The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key co...The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content amongvarious fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles havingbeen identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and managementfactors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic andbiotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality,fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while bioticfactors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma infragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impactthe grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This reviewsuggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breedingrice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factorsaffecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on theproduction of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.展开更多
Sweet osmanthus(Osmanthus fragrans) is a having general approval aromatic tree in China that is widely applied to landscaping and gardening. However, the evergreen tree adaptability is limited by many environmental st...Sweet osmanthus(Osmanthus fragrans) is a having general approval aromatic tree in China that is widely applied to landscaping and gardening. However, the evergreen tree adaptability is limited by many environmental stresses. Currently, limited information is available regarding the genetic analysis and functional identification of expansin genes in response to abiotic stress in sweet osmanthus. In this study, a total of 29 expansin genes were identified and divided into four groups by genome-wide analysis from the sweet osmanthus genome. Transcriptome and quantitative Real-time PCR analysis showed that the cell wall-localized protein expansin-like A(OfEXLA1) gene was significantly induced by salt and drought treatment. Histochemical GUS staining of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which GUS activity was driven with the OfEXLA1 promoter, GUS activity was significantly induced by salt, drought, and exogenous abscisic acid(ABA). In yeast, we found OfEXLA1overexpression significantly improved the population of cells compared with wild-type strains after NaCl and polyethylene glycol(PEG)treatment. Additionally, OfEXLA1 overexpression not only promoted plant growth, but also improved the salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. To gain insight into the role of ABA signaling in the regulation of OfEXLA1 improving abiotic tolerance in sweet osmanthus, four differentially expressed ABA Insensitive 5(ABI5)-like genes(OfABL4, OfABL5, OfABL7, and OfABL8) were identified from transcriptome, and dualluciferase(dual-LUC) and yeast one hybrid(Y1H) assay showed that OfABL4 and OfABL5 might bind to OfEXLA1 promoter to accumulate the OfEXLA1 expression by responding to ABA signaling to improve abiotic tolerance in sweet osmanthus. These results provide the information for understanding the molecular functions of expansin-like A gene and molecular breeding of sweet osmanthus in future.展开更多
The geologic production of abiotic organic compounds has been the subject of increasing scientific attention due to their use in the global carbon flux balance,by chemosynthetic biological communities,and for energy r...The geologic production of abiotic organic compounds has been the subject of increasing scientific attention due to their use in the global carbon flux balance,by chemosynthetic biological communities,and for energy resources.Extensive analysis of methane(CH_(4))and other organics in diverse geologic settings,combined with thermodynamic modelings and laboratory simulations,have yielded insights into the distribution of specific abiotic organic molecules on Earth and the favorable conditions and pathways under which they form.This updated and comprehensive review summarizes published results of petrological,thermodynamic,and experimental investigations of possible pathways for the formation of particular species of abiotic simple hydrocarbon molecules such as CH_(4),and of complex hydrocarbon systems,e.g.,long-chain hydrocarbons and even solid carbonaceous matters,in various geologic processes,distinguished into three classes:(1)pre-to early planetary processes;(2)mantle and magmatic processes;and(3)the gas/water-rock reaction processes in low-pressure ultramafic rock and high-pressure subduction zone systems.We not only emphasize how organics are abiotically synthesized but also explore the role or changes of organics in evolutionary geological environments after synthesis,such as phase transitions or organic-mineral interactions.Correspondingly,there is an urgent need to explore the diversity of abiotic organic compounds prevailing on Earth.展开更多
Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence th...Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence this study identified TPS genes in sesame(SiTPSs)and examined their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses.Totally,ten SiTPSs were identified and comprehensively characterized.SiTPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells.Phylogenetic analysis classified SiTPS proteins into two groups(I and II),which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses.Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter regions of SiTPSs revealed that they might primarily involve developmental and environmental responses.SiTPSs exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses.Most group II SiTPS genes(SiTPS4-SiTPS10)were strongly induced by drought,salt,waterlogging,and osmotic stress.Particularly,SiTPS10 was the most significantly up-regulated under various abiotic stresses,indicating it is a candidate gene for improving sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.Our results provide insight into the TPS gene family in sesame and fundamental resources for genomics studies towards dissecting SiTPS genes’functions.展开更多
Natural gas,consisting primarily of methane(CH_(4)),has become a major source of clean energy in modern society in many parts of the globe.Recent experimental observations and discoveries of deep-sourced abiotic CH_(4...Natural gas,consisting primarily of methane(CH_(4)),has become a major source of clean energy in modern society in many parts of the globe.Recent experimental observations and discoveries of deep-sourced abiotic CH_(4)in cold subduction zones indicate the important ability of cold subducted slabs to generate natural gas reservoirs.However,most CH_(4)flux and reservoirs remain unknown and their potential is overlooked in global carbon flux estimations.Massive abiotic CH_(4)-rich fluid inclusions(FIs)in garnet and omphacite from ultrahigh-pressure(UHP)eclogites have been found in the Western Tianshan(WT)UHP metamorphic belt,which provides one ideal case for quantification of abiotic CH_(4)stored in the cold subducted crust.By two methods,we assess the abiotic CH_(4)content stored in the Chinese WT HP–UHP metamorphic belt.Our calculations show that at least 113 Mt CH_(4)is stored in the WT eclogites.We also discuss the implications for CH_(4)reservoirs in subduction zones worldwide and speculate that the cold subduction zones may represent one of the largest,yet overlooked,sources of abiotic CH_(4)on Earth,which should not be ignored in the global natural resource and carbon flux estimations.展开更多
Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. ...Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. Abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, heat, cold and heavy metals, are potential inhibitors of rice growth and yield. Abiotic stresses elicit various acclimation responses that facilitate in stress mitigation. Plant hormones play an important role in mediating the growth and development of rice plants under optimal and stressful environments by activating a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit the rice plant’s adaptive responses. The current review describes the role of plant hormone-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in rice, potential crosstalk between plant hormones involved in rice abiotic stress tolerance and significant advancements in biotechnological initiatives including genetic engineering approach to provide a step forward in making rice resistance to abiotic stress.展开更多
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway of lysosomes(in mammals)and vacuoles(in yeasts and plants)from lower yeasts to higher mammals.It wraps unwanted organelles and damaged proteins in a double-...Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway of lysosomes(in mammals)and vacuoles(in yeasts and plants)from lower yeasts to higher mammals.It wraps unwanted organelles and damaged proteins in a double-membrane structure to transport them to vacuoles for degradation and recycling.In plants,autophagy functions in adaptation to the environment and maintenance of growth and development.This review systematically describes the autophagy process,biological functions,and regulatory mechanisms occurring during plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses.It provides a basis for further theoretical research and guidance of agricultural production.展开更多
Woody plants contribute to the stability and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems and are significantly affected by climate change.According to the concept of environmental hormesis,any environmental stressors can c...Woody plants contribute to the stability and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems and are significantly affected by climate change.According to the concept of environmental hormesis,any environmental stressors can cause hormesis,that is,stimulation in low doses and inhibition in high doses.Numerous studies have demonstrated plant hormesis under low doses of various abiotic stressors.However,the hormetic responses of woody plants to abiotic stressors from climate change are insufficiently studied.This review analyses data on the stimulating effects of low doses of climate stressors in experiments and in real ecosystems.Numerous laboratory and field experiments show that single and combined exposure to various climate stressors(temperature,humidity,and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations) can cause hormesis in various species and functional types of woody plants,which can be accompanied by hormetic trade-offs and preconditioning.In addition,there is evidence of climate hormesis in woody plants in ecosystem conditions.Field experiments in various ecosystems show that elevated temperatures and/or precipitation or elevated carbon dioxide concentrations causing hormesis in dominant tree species can stimulate ecosystem productivity.Moreover,climate hormesis of the growth and reproduction of dominant forest tree species contributes to the spread of forests,that is,climate-driven ecological succession.The main commonalities of climate hormesis in woody species include:(1) Low-dose climate stressors cause hormesis in woody plants when strong(limiting) stressors do not affect plants or these limiting stressors are mitigated by climate change.(2) Hormesis can occur with the direct impact of climatic stressors on trees and with the indirect impact of these stressors on plants through other parts of the ecosystem.(3)Climate stressor interactions(e.g.,synergism,antagonism)can affect hormesis.(4) Hormesis may disappear due to tree acclimatization with consequent changes in the range of tolerances to climate factors.This review highlights the need for targeted studies of climate hormesis in woody species and its role in the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change.展开更多
The transport of proteins to and from the nucleus is necessary for many cellular processes and is one of the ways plants respond to developmental signals and environmental stresses.Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of pro...The transport of proteins to and from the nucleus is necessary for many cellular processes and is one of the ways plants respond to developmental signals and environmental stresses.Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is mediated by the nuclear transport receptor(NTR).Although NTR has been extensively studied in humans and Arabidopsis,it has rarely been identified and functionally characterized in rice.In this study,we identified exportin 1 in rice(OsXPO1)as a nuclear export receptor.OsXPO1shares high protein identity with its functional homologs in Arabidopsis and other organisms.OsXPO1localized to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm,directly interacted with the small GTPases OsRAN1and OsRAN2 in the nucleus,and mediated their nuclear export.Loss-of-function osxpo1 mutations were lethal at the seedling stage.Suppression of OsXPO1 expression in RNA interference lines produced multifaceted developmental defects,including arrested growth,premature senescence,abnormal inflorescence,and brown and mouth-opened spikelets.Overexpression of OsXPO1 in rice reduced plant height and seed-setting rate,but increased plant tolerance in response to PEG-mimicked drought stress and salt stress.These results indicate that OsXPO1 is a nuclear export receptor and acts in regulating plant development and abiotic stress responses.展开更多
The zinc finger homeodomain(ZF-HD)genes belong to the homeobox gene family,playing critical roles in flower development and stress response.Despite their importance,however,to date there has been no genome-wide identi...The zinc finger homeodomain(ZF-HD)genes belong to the homeobox gene family,playing critical roles in flower development and stress response.Despite their importance,however,to date there has been no genome-wide identification and characterization of the ZF-HD genes that are probably involved in stress responses in maize.In this study,24 ZF-HD genes were identified,and their chromosomal locations,protein properties,duplication patterns,structures,conserved motifs and expression patterns were investigated.The results revealed that the ZF-HD genes are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes and that most of these genes lack introns.Six and two ZF-HD genes have undergone segmental and tandem duplication,respectively,during genome expansion.These 24 ZF-HD transcription factors were classified into six major groups on the basis of protein molecular evolutionary relationship.The expression profiles of these genes in different tissues were evaluated,resulting in producing two distinct clusters.ZF-HD genes are preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues.Furthermore,expression profiles of the 24 ZF-HD genes in response to different kinds of stresses revealed that ten genes were simultaneously up-regulated under ABA,salt and PEG treatments;meanwhile four genes were simultaneously down-regulated.These findings will pave the way for deciphering the function and mechanism of ZF-HD genes on how to implicate in abiotic stress.展开更多
