Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of ...Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of practice of their prescriptive authority in certain circumstances.The results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of policies on prescriptive authority for midwives.Methods:Based on a literature search and semistructured interviews,a modified Delphi method was first used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultation on eligibility criteria and training content for prescriptive authority for midwives.This stage included nursing experts(20)and medical experts(16)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.Subsequently,consultation on the scope of practice of prescriptive authority for midwives was conducted with nursing experts(18)and medical experts(14)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.The suggestions from the experts were analyzed using statistical methods to confirm the eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority,training content,circumstances,scope of practice for prescriptive authority,and the prescription forms.Results:Among the consulted experts,70.59%(the highest acceptance rate)considered an undergraduate degree to be the minimum educational requirement for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority,85.29%(the highest acceptance rate)considered the supervisor nurse to be the minimum technical position experience necessary for midwives to be eligible for having prescriptive authority,and 50%(the highest acceptance rate)considered 5 years to be the minimum number of years of experience in the specialty for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority.The applicants should at least be practicing at Grade C hospitals,which was the consensus among 91.18%of the consulted experts.Among the consulted experts,100%,100%,97.06%,94.12%,and 94.12%agreed that the applicants should have knowledge in pharmacology,laws and ethics,nursing,diagnostics,and midwifery,respectively.The consulted experts confirmed 22 related course topics and identified 6 specific circumstances in which the midwives could partially practice prescriptive authority,including uterine atony,excessive uterine contraction,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of fetal membranes,normal labor,and neonatal asphyxia.Under these 6 circumstances,the consulted experts commonly agreed that there were 20 medication prescriptions and 13 auxiliary examination prescriptions that could be prescribed by midwives.Of these prescriptions,51.5%were independent prescriptions,30.3%were protocol prescriptions,and the remaining 18.2%were both independent and protocol prescriptions.Conclusions:Midwives who have an undergraduate degree,supervisor nurse position,and 5 years of practice in Grade C hospitals are considered eligible to apply for prescriptive authority.Partial prescriptive authority could be granted after regulated training in fundamental theories and practices,which could improve the independence and professionalism of midwifery.展开更多
When developing and integrating a new environmental legal system under the Environmental Code,the joint regulation of ecology and environment,natural resources and an energy beyond the sphere of mere environmental con...When developing and integrating a new environmental legal system under the Environmental Code,the joint regulation of ecology and environment,natural resources and an energy beyond the sphere of mere environmental concerns can be achieved;the semantic expression of environmental regulation can be expounded.Additionally,through the codification of environmental law,a revolutionary path for the structure of authority can be found.Environmental codification dictates a method for clarification of the boundaries and relations of environmental management authority.Under the theory of Holistic Governance and in the codification process,the reform of environmental regulation authority should be concluded from both vertical and horizontal dimensions,through organizing,integrating,separating,classifying and finally,by establishing a synergy between the central and local governments and their departments.This can break down structural barriers to communication and cooperation of the ecological regulation and resource management authority and help establish uniformity of environmental regulation.展开更多
The study investigates the trends in temperature in the Upper and Lower Niger Basin Development Authority Areas using standardized Anomaly Index, Gaussian Low Pass and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. From the dat...The study investigates the trends in temperature in the Upper and Lower Niger Basin Development Authority Areas using standardized Anomaly Index, Gaussian Low Pass and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. From the data collected and analyzed, the mean annual temperature and mean annual maximum temperature demonstrated pronounced temporal increasing trend in the period 1951-2010 while the mean annual minimum temperature showed no trend. The rate of increase in mean annual temperature, mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures was 0.45°C, 0.40°C and 0.20°C respectively. The mean annual maximum temperature warmed faster than the mean annual minimum leading to increase in diurnal range of temperature. The annual temperature anomaly in the study area tracks the observed anomalies for the Northern Hemisphere in the 20th century. The decadal temperature increase is very small particularly as from 1980.展开更多
