[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal do...[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.展开更多
In this paper, the author aimed to determine the nutritional value of soursop (Annona muricata L. fruit) consumed in Kinshasa as well as the study of the acute toxicity of its seeds. The fruit of Annona muricata L. wa...In this paper, the author aimed to determine the nutritional value of soursop (Annona muricata L. fruit) consumed in Kinshasa as well as the study of the acute toxicity of its seeds. The fruit of Annona muricata L. was sampled according to the ISO 7002 standard for agricultural and food products. The selected fruits were ripe, without physical damage. The usual analytical methods allowed the determination of the nutritional value of the fruit pulp of Annona muricata L. The water content was measured by the method of loss of mass on drying. The total amount of ash was determined by incineration in the oven at 550°C. The mineral elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP0). The determination of acute toxicity was carried out on 25 female mice of the NMRI SUISSE species according to OECD 425 guidelines. For 100 grams of fresh material from the fruit pulp, we noted a very high water content of 84% ± 6%. We also note a particularly high amount of carbohydrates with a rate of 12.2% ± 2%. Protein and lipid content were relatively low at 1% ± 0.01% and 0.7% ± 0.3% respectively. The dietary fiber content was 0.8% ± 0.2%. An energy value of 49.3 Kcal per 100 grams of pulp was determined. The LD 50 obtained was 3320 mg/kg, indicating slight toxicity of soursop seeds. The results of this study show that the white pulp of the fruit of Annona muricata L. consumed in Kinshasa is rich in carbohydrates when we compare it to others biomolecules. It also contains dietary fiber and mineral salts making soursop an excellent constituent of a weight loss diet with a low energy intake.展开更多
Bridelia micrantha, commonly known as coastal golden leaf, is a member of the family Phyllanthaceae. In preliminary studies nine fractions, named F1 - F9, were obtained by fractionating the crude methanol extract of t...Bridelia micrantha, commonly known as coastal golden leaf, is a member of the family Phyllanthaceae. In preliminary studies nine fractions, named F1 - F9, were obtained by fractionating the crude methanol extract of the stem bark of Bridelia micrantha using column chromatographic techniques. The fraction F6 was the most active when tested for antibacterial activity. Thus, toxicity of this fraction was investigated for further use. The present study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and its fraction. The acute toxicity was carried out according to the experimental protocol of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The plant extract or the fraction F<sub>6</sub> was administered orally to female mice at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg and the animals were observed for any behavioral changes or mortality for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract and fraction were administered orally at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. The general behavior and body weight of the rats were recorded daily. At the end of the experimental period, hematological and biochemical analyses, changes in vital organ weight (liver, lung, heart, spleen and kidney), and histopathological examination of the liver and kidney were performed. No mortality or adverse effects were noted at the 2000 mg/kg dose during the oral acute toxicity test. In the sub-chronic study, the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F<sub>6</sub> induced no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects on body weight, general behavior, relative organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological alterations. In conclusion, the oral administration of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F<sub>6</sub> for 28 days at a dosage of up to 800 mg/kg did not induce toxicological damage in rats. From acute toxicity study, the median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F<sub>6</sub> was estimated to be more than 2000 mg/kg.展开更多
BACKGROUND:In clinical practice,some patients might not be able or unwilling to provide a thorough history of medication and poison exposure.The aim of this study was to use toxicological analysis to examine the clini...BACKGROUND:In clinical practice,some patients might not be able or unwilling to provide a thorough history of medication and poison exposure.The aim of this study was to use toxicological analysis to examine the clinical characteristics of patients with acute poisoning whose exposure history was uncertain from a toxicological analysis perspective.METHODS:This was a retrospective and descriptive study from an institute of poisoning.Patient registration information and test reports spanning the period from April 1,2020 to March 31,2022,were obtained.Patients with uncertain exposure histories and who underwent toxicological analysis were included.Clinical manifestations and categories of toxics were analyzed.RESULTS:Among the 195 patients with positive toxicological analysis results,the main causes of uncertain exposure history was disturbance of consciousness(62.6%),unawareness(23.6%)and unwillingness or lack of cooperation(13.8%).The predominant clinical manifestations were disturbed consciousness(62.6%),followed by vomiting and nausea(14.4%)and liver function abnormalities(8.7%).A comparison of clinical manifestations between patients with positive and negative(n=99)toxicological analyses results revealed significantly different proportions of disturbances in consciousness(63%vs.21%),dizziness(1.5%vs.5.1%),multi-organ failure(1.5%vs.7.1%),and local pain(0 vs 4%).The main categories of substances involved were psychiatric medications(23.1%),sedatives(20.5%),insecticides(13.8%),and herbicides(12.8%).CONCLUSION:The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning in patients with an uncertain exposure history are diverse and nonspecific,and toxicological analysis plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of such patients.展开更多
Twelve healthy rats were divided into the T-2 toxin group receiving gavage of 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin and the control group receiving gavage of normal saline. Total relative concentrations of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in the...Twelve healthy rats were divided into the T-2 toxin group receiving gavage of 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin and the control group receiving gavage of normal saline. Total relative concentrations of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in the skeletal system(thighbone, knee joints, and costal cartilage) were significantly higher than those in the heart, liver, and kidneys(P < 0.05). The relative concentrations of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in the skeletal system(thighbone and costal cartilage) were also significantly higher than those in the heart, liver, and kidneys. The rats administered T-2 toxin showed rapid metabolism compared with that in rats administered HT-2 toxin, and the metabolic conversion rates in the different tissues were 68.20%-90.70%.展开更多