Natural regeneration is the interaction of natural processes to restore the forest ecosystem. Its dynamics are influenced by the intensity and extent of a series of abiotic and biotic factors, which may be intrinsic o...Natural regeneration is the interaction of natural processes to restore the forest ecosystem. Its dynamics are influenced by the intensity and extent of a series of abiotic and biotic factors, which may be intrinsic or extrinsic. Knowing the importance of establishing natural regeneration within forest ecosystems, this work aimed to evaluate whether litter depth and trail distance influenced seedling abundance and richness in a forest fragment undergoing natural restoration. The hypothesis tested in this research was that abiotic factors influence the natural regeneration of this forest since they are factors that are directly linked to seed germination and seedling establishment. 30 plots of 1 m2 were randomly analyzed within the forest located on the brown trail. A millimeter ruler was used to diagnose the litter depth and a measuring tape to measure the distance from the plot to the edge. In each plot the seedlings were morpho-specified and each morphospecies had the number of individuals counted. Linear regression tests were performed to assess the relationships between species richness and trail distance and litter depth. The same was done for species abundance. All results showed that there is no relationship pattern between any of the variables. Other factors also influence the regeneration of a forest, such as luminosity and seed bank. Furthermore, litter depth is related to the successional stage of the forest. It was concluded that the abiotic factors tested do not influence the regeneration of the study area.展开更多
Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands o...Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance.However,the proportion of agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic stresses is expected only to rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities.Identifying the mechanisms developed and deployed by plants to counteract abiotic stresses and maintain their growth and survival under harsh conditions thus holds great significance.Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones,including the classical auxins,cytokinins,ethylene,and gibberellins,and newer members including brassinosteroids,jasmonates,and strigolactones may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for producing abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants.In this review,we summarize and critically assess the roles that phytohormones play in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance,besides their engineering for conferring abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic crops.We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions.We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.展开更多
CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in...CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.展开更多
Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and bi...Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and biotic drivers affect the diversity of understory species in cold temperate coniferous forests in the semiarid climate region of North China.We hypothesized that(1)topographic factors are important environmental factors affecting the distribution and variation of understory strata,and(2)different understory strata respond differently to environmental factors;shrubs may be significantly affected by the overstory stratum,and herbs may be more affected by surface soil conditions.To test these hypotheses,we used the boosted regression tree method to analyze abiotic and biotic environmental factors that influence understory species diversity,using data from 280 subplots across 56 sites in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.Elevation and slope aspect were the dominant and indirect abiotic drivers affecting understory species diversity,and individual tree size inequality(DBH variation)was the dominant biotic driver of understory species diversity;soil water content was the main edaphic factors affecting herb layers.Elevation,slope aspect,and DBH variation accounted for 36.4,14.5,and 12.1%,respectively,of shrub stratum diversity.Shrub diversity decreased with elevation within the range of altitude of this study,but increased with DBH variation;shrub diversity was highest on north-oriented slopes.The strongest factor affecting herb stratum species diversity was slope aspect,accounting for 25.9%of the diversity,followed by elevation(15.7%),slope(12.2%),and soil water content(10.3%).The highest herb diversity was found on southeast-oriented slopes and the lowest on northeast-oriented slopes;herb diversity decreased with elevation and soil water content,but increased with slope.The results of the study provide a reference for scientific management and biodiversity protection in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.展开更多
SMALL AUXIN-UP RNAs(SAURs) regulated by abiotic stress play multiple functions in plants. However, the functions of SAURs in abiotic stress are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned a novel SAUR gene, Ta SAUR78, f...SMALL AUXIN-UP RNAs(SAURs) regulated by abiotic stress play multiple functions in plants. However, the functions of SAURs in abiotic stress are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned a novel SAUR gene, Ta SAUR78, from wheat, and we found that Ta SAUR78 interacted with Ta VDAC1(voltage-dependent anion channel). Salt stress decreased expression of Ta SAUR78 and increased expression of Ta VDAC1. Overexpression of Ta SAUR78 enhanced tolerance to salt, drought, and freezing stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) under salt stress. Overexpression of Ta VDAC1 enhanced tolerance to salt stress, while decreased tolerance to drought and low temperature stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis. Ta VDAC1 overexpression increased the accumulation of ROS in plants. These results suggested that Ta SAUR78 improved plant tolerance to abiotic stresses by regulating Ta VDAC1. This study generated valuable information on the functions of Ta SAUR78 and Ta VDAC1 in multiple abiotic stresses, which may facilitate the deployment of these genes to enhance crop tolerance to abiotic stresses in the future.展开更多