The Thorn Birds is a saga novel written by Colleen McCullough.Its story is about the deep love between Meggie and Father Ralph.This paper mainly analyzes Meggie's sensitive but persistent characteristics according...The Thorn Birds is a saga novel written by Colleen McCullough.Its story is about the deep love between Meggie and Father Ralph.This paper mainly analyzes Meggie's sensitive but persistent characteristics according to her behaviors,which reflects her resistance to man authority.展开更多
System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwest...System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.展开更多
Using 70 years of daily rainfall records in eight stations, an analysis of variability and trends of daily heavy rainfall events over Niger River Basin Development Authority Area was carried out by using Standardized ...Using 70 years of daily rainfall records in eight stations, an analysis of variability and trends of daily heavy rainfall events over Niger River Basin Development Authority Area was carried out by using Standardized Anomaly Index and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. Significant temporal variability on interannual and decadal time-scales was observed in the frequency of heavy rainfall events and annual heavy rainfall amount. Both the annual heavy rainfall amount and frequency of heavy rainfall events demonstrated no pronounced temporal decreasing or increasing trend. However, more recent data records from 1981 onwards revealed an increasing trend. Thus, evidence of a temporal change is apparent in heavy rainfall events in the last three decades in sympathy with global warming.展开更多
I Stand Here Ironing is Tillie Olsen’s first novel of her back to writing after several years’silence.It reflects the real living condition of marginalized women through the description of a daughter by the mother’...I Stand Here Ironing is Tillie Olsen’s first novel of her back to writing after several years’silence.It reflects the real living condition of marginalized women through the description of a daughter by the mother’s memories.Based on Susan S.Lanser’s distinction of three modes of narrative voice in feminist narratology,this paper analyzes three narrative voices in this novel.Olsen employs multiple narrative voices in the novel in order to release the voice of the marginalized women in the silence,she destroys the male’s authority and constructs the discourse authority of silent,poor working-class women.展开更多
Understanding the dynamics of decision making in the right way is an important problem for the management of organizations.In today’s business life organizations are becoming more complex,and the environments they ar...Understanding the dynamics of decision making in the right way is an important problem for the management of organizations.In today’s business life organizations are becoming more complex,and the environments they are operating in,are becoming increasingly uncertain.The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of managerial decision-making process in complex internal and external environments by sharing the results of an empirical study(Onuk,2009).While taking the levels of the organizational structure as one of the important dimensions of complex internal environment,complex external environment is reflected within the study as economic crisis.Using the survey tool developed by Onuk(2009),the empirical study realized in the Turkish organization of a large global company investigated decision-making process to understand how decision-making authority for different types of decisions,identified as strategic,tactical,and operational level decisions,was distributed throughout the organization levels,and how this distribution was impacted by economic crisis.The results of the study confirmed the following common expectations:(1)Strategic decisions are mostly taken at upper hierarchical levels of the organizational structure;(2)during times of economic crisis strategic decision making is centralized;and(3)during times of economic crisis distribution of decision-making authority is concentrated at upper management levels.展开更多
This study examines the key factors that have impact on the successful adoption of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) within the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA)/Jordan. In order to accomplish the p...This study examines the key factors that have impact on the successful adoption of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) within the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA)/Jordan. In order to accomplish the purpose of the study four critical factors are inquired. So, four critical factors are inquired: First, TAM Model (Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU)). Second, Information Technology Infrastructure (ITI). Third, Top Management Support (TMS). Finally, Individual Experience with Computer (IEC). The research model was applied to collect data from the questionnaires answered by 45 users of HRIS as a source of primary data, based on a convenience sample the response rate was about 91%. In addition, the results were analyzed by utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Software (SPSS). Furthermore, the findings were analyzed;multiple Regression analysis indicated that all research variables have significant relationship on successful adoption of HRIS. The findings indicated IT infrastructures have a positive and significant effect on the successful adoption of HRIS. But there is no significant of PU, PEOU, TMS, and IEC on the successful adoption of HRIS. Finally, the results indicated that no significant statistical differences of demographic characteristics on HRIS adoption. Depending on the research’s findings;the researchers proposed a set of recommendations for better adoption of HRIS in SEZA.展开更多