Objective:To ensure the safety and evaluate the anti oxidant activity of Terminalia paniculata(T.paniculata)ethanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats.Methods:The solvent extracts(hexane,ethyl acetate and ethanol)of T.p...Objective:To ensure the safety and evaluate the anti oxidant activity of Terminalia paniculata(T.paniculata)ethanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats.Methods:The solvent extracts(hexane,ethyl acetate and ethanol)of T.paniculata were subjected to phytochemical analysis and their DPPH radical scavenging activity was assayed.The oral acute toxicity was evaluated using ethanolic extract of T.paniculata.Results:Ethyl acetate and elhanolic extracts showed more phytochemicals,whereas highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in ethanolic extract.In an acute toxicity study,T.paniculata ethanolic extract was orally administered(1000 mg/kg body weight)to rats and observed for72 h for any toxic symptoms and the dose was continued up to 14 d.On the 15th day rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from control and test animals and analyzed for some biochemical parameters.We did not observe any behavioral changes in test groups in comparison with their controls.Also,there were no significant alterations in biochemical,hematological(hemoglobin content and blood cells count)and liver function parameters such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase,serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,total proteins,albumin and bilirubin levels between T.paniculata ethanolic extract treated and normal control groups.Conclusions:Together our results demonstrated that T.paniculala ethanolic possessed potent antioxidant activity and it was safer and non toxic to rats even at higher doses and therefore could be well considered for further investigation for its medicinal and therapeutic efficacy.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the effect of chemotherapy to the acute toxicity of a hypofractionated radiotherapy(HFRT) schedule for breast cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 116 breast cancer patients with T1, 2N0 Mx. T...AIM: To evaluate the effect of chemotherapy to the acute toxicity of a hypofractionated radiotherapy(HFRT) schedule for breast cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 116 breast cancer patients with T1, 2N0 Mx. The patients received3-D conformal radiotherapy with a total physical dose of 50.54 Gy or 53.2 Gy in 19 or 20 fractions according to stage, over 23-24 d. The last three to four fractions were delivered as a sequential tumor boost. All patients were monitored for acute skin toxicity according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. The maximum monitored value was taken as the final grading score. Multivariate analysis was performed for the contribution of age, chemotherapy and 19 vs 20 fractions to the radiation acute skin toxicity.RESULTS: The acute radiation induced skin toxicity was as following: grade Ⅰ 27.6%, grade Ⅱ 7.8% and grade Ⅲ 2.6%. No significant correlation was noted between toxicity grading and chemotherapy(P = 0.154, χ2 test). The mean values of acute toxicity score in terms of chemotherapy or not, were 0.64 and 0.46 respectively(P = 0.109, Mann Whitney test). No significant correlation was also noted between acute skin toxicity and radiotherapy fractions(P = 0.47, χ2test). According to univariate analysis, only chemotherapy contributed significantly to the development of acute skin toxicity but with a critical value of P = 0.05. However, in multivariate analysis, chemotherapy lost its statistical significance. None of the patients during the 2-years of follow-up presented any locoregional relapse.CONCLUSION: There is no clear evidence that chemotherapy has an impact to acute skin toxicity after an HFRT schedule. A randomized trial is needed for definite conclusions.展开更多
UP446 has been used in both joint supplements and prescription medical food. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmaceutical safety of UP446 via acute and 26-week repeated oral dose toxicity study in SD r...UP446 has been used in both joint supplements and prescription medical food. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmaceutical safety of UP446 via acute and 26-week repeated oral dose toxicity study in SD rats. In acute toxicity study, UP446 was administered by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats (5 males and 5 females) at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. In 26-week repeated oral dose toxicity study, UP446 at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day were given orally to groups of rats (10 rats/dose/sex) for 26-week. UP446 at a dose of 5000 mg/kg produced no treatment-related acute toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during 14 days of the study. In 26-week repeated dose toxicity study, there was no significant difference in body weight between the control and all treatment groups. Blackish stool and soft stool was observed in one male in the 1000 mg/kg group and in some males and females of 2000 mg/kg group. However, these changes of stool were not considered to be toxic effects because neither histopathological change in gastrointestinal tracks (GIT) nor body weight change were detected. No drug induced abnormalities were found as of body weights, food consumption, ophthalmological examinations, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights and gross necropsy in any animals in the dosing groups. These results suggest that the oral lethal dose of UP446 for male and female rats is in excess of 5000 mg/kg and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the UP446 for both male and female rats is considered to be greater than 2000 mg/kg/day.展开更多
