Objective:To investigate and compare the hepatoprotective effects of crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus acidus（L.） Skeels（P.acidus） leaves on acetaminophen（APAP） and thioacetamide（TAA） induced...Objective:To investigate and compare the hepatoprotective effects of crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus acidus（L.） Skeels（P.acidus） leaves on acetaminophen（APAP） and thioacetamide（TAA） induced liver toxicity in wistar rats.Silymarin was the reference hepatoprotective agent.Methods:In two different sets of experiments,the P.acidus extracts （200 and 400 mg/kg,body weight） and silymarin（100 mg/kg,body weight） were given orally for 7 days and a single dose of APAP（2 g/kg,per oral） or TAA（100 mg/kg,subcutaneous） were given to rats.The level of serum aspartate transaminase（AST）,alanine transaminase（ALT）,alkaline phosphatase（ALP）,total bilirubin and total protein were monitored to assess hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotection.Results:APAP or TAA administration caused severe hepatic damage in rats as evident from significant rise in serum AST,ALT,ALP,total bilirubin and concurrent depletion in total serum protein.The P.acidus extracts and silymarin prevented the toxic effects of APAP or TAA on the above serum parameters indicating the hepatoprotective action.The aqueous extract was found to be more potent than the corresponding ethanolic extract against both toxicants.The phenolic and flavonoid content（175.02±4.35 and 74.68±1.28,respectively） and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil（DPPH）[IC<sub>50</sub>=（33.2±0.31）μg/mL]scavenging potential was found maximum with aqueous extract as compared to ethanolic extract.Conclusions:The results of present study suggests that the aqueous extract of P.acidus leaves has significant hepatoprotective activity on APAP and TAA induced hepatotoxicity,which might be associate with its high phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties.展开更多
Objective: To determine the effect of extracts from Phyllanthus acidus(P. acidus)(L.) Skeels and Rhinacanthus nasutus(R. nasutus)(L.) Kurz leaves on melanogenesis and the underlying mechanism in normal human epidermal...Objective: To determine the effect of extracts from Phyllanthus acidus(P. acidus)(L.) Skeels and Rhinacanthus nasutus(R. nasutus)(L.) Kurz leaves on melanogenesis and the underlying mechanism in normal human epidermal melanocytes(NHEM) and a reconstitutive skin model. Methods: NHEM and a reconstitutive skin model were stimulated with ethanol extracts of P. acidus(L.) Skeels and R. nasutus(L.) Kurz leaves. mRNA expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor(MITF), tyrosinase(TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1(TYRP1) and dopachrome tautomerase(DCT) were examined by real-time PCR. The melanin content in NHEM was also measured. Moreover, protein levels of tyrosinase were determined using western blot analysis.Results: In NHEM and the reconstitutive skin model, ethanol extracts from P. acidus(at 12.5 and 25.0 μg/mL) and R. nasutus(at 6.25 and 12.50 μg/mL) significantly diminished mRNA expression of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT in a concentration-dependent manner. P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts also reduced the amount of melanin in α-MSH-stimulated NHEM. Moreover, P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts markedly suppressed tyrosinase at the translational level in the reconstitutive skin model. Conclusions: P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts significantly reduced melanogenesis in NHEM and the reconstitutive skin model, suggesting that P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts can inhibit melanin synthesis through downregulation of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT. Therefore, the ethanol extracts of P. acidus and R. nasutus contain compounds that have the potential for development as a skin lightening agent for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorder or melasma.展开更多
Nature is the best source of complementary and alternative medicine. The plant Phyllanthus acidus (PA) L. has been used traditionally in pain, inflammatory and oxidative stress related disorders. In this consequence, ...Nature is the best source of complementary and alternative medicine. The plant Phyllanthus acidus (PA) L. has been used traditionally in pain, inflammatory and oxidative stress related disorders. In this consequence, methanolic extract of PA (MEPA) was selected to explore the ability of this plant to enhance cognitive function, brain antioxidant enzymes and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity which can be used for the treatment of oxidative stress related disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of MEPA on learning and memory impairment in scopolamine-induced rats of dementia and oxidative stress. Treatment with MEPA (i.e., 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) was investigated in scopolamine-treated Swiss albino male rats for 14 days and its neuroprotective effects were examined using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, Passive Avoidance (PA) test, Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, Morris Water Maze (MWM) test as well as level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) contents and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat brain tissue homogenates. Administration of MEPA significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01;P < 0.01) decreased RTL (retention transfer latency) in rats on 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day compared to the disease control and control group in the EPM test. In PA test the doses of MEPA suggestively (P < 0.05, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased STL (step-through latency) in rats on 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day with respect to disease control and control group. For NOR test administration of MEPA considerably (P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.01) increased the DI (discrimination index) in rats with respect to that of disease control and control group. The doses of MEPA markedly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01;P < 0.01) decreased EL (escape latency) and significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased TSTQ (time spent in the target quadrant) on successive days as compared to that of disease control and control group in the acquisition trial of MWM test. In case of probe trial of MWM test MEPA administration considerably (P < 0.01;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased TSTQ and significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased TSA (time spent in the annuli) in rats on successive days as compared to that of disease control and control group. MEPA administration significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the level of CAT, SOD, GSR, GST GSH, GSH-Px and markedly (P < 0.01;P < 0.01, P < 0.001) decreased TBARS level through inhibiting lipid peroxidation as well as significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) decreasing AChE activity in rats brain compared to the disease control and control group. The present study demonstrates that MEPA showed the neuroprotective effect by improving cognitive functions and reduces oxidative stress by increasing the level of brain antioxidant enzymes as well as decreasing lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Therefore, this plant extract can be used for enhancing learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in neurodegenerative disorders like AD.