The life cycle phase of fossil fuel extraction is mainly considered in the life cycle assessment(LCA)when evaluating the energy production processes.It is then only one of many unit processes,which contribute to the b...The life cycle phase of fossil fuel extraction is mainly considered in the life cycle assessment(LCA)when evaluating the energy production processes.It is then only one of many unit processes,which contribute to the blurring of mining-relevant results.There are few items in the literature focusing exclusively on the lignite mining phase and analysing the specific mining conditions and associated environmental impacts.The article focuses on the LCA of lignite mining processes on the basis of data coming from a Polish mine.The technology for opencast lignite mining is noted for its high production efficiency,high level of recovery and lower risk as regards the safety of workers when compared with underground mining systems.However,the need to remove large amounts of overburden to uncover the deposit contributes to a much greater degradation of the landscape.Analysing the results obtained,several key(hot spot)elements of the lignite mining operations were distinguished for modelling the environmental impact,i.e.:calorific value,the amount of electricity consumption,the manner in which waste and overburden are managed.As a result there is a high sensitivity of the final indicator to changes in these impacts.展开更多
The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, buildi...The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, building information <span>modeling (BIM) and building energy modeling (BEM) are two important to</span>ols to make the transition to net-zero energy buildings (NZEB). So far, little attention has been devoted, in the literature, to discuss the connection between BIM, BEM, and Life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is the main topic of this article. A literature review of 157 journal articles and conference proceedings published between 1990 and 2020 is presented. This review outlines knowledge gaps concerning BIM, BEM, and environmental impact assessment. It suggests that defining the process with the right technology (at the right time) would result in a more integrated design process (IDP) and bridge current gaps. The most efficient way to improve process and technology is related to the competences of the architects, engineers and constructors (AEC). The review also indicates that the IDP in the early design phases (EDP) is in need of improvement for architects and engineers, where a better connection between design phases, specific levels of development (LOD) and BIM tools is needed. <span>Competences, process and technology are the three main themes addressed in the review. Their relation to design phases and LOD is discussed. The aim </span>is to propose possible solutions to the current hinders in BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) and BIM-for-LCA (BIM4LCA) integration.展开更多
Rail transit plays a key role in mitigating transportation system carbon emissions.Accurate measurement of urban rail transit carbon emission can help quantify the contribution of urban rail transit towards urban tran...Rail transit plays a key role in mitigating transportation system carbon emissions.Accurate measurement of urban rail transit carbon emission can help quantify the contribution of urban rail transit towards urban transportation carbon emission reduction.Since the whole life cycle of urban rail transit carbon emission measurement involves a wide range of aspects,a systematic framework model is required for analysis.This research reviews the existing studies on carbon emission of urban rail transit.First,the characteristics of urban rail transit carbon emission were determined and the complexity of carbon emission measurement was analyzed.Then,the urban rail transit carbon emission measurement models were compared and analyzed in terms of the selection of research boundaries,the types of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions calculation,and the accuracy of the measurement.Following that,an intelligent station was introduced to analyze the practical application of digital collaboration technology and energy-saving and carbon-reducing system platforms for rail transit.Finally,the urgent problems and future research directions at this stage were discussed.This research presents the necessity of establishing a dynamic carbon emission factor library and the important development trend of system integration of carbon emission measurement and digital system technology.展开更多
Enterprises must be concerned about the environment when seeking economic benefit. However,because of the defect of the market economy,enterprises are difficult to carry out green supply chain management spontaneously...Enterprises must be concerned about the environment when seeking economic benefit. However,because of the defect of the market economy,enterprises are difficult to carry out green supply chain management spontaneously. In order to solve the above problem,the feasibility of the government as an external driving force to lead the implementation of green supply chain management was studied,and then a mixed guidance model of enterprise green supply chain management was established. In addition,the mechanisms of the government encouraging enterprises to implement green supply chain management were discussed,including negative punitive measures( fines and taxes) and positive incentive measures( subsidies and tax reduction) and the supplementary function of environmental credit system policy to realize government-led green supply chain management,which provides certain guiding for achieving the sustainable development of enterprises and society.展开更多
