直流系统是支撑高比例新能源接入与灵活高效用能的重要技术方向。固态式直流断路器(solid state DC circuit breaker,SSCB)具有开断速度极快、无电弧、寿命长等优点,在中低压直流系统的故障保护中得到广泛应用。随着电力电子器件的发展...直流系统是支撑高比例新能源接入与灵活高效用能的重要技术方向。固态式直流断路器(solid state DC circuit breaker,SSCB)具有开断速度极快、无电弧、寿命长等优点,在中低压直流系统的故障保护中得到广泛应用。随着电力电子器件的发展,固态式直流断路器的拓扑结构、工作性能也在不断进步。为此基于逆阻型集成门极换流晶闸管(intergated gate commutate thyristor,IGCT),提出了一种新型的固态式直流断路器结构及设计方法,通流支路采用逆阻IGCT反并联结构实现双向通流,缓冲支路采用金属氧化物避雷器(metal oxide varistor,MOV)-电容结构来抑制过电压,吸能支路采用MOV吸收系统能量。进一步地,给出了关键元器件的参数设计方法,并验证了有效性;设计了性能良好的重力热管散热器,单个模块散热功率可达700 W;提出了主被动结合的控保策略,提高断路器的保护性能。最后,研制了固态式直流断路器样机,可用于750 V以内的低压直流系统,额定通流可达2 kA,可在百微秒内开断10 kA故障电流,成本低、体积小、高可靠,具有良好的应用前景。展开更多
We first perform a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of anti-parallel magnetic reconnection to verify that in the electron diffusion region the reconnection electric field is mainly balanced by the gradient ...We first perform a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of anti-parallel magnetic reconnection to verify that in the electron diffusion region the reconnection electric field is mainly balanced by the gradient of the electron pressure. Then, by following typical electron trajectories in the fixed electromagnetic field of anti- parallel reconnection, we calculate the gradient of the electron pressure. We find that the resulted gradient of the electron pressure is equal to the reconnection electric field. This indicates that in the electron diffusion region the reconnection electric field is balanced by the gradient of the electron pressure, which results from the electron nongyrotropic motions. Our result gives a microphysical explanation of the balance between the reconnection electric field and the gradient of the electron pressure.展开更多
We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total o...We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total of 166 species （80 trees, 20 shrubs and 66 herbs） of 136 genera and 63 families were recorded in both study sites. The disturbance index at the two sites, Kumorakata Reserve Forest and Hojai Reserve Forest, were recorded at 11.4% and 3.70% respectively. Reverse J-shaped population curve and exploitation of tree species in higher girth classes were recorded at both study sites. In the girth classes （10-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm in size） the percentage of cut stump density was higher than the percentage of individual living trees. The 18% （Kumorakata Reserve Forest） and 7% （Hojai Reserve Forest） spe- cies were recorded as not regenerating. Illegal felling and over-exploitation of forest resources may lead to species-specific changes in the population structure and can alter the future structure and composi- tion of the forests.展开更多
We herein report two crystals based on 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）-2-oxoacetic acid rad- ical and its perchlorate, and investigate the relationship between magnetic properties and crystal stacking structures or s...We herein report two crystals based on 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）-2-oxoacetic acid rad- ical and its perchlorate, and investigate the relationship between magnetic properties and crystal stacking structures or supramolecular interactions. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical in two crystals mainly exist as diamagnetic dimer formed via short atomic contacts or supramolecular interactions （hydrogen bonds, anion-Tr or lone- pair-~r interactions）, leading to low magnetic susceptibilities. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical crystal exhibits quasi-one-dimensional columnar stacking chain and weak antiferromagnetism. However, its perchlorate crystal possesses one-dimensional double- stranded chain structure assembled through double hydrogen bonds and anion-To interactions, and reveals weak ferromagnetism.展开更多
Riemann hypothesis (RH) is a difficult problem. So far one doesn’t know how to go about it. Studying <i>ζ</i> and using analysis method likely are two incor-rect guides. Actually, a unique hope may study...Riemann hypothesis (RH) is a difficult problem. So far one doesn’t know how to go about it. Studying <i>ζ</i> and using analysis method likely are two incor-rect guides. Actually, a unique hope may study Riemann function <img alt="" src="Edit_8fcdfff5-6b95-42a4-8f47-2cabe2723dfc.bmp" />, <img alt="" src="Edit_6ce3a4bd-4c68-49e5-aabe-dec3e904e282.bmp" />, <img alt="" src="Edit_29ea252e-a81e-4b21-a41c-09209c780bb2.bmp" /> by geometric analysis, which has the symmetry: v=0 if <i>β</i>=0, and basic expression <img alt="" src="Edit_bc7a883f-312d-44fd-bcdd-00f25c92f80a.bmp" />. We show that |u| is single peak in each root-interval <img alt="" src="Edit_d7ca54c7-4866-4419-a4bd-cbb808b365af.bmp" /> of <i>u</i> for fixed <em>β</em> ∈(0,1/2]. Using the slope u<sub>t</sub>, we prove that <i>v</i> has opposite signs at two end-points of I<sub>j</sub>. There surely exists an inner point such that , so {|u|,|v|/<em>β</em>} form a local peak-valley structure, and have positive lower bound <img alt="" src="Edit_bac1a5f6-673e-49b6-892c-5adff0141376.bmp" /> in I<sub>j</sub>. Because each <i>t</i> must lie in some I<sub>j</sub>, then ||<em>ξ</em>|| > 0 is valid for any <i>t</i> (<i>i.e.</i> RH is true). Using the positivity <img alt="" src="Edit_83c3d2cf-aa7e-4aba-89f5-0eb44659918a.bmp" /> of Lagarias (1999), we show the strict monotone <img alt="" src="Edit_87eb4e9e-bc7b-43e3-b316-5dcf0efaf0d5.bmp" /> for <i>β</i> > <i>β</i><sub>0</sub> ≥ 0 , and the peak-valley structure is equiva-lent to RH, which may be the geometric model expected by Bombieri (2000). This research follows Liuhui’s methodology: “Computing can detect the un-known and method”.</i>展开更多
The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）...The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.展开更多
Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in th...Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in thickness; it was then cold rolled isothermally at room temperature for 85% reduction. The cold-rolled alloys were characterized by electron microscopy, hardness test, and tensile test to elucidate their structural evolution and evaluate their mechanical behavior. In the results, the cast alloy consists of a-aluminum and various intermetallic compounds. These compounds are segregated along the grain boundaries, which makes the alloy difficult to roll at room tem- perature. The combined effect of non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling results in the nano/microsized compounds distributed uniformly in the matrix. The hardness is substantially increased after rolling. This increase in hardness is attributed to the ultra-fine grain size, fine-scale intermetallic compounds, and structural defects （e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, and sub-grains）. The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled alloy is approximately 628 MPa with 7% ductility.展开更多
Viologens (<i>N,N'</i>-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium) are advanced functional materials, found important applications in electrochromic devices, molecular machines, organic batteries, and carbohydrate oxid...Viologens (<i>N,N'</i>-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium) are advanced functional materials, found important applications in electrochromic devices, molecular machines, organic batteries, and carbohydrate oxidation catalysts in alkaline fuel. In this article, we investigated the design, synthesis and photophysical properties of <i>N,N'</i>-dimethyl-2,5-Bis(pyridinium)oxadiazole <b>4</b> and its precursor 2,5- Bis(pyridine)oxadiazole<b> 2</b>. The crystal structure and photophysical properties of viologen <b>4</b> and precursor <b>2</b> have been determined. The viologen molecule <b>4</b> crystallized in monoclinic form, space group <i>P</i>2<sub>1</sub>/<i>n</i> with four molecules in unit cell. Precursor molecule <b>2</b> also crystalized in monoclinic form, space group <i>C</i>2/<i>c</i> with four molecules in unit cell. From X-rd data, we found three cations in the molecular structure of viologen molecule <b>4</b>, which is unusual in viologens. In the three-dimensional molecular packing diagram of molecule <b>4</b>, the three cations and iodate anions are stabilized by C···C, C···I, N···I, N···H, H···I, N—H···I and C—H···I. The dihedral angle between planes having oxadiazole and two benzene rings are 5°and 8°, suggesting the molecule <b>4</b> is a slightly strained one. The molecular structure of precursor molecule <b>2</b> stabilized by C···C and N···H short contacts between the molecules. The molecule <b>4</b> displayed strong absorbance at 315 nm and emissions between 390 - 410 nm.展开更多
In recent years,one-dimensional(1D)nanomaterials have raised researcher's interest because of their unique structur-al characteristic to generate and confine the optical signal and their promising prospects in pho...In recent years,one-dimensional(1D)nanomaterials have raised researcher's interest because of their unique structur-al characteristic to generate and confine the optical signal and their promising prospects in photonic applications.In this re-view,we summarized the recent research advances on the spectroscopy and carrier dynamics of 1D nanostructures.First,the condensation and propagation of exciton-polaritons in nanowires(NWs)are introduced.Second,we discussed the properties of 1D photonic crystal(PC)and applications in photonic-plasmonic structures.Third,the observation of topological edge states in 1D topological structures is introduced.Finally,the perspective on the potential opportunities and remaining chal-lenges of 1D nanomaterials is proposed.展开更多
The design of single-and quad-band Bandpass Filter(BPF)topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things(IoT)devices.The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator(SRR),...The design of single-and quad-band Bandpass Filter(BPF)topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things(IoT)devices.The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator(SRR),separated by the Anti-Parallel Coupled Line Structure(APCLS).A detailed analysis of APCLS has been presented,which is further used to construct the single-and quad-band BPF.The single-band BPF design consists of SRR loaded with APCLS.The developed single-band BPF displays a dual-mode response with a center frequency of 2.65 GHz and a measured fractional bandwidth of 17.17%.Moreover,a quad-band bandpass filter has been achieved using the same topology with minor modification in the SRR and APCLS electrical parameters.The developed quad-band BPF generates a dual-mode response having center frequencies of 1.2,2.4,3.5,and 4.7 GHz with the measured fractional bandwidth of 13%,26%,16%,and 5%,respectively.Two prototypes have been fabricated on the highfrequency substrate to validate the proposed topologies.Very high rejection in the stopbands region,little in-band insertion loss,and very selective passband have been measured for single-and quad-band BPFs.The measured and simulated results are well correlated.展开更多
A review is presented of studies of polymeric membranes by applying positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy （PALS）. PALS has been used to study subnanometer-sized holes, to determine their size distribution and ...A review is presented of studies of polymeric membranes by applying positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy （PALS）. PALS has been used to study subnanometer-sized holes, to determine their size distribution and free-volume fractions, and to probe molecular-sized vacancies in glassy polymers. At present, PALS is believed to be a highly effective physical method for the examination of polymeric membranes.展开更多
