Chronic diseases are the leading global causes of death in China and the world, especially hypertension ＇and diabetes, and the main reasons are heredity, abnormal metabolism and an unhealthy lifestyle for dietary. Ba...Chronic diseases are the leading global causes of death in China and the world, especially hypertension ＇and diabetes, and the main reasons are heredity, abnormal metabolism and an unhealthy lifestyle for dietary. Barley is taditional medicine in China. There is an very important effect for functional foods for preventing chronic diseases of barley grains and barley grass powder as well as its products because of its high contents of minerals, vitamins, amino acids, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll and bioactive compounds such as β-glucans, phenolic compounds, GABA, alkaloid, tocopherols and tocotrienols, dietary fiber and so on. There are a lot of challenges to promote health for functional food with barley grains and its grass in China. Barley grain will produce pearled barley, grits, flakes and flour, and it adds texture, flavor, aroma, nutritional and medicinal value to product. Barley grass powder can be produced in barley green, barley grass rice noodle, barley grass ersi, barley grass noodles and barley green beer and other new functional foods. The future for barley use in food products is improving and very promising.展开更多
Benefits of the red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis</i> <i>taxiformis</i> as an ingredient to manage methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to ev...Benefits of the red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis</i> <i>taxiformis</i> as an ingredient to manage methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to evolve. <i>Asparagopsis</i> has been demonstrated to eliminate enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emissions <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> and reduce it greater than 80% in animals. Variability in animal studies is suspected to be associated with variable inclusion and proportions of grass and grain in the diet. This <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> study aimed to elucidate effects of gradient grass to grain proportions in the fermentation using five steps from 100% Rhodes grass (RG) to 100% barley grain (BG). Gradient inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> was in six steps of Control with no inclusion (C), Low (L), Low-Medium (LM), Medium (M), Medium-High (MH), and High (H) levels tested in three fermentation durations (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). There was significant effect of RG/BG and inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> such that CH<sub>4</sub> production decreased with increasing <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG;however, there was enhanced reduction at greater proportions of BG. Thus, the level of <i>Asparagopsis</i> required to completely inhibit CH<sub>4</sub> production <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> was decreased with decreasing RG/BG. Increasing the duration of fermentation had greatest effect on CH<sub>4</sub> at C, L, and LM levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG, although magnitude of CH<sub>4</sub> production was greater for higher proportions of BG for the C and L levels. Digestibility of <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> substrate increased with fermentation duration and increasing BG;however, there was no change associated with inclusion levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i>. Increases in total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) were observed with increased fermentation duration and concomitant with increasing substrate digestion. Increasing proportions of BG induced increase in tVFA. In contrast, and independent of changes in substrate, increasing inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> had little effect on tVFA. The acetic and propionic acid ratio (AA:PA) decreased with decreasing RG/BG and increasing <i>Asparagopsis</i>. This pattern was most pronounced with 100% BG and MH-H <i>Asparagopsis</i> levels. Compared to control, there was decrease in the AA:PA ratio with addition of even L levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i> and with L compared to LM inclusion levels. Increasing levels of BG and <i>Asparagopsis</i> resulted in significant decreases in AA:PA ratios and CH4 production. This study has confirmed that gradient levels (ratio) of grass and grain in a feed mix impact the antimethanogenic efficacy of <i>Asparagopsis</i> during <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> fermentation with rumen fluid.展开更多
基金Supported by China Agriculture Research System(CARS-05)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31260326)Science and Technology to Benefit the People from Yunnan Provincial Scientific and Technology Department(2014RA060)~~
文摘Chronic diseases are the leading global causes of death in China and the world, especially hypertension ＇and diabetes, and the main reasons are heredity, abnormal metabolism and an unhealthy lifestyle for dietary. Barley is taditional medicine in China. There is an very important effect for functional foods for preventing chronic diseases of barley grains and barley grass powder as well as its products because of its high contents of minerals, vitamins, amino acids, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll and bioactive compounds such as β-glucans, phenolic compounds, GABA, alkaloid, tocopherols and tocotrienols, dietary fiber and so on. There are a lot of challenges to promote health for functional food with barley grains and its grass in China. Barley grain will produce pearled barley, grits, flakes and flour, and it adds texture, flavor, aroma, nutritional and medicinal value to product. Barley grass powder can be produced in barley green, barley grass rice noodle, barley grass ersi, barley grass noodles and barley green beer and other new functional foods. The future for barley use in food products is improving and very promising.
文摘Benefits of the red seaweed <i>Asparagopsis</i> <i>taxiformis</i> as an ingredient to manage methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions from the red meat and dairy industries continue to evolve. <i>Asparagopsis</i> has been demonstrated to eliminate enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emissions <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> and reduce it greater than 80% in animals. Variability in animal studies is suspected to be associated with variable inclusion and proportions of grass and grain in the diet. This <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> study aimed to elucidate effects of gradient grass to grain proportions in the fermentation using five steps from 100% Rhodes grass (RG) to 100% barley grain (BG). Gradient inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> was in six steps of Control with no inclusion (C), Low (L), Low-Medium (LM), Medium (M), Medium-High (MH), and High (H) levels tested in three fermentation durations (24 h, 48 h, 72 h). There was significant effect of RG/BG and inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> such that CH<sub>4</sub> production decreased with increasing <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG;however, there was enhanced reduction at greater proportions of BG. Thus, the level of <i>Asparagopsis</i> required to completely inhibit CH<sub>4</sub> production <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> was decreased with decreasing RG/BG. Increasing the duration of fermentation had greatest effect on CH<sub>4</sub> at C, L, and LM levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i> independent of RG/BG, although magnitude of CH<sub>4</sub> production was greater for higher proportions of BG for the C and L levels. Digestibility of <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> substrate increased with fermentation duration and increasing BG;however, there was no change associated with inclusion levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i>. Increases in total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) were observed with increased fermentation duration and concomitant with increasing substrate digestion. Increasing proportions of BG induced increase in tVFA. In contrast, and independent of changes in substrate, increasing inclusion of <i>Asparagopsis</i> had little effect on tVFA. The acetic and propionic acid ratio (AA:PA) decreased with decreasing RG/BG and increasing <i>Asparagopsis</i>. This pattern was most pronounced with 100% BG and MH-H <i>Asparagopsis</i> levels. Compared to control, there was decrease in the AA:PA ratio with addition of even L levels of <i>Asparagopsis</i> and with L compared to LM inclusion levels. Increasing levels of BG and <i>Asparagopsis</i> resulted in significant decreases in AA:PA ratios and CH4 production. This study has confirmed that gradient levels (ratio) of grass and grain in a feed mix impact the antimethanogenic efficacy of <i>Asparagopsis</i> during <i>in</i> <i>vitro</i> fermentation with rumen fluid.