The need for environmental education, which incorporates the life cycle concept into the learning program, will become increasingly greater all over the world. In the present study, an e-learning system, which is made...The need for environmental education, which incorporates the life cycle concept into the learning program, will become increasingly greater all over the world. In the present study, an e-learning system, which is made up of 3 parts including text-based learning materials, quizzes to review the content of the learning materials and CO<sub>2</sub> emission simulation, was designed and developed with the purpose of supporting environmental learning. Targeting a wide range of people, the operation period of this system was 1 month. Based on the results of questionnaire survey for users, it was evident that the quiz function and the simulation function of CO<sub>2</sub> emission contributed to the efficiency in environmental learning, and the format of the e-learning system was effective and helpful for environmental learning. Additionally, with the users’ awareness related to environmental conservation before and after using the system, significant changes in awareness were seen in areas such as behavioral intention, sense of urgency and sense of connection. Furthermore, as it was revealed that 62% of the total access numbers were from mobile devices, it was effective to prepare an interface optimized for mobile devices enabling users to use the system from their smartphones and tablet PCs.展开更多
The current barrier to acquisition and utilization of viable waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies at remote or deployed expeditionary sites requires high capital and operation & maintenance costs. The impacts to env...The current barrier to acquisition and utilization of viable waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies at remote or deployed expeditionary sites requires high capital and operation & maintenance costs. The impacts to environment and human health of differing expeditionary waste management strategies were compared using the Life Cycle Assessment software SimaPro 8.0. Emissions of individual waste management scenarios were compiled from peer-reviewed literature, converted to values compatible with SimaPro’s waste scenario inputs, and the calculated impacts compared using SimaPro’s pre-loaded methodologies. These calculated impacts and the economic impacts confirm that open-air burning of waste is not only dangerous to humans and the environment, but is also not cost-effective. Considering the economic effects and the mitigated human and environmental health impacts, WTE technologies may be a viable waste management strategy for the future.展开更多
Graphene materials have drawn tremendous attention in recent years.The formation of holes and pores on graphene sheets can provide transfer channels and facilitate the ion/electron transport kinetics.In this study,gra...Graphene materials have drawn tremendous attention in recent years.The formation of holes and pores on graphene sheets can provide transfer channels and facilitate the ion/electron transport kinetics.In this study,graphene nanosheets were prepared electrochemically,and then,they were used as the starting material for the preparation of holey graphene(HG)through the KOH activation process.The weight ratio of initial electrochemically exfoliated graphene(EEG)to KOH was optimized according to the morphological features,BET surface area examination,graphene number of layers calculated from XRD patterns,and the ID/IG ratio obtained from Raman analysis.Results showed that increasing the KOH amount led to the achievement of higher values of ID/IG and surface area and less re-stacking of graphene sheets which occurs because of the heat treatment process.The environmental burdens of the production routes for the preparation of EEG and HG were investigated by cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment(LCA).The LCA results of EEG production indicated that electricity with the contributions of 94%,91%,82%,and 75%of the total impact in four environmental categories,including fossil fuel depletion,ozone depletion,global warming,and smog was the main environmental weakness.In the pore generation process,KOH was recognized as the biggest contributor(about 51%to 83%of the total impact)in six impact categories,including ozone depletion,non-carcinogenics,smog,global warming,carcinogenics,and eutrophication which could be attributed to its high consumption amount(21.9 kg).This work offers environmental considerations for the development of sustainable graphene materials.展开更多
Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there a...Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there are various software applications designed to do the environmental assessment to see their impact on the environment. Among these is SimaPro software package designed to make a valuable contribution. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact of products during their whole life cycle. In this study, it was applied to analyze and evaluate the impacts for Al-Daura refinery for the gasoline and kerosene fuel production. This refinery located in Baghdad, Iraq was analyzed. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show that gasoline has a (single score) of the order of 11.1 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from gasoline fuel compared with 4.83 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from kerosene. Global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy were the most effective environmental impacts.展开更多
