In this paper,morphological structure,thermodynamic compatibility and relationship be-tween porosities and blend ratios of the wet coagulated PU/PVA sheets were studied by meansof observation of scanning electronic mi...In this paper,morphological structure,thermodynamic compatibility and relationship be-tween porosities and blend ratios of the wet coagulated PU/PVA sheets were studied by meansof observation of scanning electronic micrographies,tests of dynamic mechanical properties,moisture regain and vapor permeability.Furthermore,the formation of microvoids at interfacesof separated phases was discussed and a microvoid formation mechanism at phase interfaces ofhydrophobic-hydrophilic blends was suggested and compared with that ofhydrophobic-hydrophobic blends.展开更多
The genetic control of fiber pigment color in naturally colored cotton was studied. The expres-sion of brown and green fiber color was controlled by incompletely dominant single genes and incompletelydominant major ge...The genetic control of fiber pigment color in naturally colored cotton was studied. The expres-sion of brown and green fiber color was controlled by incompletely dominant single genes and incompletelydominant major genes, respectively. Production and accumulation of the fiber pigment were related to specialexpression of enzymatic genes for pigment synthesis in fiber cells. At the stage of fiber lengthening, naturallycolored cotton, like white cotton, appeared purely white. But when fiber cell walls entered the thickeningstage, pigment appeared by degrees. When the fiber was completely matured (on boll dehiscence), the colorreached its darkest level. After wetting process treatment, the hues of the fiber pigment changed in regularpatterns. The hue circle for brown and green cotton changed in the opposite direction with wetting processtreatment. In general, the treated cotton color and luster became dark and vivid, and this trend provided the possibili-ty for enhancing the fiber quality by suitable enviromnental friendly finishing. The analysis showed that the color andluster of the cotton may be controlled by a series of pigments which show different chemical performance.展开更多
Coal sludge slurry(CSS) is an alternative fuel and a potential competitive method for sludge reduction.Based on the researches of coal water slurry, we studied CSSs by using a wet-grinding process with different types...Coal sludge slurry(CSS) is an alternative fuel and a potential competitive method for sludge reduction.Based on the researches of coal water slurry, we studied CSSs by using a wet-grinding process with different types of regional municipal sludge(sludge) in an orthogonal experiment. The sludge type,sludge mixing proportion, dosage of dispersant, and grinding time were tested in this study. The results show that water content and its occurrence characteristics in the sludge have primary hindering influences on slurry ability. The range of fixed-viscosity concentrations with raw wet sludge is from 50.78%to 44.40%(by weight), while the range is from 53.35% to 51.51%(by weight) with dry sludge. All of the CSSs exhibit shear-thinning behaviors with different variation trends, especially the CSSs with more than 15%(by weight) raw wet sludge in it. Adding the same proportion of raw wet sludge increases the thixotropic properties of CSSs and the highest area of thixotropy loop is 3065 Pa/s, while the highest value of dry sludge is 1798 Pa/s. Hydrophilic group plays an important role in adsorbing water and building three-dimension networks with other particles, which is the main reason for CSS properties.Therefore, the mechanism can be used to find the way for making high quality CSS.展开更多
A particular porosity method named "slot method" is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model (DIVAST) to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the sha...A particular porosity method named "slot method" is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model (DIVAST) to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the "slot" and the preset depth used in "wetting-drying" algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the "slot" being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that: 1) no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement "slot method" in DIVAST, and 2) "slot method" will simulate wetting and drying processes correctly if the shape factors of the "slot" being selected properly.展开更多
There exists the most important REE-bearing phosphorite deposit in Southwest of China. Due to the fact that the REE are present in the form of ions in the lattices of collophanite or carbonatfluorapatite, the REE can ...There exists the most important REE-bearing phosphorite deposit in Southwest of China. Due to the fact that the REE are present in the form of ions in the lattices of collophanite or carbonatfluorapatite, the REE can be enriched in phosphate concentrate by flotation method. The phosphate concentrate is the main raw materials to produce phosphoric acid, therefore, it is significant to further investigate the distribution rule of REE in wet process. In this paper, the single leaching and recycled leaching technology were carried out to investigate the effect of various parameter conditions on distribution of REE in products. The REE compositions of products were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. It was found that the acidic value of leaching liquor was the main effect factor on the distribution of REE in products. In single leaching stage, P2O5 concentration of leaching liquor slightly varied from 8% to about 10% when the excessive coefficient of sulphuric acid ranged from 1.03 to 1.05, and the distribution proportions of ∑REO in phosphoric acid solution was lower than 40%. However, in recycled leaching process(the condition similar to practical wet process), with an increase of P2O5 concentration as well as the acidic value of leaching liquor, the distribution proportions of ∑REO in phosphoric acid solution could be decreased to 2.56%. That is to say that under the condition similar to practical wet process, more than 90% of REE of phosphate concentrate became precipitation entering into the phosphogypsum product. This investigation will provide valid reference for reasonably recovering or reserving REE in wet-phosphoric acid process.展开更多
