The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic s...The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces,and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays(TNTAs)by polydopamine modification.In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions,the stable,efficient and highly selective conversion of CO_(2) to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy.Specifically,with the assistance of potential,the CO formation rates reached 194.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) and 103.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation,respectively;the corresponding CO_(2) conversion rates in ambient air were 30%and 16%,respectively.The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P–N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect.Additionally,the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate.This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle.展开更多
The impact of global climate change and air pollution on mental health has become a crucial public health issue.Increased public awareness of health,advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment,the way media outlet...The impact of global climate change and air pollution on mental health has become a crucial public health issue.Increased public awareness of health,advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment,the way media outlets report environmental changes and the variation in social resources affect psychological responses and adaptation methods to climate change and air pollution.In the context of climate change,extreme weather events seriously disrupt people's living environments,and unstable educational environments lead to an increase in mental health issues for students.Air pollution affects students'mental health by increasing the incidence of diseases while decreasing contact with nature,leading to problems such as anxiety,depression,and decreased cognitive function.We call for joint efforts to reduce pollutant emissions at the source,improve energy structures,strengthen environmental monitoring and governance,increase attention to the mental health issues of students,and help student groups build resilience;by establishing public policies,enhancing social support and adjusting lifestyles and habits,we can help students cope with the constantly changing environment and maintain a good level of mental health.Through these comprehensive measures,we can more effectively address the challenges of global climate change and air pollution and promote the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the...Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the specific influences of air pollutants （PM10, SO2, and NO2） on hospital emergency admissions with different lag structures from 2009 to 2011, the sex and age specific influences of air pollution and the modifying effect of seasons on air pollution to analyze the possible interaction. Results It was found that a 10μg/m3 increase in concentration of PMlo at lag 03 day, SO2 and NO2 at lag 0 day were associated with an increase of 0.88%, 0.76%, and 1.82% respectively in overall emergency admissions. A 10 lag/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 at lag 5 day were associated with an increase of 1.39%, 1.56%, and 1.18% respectively in cardiovascular disease emergency admissions. For lag 02, a 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were associated with 1.72%, 1.34%, and 2.57% increases respectively in respiratory disease emergency admissions. Conclusion This study further confirmed that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with increased risk of hospital emergency admissions in Beijing.展开更多
The dynamic contact resistances of HH52P electromagnetic relays are measured under different ambient air tem- perature. Their diagnostic parameters are extracted and determined. It is found that the ambient air temper...The dynamic contact resistances of HH52P electromagnetic relays are measured under different ambient air tem- perature. Their diagnostic parameters are extracted and determined. It is found that the ambient air temperature obviously influ- ences some parameters. In order to research its influence on the electrical contact reliability of electromagnetic relay, the statistic analysis is applied to study the static contact resistance, the max of the dynamic contact resistance and the bounce time. It is found that the ambient air temperature regularly influences the three parameters. Thoroughly, the phenomenon is studied and analyzed in the point of material science so as to probe into the essential matter of it.展开更多
Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution（OKR） of methyl o-chloromandelate 2a,key intermediate of the well-known oral antiplatelet agent（S）-clopidogrel,was achieved by ambient air for the first time.The air ...Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution（OKR） of methyl o-chloromandelate 2a,key intermediate of the well-known oral antiplatelet agent（S）-clopidogrel,was achieved by ambient air for the first time.The air oxidation system,which was composed of vanadium and tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from amino alcohols and salicylaldehyde derivatives,afforded an efficient and economic approach to the target intermediate with high enantioselectivities（99%ee）.展开更多
Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled...Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled compost to bulking agent. Two volume ratios were examined experimentally, 1 ： 0 ： 1 and 3 ： 1 ： 2. The results show that composting temperature was influenced by ambient air temperature and the influence was more significant when composting was in the temperature rising process： composting temperature changed 2.4-6.5℃ when ambient air temperature changed 13℃. On the other hand, the influence was not significant when composting was in the high-temperature and/or temperature falling process： composting temperature changed 0.75-1.3℃ when ambient air temperature changed 8-15℃. Hysteresis effect was observed in composting temperature＇s responses to ambient air temperature. When the ventilation capability of pile was excellent（at a volume ratio of 1：0：1）, the hysteresis time was short and ranging 1.1-1.2 h. On the contrary, when the proportion of added bulking agent was low, therefore less porosity in the substrate（at a volume ratio of 3：1：2）, the hysteresis time was IonQ and ranging 1.9-3.1 h.展开更多
Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate...Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate matter pollution in Sub Saharan region. It is especially worrying in Lagos, the country’s commercial capital and one of the world’s fastest growing megacities. Despite growing concerns about its deadly impacts, there is currently no reliable monetary estimate of the effects of ambient air pollution, nor a comprehensive control plan in Lagos. Using available ground-level monitored data and the most recent valuation techniques, this paper estimates that in 2018 alone, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) caused about 11,200 premature deaths, and generated a health cost of US$2.1 billion in Lagos. This is equivalent to about 2.1 percent of Lagos’ GDP in the same year. These results call for an urgent plan of action to improve air quality in the city, with primary focus on the main pollution sources: road transport, industrial emissions, and power generation.展开更多
The paper analyzed the concentrations of trace metals in fine and respirable particulates (fine-PM<sub>1</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>;respirable-PM<sub>10</sub>) to determine baseline...The paper analyzed the concentrations of trace metals in fine and respirable particulates (fine-PM<sub>1</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>;respirable-PM<sub>10</sub>) to determine baseline concentrations in the ambient air and the factors impacting its distribution such as land use and time of year when levels may be concerning to public health. Measurements of particulates along with meteorological parameters were made at four sites over the heavily populated west coast of Trinidad (10<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>32'N, 61<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>18'W) during March ’15-May ’16, representing rural, urban, mixed background and industrial land uses. The study found mean levels of trace metals to be highest at the industrial and urban stations. Public health exceedances (referenced to the Canadian AAQ public health standards <a href="#ref23">(Ontario-MoE, 2012)</a>) were measured for beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese and nickel (in PM<sub>10</sub>). Iron, manganese and nickel, most associated with particulates at the industrial station, were in frequent exceedance. Beryllium—concentrated in coarse PM (PM<sub>2.5-10</sub>) with only a single measured exceedance at the mixed background station likely poses minimal threat to the health of the nearby population. Cadmium—concentrated in fine PM which peaked once only at the rural station was likely due to an irregular event within a narrow timeframe during the time of sampling. Iron and manganese were frequently above the Canadian public health threshold, but predominated in the coarse PM fraction, suggesting localised sources. Nickel, concentrated in the fine PM fraction, was frequently in exceedance particularly at the industrial station. Cadmium and nickel are genotoxic and should be regulated in order to reduce the burden of toxic carcinogens to which the population can be exposed.展开更多
A systematic investigation of oxidation on a superconductive Fe Te_（0.5）Se_（0.5）thin film,which was grown on Nb-doped SrTiO_3（001） by pulsed laser deposition,has been carried out.The sample was exposed to ambien...A systematic investigation of oxidation on a superconductive Fe Te_（0.5）Se_（0.5）thin film,which was grown on Nb-doped SrTiO_3（001） by pulsed laser deposition,has been carried out.The sample was exposed to ambient air for one month for oxidation.Macroscopically,the exposed specimen lost its superconductivity due to oxidation.The specimen was subjected to in situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy（PES） and x-ray absorption spectroscopy（XAS） measurements following cycles of annealing and argon ion etching treatments to unravel what happened in the electronic structure and composition after exposure to air.By the spectroscopic measurements,we found that the as-grown FeTe_（0.5）Se_（0.5）superconductive thin film experienced an element selective substitution reaction.The oxidation preferentially proceeds through pumping out the Te and forming Fe–O bonds by O substitution of Te.In addition,our results certify that in situ vacuum annealing and low-energy argon ion etching methods combined with spectroscopy are suitable for depth element and valence analysis of layered structure superconductor materials.展开更多
Air Pollution is an escalating problem worldwide fuelled by increasing anthropogenic activities, speedy development, rapid industrialization, transportation, superfluous use of fossil fuel consumption, increasing glob...Air Pollution is an escalating problem worldwide fuelled by increasing anthropogenic activities, speedy development, rapid industrialization, transportation, superfluous use of fossil fuel consumption, increasing global power needs, etc. Also the diverse meteorological factors influence our environment to a great extent. Population explosion has led to remarkable increase in vehicular population. The use solely depends upon the lifestyle of the citizen. Any change in the lifestyle has a remarkable effect on the air we breathe. A comprehensive database for pollution levels from the year 2006 to 2010 was analyzed for a main traffic intersection and a non-traffic area in Delhi (India). The paper asserts that pollutant concentration levels on weekend are lower than those on weekdays (increase on Sundays with respect to weekdays is CO 2.98 times, PM2.5 1.18 times, NO 1.62 times, NO2 5.76 times, SO2 1.27 times and O3 1.15 times). The pollution levels have been found to attenuate on public holidays and weekends. Pollution can hence be related to the weekly cycle of human activities. Pollutions due to vehicular emissions on roads, rails, air or water all serve as major sources of pollution. Hence, viably possible solutions for pollution control can also be achieved by controlling the magnitude of traffic flow on roads.展开更多