Abiotic stress has a serious effect on plant growth.The transcription factor DREB2A is a member of the AP2/ERF family,which is widely involved in abiotic stress response.However,the function of apple MdDREB2A has not ...Abiotic stress has a serious effect on plant growth.The transcription factor DREB2A is a member of the AP2/ERF family,which is widely involved in abiotic stress response.However,the function of apple MdDREB2A has not been systematically investigated.In this study,MdDREB2A was isolated from the cultivar‘Royal Gala’.The open reading frame of MdDREB2A was 1197 bp in length and it encoded a protein of 398 amino acidswithmolecularweight of 43.8 kD.As a transcription factor,MdDREB2Awas located in the nucleus.qRT-PCR analysis showed that MdDREB2A was involved in responses to drought,salt,and ABA stresses.Under these stress treatments,the relative electrical conductivity,superoxide anion and malondialdehyde(MDA)in transgenic materials significantly decreased,and the content of proline increased in MdDREB2A transgenic plants,compared to the controls,indicating that MdDREB2A transgenic apple calli and transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited improved resistance to abiotic stress.This study introduces a candidate gene for the genetic improvement of crop resistance and reveals important function of MdDREB2A in the regulation of abiotic stress response.展开更多
The role of plant e IF5 A proteins in multiple biological processes, such as protein synthesis regulation,translation elongation, m RNA turnover, programmed cell death and stress tolerance is well known. Toward using ...The role of plant e IF5 A proteins in multiple biological processes, such as protein synthesis regulation,translation elongation, m RNA turnover, programmed cell death and stress tolerance is well known. Toward using these powerful proteins to increase stress tolerance in agricultural plants, in the present study, we cloned and characterized Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 from young poplar(P. simonii 9 P. nigra) leaves. The deduced amino acid sequences of Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 were 98 %similar to each other, and they are orthologs of e IF5A1 in Arabidopsis. In a subcellular localization analysis,Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. q RT-PCR analysis showed that Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 were transcribed in poplar flowers, stem, leaves, and roots. In addition, they were also induced by abiotic stresses. Transgenic yeast expressing Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 had increased salt, heavy metal, osmotic, oxidative tolerance. Our results suggest that Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 are excellent candidates for genetic engineering to improve salt and heavy metal tolerance in agricultural plants.展开更多
Elaborate regulation of gene expression is required for plants to maintain normal growth,development,and reproduction.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)and transcription factors are key players that control gene expression in plant re...Elaborate regulation of gene expression is required for plants to maintain normal growth,development,and reproduction.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)and transcription factors are key players that control gene expression in plant regulatory networks.The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR(TCP)family comprises plantspecific transcription factors that contain a conserved TCP domain of 59 amino acids.Some members of this family are targeted by miR319,one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved miRNAs in plants.Accumulating evidence has revealed that miR319-regulated TCP(MRTCP)genes participate extensively in plant development and responses to environmental stress.In this review,the structural characteristics and classifications of TCP transcription factors and the regulatory relationships between TCP transcription factors and miRNAs are introduced.Current knowledge of the regulatory functions of MRTCP genes in multiple biological pathways including leaf development,vascular formation,flowering,hormone signaling,and response to environmental stresses such as cold,salt,and drought is summarized.This review will be beneficial for understanding the roles of the MRTCP-mediated regulatory network and its molecular mechanisms in plant development and stress response,and provides a theoretical basis for plant genetic improvement.展开更多
The Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Jransporter(SWEET)gene family,identified as sugar transporters,has been demonstrated to play key roles in phloem loading,grain filling,pollen nutrition,and plant-pathogen interac...The Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Jransporter(SWEET)gene family,identified as sugar transporters,has been demonstrated to play key roles in phloem loading,grain filling,pollen nutrition,and plant-pathogen interactions.To date,the study of SWEET genes in response to abiotic stress is very limited.In this study,we performed a genome-wide identification of the SWEET gene family in wheat and examined their expression profiles under mutiple abiotic stresses.We identified a total of 105 wheat SWEET genes,and phylogenic analysis revealed that they fall into five clades,with clade V specific to wheat and its closely related species.Of the 105 wheat SWEET genes,59%exhibited significant expression changes after stress treatments,including drought,heat,heat combined with drought,and salt stresses,and more up-regulated genes were found in response to drought and salt stresses.Further hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that SWEET genes exhibited differential expression patterns in response to different stress treatments or in different wheat cultivars.Moreover,different phylogenetic clades also showed distinct response to abiotic stress treatments.Finally,we found that homoeologous SWEET genes from different wheat subgenomes exhibited differential expression patterns in response to different abiotic stress treatments.The genome-wide analysis revealed the great expansion of SWEET gene family in wheat and their wide participation in abiotic stress response.The expression partitioning of SWEET homoeologs under abiotic stress conditions may confer greater flexibility for hexaploid wheat to adapt to ever changing environments.展开更多
In this study,we aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of PA003,a Pediococcus acidilactici that produces lactic acid and antimicrobial peptides pediocin,on pathogenic biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces.PA003 and p...In this study,we aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of PA003,a Pediococcus acidilactici that produces lactic acid and antimicrobial peptides pediocin,on pathogenic biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces.PA003 and pathogens(Escherichia coli,Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) were used to evaluate auto-aggregation,hydrophobicity,biofilm formation and biofilm formation inhibition on stainless steel,polyvinyl chloride and glass slides in terms of exclusion,displacement and competition.The results showed the highest auto-aggregation abilities were observed for one of the E.coli strains EAggEC(E58595) and the highest hydrophobic strain was observed with EPEC(E2348/69)(51.9%).The numbers of biofilm cells of E.coli,S.Typhimurium,S.aureus and L.monocytogenes on stainless steel,polyvinyl chloride and glass slide coupons were effectively reduced by approximately 4log CFU/coupon.These results demonstrate that lactic acid bacteria can be used as an alternative to effectively control the formation of biofilms by food-borne pathogens.展开更多
基金partially funded by the Chiang Mai University (Grant No. RG25/2566)the Thailand Rice Science Research Hub of Knowledge (NRCT: N34E670027), Thailand