After a brief review of existing methods for fabric wetting and wicking measurement,a new numerical approach based on dynamic image acquisition and analysis was proposed to study the liquid wetting and wicking propert...After a brief review of existing methods for fabric wetting and wicking measurement,a new numerical approach based on dynamic image acquisition and analysis was proposed to study the liquid wetting and wicking properties of woven fabrics.A measuring system was first developed to record on-site the images of liquid ascending in fabrics for a certain period of time.The hardware and software platforms and the experimental methods were described,and the image processing and analysis as well as other related algorithms were discussed in detail.The liquid front curves and rising rates in wetting and wicking were eventually obtained towards different fabrics.From liquid wicking curves,relationship between liquid ascending height and liquid ascending time agrees well with the Washburn theory.The data comparison between the numerical measurement and the traditional test proves the reliability of the numerical results.展开更多
The study evaluates the energy consumption of both wet and dry processes cement manufacturing plant in Nigeria. Enrgy consumption data collected for the period 2003 to 2011 were used to estimate the energy consumption...The study evaluates the energy consumption of both wet and dry processes cement manufacturing plant in Nigeria. Enrgy consumption data collected for the period 2003 to 2011 were used to estimate the energy consumption of the crushing, milling, agitation, burning, grinding and bagging operations. The total energy evaluation was based on the three primary energy sources which include electrical, combustion and human. The total estimated energy intensities were 6545 MJ/ton and 4197 MJ/ton for wet and dry processes respectively. The percentage consumption of energy in each operation is 93.68 and 90.34% (burning), 2.11 and 4.33% (milling), 0.43 and 0.67% (crushing), 1.39 and 0% (agitation), 2.12 and 3.90% (grinding), and 0.27 and 0.75% (bagging) of the total energy inputs for the wet and dry processes respectively. Furthermore, the average total energy cost of production showed that wet process is approximately 40% more cost intensive in cement production than the dry process while at the same time it is cost effective to run production on energy through gas powered plant than the national grid.展开更多
Wet coffee processing leads to the generation of large volumes of wastewater, whose discharge to the environment leads to pollution of freshwater bodies. Kayanza is a major coffee growing area in Burundi with more tha...Wet coffee processing leads to the generation of large volumes of wastewater, whose discharge to the environment leads to pollution of freshwater bodies. Kayanza is a major coffee growing area in Burundi with more than 40 wet coffee processing factories (WCPF) that discharge effluents directly to receiving water bodies without treatment. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coffee wastewater on the physicochemical properties of receiving waterbodies in Kayanza coffee growing ecological zone. Currently, no study has been done to analyze the effluent from the WCPF and assess the level of pollution. This study will therefore provide valuable data on the water pollution from coffee processing plants. Ten (10) rivers in the Kayanza coffee growing zone were studied during the months of April and June, 2020. Water samples were collected upstream (U) and downstream (D) of the effluent discharge points in triplicate. Samples were analyzed for pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>), Temperature, Salinity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrates, Nitrites, Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chlorides and Ammonium ions using standard methods. <span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">Ph</span>ysical parameters were analyzed in situ whereas chemical param<span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">eters w</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.05pt;">ere analy</span>zed in the laboratories in Burundi Institute of Agricultural Science<span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">s</span> (ISA<span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt;">BU) and University of Burundi. Data were analyzed u</span>sing R-studio-1.0.153, GenStat 64-bit Release 14.1 and SSPS. Results on the physicochemical parameters indicated that coffee factory effluent has a polluting potential during coffee processing peak. The concentrations of the physicochemical parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) higher downstream (D) compared to upstream (U) of the river water sampling points. All downstream sites had COD, BOD<sub>5</sub>, TSS and pH values above allowable limits set by WHO and Burundi. The polluting impact of public wet coffee processing factories was significantly higher than that of private and cooperatives owned factories (p < 0.05). Measures should be taken in order to protect water bodies.展开更多