T<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his paper aims to analyze the competitive position of Port of D...T<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his paper aims to analyze the competitive position of Port of Douala in Central African ports market structure. In other words, it consists of measuring port market level and competitiveness through an assessment of their growth rate and market share. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The purpose of the paper is to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provide us with information on periodical changing status of ports competing with each other. It also provides us with an effective managerial tool to port operators in the assessment of ports market share and position. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For doing so, the measurement technique as Shift-Share Analysis was applied in the study by using a panel dataset of the 7 selected ports of Central Africa sub-region from 2008 to 2018. The paper used the recent dynamics and characteristics of port market in terms of port throughputs to compare the yearly trend and market share. By conducting the study of the market growth rate model, the findings showed that the Port of Douala was the top leader of the market in 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2018. The findings also revealed the competitive positions of these ports under study have changed over the period of study due to the significant change of their market share with average growth rates. The final results showed that several determinant factors have affected the present hierarchy of competitiveness level in the selected ports market especially with small and medium size ports that are strengthening their positions vis-a-vis larger ones. However, the results could be used for analyzing the relative efficiency and overall performance of the Central African Sub-regional seaports including the Cameroonian ports.</span></span></span>展开更多
The fabric structures for both the base structures and thecover of multilayer conveyer belts are introduced in thispaper.It is also of general significances to use these fab-rics in composite materials.
Reaction products of 2,4,6-tris(4-phenyl-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine derived from 4-phenylphenol cyanate ester and phenyl glycidyl ether were analyzed. In addition to an isocyanurate compound and an oxazolidone compound w...Reaction products of 2,4,6-tris(4-phenyl-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine derived from 4-phenylphenol cyanate ester and phenyl glycidyl ether were analyzed. In addition to an isocyanurate compound and an oxazolidone compound which were well known as reaction products of cyanate esters and epoxy resins, compounds with hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate were determined. Gibbs free energies of the compound having hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate with two isocyanurate moiety were found to be lower than that of the compound with cyanurate ring structure through calculations. Calculation data supported the existence of hybrid ring structure of cy-anurate/isocyanurate. It was revealed that isomerization from cyanurate to isocyanurate occurs via hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate in the reaction of aryl cyanurate and epoxy.展开更多
The organized three-dimensional chromosome architecture in the cell nucleus provides scaffolding for precise regulation of gene expression.When the cell changes its identity in the cell-fate decision-making process,ex...The organized three-dimensional chromosome architecture in the cell nucleus provides scaffolding for precise regulation of gene expression.When the cell changes its identity in the cell-fate decision-making process,extensive rearrangements of chromo-some structures occur accompanied by large-scale adaptations of gene expression,underscoring the importance of chromosome dynamics in shaping genome function.Over the last two decades,rapid development of experimental methods has provided unprecedented data to characterize the hierarchical structures and dynamic properties of chromosomes.In parallel,these enormous data offer valuable opportunities for developing quantitative computational models.Here,we review a variety of large-scale polymer models developed to investigate the structures and dynamics of chromosomes.Different from the underlying modeling strategies,these approaches can be classified into data-driven(‘top-down’)and physics-based(‘bottom-up’)categories.We discuss their contributions to offering valuable insights into the relationships among the structures,dynamics,and functions of chromosomes and propose the perspective of developing data integration approaches from different experimental technologies and multidisciplinary theoretical/simulation methods combined with different modeling strategies.展开更多
TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1)is an important enzyme in the regulation of cellular antiviral effects.TBK1 regulates the activity of the interferon regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7,thereby playing a key role in type I int...TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1)is an important enzyme in the regulation of cellular antiviral effects.TBK1 regulates the activity of the interferon regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7,thereby playing a key role in type I interferon(IFN)signaling pathways.The structure of TBK1 consists of an N-terminal kinase domain,a middle ubiquitin-like domain(ULD),and a C-terminal elongated helical domain.It has been reported that the ULD of TBK1 regulates kinase activity,playing an important role in signaling and mediating interactions with other molecules in the IFN pathway.In this study,we present the crystal structure of the ULD of human TBK1 and identify several con-served residues by multiple sequence alignment.We found that a hydrophobic patch in TBK1,containing residues Leu316,Ile353,and Val382,corresponding to the“Ile44 hydrophobic patch”observed in ubiquitin,was conserved in TBK1,IκB kinase epsilon(IKKε/IKKi),IκB kinase alpha(IKKα),and IκB kinase beta(IKKβ).In com-parison with the structure of the IKKβULD domain of Xenopus laevis,we speculate that the Ile44 hydrophobic patch of TBK1 is present in an intramolecular binding surface between ULD and the C-terminal elongated heli-ces.The varying surface charge distributions in the ULD domains of IKK and IKK-related kinases may be relevant to their specificity for specific partners.展开更多