We studied acute and joint toxicity of three different agrochemicals(chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam) to Chinese tiger frog(Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles with the method of stability w...We studied acute and joint toxicity of three different agrochemicals(chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam) to Chinese tiger frog(Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles with the method of stability water tests. Results showed that the three agrochemicals increased tadpole mortality. For acute toxicity, the LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam exposure were 5.37, 4.90 and 4.68 mg/L; 0.035, 0.025 and 0.021 mg/L; 1.74, 1.45 and 1.29 mg/L, respectively. The safety concentrations(SC) of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam to the tadpoles were 1.23, 0.30 and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Based on these findings, chlorantraniliprole and penoxsulam were moderately toxic, while flubendiamide-abamectin was highly toxic. All pairwise joint toxicity tests showed moderate toxicity. The LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure were 7.08, 6.61 and 6.03 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+penoxsulam, with corresponding values of 2.455, 2.328 and 2.183 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+flubendiamide-abamectin, and 1.132, 1.084 and 1.050 mg/L for penoxsulam+flubendiamide-abamectin, with safe concentrations of 1.73, 0.63 and 0.30 mg/L, respectively. For toxic evaluations of pairwise combinations of the three agrochemicals, only the joint toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide-abamectin after 24 h was found to be synergistic, whereas all other tests were antagonistic. Our findings provide valuable information on the toxic effects of agrochemicals on amphibians and how various types of agrochemicals can be reasonably used in agricultural areas.展开更多
The present study investigated acute and subchronic toxicity and safety pharmacology of modified pulsatilla granules(MPG)to provide a basis for a comprehensive understanding of MPG toxicity.The results of acute toxici...The present study investigated acute and subchronic toxicity and safety pharmacology of modified pulsatilla granules(MPG)to provide a basis for a comprehensive understanding of MPG toxicity.The results of acute toxicity testing showed that the median lethal dose of MPG was more than 5 000 mg kg^(–1),suggesting that MPG was considered as practically non-toxic.The subchronic toxicity study for 30 days was conducted by daily oral administration at doses of 375,750 and 1 500 mg kg^(–1) in Sprague-Dawley rats.The results of subchronic toxicity study showed that the body weight and relative organ weight were not significantly changed by administration of MPG.The clinical chemistry study showed that MPG could induce kidney and liver damages.In histopathological,mild lesions in liver and kidney were also observed,suggesting that the liver and kidney might be potential target organs of MPG.In the safety pharmacology study,MPG did not exhibited any side effects to rats in cardiovascular system,respiratory system and central nervous system.These results suggested that MPG could be considered safe for veterinary use.展开更多
A molecular structural characterization (MSC) method called molecular vertexes correlative index (MVCI) was used to describe the structures of 30 substituted aromatic compounds. Through multiple linear regression (MLR...A molecular structural characterization (MSC) method called molecular vertexes correlative index (MVCI) was used to describe the structures of 30 substituted aromatic compounds. Through multiple linear regression (MLR) and stepwise multiple regression (SMR), a quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) model with 4 variables was obtained. The correlation coefficient (R) of the model was 0.9467. Through partial least-squares regression (PLS), another QSTR model with 5 principal components was obtained. The correlation coefficient (R) of the model was 0.9518. Both models were evaluated by performing the cross-validation with the leave-one-out (LOO) procedure and the Cross-Validation (CV) correlation coefficients (RCV) were 0.9208 and 0.9214, respectively. The results suggested good stability and predictability of the models, and the molecular vertexes correlative index could successfully describe the structures of the substituted aromatic compounds.展开更多
From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coa...From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coast of Qingdao and led to mass mortality of cultured abalone and sea cucumber. However, the mechanism for the mass mortality of cultured animals remains undetermined. This study examined the toxic effects of Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, the causative species of green tides in the Yellow Sea during the last three years. The acute toxicity of fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent of U. prolifera to the cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai were tested. It was found that both fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent had toxic effects to abalone, and decomposing algal effluent was more toxic than fresh culture medium. The acute toxicity of decomposing algal effluent could be attributed to the ammonia and sulfide presented in the effluent, as well as the hypoxia caused by the decomposition process.展开更多
To measure the acute toxicity of halogenated benzenes to bacteria in natural waters and to study quantitative relationships between the structure and activity of chemicals. Methods The concentration values causing 50%...To measure the acute toxicity of halogenated benzenes to bacteria in natural waters and to study quantitative relationships between the structure and activity of chemicals. Methods The concentration values causing 50% inhibition of bacteria growth (24h-IC50) were determined according to the bacterial growth inhibition test method. The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the net charge of carbon atom of 20 halogenated benzenes were calculated by the quantum chemical MOPAC program. Results The log1/IC50 values ranged from 4.79 for 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to 3.65 for chlorobenzene. A quantitative structure-activity relationship model was derived from the toxicity and structural parameters: log1/IC50=-0.531(ELUMO)+1.693(Qc)+0.163(logP) +3.375. This equation was found to fit well (r2=0.860, s=0.106), and the average percentage error was only 1.98%. Conclusion Halogenated benzenes and alkyl halogenated benzenes are non-polar narcotics, and have hydrophobicity-dependent toxicity. The halogenated phenols and anilines exhibit a higher toxic potency than their hydrophobicity, whereas 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene is electrophile with the halogen acting as the leaving group.展开更多
Holographic quantitative structure activity relationship(HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragmen...Holographic quantitative structure activity relationship(HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragment types, and the subsequent partial least squares(PLS) regression analysis. In this paper, the acute toxicity data to the guppy( poecilia reticulata) for a series of 56 substituted benzenes, phenols, aromatic amines and nitro aromatics were subjected and this resulted in a model with a high predictive ability. The influence of fragment size and fragment distinction parameters on the quality of HQSAR model was investigated. The robustness and predictive ability of the model were also validated by leave one out (LOO) cross validation procedure and external testing data set.展开更多