文摘The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content amongvarious fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles havingbeen identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and managementfactors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic andbiotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality,fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while bioticfactors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma infragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impactthe grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This reviewsuggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breedingrice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factorsaffecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on theproduction of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.31902057 and 32072615)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.LQ19C160012)the key research and development program of Zhejiang Province (Grant No.2021C02071)。
文摘Sweet osmanthus(Osmanthus fragrans) is a having general approval aromatic tree in China that is widely applied to landscaping and gardening. However, the evergreen tree adaptability is limited by many environmental stresses. Currently, limited information is available regarding the genetic analysis and functional identification of expansin genes in response to abiotic stress in sweet osmanthus. In this study, a total of 29 expansin genes were identified and divided into four groups by genome-wide analysis from the sweet osmanthus genome. Transcriptome and quantitative Real-time PCR analysis showed that the cell wall-localized protein expansin-like A(OfEXLA1) gene was significantly induced by salt and drought treatment. Histochemical GUS staining of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which GUS activity was driven with the OfEXLA1 promoter, GUS activity was significantly induced by salt, drought, and exogenous abscisic acid(ABA). In yeast, we found OfEXLA1overexpression significantly improved the population of cells compared with wild-type strains after NaCl and polyethylene glycol(PEG)treatment. Additionally, OfEXLA1 overexpression not only promoted plant growth, but also improved the salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. To gain insight into the role of ABA signaling in the regulation of OfEXLA1 improving abiotic tolerance in sweet osmanthus, four differentially expressed ABA Insensitive 5(ABI5)-like genes(OfABL4, OfABL5, OfABL7, and OfABL8) were identified from transcriptome, and dualluciferase(dual-LUC) and yeast one hybrid(Y1H) assay showed that OfABL4 and OfABL5 might bind to OfEXLA1 promoter to accumulate the OfEXLA1 expression by responding to ABA signaling to improve abiotic tolerance in sweet osmanthus. These results provide the information for understanding the molecular functions of expansin-like A gene and molecular breeding of sweet osmanthus in future.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0708501)the NSFC Major Research Plan on West-Pacific Earth System Multispheric Interactions(Grant No.92158206)。
文摘The geologic production of abiotic organic compounds has been the subject of increasing scientific attention due to their use in the global carbon flux balance,by chemosynthetic biological communities,and for energy resources.Extensive analysis of methane(CH_(4))and other organics in diverse geologic settings,combined with thermodynamic modelings and laboratory simulations,have yielded insights into the distribution of specific abiotic organic molecules on Earth and the favorable conditions and pathways under which they form.This updated and comprehensive review summarizes published results of petrological,thermodynamic,and experimental investigations of possible pathways for the formation of particular species of abiotic simple hydrocarbon molecules such as CH_(4),and of complex hydrocarbon systems,e.g.,long-chain hydrocarbons and even solid carbonaceous matters,in various geologic processes,distinguished into three classes:(1)pre-to early planetary processes;(2)mantle and magmatic processes;and(3)the gas/water-rock reaction processes in low-pressure ultramafic rock and high-pressure subduction zone systems.We not only emphasize how organics are abiotically synthesized but also explore the role or changes of organics in evolutionary geological environments after synthesis,such as phase transitions or organic-mineral interactions.Correspondingly,there is an urgent need to explore the diversity of abiotic organic compounds prevailing on Earth.
基金funded by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)the Key Research Projects of Hubei province(2020BBA045,2020BHB028)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(Y2022XK11).the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,P.R.China.(KF2022002)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-14).
文摘Trehalose and its precursor,trehalose-6-phosphate,play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses.Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway.Hence this study identified TPS genes in sesame(SiTPSs)and examined their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses.Totally,ten SiTPSs were identified and comprehensively characterized.SiTPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells.Phylogenetic analysis classified SiTPS proteins into two groups(I and II),which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses.Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter regions of SiTPSs revealed that they might primarily involve developmental and environmental responses.SiTPSs exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses.Most group II SiTPS genes(SiTPS4-SiTPS10)were strongly induced by drought,salt,waterlogging,and osmotic stress.Particularly,SiTPS10 was the most significantly up-regulated under various abiotic stresses,indicating it is a candidate gene for improving sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.Our results provide insight into the TPS gene family in sesame and fundamental resources for genomics studies towards dissecting SiTPS genes’functions.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0708501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42172060)。
文摘Natural gas,consisting primarily of methane(CH_(4)),has become a major source of clean energy in modern society in many parts of the globe.Recent experimental observations and discoveries of deep-sourced abiotic CH_(4)in cold subduction zones indicate the important ability of cold subducted slabs to generate natural gas reservoirs.However,most CH_(4)flux and reservoirs remain unknown and their potential is overlooked in global carbon flux estimations.Massive abiotic CH_(4)-rich fluid inclusions(FIs)in garnet and omphacite from ultrahigh-pressure(UHP)eclogites have been found in the Western Tianshan(WT)UHP metamorphic belt,which provides one ideal case for quantification of abiotic CH_(4)stored in the cold subducted crust.By two methods,we assess the abiotic CH_(4)content stored in the Chinese WT HP–UHP metamorphic belt.Our calculations show that at least 113 Mt CH_(4)is stored in the WT eclogites.We also discuss the implications for CH_(4)reservoirs in subduction zones worldwide and speculate that the cold subduction zones may represent one of the largest,yet overlooked,sources of abiotic CH_(4)on Earth,which should not be ignored in the global natural resource and carbon flux estimations.