The whole process of biofuel production from Desmodesmus sp.EJ 8-10 cultivated in anaerobic digested wastewater(ADW)under the optimal temperature was evaluated by using the method of Life Cycle Assessment(LCA).The ene...The whole process of biofuel production from Desmodesmus sp.EJ 8-10 cultivated in anaerobic digested wastewater(ADW)under the optimal temperature was evaluated by using the method of Life Cycle Assessment(LCA).The energy efficiency and environment emissions were under considerable for the corresponding parametric study.The functional unit was 1 kg microalgae.It was concluded that the harvest stage was responsible for the main energy consumption during the microalgal whole pyrolysis process.The energy conversion efficiency of the whole process was larger than 1,which indicated that the process was profitable.The environmental impact of the whole process was 1165.67 mPET2000,among which the primary impact on the environment was eutrophication that accounts for 57.36%,followed by photochemical ozone synthesis(22.56%),acidification(17.36%);and global warming(2.73%),respectively.展开更多
This paper described a comprehensive assessment of the pyrolysis process of 1 kg Desmodesmus sp.cultivated in BG11 medium at the optimum temperature by using life cycle assessment method.This assessment took 1 kg of D...This paper described a comprehensive assessment of the pyrolysis process of 1 kg Desmodesmus sp.cultivated in BG11 medium at the optimum temperature by using life cycle assessment method.This assessment took 1 kg of Desmodesmus sp.as a functional unit,and chose energy efficiency analysis and potential environmental impact as assessment indices.The results showed that the energy conversion efficiency index of the pyrolysis process was above 1,which meant the pyrolysis process was beneficial.The primary impact of the pyrolysis process on the environment was eutrophication;which followed by photochemical ozone synthesis and acidification;and global warming impact was the last.The overall environmental impact during the whole life cycle was 1347.63 mPET2000.展开更多
The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality.This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys,including hyd...The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality.This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys,including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants,transport by tube trailers,storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations(HRSs),and application for use in two different cities.It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles(BEVs)and internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs).The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle(FCV)has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost.However,a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system.The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1%in City A and 43.8%in City B.It only takes 11.0%–20.1%of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8%of the ICEV emission.The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1%in City A.Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and“greener”hydrogen production pathway.展开更多
The non-metallic lightning strike protection film covering carbon fiber reinforced polymers(NM-LSP covering CFRP)can reduce the weight and thus the fuel consumption of aircraft by replacing the traditional lightning s...The non-metallic lightning strike protection film covering carbon fiber reinforced polymers(NM-LSP covering CFRP)can reduce the weight and thus the fuel consumption of aircraft by replacing the traditional lightning strike protection(LSP)materials.In the present study,in order to study the environmental influence of utilizing NM-LSP covering CFRP in an aircraft elevator,a new elevator was designed and manufactured,replacing the aluminium net and glass fiber reinforced polymers(GFRP)with NM-LSP covering CFRP,with the same mechanical and LSP abilities.A comparative life cycle assessment was conducted between the two kinds of aircraft elevators,including material extraction,transportation,elevator manufacturing phase,service phase,and end-of-life procedures.Additionally,the environmental impacts of producing two LSP materials were compared by considering the environmental effects of different buy-to-fly ratios and recycling strategies on the production of aluminium net.The analysis indicates that the new elevator achieved reduction for all the environmental impact categories used,such as human toxicity potential and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential(3.83%and 3.20%reduction).Furthermore,it is found that the service phase makes the greatest contribution to the environmental impact of the elevators under investigation.When recycling is excluded,NM-LSP covering CFRP is more environmentally friendly than the traditional material.At the same time,CFRP prepreg and electricity from the production of NM-LSP covering CFRP contribute to a higher environmental impact compared to the NM-LSP film.From the sensitivity analysis,it is believed that NM-LSP covering CFRP can reduce environmental impact compared with traditional LSP materials.展开更多
文摘The life cycle phase of fossil fuel extraction is mainly considered in the life cycle assessment(LCA)when evaluating the energy production processes.It is then only one of many unit processes,which contribute to the blurring of mining-relevant results.There are few items in the literature focusing exclusively on the lignite mining phase and analysing the specific mining conditions and associated environmental impacts.The article focuses on the LCA of lignite mining processes on the basis of data coming from a Polish mine.The technology for opencast lignite mining is noted for its high production efficiency,high level of recovery and lower risk as regards the safety of workers when compared with underground mining systems.However,the need to remove large amounts of overburden to uncover the deposit contributes to a much greater degradation of the landscape.Analysing the results obtained,several key(hot spot)elements of the lignite mining operations were distinguished for modelling the environmental impact,i.e.:calorific value,the amount of electricity consumption,the manner in which waste and overburden are managed.As a result there is a high sensitivity of the final indicator to changes in these impacts.