Hydroxylammonium nitrate(HAN) is a major constituent in a class of liquid monopropellants and is extensively used in nuclear industry and space propulsion.Previous toxicological studies have focused on oral,inhalation...Hydroxylammonium nitrate(HAN) is a major constituent in a class of liquid monopropellants and is extensively used in nuclear industry and space propulsion.Previous toxicological studies have focused on oral,inhalation and dermal routes of exposure to HAN-based propellant blends.In this study,acute and subchronic toxicity of HAN in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injections were evaluated.In this acute study,doses of HAN at 115,125,135,147,160 or 174 mg/kg were administered.No adverse effects were observed during a 14-day period and at gross histopathological examination.In the subchronic study,HAN at 7,14 or 28 mg/kg were administered for 13 weeks.The treatment with HAN caused significant changes in the weight of spleen,in the level of hematological parameters,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,uric acid and carbondioxidecombining power and histopathological damages of the lung,liver,spleen and kidney.Overall,the study suggests that 13-week HAN treatment caused abnormal hematological changes and tissue lesions,and the risk of toxicity to mammals is not negligible.展开更多
Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) has emerged as one of the most concerning contaminants in recent years.This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity effect of PFOS on sperm viability,kinematics and fertilization ...Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) has emerged as one of the most concerning contaminants in recent years.This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity effect of PFOS on sperm viability,kinematics and fertilization success in zebrafish(Danio rerio).Sperm were activated in aqueous media containing a range of PFOS concentrations(0,0.09,0.9 and 9 mg/L).Viabilities and kinematics of the sperm exposed to different PFOS treatments were assessed via computer-assisted sperm analysis(CASA) at 20,40,60,and 80 s after activation.PFOS exposure decreased the percentage of motile sperm,the curvilinear velocity(VCL),and the mean angular displacement(MAD) of spermatozoa,but showed no influence on the straightline velocity(VSL) or the angular path velocity(VAP).Furthermore,a significant decrease in fertiUzation success was observed in spermatozoa that were exposed to 0.9 mg/L PFOS or more.These findings indicate that PFOS pollution in natural aquatic environment may be a potential threaten to successful reproduction offish.展开更多
Objective To provide the acute toxicity data of hygromycin B phosphotransferase(HPT)using recombinant protein purified from E.coli.Methods Recombinant HPT protein was expressed and purified from E.coli.To exclude the ...Objective To provide the acute toxicity data of hygromycin B phosphotransferase(HPT)using recombinant protein purified from E.coli.Methods Recombinant HPT protein was expressed and purified from E.coli.To exclude the potential adverse effect of bacteria protein in recombinant HPT protein.bacterial control plasmid was constructed,and bacteria control protein was extracted and prepared as recombinant HPT protein.One hundred mice, randomly assigned to 5 groups,were administrated 10g/kg,5g/kg,or 1g/kg body weight of HPT or 5 g/kg body weight of bacterial control protein or phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)respectively by oral gavage.Results All animals survived with no significant change in body weight gain throughout the study.Macroscopic necropsy examination on day 15 revealed no gross pathological lesions in any of the animals.The maximum tolerated dose(MTD)of HPT was 10 g/kg body weight in mice and could be regarded as nontoxic.Conclusion HPT protein does not have any safety problems to human health.展开更多
Acute chromium (III) toxicity in relation to Daphnia similis, most appropriate for Brazilian environment has been evaluated. The preliminary toxicity test showed that the median effective concentration was 10 mg/l. Af...Acute chromium (III) toxicity in relation to Daphnia similis, most appropriate for Brazilian environment has been evaluated. The preliminary toxicity test showed that the median effective concentration was 10 mg/l. After having performed the final test, the immobility percentage was calculated for each concentration in relation to the total number of the used organisms within the chosen pH range. It was shown that the proposed methodology rendered realistic results and the 48-h CE50 value under the test conditions is 3.24 mg/l. The minimum concentration that did not show any toxicity to Daphnia similis was 2.5 mg of chromium (III) per liter. The obtained level is superior to the maximum limit recommended by the Brazilian norms, 0.5 mg/l.展开更多
In current paper, a quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) study was performed for the prediction of acute toxicity of aromatic amines. A set of 56 compounds was randomly divided into a training set of 46 ...In current paper, a quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) study was performed for the prediction of acute toxicity of aromatic amines. A set of 56 compounds was randomly divided into a training set of 46 compounds and a test set of 10 compounds. The electronic and topological descriptors computed by the Scigress package and Dragon software were used as predictor variables. Multiple linear regression(MLR) and support vector machine(SVM) were utilized to build the linear and nonlinear QSAR models, respectively. The obtained models with five descriptors show strong predictive ability. The linear model fits the training set with R2 = 0.71, with higher SVM values of R2 = 0.77. The validation results obtained from the test set indicate that the SVM model is comparable or superior to that obtained by MLR, both in terms of prediction ability and robustness.展开更多
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the acute toxicity and hepatoprotective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract on mice,determine its safety range,and evaluate its hepatoprotective effect.[Methods]The median lethal dose(LD_(50))was determined by acute toxicity test with the toxic reaction and mortality of mice as indexes.Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal control group,model group(ConA-induced liver injury model),Jinchuan formula plum wine high,medium and low dose groups(1.0,0.5,0.25 g/kg)and silybin group(0.1 g/kg).The levels of ALT,AST,LDH in serum and TG,VLDL in liver were measured.After HE staining,the pathological changes of liver tissue in mice were observed,and the liver protective effect of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract was analyzed and evaluated.[Results]LD_(50)was 11.18 g/kg,and the 95%confidence limit of LD_(50)was 10.31-12.05 g/kg.The high-dose group of Jinchuan formula plum wine extract could significantly reduce the serum ALT and AST activities of ConA-induced liver injury mice(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jinchuan formula plum wine extract is relatively safe,and also has a protective effect on liver injury.
