based on VMD and the cross-correlation method based on EMD,and the average relative positioning error is less than 2.2%.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103064 and U21A2095)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2021BAA068)National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production(FX2022001)。
文摘Tailoring water supply to achieve confined heating has proven to be an effective strategy for boosting solar interfacial evaporation rates.However,because of salt clogging during desalination,a critical point of constriction occurs when controlling the water rate for confined heating.In this study,we demonstrate a facile and scalable weaving technique for fabricating core-sheath photothermal yarns that facilitate controlled water supply for stable and efficient interracial solar desalination.The core-sheath yarn comprises modal fibers as the core and carbon fibers as the sheaths.Because of the core-sheath design,remarkable liquid pumping can be enabled in the carbon fiber bundle of the dispersed superhydrophilic modal fibers.Our woven fabrics absorb a high proportion(92%)of the electromagnetic radiation in the solar spectrum because of the weaving structure and the carbon fiber sheath.Under one-sun(1 kW·m^(-2))illumination,our woven fabric device can achieve the highest evaporation rate(of 2.12kg·m^(-2)·h^(-1) with energy conversion efficiency:93.7%)by regulating the number of core-sheath yarns.Practical application tests demonstrate that our device can maintain high and stable desalination performance in a 5 wt%NaCl solution.
文摘This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian belief networks(BBN)to analyze factors influenc-ing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program(PAMSIMAS)in Indonesia.28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed.The data indicates that 85.4%of the water supply systems were fully functioning,9.1%were partially functioning,and 5.5%were not functioning.In the regression analysis,good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality.The latter suggests the need for comprehen-sive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas.We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system,while women’s participation was positively associated with the functionality.Furthermore,the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection.BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water,the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collec-tion.Moreover,the combination of strong management,strong financial status,and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%.Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia.This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.
文摘The potability of drinking water depends not only on the source and the treatment system, but also on the quality of the waterworks. In fact, the quality of drinking water is considerably degraded by the dilapidated state and lack of maintenance of drinking water networks. In Côte d’Ivoire, the majority of drinking water networks in the various towns are ageing. In Daloa, despite the efforts made by the company in charge of water treatment and distribution to make the water drinkable, the water at consumers’ taps is often colored, has an unpleasant aftertaste and settles after collection. As a result, people are concerned about the potability of tap water, and some are turning to alternative sources of drinking water of unknown quality. In order to determine the factors responsible for the deterioration in water color and taste, as well as the sectors of the network most affected, a diagnosis of the network’s equipment was carried out. Water samples taken from the network were analyzed for color and turbidity. The diagnosis revealed that most of the equipment (suction pads, valves, drains and fire hydrants) is outdated and irregularly maintained. Analyses show that the water is more colored in cast-iron and PVC pipes than in asbestos cement pipes. Coloration values in the network range from 0 to 27 UVC for asbestos cement pipes, from 15 to 56 UCV for ductile iron pipes, and from 11 to 102 UCV for PVC pipes. On the over hand, turbidity values vary from 8.02 to 3.32 NTU for ductile cast iron pipes, 8.51 to 16.98 NTU for asbestos cement pipes and 0.9 to 6.98 NTU for PVC pipes. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions on contact with water, degrading their color. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions into the water, degrading its color. The high color values observed in the vicinity of drains are thought to be due to irregular maintenance of the network. In fact, after network maintenance, a reduction rate ranging from 2% to 73% is observed for turbidity, while for color, the rate varies from 5% to 72%. In short, the network’s obsolescence and irregular maintenance contribute significantly to the deterioration of water quality.
文摘During the Northern Warlord Period(1912–1928),the construction industry in Shanghai underwent robust development.As an integral element of buildings,equipment served both functional purposes and stood witness to the evolution of the economy and society,thus earning its place as part of the architectural heritage.However,due to various reasons,there are many loopholes in the protection of these building equipment.This paper examines the development of building equipment in Shanghai during the Northern Warlord Period,using water supply,drainage,and heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)systems as examples.Through historical context analysis,it summarizes this development from a social-spatial perspective,infers the reasons behind it,and analyzes the importance of preserving such equipment,considering both past and present viewpoints.In this research,the importance of protecting historical building equipment is emphasized,which aims to give people a deeper understanding of their cultural value,and suggests that scholars conduct more practical research on their protection.
文摘With the continuous development of society and the market economy,people are putting forward higher and higher requirements for the construction,technology,and environmental friendliness of buildings.The prefabricated building not only has high installation efficiency,but is also safe and environmentally friendly,which is in line with the green building concept.The drainage design is a critical part of prefabricated buildings.In order to ensure the quality and construction efficiency of the building project,it is necessary to design the building water supply and drainage properly.Therefore,an in-depth investigation on prefabricated buildings was carried out in this paper,and water supply and drainage design for prefabricated buildings under the green building concept is proposed,in hopes of providing references for future water supply and drainage designs.