Generation of baseline information about ambient air quality of any given region assumes significance, when the area is 1) an active mine site, 2) proposed to be mined out in future, and 3) industrialization in the ar...Generation of baseline information about ambient air quality of any given region assumes significance, when the area is 1) an active mine site, 2) proposed to be mined out in future, and 3) industrialization in the area is in fast pace. Ambient air quality monitoring (with respect to SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx and CO) was carried out in and around two mining complexes in western parts of Kachchh district in Gujarat to generate baseline air quality status of the area. This area has two major mine complexes and various large scale industrial projects (thermal power plants, cement plants and several ports and jetties) are also in pipeline. Ambient air sampling was carried out in eight locations within five km radial distance from two major mine sites, i.e. Panandhro and Mata-na-Madh, with four locations for each mine site. Air Quality Indexing was done for all the locations, since it is a simplest way for the prediction of ambient air quality status of any region with respect to industrial, residential and rural areas. Of the eight locations studied the air quality for six locations fell under fairly clean (Light Air Pollution, AQI 25-50) category, while the rest (rural areas in the region), had relatively better air quality and fell under clean (Clean Air, AQI 10-25) category.展开更多
To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce t...To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce total pollutant emission,and improve environmental management level. In this paper,taking Tianjin as an example,change situation of regional air pollution and its prevention and control management situation were summarized.展开更多
Introduction: The possible impact of ambient air pollution exposure on the development of active tuberculosis (TB) remains obscure. This study investigated the potential role of ambient air pollution in activating pul...Introduction: The possible impact of ambient air pollution exposure on the development of active tuberculosis (TB) remains obscure. This study investigated the potential role of ambient air pollution in activating pulmonary TB (PTB) compared to extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Materials and Methods: Data on TB cases were obtained from national surveillance data in Malaysia during 2013 and air pollution data were obtained from 52 air-monitoring stations around the country for the 3-year period of 2011-2013. Analyses were performed to estimate the odds of PTB vs. EPTB with changes in the 3-year (2011-2013) average Air Pollutant Index (API) and specific ambient air pollutants. Results: Results showed that the 95th-percentile of API levels during 2011-2013 was moderate and it was not associated with PTB. However, the odds of active PTB compared to EPTB was significantly elevated with the 95th-percentile levels for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (aOR = 1.006, 95% CI: 1.002, 1.011), p-value Conclusions: These results provide suggestive evidence of the effects of ambient air pollution on development of active pulmonary TB compared to extrapulmonary TB. Additional research on the impacts of ambient air pollution on TB is warranted.展开更多
From 2007-2009, National Energy and Water Research Center (NEWRC) on behalf of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) conducted a long term baseline study of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), su...From 2007-2009, National Energy and Water Research Center (NEWRC) on behalf of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) conducted a long term baseline study of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter 2, SO2, and 8 hour average of CO were within the acceptable levels of 400, 300 and 30,000 μg/m3 respectively, whereas the levels of O3 as 8 hour average (3) and PM10 (3) occasionally exceeded the FEA permissible limits during the study period. Seasonal variation based on three years data reveals that the highest concentration of NO2 and SO2 were during winter and for CO and O3 during summer months. Results indicate that the levels of SO2 and CO were significantly controlled and improved while the fuel combustion of Al Mirfa power plant had increased from 2007 to 2009. Dust has significantly impact on the air quality by elevated levels of PM10 exceed in several instances associated with regional sand- storm during the monitoring period.展开更多
We analyzed 1-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour averaged criteria pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, PM22.5, and PM10) during 2004 - 2009 at three observational sites i.e. Income Tax Office (ITO), Sirifort and Delhi College of Engineer...We analyzed 1-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour averaged criteria pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, PM22.5, and PM10) during 2004 - 2009 at three observational sites i.e. Income Tax Office (ITO), Sirifort and Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) in Delhi, India. The analysis reveals increased pollutant concentrations at the urban ITO site as compared to the other two sites, suggesting the need to better locate hot spots in designing the monitoring network. There is also significant year to year variation in the design value trends of criteria pollutants at these three sites, which may be attributed to meteorological variations and local-level emission fluctuations. Correlations among criteria pollutants vary annually and spatially from site to site, indicating the heterogeneous nature of air mix. The annual ratios of CO/NOx are considerably higher than SO2/NOx confirming that vehicular source emissions are the primary contributors to air pollution in Delhi. The seasonal analysis of criteria pollutants reveals relatively higher concentrations in winter because of limited pollutant dispersion and lower concentrations during the monsoon period (rainy season). The diurnal averages of criteria pollutants reveal that vehicular emissions strongly influence temporal variations of these pollutants. Weekdays and weekend diurnal averages do not show noticeable differences.展开更多
In this paper we have first of all studied the interrelations among the concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 and then predicted their future level of concentrations in the ambient air of Kolkata. The data collected fro...In this paper we have first of all studied the interrelations among the concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 and then predicted their future level of concentrations in the ambient air of Kolkata. The data collected from West Bengal Pollution Control Board website have been used to construct second degree, third degree and four degree polynomial equations using MATLAB software. Since a curve in a small interval can be approximated by a line segment in that small interval, we have observed that better result can be achieved if we replace the curves piece meal wise in small intervals by line segments during January-April, May-August and September-December months. The multiple regression equations among the aforesaid three parameters have been established to predict the value of each parameter in terms of the remaining two. A further improvement in terms of reducing the number of dependent variables has been made using the results of correlation coefficients. Finally, we have predicted the value of each parameter in terms of only one dependent variable.展开更多