文摘In this paper, the author aimed to determine the nutritional value of soursop (Annona muricata L. fruit) consumed in Kinshasa as well as the study of the acute toxicity of its seeds. The fruit of Annona muricata L. was sampled according to the ISO 7002 standard for agricultural and food products. The selected fruits were ripe, without physical damage. The usual analytical methods allowed the determination of the nutritional value of the fruit pulp of Annona muricata L. The water content was measured by the method of loss of mass on drying. The total amount of ash was determined by incineration in the oven at 550°C. The mineral elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP0). The determination of acute toxicity was carried out on 25 female mice of the NMRI SUISSE species according to OECD 425 guidelines. For 100 grams of fresh material from the fruit pulp, we noted a very high water content of 84% ± 6%. We also note a particularly high amount of carbohydrates with a rate of 12.2% ± 2%. Protein and lipid content were relatively low at 1% ± 0.01% and 0.7% ± 0.3% respectively. The dietary fiber content was 0.8% ± 0.2%. An energy value of 49.3 Kcal per 100 grams of pulp was determined. The LD 50 obtained was 3320 mg/kg, indicating slight toxicity of soursop seeds. The results of this study show that the white pulp of the fruit of Annona muricata L. consumed in Kinshasa is rich in carbohydrates when we compare it to others biomolecules. It also contains dietary fiber and mineral salts making soursop an excellent constituent of a weight loss diet with a low energy intake.
文摘Bridelia micrantha, commonly known as coastal golden leaf, is a member of the family Phyllanthaceae. In preliminary studies nine fractions, named F1 - F9, were obtained by fractionating the crude methanol extract of the stem bark of Bridelia micrantha using column chromatographic techniques. The fraction F6 was the most active when tested for antibacterial activity. Thus, toxicity of this fraction was investigated for further use. The present study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and its fraction. The acute toxicity was carried out according to the experimental protocol of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The plant extract or the fraction F<sub>6</sub> was administered orally to female mice at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg and the animals were observed for any behavioral changes or mortality for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract and fraction were administered orally at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. The general behavior and body weight of the rats were recorded daily. At the end of the experimental period, hematological and biochemical analyses, changes in vital organ weight (liver, lung, heart, spleen and kidney), and histopathological examination of the liver and kidney were performed. No mortality or adverse effects were noted at the 2000 mg/kg dose during the oral acute toxicity test. In the sub-chronic study, the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F<sub>6</sub> induced no mortality or treatment-related adverse effects on body weight, general behavior, relative organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological alterations. In conclusion, the oral administration of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F<sub>6</sub> for 28 days at a dosage of up to 800 mg/kg did not induce toxicological damage in rats. From acute toxicity study, the median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of the crude methanolic bark extract of Bridelia micrantha and the fraction F<sub>6</sub> was estimated to be more than 2000 mg/kg.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172184)。
文摘BACKGROUND:In clinical practice,some patients might not be able or unwilling to provide a thorough history of medication and poison exposure.The aim of this study was to use toxicological analysis to examine the clinical characteristics of patients with acute poisoning whose exposure history was uncertain from a toxicological analysis perspective.METHODS:This was a retrospective and descriptive study from an institute of poisoning.Patient registration information and test reports spanning the period from April 1,2020 to March 31,2022,were obtained.Patients with uncertain exposure histories and who underwent toxicological analysis were included.Clinical manifestations and categories of toxics were analyzed.RESULTS:Among the 195 patients with positive toxicological analysis results,the main causes of uncertain exposure history was disturbance of consciousness(62.6%),unawareness(23.6%)and unwillingness or lack of cooperation(13.8%).The predominant clinical manifestations were disturbed consciousness(62.6%),followed by vomiting and nausea(14.4%)and liver function abnormalities(8.7%).A comparison of clinical manifestations between patients with positive and negative(n=99)toxicological analyses results revealed significantly different proportions of disturbances in consciousness(63%vs.21%),dizziness(1.5%vs.5.1%),multi-organ failure(1.5%vs.7.1%),and local pain(0 vs 4%).The main categories of substances involved were psychiatric medications(23.1%),sedatives(20.5%),insecticides(13.8%),and herbicides(12.8%).CONCLUSION:The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning in patients with an uncertain exposure history are diverse and nonspecific,and toxicological analysis plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of such patients.
