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Local Buckling-Induced Forming Method to Produce Metal Bellows 被引量:1
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作者 Tianyin Zhang Dongqing Li +2 位作者 Tianjiao Xu Yongfeng Sui Xianhong Han 《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第1期104-114,共11页
A novel buckling-induced forming method is proposed to produce metal bellows.The tube billet is firstly treated by local heating and cooling,and the axial loading is applied on both ends of the tube,then the buckling ... A novel buckling-induced forming method is proposed to produce metal bellows.The tube billet is firstly treated by local heating and cooling,and the axial loading is applied on both ends of the tube,then the buckling occurs at the designated position and forms a convolution.In this paper,a forming apparatus is designed and developed to produce both discontinuous and continuous bellows of 304 stainless steel,and their characteristics are discussed respectively.Furthermore,the influences of process parameters and geometric parameters on the final convolution profile are deeply studied based on FEM analysis.The results suggest that the steel bellows fabricated by the presented buckling-induced forming method have a uniform shape and no obvious reduction of wall thickness.Meanwhile,the forming force required in the process is quite small. 展开更多
关键词 Buckling-induced forming Dieless No wall-thinning Stainless-steel bellows
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Subsea Compensation of Pressure Based on Reducer Bellows
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作者 Shihong Xiao Shichao Zhou +2 位作者 Linlin Yue Xianyou He Maolin Xiang 《Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing》 EI 2023年第10期2549-2567,共19页
In this study,the pressure compensation mechanism of a reducer bellows is analyzed.This device is typically used to reduce the size of undersea instruments and improve related pressure resistance and sealing capabilit... In this study,the pressure compensation mechanism of a reducer bellows is analyzed.This device is typically used to reduce the size of undersea instruments and improve related pressure resistance and sealing capabilities.Here,its axial stiffness is studied through a multi-fold approach based on theory,simulations and experiments.The results indicate that the mechanical strength of the reducer bellows,together with the oil volume and temperature are the main factors influencing its performances.In particular,the wall thickness,wave number,middle distance,and wave height are the most influential parameters.For a certain type of reducer bellows,the compensation capacity attains a maximum when the wave number ratio is between 6:6 and 8:4,the wall thickness is 0.3 mm,and the wave height is between 4–5 mm and 5–6 mm.Moreover,the maximum allowable ambient pres-sure of the optimized reducer bellows can reach 62.6 MPa without failure,and the maximum working water depth is 6284 m. 展开更多
关键词 Subsea reducer bellows pressure compensation compressible fluid mechanical strength
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GENERAL SOLUTION FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS OVERALL-BENDING PROBLEMS 被引量:4
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作者 朱卫平 郭平 黄黔 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2000年第4期371-382,共12页
The formulae for stresses and angular displacements of U-shaped bellows overall bending in a meridian plane under pure bending moments are presented based on the general solution for slender ring shells proposed by Zh... The formulae for stresses and angular displacements of U-shaped bellows overall bending in a meridian plane under pure bending moments are presented based on the general solution for slender ring shells proposed by Zhu Weiping, et al. and the solution for ring plates. The results evaluated in this paper are compared with those on EJMA (standards of the expansion joint manufacturers association) and of the experiment given by Li Tingxilz, et al. 展开更多
关键词 flexible shells shells of revolution circular ring shells bellows U-shaped bellows
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Application of Non-homogeneous Solution for Equations of Slender Ring Shells to Overall-Bending Problem of Ω-Shaped Bellows 被引量:2
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作者 Zhu Weiping Guo Ping (Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University) 《Advances in Manufacturing》 SCIE CAS 1999年第2期37-42,共6页
A linear complex equation for slender ring shells overall bending in a meridian plane is given based on E. L. Axelrad's theory of flexible shells. And the non homogeneous solution is obtained from W. Z. Chien... A linear complex equation for slender ring shells overall bending in a meridian plane is given based on E. L. Axelrad's theory of flexible shells. And the non homogeneous solution is obtained from W. Z. Chien's solution for axial symmetrical slender ring shells to investigate the overall bending problem of Ω shaped bellows subjected to pure bending moments. The values calculated in the present paper are very close to the existing experiment. Thus Chien's work on axial symmetrical problems for ring shells has been extended to overall bending problems. 展开更多
关键词 flexible shells shells of revolution circular ring shells curved tubes bellows