The ambient air quality standard(AAQS)is a vital policy instrument for protecting the environment and human health.Hainan Province is at the forefront of China's efforts to protect its ecological environment,with ...The ambient air quality standard(AAQS)is a vital policy instrument for protecting the environment and human health.Hainan Province is at the forefront of China's efforts to protect its ecological environment,with an official goal to achieve world-leading air quality by 2035.However,neither the national AAQS nor the World Health Organization guideline offers sufficient guidance for improving air quality in Hainan because Hainan has well met the former while the latter is excessively stringent.Consequently,the establishment of Hainan's local AAQS becomes imperative.Nonetheless,research regarding the development of local AAQS is scarce,especially in comparatively more polluted countries such as China.The relatively high background values and significant interannual fluctuations in air pollutant concentrations in Hainan present challenges in the development of local AAQS.Our research proposes a world-class local AAQS of Hainan Province by reviewing the AAQS in major countries or regions worldwide,analyzing the influence of different statistical forms,and carefully evaluating the attainability of the standard.In the proposed AAQS,the annual mean concentration limit for PM2.5,the annual 95th percentile of daily maximum 8-h mean(MDA8)concentration limit for O_(3),and the peak season concentration limit for O_(3) are set at 10,120,and 85μg/m^(3),respectively.Our study indicates that,with effective control policies,Hainan is projected to achieve compliance with the new standard by 2035.The implementation of the local AAQS is estimated to avoid 1,526(1,253–1,789)and 259(132–501)premature deaths attributable to longterm exposure to PM2.5 and O_(3) in Hainan in 2035,respectively.展开更多
Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management.Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards.To understand the h...Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management.Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards.To understand the history of the development of China’s ambient air quality standards,this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards,classification of functional areas,standard grading,pollutants,and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years.The results show that since the initial release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standard”by China in 1982,it has been supplemented once,revised twice,and modified twice.The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air.With the development of ambient air quality management,the number of pollutants has increased to ten.Since the release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standards”in 2012,the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved.However,the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low.At present,China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO2concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization(WHO)interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline(AQG).We further suggested that the SO2standard should be revised promptly.Simultaneously,regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the as...Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the association between SO2 exposure and semen quality parameters.This search encompassed the timeframe from January 2000 to May 2023 and included electronic databases such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,Cochrane,and Scopus.Pooled effect estimates with 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated using percent changes(PC).The meta-analysis included seven studies with 6711 participants and 15087 semen samples.Results:The results revealed a significant negative association between ambient SO2 exposure and certain semen quality parameters.In particular,SO2 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in progressive motility(PC=0.032;95%CI:-0.063 to-0.001;P=0.044)and sperm concentration(PC=-0.020;95%CI:-0.036 to-0.005;P=0.012).However,no statistically significant associations were observed for total sperm count(PC=-0.038;95%CI:-0.079 to 0.003;P=0.070),seminal fluid volume(PC=-0.009;95%CI:-0.048 to-0.030;P=0.662)and sperm motility(PC=-0.17;95%CI:-0.363 to 0.022;P=0.830).In addition,the results of the subgroup analysis revealed specific variables that were associated with the decrease in relevant sperm parameters.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides compelling evidence supporting a consistent negative association between exposure to ambient SO2 and semen quality parameters.展开更多
文摘The direct conversion of atmospheric CO_(2) into fuel via photocatalysis exhibits significant practical application value in advancing the carbon cycle.In this study,we established an electro-assisted photocatalytic system with dual compartments and interfaces,and coated Ag nanoparticles on the titanium nanotube arrays(TNTAs)by polydopamine modification.In the absence of sacrificial agent and alkali absorption liquid conditions,the stable,efficient and highly selective conversion of CO_(2) to CO at the gas-solid interface in ambient air was realized by photoelectric synergy.Specifically,with the assistance of potential,the CO formation rates reached 194.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) and 103.9μmol h^(−1) m^(−2) under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation,respectively;the corresponding CO_(2) conversion rates in ambient air were 30%and 16%,respectively.The excellent catalytic effect is mainly attributed to the formation of P–N heterojunction during the catalytic process and the surface plasmon resonance effect.Additionally,the introduction of solid agar electrolytes effectively inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and improves the electron utilization rate.This system promotes the development of photocatalytic technology for practical applications and provides new insights and support for the carbon cycle.