The techniques of oxygen electrode polarogra-phy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed to explore the roles of polar head-group of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecules in the functional and ...The techniques of oxygen electrode polarogra-phy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed to explore the roles of polar head-group of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecules in the functional and structural aspects of photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) through enzymatic approach. It was shown that the depletion of PG by treatment of phospholipase C (PLC) on PS Ⅱ particles caused the inhibition of oxygen evolving activity in PS Ⅱ. This effect also gave rise to changes in the protein secondary structures of PS Ⅱ, that is, an increase in a-helical conformation which is compensated by the loss of p-strand structures. It revealed that the head-group of PG molecules plays an important structural role in the maintenance of normal structure of PS Ⅱ proteins, which is required to maintain the appropriate physiological activity of the PS Ⅱ complex such as the oxygen evolving activity. It is suggested that there most probably exist hydrogen-bonding interactions between PG molecules and PS Ⅱ proteins.展开更多
Guanidimium-4,4-azo-l-hydro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one （GZTO·H2O） was synthesized from 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol- 5-one as a starting material by two-step including oxidation coupling using acid KMnO4 and reaction with （...Guanidimium-4,4-azo-l-hydro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one （GZTO·H2O） was synthesized from 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol- 5-one as a starting material by two-step including oxidation coupling using acid KMnO4 and reaction with （NH2）2C=NHoHNO3 （GN） in KOH solution. The single crystal of the title compound was obtained by slow evapo- ration method at room temperature, and its structure was firstly determined with X-ray single-crystal diffractometer. It is a orthorhombic crystal, space group Pbca with cell dimensions of a = 1.0459（2） nm, b =- 1.3584（3） nm, c= 1.6103（3） nm, a= 90.00（10）°, β=90.00（11）°,γ=90.00（11）°, V=2.2878（8） nm3, Z=8, De= 1.587 gocm-3, F（000） = 1136,/l = 0.132 mm- 1, R1 = 0.0455, wR2 = 0. 1397. The thermal behavior of GZTO·H2O was studied under a non-isothermal condition by DSC-TGA method, and its thermal decomposition process can be divided into three stages, and the first stage is an intense exothermic decomposition process. The second stage and the third stage are slow exothermic decomposition processes. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 237.74℃.展开更多
Time domain analysis is an essential implement to study the buffeting behavior of long-span bridges for it can consider the non-linear effect which is significant in long-span bridges. The prerequisite of time domain ...Time domain analysis is an essential implement to study the buffeting behavior of long-span bridges for it can consider the non-linear effect which is significant in long-span bridges. The prerequisite of time domain analysis is the accurate description of 3D turbulence winds. In this paper, some hypotheses for simplifying the 3D turbulence simulation of long-span cable-stayed bridges are conducted, considering the structural characteristics. The turbulence wind which is a 3D multivariate stochastic vector process is converted into four independent 1D univariate stochastic processes. Based on recorded wind data from structural health monitoring system (SHMS) of the Sutong Bridge, China, the measured spectra expressions are then presented using the nonlinear least-squares fitting method. Turbulence winds at the Sutong Bridge site are simulated based on the spectral representation method and the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, and the relevant results derived from target spectra including measured spectra and recommended spectra are compared. The reliability and accuracy of the presented turbulence simulation method are validated through comparisons between simulated and target spectra (measured and recommended spectra). The obtained turbulence si-mulations can not only serve further analysis of the buffeting behavior of the Sutong Bridge, but references for structural anti-wind design in adjacent regions.展开更多
Detection and clarification of cause-effect relationships among variables is an important problem in time series analysis. Traditional causality inference methods have a salient limitation that the model must be linea...Detection and clarification of cause-effect relationships among variables is an important problem in time series analysis. Traditional causality inference methods have a salient limitation that the model must be linear and with Gaussian noise. Although additive model regression can effectively infer the nonlinear causal relationships of additive nonlinear time series, it suffers from the limitation that contemporaneous causal relationships of variables must be linear and not always valid to test conditional independence relations. This paper provides a nonparametric method that employs both mutual information and conditional mutual information to identify causal structure of a class of nonlinear time series models, which extends the additive nonlinear times series to nonlinear structural vector autoregressive models. An algorithm is developed to learn the contemporaneous and the lagged causal relationships of variables. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the nroosed method.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 41331067,11220101002,11235009,41274144and 41121003the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant Nos 2013CBA01503 and 2012CB825602+1 种基金the Ph.D.Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China under Grant No 20123402120010the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No KZZD-EW-01-4
文摘We first perform a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of anti-parallel magnetic reconnection to verify that in the electron diffusion region the reconnection electric field is mainly balanced by the gradient of the electron pressure. Then, by following typical electron trajectories in the fixed electromagnetic field of anti- parallel reconnection, we calculate the gradient of the electron pressure. We find that the resulted gradient of the electron pressure is equal to the reconnection electric field. This indicates that in the electron diffusion region the reconnection electric field is balanced by the gradient of the electron pressure, which results from the electron nongyrotropic motions. Our result gives a microphysical explanation of the balance between the reconnection electric field and the gradient of the electron pressure.