基金the Science and Engineering Research Board-Department of Science and Technology (Grant No. SRG/2020/001004)University Grants Commission Start-up Grant (Grant No. F. 30-482/2019) in South KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology-Research Associateship (Grant No. DBT-RA/2022/January/N/1186) in India。
文摘Consistent climatic perturbations have increased global environmental concerns, especially the impacts of abiotic stresses on crop productivity. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of the world’s population. Abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, heat, cold and heavy metals, are potential inhibitors of rice growth and yield. Abiotic stresses elicit various acclimation responses that facilitate in stress mitigation. Plant hormones play an important role in mediating the growth and development of rice plants under optimal and stressful environments by activating a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit the rice plant’s adaptive responses. The current review describes the role of plant hormone-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in rice, potential crosstalk between plant hormones involved in rice abiotic stress tolerance and significant advancements in biotechnological initiatives including genetic engineering approach to provide a step forward in making rice resistance to abiotic stress.
基金the Shandong Natural Science Foundation(ZR2020QC114)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001542,32001545)+1 种基金the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project of Shandong Province(2021LZGC013)the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Innovation Project(CXGC2023A01,CXGC2023C02).
文摘Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway of lysosomes(in mammals)and vacuoles(in yeasts and plants)from lower yeasts to higher mammals.It wraps unwanted organelles and damaged proteins in a double-membrane structure to transport them to vacuoles for degradation and recycling.In plants,autophagy functions in adaptation to the environment and maintenance of growth and development.This review systematically describes the autophagy process,biological functions,and regulatory mechanisms occurring during plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses.It provides a basis for further theoretical research and guidance of agricultural production.
文摘Woody plants contribute to the stability and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems and are significantly affected by climate change.According to the concept of environmental hormesis,any environmental stressors can cause hormesis,that is,stimulation in low doses and inhibition in high doses.Numerous studies have demonstrated plant hormesis under low doses of various abiotic stressors.However,the hormetic responses of woody plants to abiotic stressors from climate change are insufficiently studied.This review analyses data on the stimulating effects of low doses of climate stressors in experiments and in real ecosystems.Numerous laboratory and field experiments show that single and combined exposure to various climate stressors(temperature,humidity,and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations) can cause hormesis in various species and functional types of woody plants,which can be accompanied by hormetic trade-offs and preconditioning.In addition,there is evidence of climate hormesis in woody plants in ecosystem conditions.Field experiments in various ecosystems show that elevated temperatures and/or precipitation or elevated carbon dioxide concentrations causing hormesis in dominant tree species can stimulate ecosystem productivity.Moreover,climate hormesis of the growth and reproduction of dominant forest tree species contributes to the spread of forests,that is,climate-driven ecological succession.The main commonalities of climate hormesis in woody species include:(1) Low-dose climate stressors cause hormesis in woody plants when strong(limiting) stressors do not affect plants or these limiting stressors are mitigated by climate change.(2) Hormesis can occur with the direct impact of climatic stressors on trees and with the indirect impact of these stressors on plants through other parts of the ecosystem.(3)Climate stressor interactions(e.g.,synergism,antagonism)can affect hormesis.(4) Hormesis may disappear due to tree acclimatization with consequent changes in the range of tolerances to climate factors.This review highlights the need for targeted studies of climate hormesis in woody species and its role in the adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2020YFA0907600)the Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project(NZ2021004)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2020A1515010157)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202102080499)。
文摘The transport of proteins to and from the nucleus is necessary for many cellular processes and is one of the ways plants respond to developmental signals and environmental stresses.Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is mediated by the nuclear transport receptor(NTR).Although NTR has been extensively studied in humans and Arabidopsis,it has rarely been identified and functionally characterized in rice.In this study,we identified exportin 1 in rice(OsXPO1)as a nuclear export receptor.OsXPO1shares high protein identity with its functional homologs in Arabidopsis and other organisms.OsXPO1localized to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm,directly interacted with the small GTPases OsRAN1and OsRAN2 in the nucleus,and mediated their nuclear export.Loss-of-function osxpo1 mutations were lethal at the seedling stage.Suppression of OsXPO1 expression in RNA interference lines produced multifaceted developmental defects,including arrested growth,premature senescence,abnormal inflorescence,and brown and mouth-opened spikelets.Overexpression of OsXPO1 in rice reduced plant height and seed-setting rate,but increased plant tolerance in response to PEG-mimicked drought stress and salt stress.These results indicate that OsXPO1 is a nuclear export receptor and acts in regulating plant development and abiotic stress responses.
基金supported by Importing,Cultivation and Production for Special Maize(2020LYXZ032).
文摘The zinc finger homeodomain(ZF-HD)genes belong to the homeobox gene family,playing critical roles in flower development and stress response.Despite their importance,however,to date there has been no genome-wide identification and characterization of the ZF-HD genes that are probably involved in stress responses in maize.In this study,24 ZF-HD genes were identified,and their chromosomal locations,protein properties,duplication patterns,structures,conserved motifs and expression patterns were investigated.The results revealed that the ZF-HD genes are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes and that most of these genes lack introns.Six and two ZF-HD genes have undergone segmental and tandem duplication,respectively,during genome expansion.These 24 ZF-HD transcription factors were classified into six major groups on the basis of protein molecular evolutionary relationship.The expression profiles of these genes in different tissues were evaluated,resulting in producing two distinct clusters.ZF-HD genes are preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues.Furthermore,expression profiles of the 24 ZF-HD genes in response to different kinds of stresses revealed that ten genes were simultaneously up-regulated under ABA,salt and PEG treatments;meanwhile four genes were simultaneously down-regulated.These findings will pave the way for deciphering the function and mechanism of ZF-HD genes on how to implicate in abiotic stress.