文摘The impact of global climate change and air pollution on mental health has become a crucial public health issue.Increased public awareness of health,advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment,the way media outlets report environmental changes and the variation in social resources affect psychological responses and adaptation methods to climate change and air pollution.In the context of climate change,extreme weather events seriously disrupt people's living environments,and unstable educational environments lead to an increase in mental health issues for students.Air pollution affects students'mental health by increasing the incidence of diseases while decreasing contact with nature,leading to problems such as anxiety,depression,and decreased cognitive function.We call for joint efforts to reduce pollutant emissions at the source,improve energy structures,strengthen environmental monitoring and governance,increase attention to the mental health issues of students,and help student groups build resilience;by establishing public policies,enhancing social support and adjusting lifestyles and habits,we can help students cope with the constantly changing environment and maintain a good level of mental health.Through these comprehensive measures,we can more effectively address the challenges of global climate change and air pollution and promote the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
基金supported by the Gong-Yi Program of China Meteorological Administration(GYHY201106034)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzuibky-2013-m03)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41075103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41075102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41305105)
文摘Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the specific influences of air pollutants （PM10, SO2, and NO2） on hospital emergency admissions with different lag structures from 2009 to 2011, the sex and age specific influences of air pollution and the modifying effect of seasons on air pollution to analyze the possible interaction. Results It was found that a 10μg/m3 increase in concentration of PMlo at lag 03 day, SO2 and NO2 at lag 0 day were associated with an increase of 0.88%, 0.76%, and 1.82% respectively in overall emergency admissions. A 10 lag/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 at lag 5 day were associated with an increase of 1.39%, 1.56%, and 1.18% respectively in cardiovascular disease emergency admissions. For lag 02, a 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were associated with 1.72%, 1.34%, and 2.57% increases respectively in respiratory disease emergency admissions. Conclusion This study further confirmed that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with increased risk of hospital emergency admissions in Beijing.
文摘The dynamic contact resistances of HH52P electromagnetic relays are measured under different ambient air tem- perature. Their diagnostic parameters are extracted and determined. It is found that the ambient air temperature obviously influ- ences some parameters. In order to research its influence on the electrical contact reliability of electromagnetic relay, the statistic analysis is applied to study the static contact resistance, the max of the dynamic contact resistance and the bounce time. It is found that the ambient air temperature regularly influences the three parameters. Thoroughly, the phenomenon is studied and analyzed in the point of material science so as to probe into the essential matter of it.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20472116) and 2009 intranational visiting doctoral student project of Ministry of Education.
文摘Vanadium-catalyzed oxidative kinetic resolution（OKR） of methyl o-chloromandelate 2a,key intermediate of the well-known oral antiplatelet agent（S）-clopidogrel,was achieved by ambient air for the first time.The air oxidation system,which was composed of vanadium and tridentate Schiff base ligands derived from amino alcohols and salicylaldehyde derivatives,afforded an efficient and economic approach to the target intermediate with high enantioselectivities（99%ee）.