文摘The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, building information <span>modeling (BIM) and building energy modeling (BEM) are two important to</span>ols to make the transition to net-zero energy buildings (NZEB). So far, little attention has been devoted, in the literature, to discuss the connection between BIM, BEM, and Life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is the main topic of this article. A literature review of 157 journal articles and conference proceedings published between 1990 and 2020 is presented. This review outlines knowledge gaps concerning BIM, BEM, and environmental impact assessment. It suggests that defining the process with the right technology (at the right time) would result in a more integrated design process (IDP) and bridge current gaps. The most efficient way to improve process and technology is related to the competences of the architects, engineers and constructors (AEC). The review also indicates that the IDP in the early design phases (EDP) is in need of improvement for architects and engineers, where a better connection between design phases, specific levels of development (LOD) and BIM tools is needed. <span>Competences, process and technology are the three main themes addressed in the review. Their relation to design phases and LOD is discussed. The aim </span>is to propose possible solutions to the current hinders in BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) and BIM-for-LCA (BIM4LCA) integration.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(J210001)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2021210142)Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(21JCZXJC00160).
文摘Rail transit plays a key role in mitigating transportation system carbon emissions.Accurate measurement of urban rail transit carbon emission can help quantify the contribution of urban rail transit towards urban transportation carbon emission reduction.Since the whole life cycle of urban rail transit carbon emission measurement involves a wide range of aspects,a systematic framework model is required for analysis.This research reviews the existing studies on carbon emission of urban rail transit.First,the characteristics of urban rail transit carbon emission were determined and the complexity of carbon emission measurement was analyzed.Then,the urban rail transit carbon emission measurement models were compared and analyzed in terms of the selection of research boundaries,the types of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions calculation,and the accuracy of the measurement.Following that,an intelligent station was introduced to analyze the practical application of digital collaboration technology and energy-saving and carbon-reducing system platforms for rail transit.Finally,the urgent problems and future research directions at this stage were discussed.This research presents the necessity of establishing a dynamic carbon emission factor library and the important development trend of system integration of carbon emission measurement and digital system technology.
基金Supported by Basic Research Business Fee Plan Project of Chongqing City(2016-hky-jcyj-01706)Special Project for Performance Incentive Guidance of Research Institutes in Chongqing City(cstc2017jxjl20003)
文摘Enterprises must be concerned about the environment when seeking economic benefit. However,because of the defect of the market economy,enterprises are difficult to carry out green supply chain management spontaneously. In order to solve the above problem,the feasibility of the government as an external driving force to lead the implementation of green supply chain management was studied,and then a mixed guidance model of enterprise green supply chain management was established. In addition,the mechanisms of the government encouraging enterprises to implement green supply chain management were discussed,including negative punitive measures( fines and taxes) and positive incentive measures( subsidies and tax reduction) and the supplementary function of environmental credit system policy to realize government-led green supply chain management,which provides certain guiding for achieving the sustainable development of enterprises and society.