基金partially supported by National Natural Scientific Foundation of China[81620108026,81302393]
文摘Twelve healthy rats were divided into the T-2 toxin group receiving gavage of 1 mg/kg T-2 toxin and the control group receiving gavage of normal saline. Total relative concentrations of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in the skeletal system(thighbone, knee joints, and costal cartilage) were significantly higher than those in the heart, liver, and kidneys(P < 0.05). The relative concentrations of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in the skeletal system(thighbone and costal cartilage) were also significantly higher than those in the heart, liver, and kidneys. The rats administered T-2 toxin showed rapid metabolism compared with that in rats administered HT-2 toxin, and the metabolic conversion rates in the different tissues were 68.20%-90.70%.
基金Supported by University Grants Commission(F.No.42-666/2013)Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(09/152(292)/2013,EMR-Ⅰ),New Delhi,India
文摘Objective:To ensure the safety and evaluate the anti oxidant activity of Terminalia paniculata(T.paniculata)ethanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats.Methods:The solvent extracts(hexane,ethyl acetate and ethanol)of T.paniculata were subjected to phytochemical analysis and their DPPH radical scavenging activity was assayed.The oral acute toxicity was evaluated using ethanolic extract of T.paniculata.Results:Ethyl acetate and elhanolic extracts showed more phytochemicals,whereas highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in ethanolic extract.In an acute toxicity study,T.paniculata ethanolic extract was orally administered(1000 mg/kg body weight)to rats and observed for72 h for any toxic symptoms and the dose was continued up to 14 d.On the 15th day rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from control and test animals and analyzed for some biochemical parameters.We did not observe any behavioral changes in test groups in comparison with their controls.Also,there were no significant alterations in biochemical,hematological(hemoglobin content and blood cells count)and liver function parameters such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase,serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,total proteins,albumin and bilirubin levels between T.paniculata ethanolic extract treated and normal control groups.Conclusions:Together our results demonstrated that T.paniculala ethanolic possessed potent antioxidant activity and it was safer and non toxic to rats even at higher doses and therefore could be well considered for further investigation for its medicinal and therapeutic efficacy.
文摘AIM: To evaluate the effect of chemotherapy to the acute toxicity of a hypofractionated radiotherapy(HFRT) schedule for breast cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 116 breast cancer patients with T1, 2N0 Mx. The patients received3-D conformal radiotherapy with a total physical dose of 50.54 Gy or 53.2 Gy in 19 or 20 fractions according to stage, over 23-24 d. The last three to four fractions were delivered as a sequential tumor boost. All patients were monitored for acute skin toxicity according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. The maximum monitored value was taken as the final grading score. Multivariate analysis was performed for the contribution of age, chemotherapy and 19 vs 20 fractions to the radiation acute skin toxicity.RESULTS: The acute radiation induced skin toxicity was as following: grade Ⅰ 27.6%, grade Ⅱ 7.8% and grade Ⅲ 2.6%. No significant correlation was noted between toxicity grading and chemotherapy(P = 0.154, χ2 test). The mean values of acute toxicity score in terms of chemotherapy or not, were 0.64 and 0.46 respectively(P = 0.109, Mann Whitney test). No significant correlation was also noted between acute skin toxicity and radiotherapy fractions(P = 0.47, χ2test). According to univariate analysis, only chemotherapy contributed significantly to the development of acute skin toxicity but with a critical value of P = 0.05. However, in multivariate analysis, chemotherapy lost its statistical significance. None of the patients during the 2-years of follow-up presented any locoregional relapse.CONCLUSION: There is no clear evidence that chemotherapy has an impact to acute skin toxicity after an HFRT schedule. A randomized trial is needed for definite conclusions.
文摘UP446 has been used in both joint supplements and prescription medical food. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmaceutical safety of UP446 via acute and 26-week repeated oral dose toxicity study in SD rats. In acute toxicity study, UP446 was administered by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats (5 males and 5 females) at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. In 26-week repeated oral dose toxicity study, UP446 at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day were given orally to groups of rats (10 rats/dose/sex) for 26-week. UP446 at a dose of 5000 mg/kg produced no treatment-related acute toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during 14 days of the study. In 26-week repeated dose toxicity study, there was no significant difference in body weight between the control and all treatment groups. Blackish stool and soft stool was observed in one male in the 1000 mg/kg group and in some males and females of 2000 mg/kg group. However, these changes of stool were not considered to be toxic effects because neither histopathological change in gastrointestinal tracks (GIT) nor body weight change were detected. No drug induced abnormalities were found as of body weights, food consumption, ophthalmological examinations, urinalysis, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights and gross necropsy in any animals in the dosing groups. These results suggest that the oral lethal dose of UP446 for male and female rats is in excess of 5000 mg/kg and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the UP446 for both male and female rats is considered to be greater than 2000 mg/kg/day.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31270443） and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province （LY13C030004）. Acknowledgements： We would like to thank Fang LIU and Dan WU for their assistance with the experiments.