Over the past decade many point solutions to specific cyberspace security problems have becomeavailable. Nevertheless a comprehensive approach to architecting security in an organization’s informationsystems remains ...Over the past decade many point solutions to specific cyberspace security problems have becomeavailable. Nevertheless a comprehensive approach to architecting security in an organization’s informationsystems remains an elusive goal. This talk will describe an approach to meeting this goal and will identifyproblem areas that need to be solved to achieve this展开更多
Sokoto Emirate was one of the three(later four)constituent emirates in colonial Sokoto Province,Northern Nigeria.The others being Sokoto,Gwandu,Argungu,and Yauri Emirates.It is located at the northwestern most part of...Sokoto Emirate was one of the three(later four)constituent emirates in colonial Sokoto Province,Northern Nigeria.The others being Sokoto,Gwandu,Argungu,and Yauri Emirates.It is located at the northwestern most part of Nigeria.The Sokoto Emirate covers the present day Sokoto and Zamfara states of Nigeria.During the British colonial administration,native authority(NA)system was a model of local government administration created under the“indirect rule system”.It was a system where by the pre-colonial traditional leadership institutions were modified and allowed to function in the local government administration introduced by the British.This paper assessed the role played by traditional leadership institutions in addressing security challenges during the British colonial administration of Sokoto Emirate.In particular,the role played by the NA in arresting Mahdist uprisings,and other related extremist religious movements on the one hand,as well as rural banditry,armed robbery,theft,among other security challenges in the emirate,are highlighted.The paper further argued that some of the roles played by the traditional leadership institutions in successfully addressing those challenges are still relevant in addressing the problems of insurgency on the one hand,and some of the recent emerging security challenges,in northwestern Nigeria,such as cattle rustling,rural banditry,kidnappings,robbery,and other related challenges.展开更多
How should the rural governance order be reconstructed centered on the new authority elements after the collapse of traditional rural governance order with the core of family authority, gentry authority and regime? Th...How should the rural governance order be reconstructed centered on the new authority elements after the collapse of traditional rural governance order with the core of family authority, gentry authority and regime? This is a major problem in the construction of new rural areas of contemporary China. This paper attempts to present a historical picture of the inversely proportional relationship between elements like regime, family authority, gentry authority, financial power, political power, civil rights, and so on, based on review of the change path of rural area governance order tracing back to traditional period, the period of the Republic of China, years before the founding of new China as well as period after reform and opening up. It is believed that"innovations"and"heritages"of traditions must be investigated in the transformation process for the rebuilding of a set of stable and reasonable governance order for rural areas, instead of cutting facts by a certain theory or design. In addition, the actual weight of every authority element in social structure and order in people’s mind should be faced up with, which should be integrated with"regulation"and"virtue".展开更多
Polymetallic sulphides have been consistent source of metals like iron, copper, zinc and lead. Apart from these they are also seen as economically viable resources of silver and gold. As the demand of these metals is ...Polymetallic sulphides have been consistent source of metals like iron, copper, zinc and lead. Apart from these they are also seen as economically viable resources of silver and gold. As the demand of these metals is showing an astoundingly increasing trend, the search for their resources has also increased in similar folds. This has resulted in many nations' focus on deep seabed resources of the polymetallic sulphides. Consequently, International Seabed Authority (ISBA) has provided 'Regulations' to obtain plan of work for exploration of polymetallic sulphide deposits in deep seabed 'Area'. Following the release of these Regulations, several countries are in the process of obtaining the licence for exploration of these metals from the deep seabed regions. Detailed information about the science and ISBA Regulations for exploration of polymetallic sulphide deposits is prerequisite to submit an application to ISBA for their exploration. The current contribution provides a comprehensive review of the science behind locating polymetallic sulphide deposits in geological setting of deep seabed as well as about the ISBA Regulations for their exploration.展开更多
The Company of Wolves is one of the most famous short stories written by Angela Carter,which is adapted from Charles Perrault’s fairy tale,Little Red Riding Hood.As a feminist writer,Carter realizes the misunderstand...The Company of Wolves is one of the most famous short stories written by Angela Carter,which is adapted from Charles Perrault’s fairy tale,Little Red Riding Hood.As a feminist writer,Carter realizes the misunderstanding and distortion of female images in traditional fairy tales in the shadow of patriarchal dominance.In The Company of Wolves Carter remained the main characters and plot of the original work,but she creatively fulfilled the story with her feminist thoughts,such as the new image of the protagonist,the unexpected plot and ending.In this novel,the smart and sexy Little Red Riding Hood’s journey to the forest deserves our attention,for which is no longer an ordinary visit to her grandmother,but a wonderful adventure as well as an inevitable way for female to establish their authority of voice.展开更多