In order to study the mechanism of vacuum fluxless soldering on the conditions of laser heating, the method of measuring temperature by the thermocouple is used to analyze the spreading and wetting process of both flu...In order to study the mechanism of vacuum fluxless soldering on the conditions of laser heating, the method of measuring temperature by the thermocouple is used to analyze the spreading and wetting process of both fluxless Sn-Pb solder in the vacuum surroundings and flux Sn-Pb solder on Cu pad. Solder spreading and wetting affected by the soldering thermal process is also discussed according to the thermodynamics principle. Results show that vacuum fluxless soldering demands higher temperature, and the fall of the solder surface tension is the important factor achieving fluxless laser soldering.展开更多
Since the 1990s,the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP)has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground.A positive correlation between the warming ...Since the 1990s,the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP)has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground.A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground(SFG)has long been recognized.Still,a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated,despite the expectation that it will become even more important because precipitation over the QTP has been projected to increase continuously in the near future.This study investigates the response of the thermal regime to historical wetting in both permafrost and SFG areas and examines their relationships separately using the Community Land Surface Model version 4.5.Results show that wetting before the 1990s across the QTP mainly cooled the permafrost body in the arid and semiarid zones,with significant correlation coefficients of 0.60 and 0.48,respectively.Precipitation increased continually at the rate of 6.16 mm decade–1 in the arid zone after the 1990s but had a contrasting warming effect on permafrost through a significant shortening of the thawing duration within the active layer.However,diminished rainfall in the humid zone after the 1990s also significantly extended the thawing duration of SFG.The relationship between the ground thawing index and precipitation was significantly negatively correlated(−0.75).The dual effects of wetting on the thermal dynamics of the QTP are becoming critical because of the projected increases in future precipitation.展开更多
The effects of Reactive Black 5 utilized to cotton fabrics by short wet-steam process on the dyeing properties were investigated. This study will provide a theoretical reference for short wet-steam process of cotton f...The effects of Reactive Black 5 utilized to cotton fabrics by short wet-steam process on the dyeing properties were investigated. This study will provide a theoretical reference for short wet-steam process of cotton fabrics with bifunctional reactive dyes. The optimal amount of Selilao agent was 20 g/L, while the soaping and rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton fabrics were both reached to 4-5 rating.展开更多
Based on the analysis results of the dust size distribution of flue gas from Baosteel's short-flow(BSSF) slag processing system and the mechanism of the wet scrubber,a wet scrubber system was designed and installe...Based on the analysis results of the dust size distribution of flue gas from Baosteel's short-flow(BSSF) slag processing system and the mechanism of the wet scrubber,a wet scrubber system was designed and installed in the No.1 BSSF slag processing system at Baosteel.The results show that the dust removal efficiency of the previous system that had conventional water nozzles was only 69% with a liquid-gas ratio of 0.79 L/m3,while the dust removal efficiency reached 94% when three sets of high-efficiency dual phase spray guns were installed inside both the flue and the chimney.For the latter system,the liquid-gas ratio was 0.84 L/m3,and the dust concentration in the cleaned emissions reduced to less than 40 mg/m3.展开更多
SO_(2)and NO emitted from coal-fired power plants have caused serious air pollution in China.In this study,a test system for NO oxidation using O_(3)is established.The basic characteristics of NO oxidation and product...SO_(2)and NO emitted from coal-fired power plants have caused serious air pollution in China.In this study,a test system for NO oxidation using O_(3)is established.The basic characteristics of NO oxidation and products forms are studied.A separate test system for the combined removal of SO_(2)and NO_(x)is also established,and the absorption characteristics of NO_(x)are studied.The characteristics of NO oxidation and NO_(x)absorption were verified in a 35 t·h^(-1)industrial boiler wet combined desulfurization and denitrification project.The operating economy of ozone oxidation wet denitrification technology is analyzed.The results show that O_(3)has a high rate and strong selectivity for NO oxidation.When O_(3)is insufficient,the primary oxidation product is NO_(2).When O_(3)is present in excess,NO_(2)continues to get oxidized to N_(2)O_(5)or NO_(3).The removal efficiency of NO_(2)in alkaline absorption system is low(only about 15%).NOx removal efficiency can be improved by oxidizing NO_(x)to N_(2)O_(5)or NO_(3)by increasing ozone ratio.When the molar ratio of O_(3)/NO is 1.77,the NOx removal efficiency reaches 90.3%,while the operating cost of removing NO_(x)per kilogram is 6.06 USD(NO_(2)).展开更多
文摘In this paper,morphological structure,thermodynamic compatibility and relationship be-tween porosities and blend ratios of the wet coagulated PU/PVA sheets were studied by meansof observation of scanning electronic micrographies,tests of dynamic mechanical properties,moisture regain and vapor permeability.Furthermore,the formation of microvoids at interfacesof separated phases was discussed and a microvoid formation mechanism at phase interfaces ofhydrophobic-hydrophilic blends was suggested and compared with that ofhydrophobic-hydrophobic blends.