文摘We studied acute and joint toxicity of three different agrochemicals(chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam) to Chinese tiger frog(Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles with the method of stability water tests. Results showed that the three agrochemicals increased tadpole mortality. For acute toxicity, the LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam exposure were 5.37, 4.90 and 4.68 mg/L; 0.035, 0.025 and 0.021 mg/L; 1.74, 1.45 and 1.29 mg/L, respectively. The safety concentrations(SC) of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide-abamectin and penoxsulam to the tadpoles were 1.23, 0.30 and 0.003 mg/L, respectively. Based on these findings, chlorantraniliprole and penoxsulam were moderately toxic, while flubendiamide-abamectin was highly toxic. All pairwise joint toxicity tests showed moderate toxicity. The LC50 values after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure were 7.08, 6.61 and 6.03 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+penoxsulam, with corresponding values of 2.455, 2.328 and 2.183 mg/L for chlorantraniliprole+flubendiamide-abamectin, and 1.132, 1.084 and 1.050 mg/L for penoxsulam+flubendiamide-abamectin, with safe concentrations of 1.73, 0.63 and 0.30 mg/L, respectively. For toxic evaluations of pairwise combinations of the three agrochemicals, only the joint toxicity of chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide-abamectin after 24 h was found to be synergistic, whereas all other tests were antagonistic. Our findings provide valuable information on the toxic effects of agrochemicals on amphibians and how various types of agrochemicals can be reasonably used in agricultural areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372477)the International Cooperation Projects of Sichuan Province, China (2014HH0058, 2013HH0042)the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team for waterfowl disease prevention and control, China (2013TD0015)
文摘The present study investigated acute and subchronic toxicity and safety pharmacology of modified pulsatilla granules(MPG)to provide a basis for a comprehensive understanding of MPG toxicity.The results of acute toxicity testing showed that the median lethal dose of MPG was more than 5 000 mg kg^(–1),suggesting that MPG was considered as practically non-toxic.The subchronic toxicity study for 30 days was conducted by daily oral administration at doses of 375,750 and 1 500 mg kg^(–1) in Sprague-Dawley rats.The results of subchronic toxicity study showed that the body weight and relative organ weight were not significantly changed by administration of MPG.The clinical chemistry study showed that MPG could induce kidney and liver damages.In histopathological,mild lesions in liver and kidney were also observed,suggesting that the liver and kidney might be potential target organs of MPG.In the safety pharmacology study,MPG did not exhibited any side effects to rats in cardiovascular system,respiratory system and central nervous system.These results suggested that MPG could be considered safe for veterinary use.
基金supported by the Foundation of Education Bureau,Sichuan Province(09ZB036)
文摘A molecular structural characterization (MSC) method called molecular vertexes correlative index (MVCI) was used to describe the structures of 30 substituted aromatic compounds. Through multiple linear regression (MLR) and stepwise multiple regression (SMR), a quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) model with 4 variables was obtained. The correlation coefficient (R) of the model was 0.9467. Through partial least-squares regression (PLS), another QSTR model with 5 principal components was obtained. The correlation coefficient (R) of the model was 0.9518. Both models were evaluated by performing the cross-validation with the leave-one-out (LOO) procedure and the Cross-Validation (CV) correlation coefficients (RCV) were 0.9208 and 0.9214, respectively. The results suggested good stability and predictability of the models, and the molecular vertexes correlative index could successfully describe the structures of the substituted aromatic compounds.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 2008BAC49B01)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2010CB428705)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40821004)
文摘From 2007 to 2009, large-scale blooms of green algae (the so-called "green tides") occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea, China. In June 2008, huge amounts of floating green algae accumulated along the coast of Qingdao and led to mass mortality of cultured abalone and sea cucumber. However, the mechanism for the mass mortality of cultured animals remains undetermined. This study examined the toxic effects of Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, the causative species of green tides in the Yellow Sea during the last three years. The acute toxicity of fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent of U. prolifera to the cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai were tested. It was found that both fresh culture medium and decomposing algal effluent had toxic effects to abalone, and decomposing algal effluent was more toxic than fresh culture medium. The acute toxicity of decomposing algal effluent could be attributed to the ammonia and sulfide presented in the effluent, as well as the hypoxia caused by the decomposition process.
基金This work was supported by the National 973 Great Foundation Research Item of China (2002CB412303) and the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2004118).
文摘To measure the acute toxicity of halogenated benzenes to bacteria in natural waters and to study quantitative relationships between the structure and activity of chemicals. Methods The concentration values causing 50% inhibition of bacteria growth (24h-IC50) were determined according to the bacterial growth inhibition test method. The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the net charge of carbon atom of 20 halogenated benzenes were calculated by the quantum chemical MOPAC program. Results The log1/IC50 values ranged from 4.79 for 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene to 3.65 for chlorobenzene. A quantitative structure-activity relationship model was derived from the toxicity and structural parameters: log1/IC50=-0.531(ELUMO)+1.693(Qc)+0.163(logP) +3.375. This equation was found to fit well (r2=0.860, s=0.106), and the average percentage error was only 1.98%. Conclusion Halogenated benzenes and alkyl halogenated benzenes are non-polar narcotics, and have hydrophobicity-dependent toxicity. The halogenated phenols and anilines exhibit a higher toxic potency than their hydrophobicity, whereas 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene is electrophile with the halogen acting as the leaving group.