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PROBLEMS OF U-SHAPED BELLOWS WITH NONLINEAR DEFORM TION OF LARGE AXISYMMETRICAL DEFLECTION(Ⅰ)--COUNTING NONLINEAR DEFORMATIONS OF RING SHELLS AND COMPRESSED ANGLE OF BELLOWS 被引量:1
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作者 Hu Liang 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1993年第3期253-267,共15页
This paper follows the work of[1,2].There are some progress in dealing with moderately small rotations(the squares of rotation angles are the order of magnitude of strains)of middle surface normals of inside and outsi... This paper follows the work of[1,2].There are some progress in dealing with moderately small rotations(the squares of rotation angles are the order of magnitude of strains)of middle surface normals of inside and outside ring shells and compressed angle of bellows.Calculation results agree with experiments well.To bellow design,the method given in this paper is of practical value and the discussion of the influence of compressed angle on characteristic relation is helpful. 展开更多
关键词 U-shaped bellows large axisymmetrical deflection compressed angle
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The Dynamical FSI Simulation for Bellows Inflating to Disperse Bomblets 被引量:1
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作者 Cheng Zhang Huijun Ning +1 位作者 Kun Jiang Hao Wang 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2016年第2期51-58,共8页
According to the characteristics of fluid-structure interaction( FSI) in the process of metal bellows inflating to disperse bomblets,a 3D dynamical FSI model( W model) which describes the interaction between a viscous... According to the characteristics of fluid-structure interaction( FSI) in the process of metal bellows inflating to disperse bomblets,a 3D dynamical FSI model( W model) which describes the interaction between a viscous compressible flow and a structure undergoing large deformationis established. Then the dynamic characteristics of the metal bellows deformation,the changing law of the internal flow field and the motion law of the bombs are acquired.Where the internal pressure and bombs' moving law are approximate to interior ballistic results,which indicates the W model established reasonably. Besides,considering gaps existing atthe bellows' tow ends,the dynamical FSI modelcontaining gaps( Y model) is also built. The results of the W and Y models are compared and the results show that the existence of the gaps has little influence to the flow field and the stress distributionin the bellows,but obviously reduces the separation speed of the bomblets about 10%. 展开更多
关键词 metal bellows large deformation GAP
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ON PROBLEMS OF U-SHAPED BELLOWS WITH NONLINEAR DEFORMATION OF LARGE AXISYMMETRICAL DEFLECTION(Ⅱ)——COUNTING VARIATION OF THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION 被引量:1
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作者 Hu Liang 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1993年第6期559-564,共6页
On the basis of paper[1],assuming the logarithm of thickness at arbitrary point on a U-shaped bellows meridian is linear with the logarithm of distance between that point and axis of symmetry,perturbation solutions of... On the basis of paper[1],assuming the logarithm of thickness at arbitrary point on a U-shaped bellows meridian is linear with the logarithm of distance between that point and axis of symmetry,perturbation solutions of the corresponding problems of large axisymmetrical deflection are given.The effects of thickness distribution variation,which result from technology factors,on stiffness of bellows are discussed. 展开更多
关键词 U-shaped bellows variation of thickness distribution decay rate
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GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE OVERALL BENDING OF FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR RING SHELLS WITH MODERATELY SLENDER RATIO AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BELLOWS (Ⅰ)-GOVERNING EQUATION AND GENERAL SOLUTION
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作者 ZHU Wei-ping(朱卫平) +1 位作者 HUANG Qian(黄黔) 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2002年第8期889-897,共9页
The overall bending of circular ring shells subjected to bending moments and lateral forces is discussed. The derivation of the equations was based upon the theory of flexible shells generalized by E.L. Axelrad and th... The overall bending of circular ring shells subjected to bending moments and lateral forces is discussed. The derivation of the equations was based upon the theory of flexible shells generalized by E.L. Axelrad and the assumption of the moderately slender ratio less than 1/3 (i.e., ratio between curvature radius of the meridian and distance from the meridional curvature center to the axis of revolution). The present general solution is an analytical one convergent in the whole domain of the shell and with the necessary integral constants for the boundary value problems. It can be used to calculate the stresses and displacements of the related bellows. The whole work is arranged into four parts: (Ⅰ) Governing equation and general solution; (Ⅱ) Calculation for Omega_shaped bellows; (Ⅲ) Calculation for C_shaped bellows; (Ⅳ) Calculation for U_shaped bellows. This paper is the first part. 展开更多