文摘Natural regeneration is the interaction of natural processes to restore the forest ecosystem. Its dynamics are influenced by the intensity and extent of a series of abiotic and biotic factors, which may be intrinsic or extrinsic. Knowing the importance of establishing natural regeneration within forest ecosystems, this work aimed to evaluate whether litter depth and trail distance influenced seedling abundance and richness in a forest fragment undergoing natural restoration. The hypothesis tested in this research was that abiotic factors influence the natural regeneration of this forest since they are factors that are directly linked to seed germination and seedling establishment. 30 plots of 1 m2 were randomly analyzed within the forest located on the brown trail. A millimeter ruler was used to diagnose the litter depth and a measuring tape to measure the distance from the plot to the edge. In each plot the seedlings were morpho-specified and each morphospecies had the number of individuals counted. Linear regression tests were performed to assess the relationships between species richness and trail distance and litter depth. The same was done for species abundance. All results showed that there is no relationship pattern between any of the variables. Other factors also influence the regeneration of a forest, such as luminosity and seed bank. Furthermore, litter depth is related to the successional stage of the forest. It was concluded that the abiotic factors tested do not influence the regeneration of the study area.
文摘Abiotic stresses including drought,salinity,heat,cold,flooding,and ultraviolet radiation causes crop losses worldwide.In recent times,preventing these crop losses and producing more food and feed to meet the demands of ever-increasing human populations have gained unprecedented importance.However,the proportion of agricultural lands facing multiple abiotic stresses is expected only to rise under a changing global climate fueled by anthropogenic activities.Identifying the mechanisms developed and deployed by plants to counteract abiotic stresses and maintain their growth and survival under harsh conditions thus holds great significance.Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones,including the classical auxins,cytokinins,ethylene,and gibberellins,and newer members including brassinosteroids,jasmonates,and strigolactones may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for producing abiotic stress-tolerant crop plants.In this review,we summarize and critically assess the roles that phytohormones play in plant growth and development and abiotic stress tolerance,besides their engineering for conferring abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic crops.We also describe recent successes in identifying the roles of phytohormones under stressful conditions.We conclude by describing the recent progress and future prospects including limitations and challenges of phytohormone engineering for inducing abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372019)Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture(North China)Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China(kf2017015)the Beijing Municipal Education Commission(CEFF-PXM2017_014207_000043)
文摘CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31470630)Shanxi Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project
文摘Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and biotic drivers affect the diversity of understory species in cold temperate coniferous forests in the semiarid climate region of North China.We hypothesized that(1)topographic factors are important environmental factors affecting the distribution and variation of understory strata,and(2)different understory strata respond differently to environmental factors;shrubs may be significantly affected by the overstory stratum,and herbs may be more affected by surface soil conditions.To test these hypotheses,we used the boosted regression tree method to analyze abiotic and biotic environmental factors that influence understory species diversity,using data from 280 subplots across 56 sites in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.Elevation and slope aspect were the dominant and indirect abiotic drivers affecting understory species diversity,and individual tree size inequality(DBH variation)was the dominant biotic driver of understory species diversity;soil water content was the main edaphic factors affecting herb layers.Elevation,slope aspect,and DBH variation accounted for 36.4,14.5,and 12.1%,respectively,of shrub stratum diversity.Shrub diversity decreased with elevation within the range of altitude of this study,but increased with DBH variation;shrub diversity was highest on north-oriented slopes.The strongest factor affecting herb stratum species diversity was slope aspect,accounting for 25.9%of the diversity,followed by elevation(15.7%),slope(12.2%),and soil water content(10.3%).The highest herb diversity was found on southeast-oriented slopes and the lowest on northeast-oriented slopes;herb diversity decreased with elevation and soil water content,but increased with slope.The results of the study provide a reference for scientific management and biodiversity protection in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601302)the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0100304)+1 种基金the National Transgenic Key Project from the Ministry of Agriculture of China (2016ZX08010-005)the Agricultural Science and Technology Program for Innovation Team on the Identification and Excavation of Elite Crop Germplasm, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘SMALL AUXIN-UP RNAs(SAURs) regulated by abiotic stress play multiple functions in plants. However, the functions of SAURs in abiotic stress are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned a novel SAUR gene, Ta SAUR78, from wheat, and we found that Ta SAUR78 interacted with Ta VDAC1(voltage-dependent anion channel). Salt stress decreased expression of Ta SAUR78 and increased expression of Ta VDAC1. Overexpression of Ta SAUR78 enhanced tolerance to salt, drought, and freezing stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) under salt stress. Overexpression of Ta VDAC1 enhanced tolerance to salt stress, while decreased tolerance to drought and low temperature stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis. Ta VDAC1 overexpression increased the accumulation of ROS in plants. These results suggested that Ta SAUR78 improved plant tolerance to abiotic stresses by regulating Ta VDAC1. This study generated valuable information on the functions of Ta SAUR78 and Ta VDAC1 in multiple abiotic stresses, which may facilitate the deployment of these genes to enhance crop tolerance to abiotic stresses in the future.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFD1000200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31772275)+1 种基金the Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2018JL014)Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2019ZG002–1–03).