文摘Using data obtained with a full-scale sewage sludge composting facility, this paper studied the effects of ambient air temperature on the composting temperature with varying volume ratios of sewage sludge and recycled compost to bulking agent. Two volume ratios were examined experimentally, 1 ： 0 ： 1 and 3 ： 1 ： 2. The results show that composting temperature was influenced by ambient air temperature and the influence was more significant when composting was in the temperature rising process： composting temperature changed 2.4-6.5℃ when ambient air temperature changed 13℃. On the other hand, the influence was not significant when composting was in the high-temperature and/or temperature falling process： composting temperature changed 0.75-1.3℃ when ambient air temperature changed 8-15℃. Hysteresis effect was observed in composting temperature＇s responses to ambient air temperature. When the ventilation capability of pile was excellent（at a volume ratio of 1：0：1）, the hysteresis time was short and ranging 1.1-1.2 h. On the contrary, when the proportion of added bulking agent was low, therefore less porosity in the substrate（at a volume ratio of 3：1：2）, the hysteresis time was IonQ and ranging 1.9-3.1 h.
文摘Globally, air pollution is a significant cause of death, illness and social discomfort. The problem is particularly severe in Nigeria, the country with the highest number of premature deaths due to ambient particulate matter pollution in Sub Saharan region. It is especially worrying in Lagos, the country’s commercial capital and one of the world’s fastest growing megacities. Despite growing concerns about its deadly impacts, there is currently no reliable monetary estimate of the effects of ambient air pollution, nor a comprehensive control plan in Lagos. Using available ground-level monitored data and the most recent valuation techniques, this paper estimates that in 2018 alone, ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) caused about 11,200 premature deaths, and generated a health cost of US$2.1 billion in Lagos. This is equivalent to about 2.1 percent of Lagos’ GDP in the same year. These results call for an urgent plan of action to improve air quality in the city, with primary focus on the main pollution sources: road transport, industrial emissions, and power generation.
文摘The paper analyzed the concentrations of trace metals in fine and respirable particulates (fine-PM<sub>1</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>;respirable-PM<sub>10</sub>) to determine baseline concentrations in the ambient air and the factors impacting its distribution such as land use and time of year when levels may be concerning to public health. Measurements of particulates along with meteorological parameters were made at four sites over the heavily populated west coast of Trinidad (10<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>32'N, 61<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span></span>18'W) during March ’15-May ’16, representing rural, urban, mixed background and industrial land uses. The study found mean levels of trace metals to be highest at the industrial and urban stations. Public health exceedances (referenced to the Canadian AAQ public health standards <a href="#ref23">(Ontario-MoE, 2012)</a>) were measured for beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron, manganese and nickel (in PM<sub>10</sub>). Iron, manganese and nickel, most associated with particulates at the industrial station, were in frequent exceedance. Beryllium—concentrated in coarse PM (PM<sub>2.5-10</sub>) with only a single measured exceedance at the mixed background station likely poses minimal threat to the health of the nearby population. Cadmium—concentrated in fine PM which peaked once only at the rural station was likely due to an irregular event within a narrow timeframe during the time of sampling. Iron and manganese were frequently above the Canadian public health threshold, but predominated in the coarse PM fraction, suggesting localised sources. Nickel, concentrated in the fine PM fraction, was frequently in exceedance particularly at the industrial station. Cadmium and nickel are genotoxic and should be regulated in order to reduce the burden of toxic carcinogens to which the population can be exposed.
基金Project supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.1G2009312311750101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11375228,11204303,and U1332105)
文摘A systematic investigation of oxidation on a superconductive Fe Te_（0.5）Se_（0.5）thin film,which was grown on Nb-doped SrTiO_3（001） by pulsed laser deposition,has been carried out.The sample was exposed to ambient air for one month for oxidation.Macroscopically,the exposed specimen lost its superconductivity due to oxidation.The specimen was subjected to in situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy（PES） and x-ray absorption spectroscopy（XAS） measurements following cycles of annealing and argon ion etching treatments to unravel what happened in the electronic structure and composition after exposure to air.By the spectroscopic measurements,we found that the as-grown FeTe_（0.5）Se_（0.5）superconductive thin film experienced an element selective substitution reaction.The oxidation preferentially proceeds through pumping out the Te and forming Fe–O bonds by O substitution of Te.In addition,our results certify that in situ vacuum annealing and low-energy argon ion etching methods combined with spectroscopy are suitable for depth element and valence analysis of layered structure superconductor materials.