文摘The need for environmental education, which incorporates the life cycle concept into the learning program, will become increasingly greater all over the world. In the present study, an e-learning system, which is made up of 3 parts including text-based learning materials, quizzes to review the content of the learning materials and CO<sub>2</sub> emission simulation, was designed and developed with the purpose of supporting environmental learning. Targeting a wide range of people, the operation period of this system was 1 month. Based on the results of questionnaire survey for users, it was evident that the quiz function and the simulation function of CO<sub>2</sub> emission contributed to the efficiency in environmental learning, and the format of the e-learning system was effective and helpful for environmental learning. Additionally, with the users’ awareness related to environmental conservation before and after using the system, significant changes in awareness were seen in areas such as behavioral intention, sense of urgency and sense of connection. Furthermore, as it was revealed that 62% of the total access numbers were from mobile devices, it was effective to prepare an interface optimized for mobile devices enabling users to use the system from their smartphones and tablet PCs.
文摘The current barrier to acquisition and utilization of viable waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies at remote or deployed expeditionary sites requires high capital and operation & maintenance costs. The impacts to environment and human health of differing expeditionary waste management strategies were compared using the Life Cycle Assessment software SimaPro 8.0. Emissions of individual waste management scenarios were compiled from peer-reviewed literature, converted to values compatible with SimaPro’s waste scenario inputs, and the calculated impacts compared using SimaPro’s pre-loaded methodologies. These calculated impacts and the economic impacts confirm that open-air burning of waste is not only dangerous to humans and the environment, but is also not cost-effective. Considering the economic effects and the mitigated human and environmental health impacts, WTE technologies may be a viable waste management strategy for the future.
文摘Graphene materials have drawn tremendous attention in recent years.The formation of holes and pores on graphene sheets can provide transfer channels and facilitate the ion/electron transport kinetics.In this study,graphene nanosheets were prepared electrochemically,and then,they were used as the starting material for the preparation of holey graphene(HG)through the KOH activation process.The weight ratio of initial electrochemically exfoliated graphene(EEG)to KOH was optimized according to the morphological features,BET surface area examination,graphene number of layers calculated from XRD patterns,and the ID/IG ratio obtained from Raman analysis.Results showed that increasing the KOH amount led to the achievement of higher values of ID/IG and surface area and less re-stacking of graphene sheets which occurs because of the heat treatment process.The environmental burdens of the production routes for the preparation of EEG and HG were investigated by cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment(LCA).The LCA results of EEG production indicated that electricity with the contributions of 94%,91%,82%,and 75%of the total impact in four environmental categories,including fossil fuel depletion,ozone depletion,global warming,and smog was the main environmental weakness.In the pore generation process,KOH was recognized as the biggest contributor(about 51%to 83%of the total impact)in six impact categories,including ozone depletion,non-carcinogenics,smog,global warming,carcinogenics,and eutrophication which could be attributed to its high consumption amount(21.9 kg).This work offers environmental considerations for the development of sustainable graphene materials.
文摘Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there are various software applications designed to do the environmental assessment to see their impact on the environment. Among these is SimaPro software package designed to make a valuable contribution. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact of products during their whole life cycle. In this study, it was applied to analyze and evaluate the impacts for Al-Daura refinery for the gasoline and kerosene fuel production. This refinery located in Baghdad, Iraq was analyzed. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show that gasoline has a (single score) of the order of 11.1 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from gasoline fuel compared with 4.83 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from kerosene. Global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy were the most effective environmental impacts.
基金This research was supported by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Fund-Key project of science and technology plan of Beijing Education Committee(KZ201810011017)Beijing Municipal Education Commission General Project(KM201810011002)+4 种基金Chinese National 13th five-year Plan for Key R&D Projects(2018YFD0400804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51806242 and No.41942006)Public Opening Project of the Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy,Ministry of Agriculture,China(Grant No.2017008)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(Grant No.2019TC010)and the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund-Special Project for“Double First-Class”Initiative of College of Engineering-Agricultural Mechanization and Equipment Engineering,China Agricultural University.We also appreciate for the supports from Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering.