文摘We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total of 166 species （80 trees, 20 shrubs and 66 herbs） of 136 genera and 63 families were recorded in both study sites. The disturbance index at the two sites, Kumorakata Reserve Forest and Hojai Reserve Forest, were recorded at 11.4% and 3.70% respectively. Reverse J-shaped population curve and exploitation of tree species in higher girth classes were recorded at both study sites. In the girth classes （10-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm in size） the percentage of cut stump density was higher than the percentage of individual living trees. The 18% （Kumorakata Reserve Forest） and 7% （Hojai Reserve Forest） spe- cies were recorded as not regenerating. Illegal felling and over-exploitation of forest resources may lead to species-specific changes in the population structure and can alter the future structure and composi- tion of the forests.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.21172210）.
文摘We herein report two crystals based on 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）-2-oxoacetic acid rad- ical and its perchlorate, and investigate the relationship between magnetic properties and crystal stacking structures or supramolecular interactions. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical in two crystals mainly exist as diamagnetic dimer formed via short atomic contacts or supramolecular interactions （hydrogen bonds, anion-Tr or lone- pair-~r interactions）, leading to low magnetic susceptibilities. 2-（imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl）- 2-oxoaeetic acid radical crystal exhibits quasi-one-dimensional columnar stacking chain and weak antiferromagnetism. However, its perchlorate crystal possesses one-dimensional double- stranded chain structure assembled through double hydrogen bonds and anion-To interactions, and reveals weak ferromagnetism.
文摘Riemann hypothesis (RH) is a difficult problem. So far one doesn’t know how to go about it. Studying <i>ζ</i> and using analysis method likely are two incor-rect guides. Actually, a unique hope may study Riemann function <img alt="" src="Edit_8fcdfff5-6b95-42a4-8f47-2cabe2723dfc.bmp" />, <img alt="" src="Edit_6ce3a4bd-4c68-49e5-aabe-dec3e904e282.bmp" />, <img alt="" src="Edit_29ea252e-a81e-4b21-a41c-09209c780bb2.bmp" /> by geometric analysis, which has the symmetry: v=0 if <i>β</i>=0, and basic expression <img alt="" src="Edit_bc7a883f-312d-44fd-bcdd-00f25c92f80a.bmp" />. We show that |u| is single peak in each root-interval <img alt="" src="Edit_d7ca54c7-4866-4419-a4bd-cbb808b365af.bmp" /> of <i>u</i> for fixed <em>β</em> ∈(0,1/2]. Using the slope u<sub>t</sub>, we prove that <i>v</i> has opposite signs at two end-points of I<sub>j</sub>. There surely exists an inner point such that , so {|u|,|v|/<em>β</em>} form a local peak-valley structure, and have positive lower bound <img alt="" src="Edit_bac1a5f6-673e-49b6-892c-5adff0141376.bmp" /> in I<sub>j</sub>. Because each <i>t</i> must lie in some I<sub>j</sub>, then ||<em>ξ</em>|| > 0 is valid for any <i>t</i> (<i>i.e.</i> RH is true). Using the positivity <img alt="" src="Edit_83c3d2cf-aa7e-4aba-89f5-0eb44659918a.bmp" /> of Lagarias (1999), we show the strict monotone <img alt="" src="Edit_87eb4e9e-bc7b-43e3-b316-5dcf0efaf0d5.bmp" /> for <i>β</i> > <i>β</i><sub>0</sub> ≥ 0 , and the peak-valley structure is equiva-lent to RH, which may be the geometric model expected by Bombieri (2000). This research follows Liuhui’s methodology: “Computing can detect the un-known and method”.</i>
基金Projected supported by the Innovation Research Foundations for Postgraduates of National University of Defense Technology and Hunan Provincethe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61008037)
文摘The nano-particle-based planar laser scattering （NPLS） technique is used to measure the density distribution in the supersonic mixing layer of the convective Mach number 0.12, and the optical path difference （OPL）, which is quite crucial for the study of aero-optics, is obtained by post processing. Based on the high spatiotemporal resolutions of the NPLS, the structure of the OPL is ana]ysed using wavelet methods. The coherent structures of the OPL are extracted using three methods, including the methods of thresholding the coefficients of the orthogonal wavelet transform and the wavelet packet transform, and preserving a number of wavelet packet coefficients with the largest amplitudes determined by the entropy dimension. Their performances are compared, and the method using the wavelet packet is the best. Based on the viewpoint of multifractals, we study the OPL by the wavelet transform maxima method （WTMM）, and the result indicates that its scaling behaviour is evident.