文摘Air Pollution is an escalating problem worldwide fuelled by increasing anthropogenic activities, speedy development, rapid industrialization, transportation, superfluous use of fossil fuel consumption, increasing global power needs, etc. Also the diverse meteorological factors influence our environment to a great extent. Population explosion has led to remarkable increase in vehicular population. The use solely depends upon the lifestyle of the citizen. Any change in the lifestyle has a remarkable effect on the air we breathe. A comprehensive database for pollution levels from the year 2006 to 2010 was analyzed for a main traffic intersection and a non-traffic area in Delhi (India). The paper asserts that pollutant concentration levels on weekend are lower than those on weekdays (increase on Sundays with respect to weekdays is CO 2.98 times, PM2.5 1.18 times, NO 1.62 times, NO2 5.76 times, SO2 1.27 times and O3 1.15 times). The pollution levels have been found to attenuate on public holidays and weekends. Pollution can hence be related to the weekly cycle of human activities. Pollutions due to vehicular emissions on roads, rails, air or water all serve as major sources of pollution. Hence, viably possible solutions for pollution control can also be achieved by controlling the magnitude of traffic flow on roads.
文摘Generation of baseline information about ambient air quality of any given region assumes significance, when the area is 1) an active mine site, 2) proposed to be mined out in future, and 3) industrialization in the area is in fast pace. Ambient air quality monitoring (with respect to SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx and CO) was carried out in and around two mining complexes in western parts of Kachchh district in Gujarat to generate baseline air quality status of the area. This area has two major mine complexes and various large scale industrial projects (thermal power plants, cement plants and several ports and jetties) are also in pipeline. Ambient air sampling was carried out in eight locations within five km radial distance from two major mine sites, i.e. Panandhro and Mata-na-Madh, with four locations for each mine site. Air Quality Indexing was done for all the locations, since it is a simplest way for the prediction of ambient air quality status of any region with respect to industrial, residential and rural areas. Of the eight locations studied the air quality for six locations fell under fairly clean (Light Air Pollution, AQI 25-50) category, while the rest (rural areas in the region), had relatively better air quality and fell under clean (Clean Air, AQI 10-25) category.
文摘To improve ambient air quality and return citizens blue sky and white clouds,national and local administrative departments all issue corresponding countermeasures to strictly prevent and control air pollution,reduce total pollutant emission,and improve environmental management level. In this paper,taking Tianjin as an example,change situation of regional air pollution and its prevention and control management situation were summarized.
文摘Introduction: The possible impact of ambient air pollution exposure on the development of active tuberculosis (TB) remains obscure. This study investigated the potential role of ambient air pollution in activating pulmonary TB (PTB) compared to extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Materials and Methods: Data on TB cases were obtained from national surveillance data in Malaysia during 2013 and air pollution data were obtained from 52 air-monitoring stations around the country for the 3-year period of 2011-2013. Analyses were performed to estimate the odds of PTB vs. EPTB with changes in the 3-year (2011-2013) average Air Pollutant Index (API) and specific ambient air pollutants. Results: Results showed that the 95th-percentile of API levels during 2011-2013 was moderate and it was not associated with PTB. However, the odds of active PTB compared to EPTB was significantly elevated with the 95th-percentile levels for particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (aOR = 1.006, 95% CI: 1.002, 1.011), p-value Conclusions: These results provide suggestive evidence of the effects of ambient air pollution on development of active pulmonary TB compared to extrapulmonary TB. Additional research on the impacts of ambient air pollution on TB is warranted.
文摘From 2007-2009, National Energy and Water Research Center (NEWRC) on behalf of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) conducted a long term baseline study of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter 2, SO2, and 8 hour average of CO were within the acceptable levels of 400, 300 and 30,000 μg/m3 respectively, whereas the levels of O3 as 8 hour average (3) and PM10 (3) occasionally exceeded the FEA permissible limits during the study period. Seasonal variation based on three years data reveals that the highest concentration of NO2 and SO2 were during winter and for CO and O3 during summer months. Results indicate that the levels of SO2 and CO were significantly controlled and improved while the fuel combustion of Al Mirfa power plant had increased from 2007 to 2009. Dust has significantly impact on the air quality by elevated levels of PM10 exceed in several instances associated with regional sand- storm during the monitoring period.
文摘We analyzed 1-hour, 8-hour and 24-hour averaged criteria pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, PM22.5, and PM10) during 2004 - 2009 at three observational sites i.e. Income Tax Office (ITO), Sirifort and Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) in Delhi, India. The analysis reveals increased pollutant concentrations at the urban ITO site as compared to the other two sites, suggesting the need to better locate hot spots in designing the monitoring network. There is also significant year to year variation in the design value trends of criteria pollutants at these three sites, which may be attributed to meteorological variations and local-level emission fluctuations. Correlations among criteria pollutants vary annually and spatially from site to site, indicating the heterogeneous nature of air mix. The annual ratios of CO/NOx are considerably higher than SO2/NOx confirming that vehicular source emissions are the primary contributors to air pollution in Delhi. The seasonal analysis of criteria pollutants reveals relatively higher concentrations in winter because of limited pollutant dispersion and lower concentrations during the monsoon period (rainy season). The diurnal averages of criteria pollutants reveal that vehicular emissions strongly influence temporal variations of these pollutants. Weekdays and weekend diurnal averages do not show noticeable differences.