Public local authorities are among the key players not only for assisting a nation to achieve its strategic energy goals but also for raising awareness towards relevant topics among its citizens.Yet,there has been lit...Public local authorities are among the key players not only for assisting a nation to achieve its strategic energy goals but also for raising awareness towards relevant topics among its citizens.Yet,there has been little research on their role in this policy agenda.This paper aims to fill this gap by highlighting the significance of a local authority’s outcomes,in the environmental sustainability sphere,by its participation in various projects and EU programs.The reference years are 2014 to 2019 and the focus area is energy savings in public buildings and raising awareness on energy issues and sustainable development.This article’s aim is to outline the derived add value towards regional competitiveness and environmental sustainability from each action.Hersonisos Municipality’s holistic approach aims to reduce its overall energy balance and to point out that local authorities can become both a beckon of sustainability and a regional development pillar.展开更多
Life changed for companies and people throughout the world after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Few felt the impact on its operations as keenly as the Port Authority of New York and New ...Life changed for companies and people throughout the world after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Few felt the impact on its operations as keenly as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. This unique public agency operates vital transportation and trade facilities at the core of the New展开更多
Ladys and gentlemen,good afternoon. As always, it’s a pleasure to be invited by the Vancouver Board of Trade to address the business community as well as many of my colleagues in the transportation sectors. I want to...Ladys and gentlemen,good afternoon. As always, it’s a pleasure to be invited by the Vancouver Board of Trade to address the business community as well as many of my colleagues in the transportation sectors. I want to tell you about an experience that has caused me to re-think the message I want to leave you with this afternoon. Rather than focusing on the Port of Vancouver today, and the things we do展开更多
基金project was supported by the Shanxi Province Soft Science Research Program in China(No.2017041041-1)
文摘Objective:To investigate the necessary eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority for midwives,gather suggestions from experts on training content for prescriptive authority for midwives,and explore the scope of practice of their prescriptive authority in certain circumstances.The results of this study could serve as a reference for the development of policies on prescriptive authority for midwives.Methods:Based on a literature search and semistructured interviews,a modified Delphi method was first used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultation on eligibility criteria and training content for prescriptive authority for midwives.This stage included nursing experts(20)and medical experts(16)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.Subsequently,consultation on the scope of practice of prescriptive authority for midwives was conducted with nursing experts(18)and medical experts(14)engaged in midwifery in many tertiary Grade A hospitals in China.The suggestions from the experts were analyzed using statistical methods to confirm the eligibility criteria for prescriptive authority,training content,circumstances,scope of practice for prescriptive authority,and the prescription forms.Results:Among the consulted experts,70.59%(the highest acceptance rate)considered an undergraduate degree to be the minimum educational requirement for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority,85.29%(the highest acceptance rate)considered the supervisor nurse to be the minimum technical position experience necessary for midwives to be eligible for having prescriptive authority,and 50%(the highest acceptance rate)considered 5 years to be the minimum number of years of experience in the specialty for midwives to be eligible for prescriptive authority.The applicants should at least be practicing at Grade C hospitals,which was the consensus among 91.18%of the consulted experts.Among the consulted experts,100%,100%,97.06%,94.12%,and 94.12%agreed that the applicants should have knowledge in pharmacology,laws and ethics,nursing,diagnostics,and midwifery,respectively.The consulted experts confirmed 22 related course topics and identified 6 specific circumstances in which the midwives could partially practice prescriptive authority,including uterine atony,excessive uterine contraction,postpartum hemorrhage,premature rupture of fetal membranes,normal labor,and neonatal asphyxia.Under these 6 circumstances,the consulted experts commonly agreed that there were 20 medication prescriptions and 13 auxiliary examination prescriptions that could be prescribed by midwives.Of these prescriptions,51.5%were independent prescriptions,30.3%were protocol prescriptions,and the remaining 18.2%were both independent and protocol prescriptions.Conclusions:Midwives who have an undergraduate degree,supervisor nurse position,and 5 years of practice in Grade C hospitals are considered eligible to apply for prescriptive authority.Partial prescriptive authority could be granted after regulated training in fundamental theories and practices,which could improve the independence and professionalism of midwifery.