文摘There are significant household water supply challenges including quantity sufficiency and quality, which have economic and social implications. The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establishing centralized or groundwater systems, and/or having individual crude systems. A Tanzanian rural household case study was considered by assessing the performance of a currently relied surface runoff collecting pond system for domestic purposes. A daily water balance model was applied with performance parameters, no water days (NWD) and rainwater usage (RUR). Rooftop runoff harvesting system was proposed as a water supply source in addition to the current one. Under such dual supply conditions, users can meet the drinking and non-drinking demand even in dry seasons at a minimum of 2 and 20 L/person/d, respectively. For rainwater harvesting adoption (considering selected regions), it was further established that amount and variation in rainfall impacts on quantity available for meeting demand. Increased catchment implies increased harvestable quantity, and with same storage higher reduction of number of NWD although with slight decrease of RUR. Also, increased storage is required for achieving higher RUR in case the same demand is maintained. But same storage can be maintained for increased demand relative to catchment size. However, rainwater catchment increase has greater impact on meeting a specified demand under given condition of rainfall quantity and variation. The RWH technology strategies presented in this study are replicable in other developing countries under site specific conditions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61233004,61221003,61374109,61104091,61304078,61473184)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2013CB035500)+2 种基金the International Cooperation Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(12230709600)the Higher Education Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of China(20120073130006,20110073110018)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2013M540364)
文摘Cyber-physical systems(CPS) is a system of systems which consists of many subsystems that can stand alone in an individual manner and can be taken as a typical complex network.CPS can be applied in the critical infrastructures such as water supply networks,energy supply systems,and so on.In this paper,we analyze the structure of modern city water supply networks from the view of CPS theory,we use complex network theory to build an undirected and unweighted complex network model for the water supply networks to investigate the structural properties,and present the structure of the water supply networks and detect communities by a spectral analysis of the Laplacian matrix.Then,we analyze the structure and controllability of water supply networks by the structural controllability method.The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed complex network model.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.5210082055China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant No.2021M690278。
文摘The serviceability of water supply networks(WSNs)under seismic loads has significant importance for estimating the probable losses and the impact of diminished functionality on affected communities.The innovation presented in this paper is suggesting a new strategy to evaluate the seismic serviceability of WSNs,utilizing their operational physical mechanism.On one hand,this method can obtain the seismic serviceability of each node as well as entire WSNs.On the other hand,this method can dynamically reflect the propagation of randomness from ground motions to WSNs.First,a finite element model is established to capture the seismic response of buried pipe networks,and a leakage model is suggested to obtain the leakage area of WSNs.Second,the transient flow analysis of WSNs with or without leakage is derived to obtain dynamic water flow and pressure.Third,the seismic serviceability of WSNs is analyzed based on the probability density evolution method(PDEM).Finally,the seismic serviceability of a real WSN in Mianzhu city is assessed to illustrate the method.The case study shows that randomness from the ground motions can obviously affect the leakage state and the probability density of the nodal head during earthquakes.
文摘With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy saving is also enhanced value,many fields in our country environmental protection and energysaving concept can be seen in the application,especially the application in building water supply and drainage design more widely,to protect the environment,to maximize the use of limited resources,how to reasonable use of water resources in building water supply and drainage construction,above is current the paper mainly discusses the problems in the construction field,this paper based on environmental protection and energy-saving concept,discusses its application in the building water supply and drainage design,for your reference.
文摘Suppliers of potable water would benefit from a sustainable business as long as consumers continue to prefer their brand. Some of the reasons for choosing a particular brand include water quality, cost of the finished product, reliability of supply, and supplier ethics. These important determinant factors form the basis of this work. The objective is to delineate consumer preferences for water supplied to the Njala campus community, in southern Sierra Leone, and the underlying determinant factors. A list of questions administered to 140 respondents, are used to help achieve the objective. The results of water quality tests are also used to determine if quality has anything to do with consumer preference. The Oxfam Delagua water testing kit is customized to incubate and enhance counting of fecal and no-fecal coliform bacteria in water samples. Bacterial contamination is the major concern in the study area. The survey results reveal the consumers prefer package water for drinking. Treated water from Tia River is only used for other domestic purposes. The consumers do not trust the quality of water supplied from Tia River, albeit filtration and disinfection at the University’s treatment center. This distrust is confirmed by the bacterial test. None of the campus water sources meet recommended guidelines for drinking water. The consumers are, however, willing to shift preference from package to tap drinking water if treatment comes with quality assurance. The university could benefit through economic gratification, customer protection, and reduced plastic waste from package drinking water.