基金This work was supported by Innovation and Utilization of Specially Good Germplasm Material of Naturally Colored Cotton of the“863”Plan,China(2001AA241089)Research on Breeding of New Variety for Naturally Colored Cotton and Its Further Utilization of Zhejiang Key Project of Science and Technology,China(991102310,010007024).
文摘The genetic control of fiber pigment color in naturally colored cotton was studied. The expres-sion of brown and green fiber color was controlled by incompletely dominant single genes and incompletelydominant major genes, respectively. Production and accumulation of the fiber pigment were related to specialexpression of enzymatic genes for pigment synthesis in fiber cells. At the stage of fiber lengthening, naturallycolored cotton, like white cotton, appeared purely white. But when fiber cell walls entered the thickeningstage, pigment appeared by degrees. When the fiber was completely matured (on boll dehiscence), the colorreached its darkest level. After wetting process treatment, the hues of the fiber pigment changed in regularpatterns. The hue circle for brown and green cotton changed in the opposite direction with wetting processtreatment. In general, the treated cotton color and luster became dark and vivid, and this trend provided the possibili-ty for enhancing the fiber quality by suitable enviromnental friendly finishing. The analysis showed that the color andluster of the cotton may be controlled by a series of pigments which show different chemical performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51204179, 51204182)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK20141242)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. 2014XT05)
文摘Coal sludge slurry(CSS) is an alternative fuel and a potential competitive method for sludge reduction.Based on the researches of coal water slurry, we studied CSSs by using a wet-grinding process with different types of regional municipal sludge(sludge) in an orthogonal experiment. The sludge type,sludge mixing proportion, dosage of dispersant, and grinding time were tested in this study. The results show that water content and its occurrence characteristics in the sludge have primary hindering influences on slurry ability. The range of fixed-viscosity concentrations with raw wet sludge is from 50.78%to 44.40%(by weight), while the range is from 53.35% to 51.51%(by weight) with dry sludge. All of the CSSs exhibit shear-thinning behaviors with different variation trends, especially the CSSs with more than 15%(by weight) raw wet sludge in it. Adding the same proportion of raw wet sludge increases the thixotropic properties of CSSs and the highest area of thixotropy loop is 3065 Pa/s, while the highest value of dry sludge is 1798 Pa/s. Hydrophilic group plays an important role in adsorbing water and building three-dimension networks with other particles, which is the main reason for CSS properties.Therefore, the mechanism can be used to find the way for making high quality CSS.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10702050)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant No.07JCYBJC07500)the Support Plan of Science and Technology of Tianjin (Grant No.07ZCGYSH01700)
文摘A particular porosity method named "slot method" is implemented in a depth-integrated shallow water flow model (DIVAST) to simulate wetting and drying processes. Discussed is the relationship between the shape factors of the "slot" and the preset depth used in "wetting-drying" algorithm. Two typical tests are conducted to examine the performance of the method with the effect of the shape factors of the "slot" being checked in detail in the first test. Numerical results demonstrate that: 1) no additional effort to improve the finite difference scheme is needed to implement "slot method" in DIVAST, and 2) "slot method" will simulate wetting and drying processes correctly if the shape factors of the "slot" being selected properly.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province (QianKeHe J[2005]2098)
文摘There exists the most important REE-bearing phosphorite deposit in Southwest of China. Due to the fact that the REE are present in the form of ions in the lattices of collophanite or carbonatfluorapatite, the REE can be enriched in phosphate concentrate by flotation method. The phosphate concentrate is the main raw materials to produce phosphoric acid, therefore, it is significant to further investigate the distribution rule of REE in wet process. In this paper, the single leaching and recycled leaching technology were carried out to investigate the effect of various parameter conditions on distribution of REE in products. The REE compositions of products were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. It was found that the acidic value of leaching liquor was the main effect factor on the distribution of REE in products. In single leaching stage, P2O5 concentration of leaching liquor slightly varied from 8% to about 10% when the excessive coefficient of sulphuric acid ranged from 1.03 to 1.05, and the distribution proportions of ∑REO in phosphoric acid solution was lower than 40%. However, in recycled leaching process(the condition similar to practical wet process), with an increase of P2O5 concentration as well as the acidic value of leaching liquor, the distribution proportions of ∑REO in phosphoric acid solution could be decreased to 2.56%. That is to say that under the condition similar to practical wet process, more than 90% of REE of phosphate concentrate became precipitation entering into the phosphogypsum product. This investigation will provide valid reference for reasonably recovering or reserving REE in wet-phosphoric acid process.