文摘In this paper we have first of all studied the interrelations among the concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 and then predicted their future level of concentrations in the ambient air of Kolkata. The data collected from West Bengal Pollution Control Board website have been used to construct second degree, third degree and four degree polynomial equations using MATLAB software. Since a curve in a small interval can be approximated by a line segment in that small interval, we have observed that better result can be achieved if we replace the curves piece meal wise in small intervals by line segments during January-April, May-August and September-December months. The multiple regression equations among the aforesaid three parameters have been established to predict the value of each parameter in terms of the remaining two. A further improvement in terms of reducing the number of dependent variables has been made using the results of correlation coefficients. Finally, we have predicted the value of each parameter in terms of only one dependent variable.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3700702)the Energy Foundation,and the Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Institute Inter-disciplinary Program.
文摘The ambient air quality standard(AAQS)is a vital policy instrument for protecting the environment and human health.Hainan Province is at the forefront of China's efforts to protect its ecological environment,with an official goal to achieve world-leading air quality by 2035.However,neither the national AAQS nor the World Health Organization guideline offers sufficient guidance for improving air quality in Hainan because Hainan has well met the former while the latter is excessively stringent.Consequently,the establishment of Hainan's local AAQS becomes imperative.Nonetheless,research regarding the development of local AAQS is scarce,especially in comparatively more polluted countries such as China.The relatively high background values and significant interannual fluctuations in air pollutant concentrations in Hainan present challenges in the development of local AAQS.Our research proposes a world-class local AAQS of Hainan Province by reviewing the AAQS in major countries or regions worldwide,analyzing the influence of different statistical forms,and carefully evaluating the attainability of the standard.In the proposed AAQS,the annual mean concentration limit for PM2.5,the annual 95th percentile of daily maximum 8-h mean(MDA8)concentration limit for O_(3),and the peak season concentration limit for O_(3) are set at 10,120,and 85μg/m^(3),respectively.Our study indicates that,with effective control policies,Hainan is projected to achieve compliance with the new standard by 2035.The implementation of the local AAQS is estimated to avoid 1,526(1,253–1,789)and 259(132–501)premature deaths attributable to longterm exposure to PM2.5 and O_(3) in Hainan in 2035,respectively.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2019YFC0214800,2020YFC1806303 and 2016YFC0208100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution(No.2021YSKY-06)。
文摘Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management.Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards.To understand the history of the development of China’s ambient air quality standards,this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards,classification of functional areas,standard grading,pollutants,and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years.The results show that since the initial release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standard”by China in 1982,it has been supplemented once,revised twice,and modified twice.The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air.With the development of ambient air quality management,the number of pollutants has increased to ten.Since the release of the“Ambient Air Quality Standards”in 2012,the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved.However,the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low.At present,China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO2concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization(WHO)interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline(AQG).We further suggested that the SO2standard should be revised promptly.Simultaneously,regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.
文摘Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the association between SO2 exposure and semen quality parameters.This search encompassed the timeframe from January 2000 to May 2023 and included electronic databases such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,Cochrane,and Scopus.Pooled effect estimates with 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated using percent changes(PC).The meta-analysis included seven studies with 6711 participants and 15087 semen samples.Results:The results revealed a significant negative association between ambient SO2 exposure and certain semen quality parameters.In particular,SO2 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in progressive motility(PC=0.032;95%CI:-0.063 to-0.001;P=0.044)and sperm concentration(PC=-0.020;95%CI:-0.036 to-0.005;P=0.012).However,no statistically significant associations were observed for total sperm count(PC=-0.038;95%CI:-0.079 to 0.003;P=0.070),seminal fluid volume(PC=-0.009;95%CI:-0.048 to-0.030;P=0.662)and sperm motility(PC=-0.17;95%CI:-0.363 to 0.022;P=0.830).In addition,the results of the subgroup analysis revealed specific variables that were associated with the decrease in relevant sperm parameters.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides compelling evidence supporting a consistent negative association between exposure to ambient SO2 and semen quality parameters.