文摘Holographic quantitative structure activity relationship(HQSAR) is an emerging QSAR technique with the combined application of molecular hologram, which encoded the frequency of occurrence of various molecular fragment types, and the subsequent partial least squares(PLS) regression analysis. In this paper, the acute toxicity data to the guppy( poecilia reticulata) for a series of 56 substituted benzenes, phenols, aromatic amines and nitro aromatics were subjected and this resulted in a model with a high predictive ability. The influence of fragment size and fragment distinction parameters on the quality of HQSAR model was investigated. The robustness and predictive ability of the model were also validated by leave one out (LOO) cross validation procedure and external testing data set.
基金the Scientific Research Foundation for Medica Science and Public Health of PLA (06z032)
文摘Hydroxylammonium nitrate(HAN) is a major constituent in a class of liquid monopropellants and is extensively used in nuclear industry and space propulsion.Previous toxicological studies have focused on oral,inhalation and dermal routes of exposure to HAN-based propellant blends.In this study,acute and subchronic toxicity of HAN in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injections were evaluated.In this acute study,doses of HAN at 115,125,135,147,160 or 174 mg/kg were administered.No adverse effects were observed during a 14-day period and at gross histopathological examination.In the subchronic study,HAN at 7,14 or 28 mg/kg were administered for 13 weeks.The treatment with HAN caused significant changes in the weight of spleen,in the level of hematological parameters,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,uric acid and carbondioxidecombining power and histopathological damages of the lung,liver,spleen and kidney.Overall,the study suggests that 13-week HAN treatment caused abnormal hematological changes and tissue lesions,and the risk of toxicity to mammals is not negligible.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40632009,31300340)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing(No.cstc2015jcyjA20016)the Youth Top-notch Talent Cultivation Program of Chongqing Normal University(No.14CSBJ08)
文摘Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) has emerged as one of the most concerning contaminants in recent years.This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity effect of PFOS on sperm viability,kinematics and fertilization success in zebrafish(Danio rerio).Sperm were activated in aqueous media containing a range of PFOS concentrations(0,0.09,0.9 and 9 mg/L).Viabilities and kinematics of the sperm exposed to different PFOS treatments were assessed via computer-assisted sperm analysis(CASA) at 20,40,60,and 80 s after activation.PFOS exposure decreased the percentage of motile sperm,the curvilinear velocity(VCL),and the mean angular displacement(MAD) of spermatozoa,but showed no influence on the straightline velocity(VSL) or the angular path velocity(VAP).Furthermore,a significant decrease in fertiUzation success was observed in spermatozoa that were exposed to 0.9 mg/L PFOS or more.These findings indicate that PFOS pollution in natural aquatic environment may be a potential threaten to successful reproduction offish.
基金supported by 973 Project(No.2007CB 109207) of Ministry of Science and Technology of China.
文摘Objective To provide the acute toxicity data of hygromycin B phosphotransferase(HPT)using recombinant protein purified from E.coli.Methods Recombinant HPT protein was expressed and purified from E.coli.To exclude the potential adverse effect of bacteria protein in recombinant HPT protein.bacterial control plasmid was constructed,and bacteria control protein was extracted and prepared as recombinant HPT protein.One hundred mice, randomly assigned to 5 groups,were administrated 10g/kg,5g/kg,or 1g/kg body weight of HPT or 5 g/kg body weight of bacterial control protein or phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)respectively by oral gavage.Results All animals survived with no significant change in body weight gain throughout the study.Macroscopic necropsy examination on day 15 revealed no gross pathological lesions in any of the animals.The maximum tolerated dose(MTD)of HPT was 10 g/kg body weight in mice and could be regarded as nontoxic.Conclusion HPT protein does not have any safety problems to human health.
文摘Acute chromium (III) toxicity in relation to Daphnia similis, most appropriate for Brazilian environment has been evaluated. The preliminary toxicity test showed that the median effective concentration was 10 mg/l. After having performed the final test, the immobility percentage was calculated for each concentration in relation to the total number of the used organisms within the chosen pH range. It was shown that the proposed methodology rendered realistic results and the 48-h CE50 value under the test conditions is 3.24 mg/l. The minimum concentration that did not show any toxicity to Daphnia similis was 2.5 mg of chromium (III) per liter. The obtained level is superior to the maximum limit recommended by the Brazilian norms, 0.5 mg/l.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China(No.2011467037)
文摘In current paper, a quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR) study was performed for the prediction of acute toxicity of aromatic amines. A set of 56 compounds was randomly divided into a training set of 46 compounds and a test set of 10 compounds. The electronic and topological descriptors computed by the Scigress package and Dragon software were used as predictor variables. Multiple linear regression(MLR) and support vector machine(SVM) were utilized to build the linear and nonlinear QSAR models, respectively. The obtained models with five descriptors show strong predictive ability. The linear model fits the training set with R2 = 0.71, with higher SVM values of R2 = 0.77. The validation results obtained from the test set indicate that the SVM model is comparable or superior to that obtained by MLR, both in terms of prediction ability and robustness.