关键词 theory of flexible shell circular ring shell bellows lateral bending load moderately slender ratio general solution
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FINITE ELEMENT DISPLACEMENT PERTURBATION METHOD FOR GEOMETRIC NONLINEAR BEHAVIORS OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION OVERALL BENDING IN A MERIDIONAL PLANE AND APPLICATION TO BELLOWS (Ⅰ)
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作者 ZHU Wei-ping(朱卫平) +1 位作者 HUANG Qian(黄黔) 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2002年第12期1374-1389,共16页
In order to analyze bellows effectively and practically, the finite_element_displacement_perturbation method (FEDPM) is proposed for the geometric nonlinear behaviors of shells of revolution subjected to pure bending ... In order to analyze bellows effectively and practically, the finite_element_displacement_perturbation method (FEDPM) is proposed for the geometric nonlinear behaviors of shells of revolution subjected to pure bending moments or lateral forces in one of their meridional planes. The formulations are mainly based upon the idea of perturba_ tion that the nodal displacement vector and the nodal force vector of each finite element are expanded by taking root_mean_square value of circumferential strains of the shells as a perturbation parameter. The load steps and the iteration times are not as arbitrary and unpredictable as in usual nonlinear analysis. Instead, there are certain relations between the load steps and the displacement increments, and no need of iteration for each load step. Besides, in the formulations, the shell is idealized into a series of conical frusta for the convenience of practice, Sander's nonlinear geometric equations of moderate small rotation are used, and the shell made of more than one material ply is also considered. 展开更多
关键词 shell of revolution bellows deflection by lateral force geometrical nonlinearity perturbation technique finite element method
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GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE OVERALL BENDING OF FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR RING SHELLS WITH MODERATELY SLENDER RATIO AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BELLOWS (Ⅳ)-CALCULATION FOR U-SHAPED BELLOWS
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作者 ZHU Wei-ping(朱卫平) +1 位作者 HUANG Qian(黄黔) 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2002年第10期1164-1169,共6页
This is one of the applications of Part (Ⅰ),in which the angular stiffness, and the corresponding stress distributions of U_shaped bellows were discussed. The bellows was divided into protruding sections, concave sec... This is one of the applications of Part (Ⅰ),in which the angular stiffness, and the corresponding stress distributions of U_shaped bellows were discussed. The bellows was divided into protruding sections, concave sections and ring plates for the calculation that the general solution (Ⅰ) with its reduced form to ring plates were used respectively, but the continuity of the surface stresses and the meridian rotations at each joint of the sections were entirely satisfied. The present results were compared with those of the slender ring shell solution proposed earlier by the authors, the standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA), the experiment and the finite element method. It is shown that the governing equation and the general solution (Ⅰ) are very effective. 展开更多
关键词 theory of flexible shell circular ring shell U_shaped bellows pure bending general solution
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GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE OVERALL BENDING OF FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR RING SHELLS WITH MODERATELY SLENDER RATIO AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BELLOWS (Ⅲ)-CALCULATION FOR C-SHAPED BELLOWS
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作者 ZHU Wei-ping(朱卫平) +1 位作者 HUANG Qian(黄黔) 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2002年第10期1153-1163,共11页
This is one of the applications of Part (Ⅰ), in which the angular stiffness, the lateral stiffness and the corresponding stress distributions of C_shaped bellows were calculated. The bellows was divided into protrudi... This is one of the applications of Part (Ⅰ), in which the angular stiffness, the lateral stiffness and the corresponding stress distributions of C_shaped bellows were calculated. The bellows was divided into protruding sections and concave sections for the use of the general solution (Ⅰ), but the continuity of the stress resultants and the deformations at each joint of the sections were entirely satisfied. The present results were compared with those of the other theories and experiments, and are also tested by the numerically integral method. It is shown that the governing equation and the general solution (Ⅰ) are very effective. 展开更多
关键词 theory of flexible shell circular ring shell C_shaped bellows overall bending general solution
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GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE OVERALL BENDING OF FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR RING SHELLS WITH MODERATELY SLENDER RATIO AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BELLOWS (Ⅱ)- CALCULATION FOR OMEGA-SHAPED BELLOWS
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作者 ZHU Wei-ping(朱卫平) +1 位作者 HUANG Qian(黄黔) 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2002年第8期898-905,共8页