文摘Abiotic stress has a serious effect on plant growth.The transcription factor DREB2A is a member of the AP2/ERF family,which is widely involved in abiotic stress response.However,the function of apple MdDREB2A has not been systematically investigated.In this study,MdDREB2A was isolated from the cultivar‘Royal Gala’.The open reading frame of MdDREB2A was 1197 bp in length and it encoded a protein of 398 amino acidswithmolecularweight of 43.8 kD.As a transcription factor,MdDREB2Awas located in the nucleus.qRT-PCR analysis showed that MdDREB2A was involved in responses to drought,salt,and ABA stresses.Under these stress treatments,the relative electrical conductivity,superoxide anion and malondialdehyde(MDA)in transgenic materials significantly decreased,and the content of proline increased in MdDREB2A transgenic plants,compared to the controls,indicating that MdDREB2A transgenic apple calli and transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited improved resistance to abiotic stress.This study introduces a candidate gene for the genetic improvement of crop resistance and reveals important function of MdDREB2A in the regulation of abiotic stress response.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(No.NCET-12-0808)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31370661)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572014AA26)
文摘The role of plant e IF5 A proteins in multiple biological processes, such as protein synthesis regulation,translation elongation, m RNA turnover, programmed cell death and stress tolerance is well known. Toward using these powerful proteins to increase stress tolerance in agricultural plants, in the present study, we cloned and characterized Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 from young poplar(P. simonii 9 P. nigra) leaves. The deduced amino acid sequences of Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 were 98 %similar to each other, and they are orthologs of e IF5A1 in Arabidopsis. In a subcellular localization analysis,Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. q RT-PCR analysis showed that Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 were transcribed in poplar flowers, stem, leaves, and roots. In addition, they were also induced by abiotic stresses. Transgenic yeast expressing Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 had increased salt, heavy metal, osmotic, oxidative tolerance. Our results suggest that Psne IF5A2 and Psne IF5A4 are excellent candidates for genetic engineering to improve salt and heavy metal tolerance in agricultural plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31501335,31872874)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BE2018356)+4 种基金the Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship(XKYCX18_120,XKYCX19_151)the Top Talent Support Programthe Qinglan Project of Yangzhou University for Yujie Fangthe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Project of Special Funding for Crop Science Discipline Development。
文摘Elaborate regulation of gene expression is required for plants to maintain normal growth,development,and reproduction.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)and transcription factors are key players that control gene expression in plant regulatory networks.The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR(TCP)family comprises plantspecific transcription factors that contain a conserved TCP domain of 59 amino acids.Some members of this family are targeted by miR319,one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved miRNAs in plants.Accumulating evidence has revealed that miR319-regulated TCP(MRTCP)genes participate extensively in plant development and responses to environmental stress.In this review,the structural characteristics and classifications of TCP transcription factors and the regulatory relationships between TCP transcription factors and miRNAs are introduced.Current knowledge of the regulatory functions of MRTCP genes in multiple biological pathways including leaf development,vascular formation,flowering,hormone signaling,and response to environmental stresses such as cold,salt,and drought is summarized.This review will be beneficial for understanding the roles of the MRTCP-mediated regulatory network and its molecular mechanisms in plant development and stress response,and provides a theoretical basis for plant genetic improvement.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31601304 and 31601305)the Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation,China(2017JQ3023)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Northwest A&F University,China(Z109021611 ,Z109021612).
文摘The Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Jransporter(SWEET)gene family,identified as sugar transporters,has been demonstrated to play key roles in phloem loading,grain filling,pollen nutrition,and plant-pathogen interactions.To date,the study of SWEET genes in response to abiotic stress is very limited.In this study,we performed a genome-wide identification of the SWEET gene family in wheat and examined their expression profiles under mutiple abiotic stresses.We identified a total of 105 wheat SWEET genes,and phylogenic analysis revealed that they fall into five clades,with clade V specific to wheat and its closely related species.Of the 105 wheat SWEET genes,59%exhibited significant expression changes after stress treatments,including drought,heat,heat combined with drought,and salt stresses,and more up-regulated genes were found in response to drought and salt stresses.Further hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that SWEET genes exhibited differential expression patterns in response to different stress treatments or in different wheat cultivars.Moreover,different phylogenetic clades also showed distinct response to abiotic stress treatments.Finally,we found that homoeologous SWEET genes from different wheat subgenomes exhibited differential expression patterns in response to different abiotic stress treatments.The genome-wide analysis revealed the great expansion of SWEET gene family in wheat and their wide participation in abiotic stress response.The expression partitioning of SWEET homoeologs under abiotic stress conditions may confer greater flexibility for hexaploid wheat to adapt to ever changing environments.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015BAD16B01)Tianjin Key Technology Research and Development Support Program (13ZCDNC01900)
文摘In this study,we aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of PA003,a Pediococcus acidilactici that produces lactic acid and antimicrobial peptides pediocin,on pathogenic biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces.PA003 and pathogens(Escherichia coli,Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) were used to evaluate auto-aggregation,hydrophobicity,biofilm formation and biofilm formation inhibition on stainless steel,polyvinyl chloride and glass slides in terms of exclusion,displacement and competition.The results showed the highest auto-aggregation abilities were observed for one of the E.coli strains EAggEC(E58595) and the highest hydrophobic strain was observed with EPEC(E2348/69)(51.9%).The numbers of biofilm cells of E.coli,S.Typhimurium,S.aureus and L.monocytogenes on stainless steel,polyvinyl chloride and glass slide coupons were effectively reduced by approximately 4log CFU/coupon.These results demonstrate that lactic acid bacteria can be used as an alternative to effectively control the formation of biofilms by food-borne pathogens.