文摘Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in thickness; it was then cold rolled isothermally at room temperature for 85% reduction. The cold-rolled alloys were characterized by electron microscopy, hardness test, and tensile test to elucidate their structural evolution and evaluate their mechanical behavior. In the results, the cast alloy consists of a-aluminum and various intermetallic compounds. These compounds are segregated along the grain boundaries, which makes the alloy difficult to roll at room tem- perature. The combined effect of non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling results in the nano/microsized compounds distributed uniformly in the matrix. The hardness is substantially increased after rolling. This increase in hardness is attributed to the ultra-fine grain size, fine-scale intermetallic compounds, and structural defects （e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, and sub-grains）. The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled alloy is approximately 628 MPa with 7% ductility.
文摘Viologens (<i>N,N'</i>-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium) are advanced functional materials, found important applications in electrochromic devices, molecular machines, organic batteries, and carbohydrate oxidation catalysts in alkaline fuel. In this article, we investigated the design, synthesis and photophysical properties of <i>N,N'</i>-dimethyl-2,5-Bis(pyridinium)oxadiazole <b>4</b> and its precursor 2,5- Bis(pyridine)oxadiazole<b> 2</b>. The crystal structure and photophysical properties of viologen <b>4</b> and precursor <b>2</b> have been determined. The viologen molecule <b>4</b> crystallized in monoclinic form, space group <i>P</i>2<sub>1</sub>/<i>n</i> with four molecules in unit cell. Precursor molecule <b>2</b> also crystalized in monoclinic form, space group <i>C</i>2/<i>c</i> with four molecules in unit cell. From X-rd data, we found three cations in the molecular structure of viologen molecule <b>4</b>, which is unusual in viologens. In the three-dimensional molecular packing diagram of molecule <b>4</b>, the three cations and iodate anions are stabilized by C···C, C···I, N···I, N···H, H···I, N—H···I and C—H···I. The dihedral angle between planes having oxadiazole and two benzene rings are 5°and 8°, suggesting the molecule <b>4</b> is a slightly strained one. The molecular structure of precursor molecule <b>2</b> stabilized by C···C and N···H short contacts between the molecules. The molecule <b>4</b> displayed strong absorbance at 315 nm and emissions between 390 - 410 nm.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB36000000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22073022,11874130,12074086,22173025)+3 种基金the Support by the DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL202016)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M710925)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(1222030)the CAS Instrument Development Project(No.Y950291).
文摘In recent years,one-dimensional(1D)nanomaterials have raised researcher's interest because of their unique structur-al characteristic to generate and confine the optical signal and their promising prospects in photonic applications.In this re-view,we summarized the recent research advances on the spectroscopy and carrier dynamics of 1D nanostructures.First,the condensation and propagation of exciton-polaritons in nanowires(NWs)are introduced.Second,we discussed the properties of 1D photonic crystal(PC)and applications in photonic-plasmonic structures.Third,the observation of topological edge states in 1D topological structures is introduced.Finally,the perspective on the potential opportunities and remaining chal-lenges of 1D nanomaterials is proposed.
文摘The design of single-and quad-band Bandpass Filter(BPF)topology has been presented in this paper for next-generation Internet of Things(IoT)devices.The main topology is constructed using the Split Ring Resonator(SRR),separated by the Anti-Parallel Coupled Line Structure(APCLS).A detailed analysis of APCLS has been presented,which is further used to construct the single-and quad-band BPF.The single-band BPF design consists of SRR loaded with APCLS.The developed single-band BPF displays a dual-mode response with a center frequency of 2.65 GHz and a measured fractional bandwidth of 17.17%.Moreover,a quad-band bandpass filter has been achieved using the same topology with minor modification in the SRR and APCLS electrical parameters.The developed quad-band BPF generates a dual-mode response having center frequencies of 1.2,2.4,3.5,and 4.7 GHz with the measured fractional bandwidth of 13%,26%,16%,and 5%,respectively.Two prototypes have been fabricated on the highfrequency substrate to validate the proposed topologies.Very high rejection in the stopbands region,little in-band insertion loss,and very selective passband have been measured for single-and quad-band BPFs.The measured and simulated results are well correlated.