文摘When developing and integrating a new environmental legal system under the Environmental Code,the joint regulation of ecology and environment,natural resources and an energy beyond the sphere of mere environmental concerns can be achieved;the semantic expression of environmental regulation can be expounded.Additionally,through the codification of environmental law,a revolutionary path for the structure of authority can be found.Environmental codification dictates a method for clarification of the boundaries and relations of environmental management authority.Under the theory of Holistic Governance and in the codification process,the reform of environmental regulation authority should be concluded from both vertical and horizontal dimensions,through organizing,integrating,separating,classifying and finally,by establishing a synergy between the central and local governments and their departments.This can break down structural barriers to communication and cooperation of the ecological regulation and resource management authority and help establish uniformity of environmental regulation.
文摘The study investigates the trends in temperature in the Upper and Lower Niger Basin Development Authority Areas using standardized Anomaly Index, Gaussian Low Pass and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. From the data collected and analyzed, the mean annual temperature and mean annual maximum temperature demonstrated pronounced temporal increasing trend in the period 1951-2010 while the mean annual minimum temperature showed no trend. The rate of increase in mean annual temperature, mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures was 0.45°C, 0.40°C and 0.20°C respectively. The mean annual maximum temperature warmed faster than the mean annual minimum leading to increase in diurnal range of temperature. The annual temperature anomaly in the study area tracks the observed anomalies for the Northern Hemisphere in the 20th century. The decadal temperature increase is very small particularly as from 1980.
文摘The Thorn Birds is a saga novel written by Colleen McCullough.Its story is about the deep love between Meggie and Father Ralph.This paper mainly analyzes Meggie's sensitive but persistent characteristics according to her behaviors,which reflects her resistance to man authority.
基金Supported by the Social Sciences Planning Project Launched by Ministry of Education of China in 2011-Study on the Informal Institutional Implementation and the Coordinated Development between Economy and Society in the Northwest Minority Areas(11YJA710005)China Scholarship Council([2012]5030)+1 种基金Professor Andrew J.Nathan,Weatherhead East Asian Insti-tute of Columbia UniversityJames D.Seymour,Adjunct Associate Professor at Chinese University of Hong Kong
文摘System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.
文摘Using 70 years of daily rainfall records in eight stations, an analysis of variability and trends of daily heavy rainfall events over Niger River Basin Development Authority Area was carried out by using Standardized Anomaly Index and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. Significant temporal variability on interannual and decadal time-scales was observed in the frequency of heavy rainfall events and annual heavy rainfall amount. Both the annual heavy rainfall amount and frequency of heavy rainfall events demonstrated no pronounced temporal decreasing or increasing trend. However, more recent data records from 1981 onwards revealed an increasing trend. Thus, evidence of a temporal change is apparent in heavy rainfall events in the last three decades in sympathy with global warming.