基金the Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.1302-1)The Project Sponsored SRF for ROCS,SEM,China
文摘After a brief review of existing methods for fabric wetting and wicking measurement,a new numerical approach based on dynamic image acquisition and analysis was proposed to study the liquid wetting and wicking properties of woven fabrics.A measuring system was first developed to record on-site the images of liquid ascending in fabrics for a certain period of time.The hardware and software platforms and the experimental methods were described,and the image processing and analysis as well as other related algorithms were discussed in detail.The liquid front curves and rising rates in wetting and wicking were eventually obtained towards different fabrics.From liquid wicking curves,relationship between liquid ascending height and liquid ascending time agrees well with the Washburn theory.The data comparison between the numerical measurement and the traditional test proves the reliability of the numerical results.
文摘The study evaluates the energy consumption of both wet and dry processes cement manufacturing plant in Nigeria. Enrgy consumption data collected for the period 2003 to 2011 were used to estimate the energy consumption of the crushing, milling, agitation, burning, grinding and bagging operations. The total energy evaluation was based on the three primary energy sources which include electrical, combustion and human. The total estimated energy intensities were 6545 MJ/ton and 4197 MJ/ton for wet and dry processes respectively. The percentage consumption of energy in each operation is 93.68 and 90.34% (burning), 2.11 and 4.33% (milling), 0.43 and 0.67% (crushing), 1.39 and 0% (agitation), 2.12 and 3.90% (grinding), and 0.27 and 0.75% (bagging) of the total energy inputs for the wet and dry processes respectively. Furthermore, the average total energy cost of production showed that wet process is approximately 40% more cost intensive in cement production than the dry process while at the same time it is cost effective to run production on energy through gas powered plant than the national grid.
文摘Wet coffee processing leads to the generation of large volumes of wastewater, whose discharge to the environment leads to pollution of freshwater bodies. Kayanza is a major coffee growing area in Burundi with more than 40 wet coffee processing factories (WCPF) that discharge effluents directly to receiving water bodies without treatment. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coffee wastewater on the physicochemical properties of receiving waterbodies in Kayanza coffee growing ecological zone. Currently, no study has been done to analyze the effluent from the WCPF and assess the level of pollution. This study will therefore provide valuable data on the water pollution from coffee processing plants. Ten (10) rivers in the Kayanza coffee growing zone were studied during the months of April and June, 2020. Water samples were collected upstream (U) and downstream (D) of the effluent discharge points in triplicate. Samples were analyzed for pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD<sub>5</sub>), Temperature, Salinity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrates, Nitrites, Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chlorides and Ammonium ions using standard methods. <span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">Ph</span>ysical parameters were analyzed in situ whereas chemical param<span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">eters w</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.05pt;">ere analy</span>zed in the laboratories in Burundi Institute of Agricultural Science<span style="letter-spacing:0.1pt;">s</span> (ISA<span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt;">BU) and University of Burundi. Data were analyzed u</span>sing R-studio-1.0.153, GenStat 64-bit Release 14.1 and SSPS. Results on the physicochemical parameters indicated that coffee factory effluent has a polluting potential during coffee processing peak. The concentrations of the physicochemical parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) higher downstream (D) compared to upstream (U) of the river water sampling points. All downstream sites had COD, BOD<sub>5</sub>, TSS and pH values above allowable limits set by WHO and Burundi. The polluting impact of public wet coffee processing factories was significantly higher than that of private and cooperatives owned factories (p < 0.05). Measures should be taken in order to protect water bodies.