基金The project supported by the Hundred-Persons Plan Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003
文摘A review is presented of studies of polymeric membranes by applying positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy （PALS）. PALS has been used to study subnanometer-sized holes, to determine their size distribution and free-volume fractions, and to probe molecular-sized vacancies in glassy polymers. At present, PALS is believed to be a highly effective physical method for the examination of polymeric membranes.
文摘T<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his paper aims to analyze the competitive position of Port of Douala in Central African ports market structure. In other words, it consists of measuring port market level and competitiveness through an assessment of their growth rate and market share. </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The purpose of the paper is to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">provide us with information on periodical changing status of ports competing with each other. It also provides us with an effective managerial tool to port operators in the assessment of ports market share and position. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">For doing so, the measurement technique as Shift-Share Analysis was applied in the study by using a panel dataset of the 7 selected ports of Central Africa sub-region from 2008 to 2018. The paper used the recent dynamics and characteristics of port market in terms of port throughputs to compare the yearly trend and market share. By conducting the study of the market growth rate model, the findings showed that the Port of Douala was the top leader of the market in 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2018. The findings also revealed the competitive positions of these ports under study have changed over the period of study due to the significant change of their market share with average growth rates. The final results showed that several determinant factors have affected the present hierarchy of competitiveness level in the selected ports market especially with small and medium size ports that are strengthening their positions vis-a-vis larger ones. However, the results could be used for analyzing the relative efficiency and overall performance of the Central African Sub-regional seaports including the Cameroonian ports.</span></span></span>
文摘The fabric structures for both the base structures and thecover of multilayer conveyer belts are introduced in thispaper.It is also of general significances to use these fab-rics in composite materials.
文摘Reaction products of 2,4,6-tris(4-phenyl-phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine derived from 4-phenylphenol cyanate ester and phenyl glycidyl ether were analyzed. In addition to an isocyanurate compound and an oxazolidone compound which were well known as reaction products of cyanate esters and epoxy resins, compounds with hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate were determined. Gibbs free energies of the compound having hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate with two isocyanurate moiety were found to be lower than that of the compound with cyanurate ring structure through calculations. Calculation data supported the existence of hybrid ring structure of cy-anurate/isocyanurate. It was revealed that isomerization from cyanurate to isocyanurate occurs via hybrid ring structure of cyanurate/isocyanurate in the reaction of aryl cyanurate and epoxy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32201020)the general program(grant no.2023A04J0083)+1 种基金the Guangzhou–HKUST(GZ)joint funding program(grant no.2023A03J0060)of Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Projectfunded by the Municipal Key Laboratory Construction Program of Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project(grant no.2023A03J0003).
文摘The organized three-dimensional chromosome architecture in the cell nucleus provides scaffolding for precise regulation of gene expression.When the cell changes its identity in the cell-fate decision-making process,extensive rearrangements of chromo-some structures occur accompanied by large-scale adaptations of gene expression,underscoring the importance of chromosome dynamics in shaping genome function.Over the last two decades,rapid development of experimental methods has provided unprecedented data to characterize the hierarchical structures and dynamic properties of chromosomes.In parallel,these enormous data offer valuable opportunities for developing quantitative computational models.Here,we review a variety of large-scale polymer models developed to investigate the structures and dynamics of chromosomes.Different from the underlying modeling strategies,these approaches can be classified into data-driven(‘top-down’)and physics-based(‘bottom-up’)categories.We discuss their contributions to offering valuable insights into the relationships among the structures,dynamics,and functions of chromosomes and propose the perspective of developing data integration approaches from different experimental technologies and multidisciplinary theoretical/simulation methods combined with different modeling strategies.
基金supported by grants from the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Program)(Grant Nos.2011CB910304 and 2012CB910204)to YLthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30925011,31030024 and 31021062).