is one of the applications of (Ⅰ), in which the angular stiffness, the lateral stiffness and the corresponding stress distributions of Omega_shaped bellows were calculated, and the present results were compared with ... is one of the applications of (Ⅰ), in which the angular stiffness, the lateral stiffness and the corresponding stress distributions of Omega_shaped bellows were calculated, and the present results were compared with those of the other theories and experiments. It is shown that the non_homogeneous solution of (Ⅰ) can solve the pure bending problem of the bellows by itself, and be more effective than by the theory of slender ring shells; but if a lateral slide of the bellows support exists the non_homogeneous solution will no longer entirely satisfy the boundary conditions of the problem, in this case the homogeneous solution of (Ⅰ) should be included, that is to say, the full solution of (Ⅰ) can meet all the requirements. 展开更多
关键词 theory of flexible shell circular ring shell Omega_shaped bellows general solution
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Research and Development of ITER Bellows Assemblies
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作者 HU Gang 《Southwestern Institute of Physics Annual Report》 2005年第1期92-94,共3页
In ITER facilities, there are some special expansion joints connected with the openings of cryostat. Expect for the assemblies connected with NB openings, others are rectangular section with big dimensions and severe ... In ITER facilities, there are some special expansion joints connected with the openings of cryostat. Expect for the assemblies connected with NB openings, others are rectangular section with big dimensions and severe working conditions and they are important for ITER safe runing. 展开更多
关键词 bellows Expansion joints
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Volume Optimisation of Multi-stable Origami Bellows for Deployable Space Habitats 被引量:1
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作者 Mengzhu Yang Joe Defillion +1 位作者 Fabrizio Scarpa Mark Schenk 《Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica》 SCIE EI CSCD 2023年第4期514-530,共17页
Origami bellows are formed by folding flat sheets into closed cylindrical structures along predefined creases.As the bellows unfold,the volume of the origami structure will change significantly,offering potential for ... Origami bellows are formed by folding flat sheets into closed cylindrical structures along predefined creases.As the bellows unfold,the volume of the origami structure will change significantly,offering potential for use as inflatable deployable structures.This paper presents a geometric study of the volume of multi-stable Miura-ori and Kresling bellows,focusing on their application as deployable space habitats.Such habitats would be compactly stowed during launch,before expanding once in orbit.The internal volume ratio between different deployed states is investigated across the geometric design space.As a case study,the SpaceX Falcon 9 payload fairing is chosen for the transportation of space habitats.The stowed volume and effective deployed volume of the origami space habitats are calculated to enable comparison with conventional habitat designs.Optimal designs for the deployment of Miura-ori and Kresling patterned tubular space habitats are obtained using particle swarm optimisation(PSO)techniques.Configurations with significant volume expansion can be found in both patterns,with the Miura-ori patterns achieving higher volume expansion due to their additional radial deployment.A multi-objective PSO(MOPSO)is adopted to identify trade-offs between volumetric deployment and radial expansion ratios for the Miura-ori pattern. 展开更多
关键词 Optimisation Origami bellows Space habitat Origami volume
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Proposal of metal bellows-based fiber Bragg grating accelerometer 被引量:1
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作者 张敬花 乔学光 +4 位作者 忽满利 冯忠耀 高宏 杨扬 周锐 《Chinese Optics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2011年第9期21-24,共4页
A metal bellows-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The optical fiber (containing the FBG) is pre-tensioned, and the two ends of the optical fiber are fixed d... A metal bellows-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) accelerometer is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The optical fiber (containing the FBG) is pre-tensioned, and the two ends of the optical fiber are fixed directly from the shell to the inertial mass. In this design, the FBG is uniformly tensioned to obtain a constant strain distribution over it. By employing this configuration, the FBG always has a sharp reflection characteristic with no broadening in its reflection spectrum during wavelength shifting. Dynamic vibration measurements show that the proposed FBG accelerometer has a wide frequency response range (5-110 Hz) and an extremely high sensitivity (548.7 pro/g). The two important indicators of FBG accelerometer can be tuned by the addition of mass to tailor the sensor performance to specific applications, identifying it as a good candidate for structural health monitoring. 展开更多
关键词 Accelerometers bellows Electric arc welding Fibers Frequency response Structural health monitoring