文摘The whole process of biofuel production from Desmodesmus sp.EJ 8-10 cultivated in anaerobic digested wastewater(ADW)under the optimal temperature was evaluated by using the method of Life Cycle Assessment(LCA).The energy efficiency and environment emissions were under considerable for the corresponding parametric study.The functional unit was 1 kg microalgae.It was concluded that the harvest stage was responsible for the main energy consumption during the microalgal whole pyrolysis process.The energy conversion efficiency of the whole process was larger than 1,which indicated that the process was profitable.The environmental impact of the whole process was 1165.67 mPET2000,among which the primary impact on the environment was eutrophication that accounts for 57.36%,followed by photochemical ozone synthesis(22.56%),acidification(17.36%);and global warming(2.73%),respectively.
基金This investigation was financially supported by“The Twelfth Five-Year Plan”for Science&Technology Supporting Project(Grant No.2012BAD47B03,Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology)Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering.
文摘This paper described a comprehensive assessment of the pyrolysis process of 1 kg Desmodesmus sp.cultivated in BG11 medium at the optimum temperature by using life cycle assessment method.This assessment took 1 kg of Desmodesmus sp.as a functional unit,and chose energy efficiency analysis and potential environmental impact as assessment indices.The results showed that the energy conversion efficiency index of the pyrolysis process was above 1,which meant the pyrolysis process was beneficial.The primary impact of the pyrolysis process on the environment was eutrophication;which followed by photochemical ozone synthesis and acidification;and global warming impact was the last.The overall environmental impact during the whole life cycle was 1347.63 mPET2000.
基金supported by the Consulting Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(Grant No.2019-XZ-51).
文摘The hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is rapidly developing in China for carbon reduction and neutrality.This paper evaluated the life-cycle cost and carbon emission of hydrogen energy via lots of field surveys,including hydrogen production and packing in chlor-alkali plants,transport by tube trailers,storage and refueling in hydrogen refueling stations(HRSs),and application for use in two different cities.It also conducted a comparative study for battery electric vehicles(BEVs)and internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs).The result indicates that hydrogen fuel cell vehicle(FCV)has the best environmental performance but the highest energy cost.However,a sufficient hydrogen supply can significantly reduce the carbon intensity and FCV energy cost of the current system.The carbon emission for FCV application has the potential to decrease by 73.1%in City A and 43.8%in City B.It only takes 11.0%–20.1%of the BEV emission and 8.2%–9.8%of the ICEV emission.The cost of FCV driving can be reduced by 39.1%in City A.Further improvement can be obtained with an economical and“greener”hydrogen production pathway.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0703007)the Chinese MIIT Special Research Plan on Civil Aircraft(No.MJ-2015-H-G-103)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52008137)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2019TQ0079 and 2019M661288)。
文摘The non-metallic lightning strike protection film covering carbon fiber reinforced polymers(NM-LSP covering CFRP)can reduce the weight and thus the fuel consumption of aircraft by replacing the traditional lightning strike protection(LSP)materials.In the present study,in order to study the environmental influence of utilizing NM-LSP covering CFRP in an aircraft elevator,a new elevator was designed and manufactured,replacing the aluminium net and glass fiber reinforced polymers(GFRP)with NM-LSP covering CFRP,with the same mechanical and LSP abilities.A comparative life cycle assessment was conducted between the two kinds of aircraft elevators,including material extraction,transportation,elevator manufacturing phase,service phase,and end-of-life procedures.Additionally,the environmental impacts of producing two LSP materials were compared by considering the environmental effects of different buy-to-fly ratios and recycling strategies on the production of aluminium net.The analysis indicates that the new elevator achieved reduction for all the environmental impact categories used,such as human toxicity potential and marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential(3.83%and 3.20%reduction).Furthermore,it is found that the service phase makes the greatest contribution to the environmental impact of the elevators under investigation.When recycling is excluded,NM-LSP covering CFRP is more environmentally friendly than the traditional material.At the same time,CFRP prepreg and electricity from the production of NM-LSP covering CFRP contribute to a higher environmental impact compared to the NM-LSP film.From the sensitivity analysis,it is believed that NM-LSP covering CFRP can reduce environmental impact compared with traditional LSP materials.