文摘I Stand Here Ironing is Tillie Olsen’s first novel of her back to writing after several years’silence.It reflects the real living condition of marginalized women through the description of a daughter by the mother’s memories.Based on Susan S.Lanser’s distinction of three modes of narrative voice in feminist narratology,this paper analyzes three narrative voices in this novel.Olsen employs multiple narrative voices in the novel in order to release the voice of the marginalized women in the silence,she destroys the male’s authority and constructs the discourse authority of silent,poor working-class women.
文摘Understanding the dynamics of decision making in the right way is an important problem for the management of organizations.In today’s business life organizations are becoming more complex,and the environments they are operating in,are becoming increasingly uncertain.The aim of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of managerial decision-making process in complex internal and external environments by sharing the results of an empirical study(Onuk,2009).While taking the levels of the organizational structure as one of the important dimensions of complex internal environment,complex external environment is reflected within the study as economic crisis.Using the survey tool developed by Onuk(2009),the empirical study realized in the Turkish organization of a large global company investigated decision-making process to understand how decision-making authority for different types of decisions,identified as strategic,tactical,and operational level decisions,was distributed throughout the organization levels,and how this distribution was impacted by economic crisis.The results of the study confirmed the following common expectations:(1)Strategic decisions are mostly taken at upper hierarchical levels of the organizational structure;(2)during times of economic crisis strategic decision making is centralized;and(3)during times of economic crisis distribution of decision-making authority is concentrated at upper management levels.
文摘This study examines the key factors that have impact on the successful adoption of Human Resource Information System (HRIS) within the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA)/Jordan. In order to accomplish the purpose of the study four critical factors are inquired. So, four critical factors are inquired: First, TAM Model (Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU)). Second, Information Technology Infrastructure (ITI). Third, Top Management Support (TMS). Finally, Individual Experience with Computer (IEC). The research model was applied to collect data from the questionnaires answered by 45 users of HRIS as a source of primary data, based on a convenience sample the response rate was about 91%. In addition, the results were analyzed by utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Software (SPSS). Furthermore, the findings were analyzed;multiple Regression analysis indicated that all research variables have significant relationship on successful adoption of HRIS. The findings indicated IT infrastructures have a positive and significant effect on the successful adoption of HRIS. But there is no significant of PU, PEOU, TMS, and IEC on the successful adoption of HRIS. Finally, the results indicated that no significant statistical differences of demographic characteristics on HRIS adoption. Depending on the research’s findings;the researchers proposed a set of recommendations for better adoption of HRIS in SEZA.
文摘Over the past decade many point solutions to specific cyberspace security problems have becomeavailable. Nevertheless a comprehensive approach to architecting security in an organization’s informationsystems remains an elusive goal. This talk will describe an approach to meeting this goal and will identifyproblem areas that need to be solved to achieve this
文摘Sokoto Emirate was one of the three(later four)constituent emirates in colonial Sokoto Province,Northern Nigeria.The others being Sokoto,Gwandu,Argungu,and Yauri Emirates.It is located at the northwestern most part of Nigeria.The Sokoto Emirate covers the present day Sokoto and Zamfara states of Nigeria.During the British colonial administration,native authority(NA)system was a model of local government administration created under the“indirect rule system”.It was a system where by the pre-colonial traditional leadership institutions were modified and allowed to function in the local government administration introduced by the British.This paper assessed the role played by traditional leadership institutions in addressing security challenges during the British colonial administration of Sokoto Emirate.In particular,the role played by the NA in arresting Mahdist uprisings,and other related extremist religious movements on the one hand,as well as rural banditry,armed robbery,theft,among other security challenges in the emirate,are highlighted.The paper further argued that some of the roles played by the traditional leadership institutions in successfully addressing those challenges are still relevant in addressing the problems of insurgency on the one hand,and some of the recent emerging security challenges,in northwestern Nigeria,such as cattle rustling,rural banditry,kidnappings,robbery,and other related challenges.