基金This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China !(59671063)
文摘In order to study the mechanism of vacuum fluxless soldering on the conditions of laser heating, the method of measuring temperature by the thermocouple is used to analyze the spreading and wetting process of both fluxless Sn-Pb solder in the vacuum surroundings and flux Sn-Pb solder on Cu pad. Solder spreading and wetting affected by the soldering thermal process is also discussed according to the thermodynamics principle. Results show that vacuum fluxless soldering demands higher temperature, and the fall of the solder surface tension is the important factor achieving fluxless laser soldering.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41905008, 41975007, and 42075081)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Chengdu University of Information Technology (CUIT) (202210621003, 202210621039, 202110621015)provided by the Scientific Research Foundation of CUIT (KYTZ202126)
文摘Since the 1990s,the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP)has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground.A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground(SFG)has long been recognized.Still,a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated,despite the expectation that it will become even more important because precipitation over the QTP has been projected to increase continuously in the near future.This study investigates the response of the thermal regime to historical wetting in both permafrost and SFG areas and examines their relationships separately using the Community Land Surface Model version 4.5.Results show that wetting before the 1990s across the QTP mainly cooled the permafrost body in the arid and semiarid zones,with significant correlation coefficients of 0.60 and 0.48,respectively.Precipitation increased continually at the rate of 6.16 mm decade–1 in the arid zone after the 1990s but had a contrasting warming effect on permafrost through a significant shortening of the thawing duration within the active layer.However,diminished rainfall in the humid zone after the 1990s also significantly extended the thawing duration of SFG.The relationship between the ground thawing index and precipitation was significantly negatively correlated(−0.75).The dual effects of wetting on the thermal dynamics of the QTP are becoming critical because of the projected increases in future precipitation.
文摘The effects of Reactive Black 5 utilized to cotton fabrics by short wet-steam process on the dyeing properties were investigated. This study will provide a theoretical reference for short wet-steam process of cotton fabrics with bifunctional reactive dyes. The optimal amount of Selilao agent was 20 g/L, while the soaping and rubbing fastness of the dyed cotton fabrics were both reached to 4-5 rating.
文摘Based on the analysis results of the dust size distribution of flue gas from Baosteel's short-flow(BSSF) slag processing system and the mechanism of the wet scrubber,a wet scrubber system was designed and installed in the No.1 BSSF slag processing system at Baosteel.The results show that the dust removal efficiency of the previous system that had conventional water nozzles was only 69% with a liquid-gas ratio of 0.79 L/m3,while the dust removal efficiency reached 94% when three sets of high-efficiency dual phase spray guns were installed inside both the flue and the chimney.For the latter system,the liquid-gas ratio was 0.84 L/m3,and the dust concentration in the cleaned emissions reduced to less than 40 mg/m3.
基金Huaneng Group Science and Technology Project(HNKJ17-H14)the Project of National Science and Technology Supporting Plan(2014BAA07B00)for their financial support。
文摘SO_(2)and NO emitted from coal-fired power plants have caused serious air pollution in China.In this study,a test system for NO oxidation using O_(3)is established.The basic characteristics of NO oxidation and products forms are studied.A separate test system for the combined removal of SO_(2)and NO_(x)is also established,and the absorption characteristics of NO_(x)are studied.The characteristics of NO oxidation and NO_(x)absorption were verified in a 35 t·h^(-1)industrial boiler wet combined desulfurization and denitrification project.The operating economy of ozone oxidation wet denitrification technology is analyzed.The results show that O_(3)has a high rate and strong selectivity for NO oxidation.When O_(3)is insufficient,the primary oxidation product is NO_(2).When O_(3)is present in excess,NO_(2)continues to get oxidized to N_(2)O_(5)or NO_(3).The removal efficiency of NO_(2)in alkaline absorption system is low(only about 15%).NOx removal efficiency can be improved by oxidizing NO_(x)to N_(2)O_(5)or NO_(3)by increasing ozone ratio.When the molar ratio of O_(3)/NO is 1.77,the NOx removal efficiency reaches 90.3%,while the operating cost of removing NO_(x)per kilogram is 6.06 USD(NO_(2)).