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate and compare the hepatoprotective effects of crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus acidus（L.） Skeels（P.acidus） leaves on acetaminophen（APAP） and thioacetamide（TAA） induced liver toxicity in wistar rats.Silymarin was the reference hepatoprotective agent.Methods:In two different sets of experiments,the P.acidus extracts （200 and 400 mg/kg,body weight） and silymarin（100 mg/kg,body weight） were given orally for 7 days and a single dose of APAP（2 g/kg,per oral） or TAA（100 mg/kg,subcutaneous） were given to rats.The level of serum aspartate transaminase（AST）,alanine transaminase（ALT）,alkaline phosphatase（ALP）,total bilirubin and total protein were monitored to assess hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotection.Results:APAP or TAA administration caused severe hepatic damage in rats as evident from significant rise in serum AST,ALT,ALP,total bilirubin and concurrent depletion in total serum protein.The P.acidus extracts and silymarin prevented the toxic effects of APAP or TAA on the above serum parameters indicating the hepatoprotective action.The aqueous extract was found to be more potent than the corresponding ethanolic extract against both toxicants.The phenolic and flavonoid content（175.02±4.35 and 74.68±1.28,respectively） and 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil（DPPH）[IC<sub>50</sub>=（33.2±0.31）μg/mL]scavenging potential was found maximum with aqueous extract as compared to ethanolic extract.Conclusions:The results of present study suggests that the aqueous extract of P.acidus leaves has significant hepatoprotective activity on APAP and TAA induced hepatotoxicity,which might be associate with its high phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties.
基金financially supported by by research grant from Kao Melanin Workshop(KY)by Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research 16K15542(KY)+2 种基金a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research C 24591622(KY) from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology,Japanby Novartis Pharma Research Grants(KY)by grants from the Department of Dermatology,Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine,Japan
文摘Objective: To determine the effect of extracts from Phyllanthus acidus(P. acidus)(L.) Skeels and Rhinacanthus nasutus(R. nasutus)(L.) Kurz leaves on melanogenesis and the underlying mechanism in normal human epidermal melanocytes(NHEM) and a reconstitutive skin model. Methods: NHEM and a reconstitutive skin model were stimulated with ethanol extracts of P. acidus(L.) Skeels and R. nasutus(L.) Kurz leaves. mRNA expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor(MITF), tyrosinase(TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1(TYRP1) and dopachrome tautomerase(DCT) were examined by real-time PCR. The melanin content in NHEM was also measured. Moreover, protein levels of tyrosinase were determined using western blot analysis.Results: In NHEM and the reconstitutive skin model, ethanol extracts from P. acidus(at 12.5 and 25.0 μg/mL) and R. nasutus(at 6.25 and 12.50 μg/mL) significantly diminished mRNA expression of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT in a concentration-dependent manner. P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts also reduced the amount of melanin in α-MSH-stimulated NHEM. Moreover, P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts markedly suppressed tyrosinase at the translational level in the reconstitutive skin model. Conclusions: P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts significantly reduced melanogenesis in NHEM and the reconstitutive skin model, suggesting that P. acidus and R. nasutus extracts can inhibit melanin synthesis through downregulation of MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and DCT. Therefore, the ethanol extracts of P. acidus and R. nasutus contain compounds that have the potential for development as a skin lightening agent for the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorder or melasma.
文摘Nature is the best source of complementary and alternative medicine. The plant Phyllanthus acidus (PA) L. has been used traditionally in pain, inflammatory and oxidative stress related disorders. In this consequence, methanolic extract of PA (MEPA) was selected to explore the ability of this plant to enhance cognitive function, brain antioxidant enzymes and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity which can be used for the treatment of oxidative stress related disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of MEPA on learning and memory impairment in scopolamine-induced rats of dementia and oxidative stress. Treatment with MEPA (i.e., 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) was investigated in scopolamine-treated Swiss albino male rats for 14 days and its neuroprotective effects were examined using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, Passive Avoidance (PA) test, Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, Morris Water Maze (MWM) test as well as level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) contents and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rat brain tissue homogenates. Administration of MEPA significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01;P < 0.01) decreased RTL (retention transfer latency) in rats on 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day compared to the disease control and control group in the EPM test. In PA test the doses of MEPA suggestively (P < 0.05, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased STL (step-through latency) in rats on 7<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> day with respect to disease control and control group. For NOR test administration of MEPA considerably (P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.01) increased the DI (discrimination index) in rats with respect to that of disease control and control group. The doses of MEPA markedly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01;P < 0.01) decreased EL (escape latency) and significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased TSTQ (time spent in the target quadrant) on successive days as compared to that of disease control and control group in the acquisition trial of MWM test. In case of probe trial of MWM test MEPA administration considerably (P < 0.01;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased TSTQ and significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased TSA (time spent in the annuli) in rats on successive days as compared to that of disease control and control group. MEPA administration significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01) increased the level of CAT, SOD, GSR, GST GSH, GSH-Px and markedly (P < 0.01;P < 0.01, P < 0.001) decreased TBARS level through inhibiting lipid peroxidation as well as significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.001;P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) decreasing AChE activity in rats brain compared to the disease control and control group. The present study demonstrates that MEPA showed the neuroprotective effect by improving cognitive functions and reduces oxidative stress by increasing the level of brain antioxidant enzymes as well as decreasing lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Therefore, this plant extract can be used for enhancing learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in neurodegenerative disorders like AD.