文摘TANK-binding kinase 1(TBK1)is an important enzyme in the regulation of cellular antiviral effects.TBK1 regulates the activity of the interferon regulatory factors IRF3 and IRF7,thereby playing a key role in type I interferon(IFN)signaling pathways.The structure of TBK1 consists of an N-terminal kinase domain,a middle ubiquitin-like domain(ULD),and a C-terminal elongated helical domain.It has been reported that the ULD of TBK1 regulates kinase activity,playing an important role in signaling and mediating interactions with other molecules in the IFN pathway.In this study,we present the crystal structure of the ULD of human TBK1 and identify several con-served residues by multiple sequence alignment.We found that a hydrophobic patch in TBK1,containing residues Leu316,Ile353,and Val382,corresponding to the“Ile44 hydrophobic patch”observed in ubiquitin,was conserved in TBK1,IκB kinase epsilon(IKKε/IKKi),IκB kinase alpha(IKKα),and IκB kinase beta(IKKβ).In com-parison with the structure of the IKKβULD domain of Xenopus laevis,we speculate that the Ile44 hydrophobic patch of TBK1 is present in an intramolecular binding surface between ULD and the C-terminal elongated heli-ces.The varying surface charge distributions in the ULD domains of IKK and IKK-related kinases may be relevant to their specificity for specific partners.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39890390) the State Basic Research Development Plan of China (Grant No. G1998010100)the Innovative Foundation of Laboratory of Photosynthesis Basic Research, Insti
文摘The techniques of oxygen electrode polarogra-phy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were employed to explore the roles of polar head-group of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) molecules in the functional and structural aspects of photosystem Ⅱ (PS Ⅱ) through enzymatic approach. It was shown that the depletion of PG by treatment of phospholipase C (PLC) on PS Ⅱ particles caused the inhibition of oxygen evolving activity in PS Ⅱ. This effect also gave rise to changes in the protein secondary structures of PS Ⅱ, that is, an increase in a-helical conformation which is compensated by the loss of p-strand structures. It revealed that the head-group of PG molecules plays an important structural role in the maintenance of normal structure of PS Ⅱ proteins, which is required to maintain the appropriate physiological activity of the PS Ⅱ complex such as the oxygen evolving activity. It is suggested that there most probably exist hydrogen-bonding interactions between PG molecules and PS Ⅱ proteins.
基金Project Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 20803058） and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province （No. 2007B08）.
文摘Guanidimium-4,4-azo-l-hydro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one （GZTO·H2O） was synthesized from 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol- 5-one as a starting material by two-step including oxidation coupling using acid KMnO4 and reaction with （NH2）2C=NHoHNO3 （GN） in KOH solution. The single crystal of the title compound was obtained by slow evapo- ration method at room temperature, and its structure was firstly determined with X-ray single-crystal diffractometer. It is a orthorhombic crystal, space group Pbca with cell dimensions of a = 1.0459（2） nm, b =- 1.3584（3） nm, c= 1.6103（3） nm, a= 90.00（10）°, β=90.00（11）°,γ=90.00（11）°, V=2.2878（8） nm3, Z=8, De= 1.587 gocm-3, F（000） = 1136,/l = 0.132 mm- 1, R1 = 0.0455, wR2 = 0. 1397. The thermal behavior of GZTO·H2O was studied under a non-isothermal condition by DSC-TGA method, and its thermal decomposition process can be divided into three stages, and the first stage is an intense exothermic decomposition process. The second stage and the third stage are slow exothermic decomposition processes. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 237.74℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 50725828, 50908046, and 50978056)the Teaching & Scientific Research Fund for Excellent Young Teachers of Southeast University+2 种基金the Open Fund of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Impact and Structural Safety in Engineeringthe Basic Scientific & Research Fund of Southeast University (No. Seucx-201106)the Priority Academic Program Development Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China
文摘Time domain analysis is an essential implement to study the buffeting behavior of long-span bridges for it can consider the non-linear effect which is significant in long-span bridges. The prerequisite of time domain analysis is the accurate description of 3D turbulence winds. In this paper, some hypotheses for simplifying the 3D turbulence simulation of long-span cable-stayed bridges are conducted, considering the structural characteristics. The turbulence wind which is a 3D multivariate stochastic vector process is converted into four independent 1D univariate stochastic processes. Based on recorded wind data from structural health monitoring system (SHMS) of the Sutong Bridge, China, the measured spectra expressions are then presented using the nonlinear least-squares fitting method. Turbulence winds at the Sutong Bridge site are simulated based on the spectral representation method and the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, and the relevant results derived from target spectra including measured spectra and recommended spectra are compared. The reliability and accuracy of the presented turbulence simulation method are validated through comparisons between simulated and target spectra (measured and recommended spectra). The obtained turbulence si-mulations can not only serve further analysis of the buffeting behavior of the Sutong Bridge, but references for structural anti-wind design in adjacent regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.60972150 and 10926197
文摘Detection and clarification of cause-effect relationships among variables is an important problem in time series analysis. Traditional causality inference methods have a salient limitation that the model must be linear and with Gaussian noise. Although additive model regression can effectively infer the nonlinear causal relationships of additive nonlinear time series, it suffers from the limitation that contemporaneous causal relationships of variables must be linear and not always valid to test conditional independence relations. This paper provides a nonparametric method that employs both mutual information and conditional mutual information to identify causal structure of a class of nonlinear time series models, which extends the additive nonlinear times series to nonlinear structural vector autoregressive models. An algorithm is developed to learn the contemporaneous and the lagged causal relationships of variables. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the nroosed method.