基金The authors wish to thank the institutions involved for their support to research activities related to renewable energy,which resulted,among other things,in this articleSpecifically,the third author would like to thank the partial financial support provided by CNPq through a support grant for research productivity.
文摘Dams for water supply usually represent an untapped hydroelectric potential. It is a small energetic potential, in most situations, usually requiring a particular solution to be viable. The use of pumps as power turbines often represents an alternative that enables the power generation in hydraulic structures already in operation, as is the case of dams in water supply systems. This potential can be exploited in conjunction with the implementation of PV modules on the water surface, installed on floating structures, both operating in a hydro PV hybrid system. The floating structure can also contribute to reducing the evaporation of water and providing a small increase in hydroelectric power available. This paper presents a pre-feasibility study for implementation of a hydroelectric power plant and PV modules on floating structures in the reservoir formed by the dam of Val de Serra, in southern Brazil. The dam is operated to provide drinking water to about 60% of the population of the city of Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The pre-feasibility study conducted with Homer software, version Legacy, indicated that the hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 227 kW can operate together with 60 kW of PV modules. This combination will result (in one of the configurations considered) in an initial cost of USD$ 1715.83 per kW installed and a cost of energy of USD$ 0.059/kWh.
基金the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration(CEA)under Grant No.2019EEEVL0505the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51908519and the Scientific Research Fund of the IEM,CEA under Grant No.2019B02。
文摘An urban water supply network(WSN)is a crucial lifeline system that helps to maintain the normal functioning of modern society.However,the hydraulic analysis of a significantly damaged WSN that suffers from pipe breaks or leaks remains challenging.In this paper,a probability-based framework is proposed to assess the functionality of WSNs in the aftermath of powerful earthquakes.The serviceability of the WSN is quantified by using a comprehensive index that considers nodal water flow and nodal pressure.This index includes a coefficient that reflects the relative importance of these two parameters.The demand reduction(DR)method,which reduces the water flow of nodes while preventing the negative pressure of nodes,is proposed.The difference between the negative pressure elimination(NPE)method and the DR method is discussed by using the example of a WSN in a medium-sized city in China.The functionality values of the WSN are 0.76 and 0.99 when nodal pressure and nodal demands are used respectively as the index of system serviceability at an intensity level that would pertain to an earthquake considered to occur at a maximum level.When the intensity of ground motion is as high as 0.4 g,the DR method requires fewer samples than the NPE method to obtain accurate results.The NPE method eliminates most of the pipes,which may be unrealistic.
基金The work described in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant No.U1501253 and Grant No.U1713217.
文摘With the development of science and technology,the status of the water environment has received more and more attention.In this paper,we propose a deep learning model,named a Joint Auto-Encoder network,to solve the problem of outlier detection in water supply data.The Joint Auto-Encoder network first expands the size of training data and extracts the useful features from the input data,and then reconstructs the input data effectively into an output.The outliers are detected based on the network’s reconstruction errors,with a larger reconstruction error indicating a higher rate to be an outlier.For water supply data,there are mainly two types of outliers:outliers with large values and those with values closed to zero.We set two separate thresholds,and,for the reconstruction errors to detect the two types of outliers respectively.The data samples with reconstruction errors exceeding the thresholds are voted to be outliers.The two thresholds can be calculated by the classification confusion matrix and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.We have also performed comparisons between the Joint Auto-Encoder and the vanilla Auto-Encoder in this paper on both the synthesis data set and the MNIST data set.As a result,our model has proved to outperform the vanilla Auto-Encoder and some other outlier detection approaches with the recall rate of 98.94 percent in water supply data.
文摘Coronavirus is currently a huge threat to human health all over the globe. Even though it has no cure yet, it can be contained by proper personal and collective hygiene. This makes access to sufficient clean water supply fundamental and indispensable. Since rural communities tend to be vulnerable to disease outbreaks due to poor standards of hygiene, this study examined the challenges of the rural communities in Enugu West Senatorial District in Nigeria over access to clean water supply and their preparedness to tackle COVID-19 pandemic, following the guidelines from world health experts. The survey showed general awareness of the pandemic in the selected communities. However, 71% neither have access to clean water supply, nor alternative to hand sanitizing agent. A large number of the respondents also acknowledged that availability and accessibility to clean water supply would improve the hygiene culture of the people and as a result curtail the spread of the disease. This study, therefore, recommends that government should intervene by extending water borehole projects and water treatment plants to various rural communities as well as providing maintenance services for non-functional ones.