基金Beijing Social Science Fund Project Research on the Property Ownership of Stock Cooperatives in the Suburbs of Beijing(13SHC029)Beijing Zheng Hangsheng Social Development FundThe initial result of the special doctoral student project of Perfect China Co.,Ltd.Research on China’s Present Property Ownership of Rural Stock Cooperatives
文摘How should the rural governance order be reconstructed centered on the new authority elements after the collapse of traditional rural governance order with the core of family authority, gentry authority and regime? This is a major problem in the construction of new rural areas of contemporary China. This paper attempts to present a historical picture of the inversely proportional relationship between elements like regime, family authority, gentry authority, financial power, political power, civil rights, and so on, based on review of the change path of rural area governance order tracing back to traditional period, the period of the Republic of China, years before the founding of new China as well as period after reform and opening up. It is believed that"innovations"and"heritages"of traditions must be investigated in the transformation process for the rebuilding of a set of stable and reasonable governance order for rural areas, instead of cutting facts by a certain theory or design. In addition, the actual weight of every authority element in social structure and order in people’s mind should be faced up with, which should be integrated with"regulation"and"virtue".
文摘Polymetallic sulphides have been consistent source of metals like iron, copper, zinc and lead. Apart from these they are also seen as economically viable resources of silver and gold. As the demand of these metals is showing an astoundingly increasing trend, the search for their resources has also increased in similar folds. This has resulted in many nations' focus on deep seabed resources of the polymetallic sulphides. Consequently, International Seabed Authority (ISBA) has provided 'Regulations' to obtain plan of work for exploration of polymetallic sulphide deposits in deep seabed 'Area'. Following the release of these Regulations, several countries are in the process of obtaining the licence for exploration of these metals from the deep seabed regions. Detailed information about the science and ISBA Regulations for exploration of polymetallic sulphide deposits is prerequisite to submit an application to ISBA for their exploration. The current contribution provides a comprehensive review of the science behind locating polymetallic sulphide deposits in geological setting of deep seabed as well as about the ISBA Regulations for their exploration.
文摘The Company of Wolves is one of the most famous short stories written by Angela Carter,which is adapted from Charles Perrault’s fairy tale,Little Red Riding Hood.As a feminist writer,Carter realizes the misunderstanding and distortion of female images in traditional fairy tales in the shadow of patriarchal dominance.In The Company of Wolves Carter remained the main characters and plot of the original work,but she creatively fulfilled the story with her feminist thoughts,such as the new image of the protagonist,the unexpected plot and ending.In this novel,the smart and sexy Little Red Riding Hood’s journey to the forest deserves our attention,for which is no longer an ordinary visit to her grandmother,but a wonderful adventure as well as an inevitable way for female to establish their authority of voice.
文摘Public local authorities are among the key players not only for assisting a nation to achieve its strategic energy goals but also for raising awareness towards relevant topics among its citizens.Yet,there has been little research on their role in this policy agenda.This paper aims to fill this gap by highlighting the significance of a local authority’s outcomes,in the environmental sustainability sphere,by its participation in various projects and EU programs.The reference years are 2014 to 2019 and the focus area is energy savings in public buildings and raising awareness on energy issues and sustainable development.This article’s aim is to outline the derived add value towards regional competitiveness and environmental sustainability from each action.Hersonisos Municipality’s holistic approach aims to reduce its overall energy balance and to point out that local authorities can become both a beckon of sustainability and a regional development pillar.
文摘Life changed for companies and people throughout the world after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Few felt the impact on its operations as keenly as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. This unique public agency operates vital transportation and trade facilities at the core of the New
文摘Ladys and gentlemen,good afternoon. As always, it’s a pleasure to be invited by the Vancouver Board of Trade to address the business community as well as many of my colleagues in the transportation sectors. I want to tell you about an experience that has caused me to re-think the message I want to leave you with this afternoon. Rather than focusing on the Port of Vancouver today, and the things we do