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Approximate Calculation of U-shaped Bellows 被引量:1
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作者 沈祖培 《Tsinghua Science and Technology》 EI CAS 1996年第3期93-97,共5页
U shaped bellows are widely used for sealed connections that require some flexibility. Since the structure of U shaped bellows is complex,numerical methods are often used to calculate mechanical parameters such... U shaped bellows are widely used for sealed connections that require some flexibility. Since the structure of U shaped bellows is complex,numerical methods are often used to calculate mechanical parameters such as stiffness, displacement, etc. In this paper approximate formulas are derived for calculating the stiffness and the stresses of a U shaped bellows with a slender ring shell. These formulas can be used for designing bellows and selecting corrugation parameters. Comparison between the results of the approximate caculation and a finite element calculation showed that the approximate formulas are applicable for μ<0 5. 展开更多
关键词 bellows approximate calculation STIFFNESS toroidal shell
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Deformation behaviors of four-layered U-shaped metallic bellows in hydroforming 被引量:9
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作者 Jing LIU Zhiyong LV +1 位作者 Yang LIU Lanyun LI 《Chinese Journal of Aeronautics》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2020年第12期3479-3494,共16页
Because of the complex constraint effects among layers in multi-layered metallic bellows hydroforming,the stress concentration and defects such as wrinkling and fracture may easily occur.It is a key to reveal the defo... Because of the complex constraint effects among layers in multi-layered metallic bellows hydroforming,the stress concentration and defects such as wrinkling and fracture may easily occur.It is a key to reveal the deformation behaviors in order to obtain a sound product.Based on the ABAQUS platform,a 3 D-FE model of the four-layered U-shaped metallic bellow hydroforming process is established and validated by experiment.The stress and strain distributions,wall thickness variations and bellow profiles of each layer in the whole process,including bulging,folding and springback stages,are studied.Then deformation behaviors of bellows under different forming conditions are discussed.It is found that the wall thinning degrees of different layer vary after hydroforming,and is the largest for the inner layer and smallest for the outer layer.At folding stage,the wall thinning degree of the crown point increases lineally,and the difference among layers increases as the process going.The displacements of the crown point decrease from the inner layer to the outer layer.After springback,the U-shaped cross section changes to a tongue shape,the change of convolution pitch is much larger than the change of convolution height,and the springback values of the inner layer are smaller than the outer layer.An increase in the internal pressure and die spacing cause the maximum wall thinning degree and springback increase.With changing of process parameters,bellows with deep convolution are easily encountered wall thinning during hydroforming and convolution distortion after springback.This research is helpful for precision forming of multi-layered bellows. 展开更多
关键词 Deformation behaviors Four-layered U-shaped bellow HYDROFORMING Numerical simulation Springback
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Analysis and Optimization of Flow-Guided Structure Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction
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作者 Yue Cui Liyuan Wang +1 位作者 Jixing Ru Jian Wu 《Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing》 EI 2023年第6期1573-1584,共12页
Gases containing sulfur oxides can cause corrosion and failure of bellows used as furnace blowers in high-temperature environments.In order to mitigate this issue,the behavior of an effective blast furnace blower has ... Gases containing sulfur oxides can cause corrosion and failure of bellows used as furnace blowers in high-temperature environments.In order to mitigate this issue,the behavior of an effective blast furnace blower has been examined in detail.Firstly,the Sereda corrosion model has been introduced to simulate the corrosion rate of the related bellows taking into account the effects of temperature and SO_(2) gas;such results have been compared with effective measurements;then,the average gas velocity in the pipeline and the von Mises stress distribution of the inner draft tube have been analyzed using a Fluid-Structure Interaction model.Finally,the semi-closed internal corrosion environment caused by a 5 mm radial gap between the inner draft tube and the bellows has been considered.The gas flow rate in the residential space has been found to be low(0.5 ms–this value leads to a stable semi-closed internal corrosion environment for exhaust gas exchange);water phase in the exhaust gas is prone to accelerate the corrosion rate.On this basis,a bellows with an optimized inner draft tube has proposed,which includes corrosion-resistant honeycomb buffer rings. 展开更多
关键词 bellows optimized inner draft tube FSI(Fluid-structure interaction) corrosion rate
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Novel Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Huge Value Penalty for Solving Engineering Problem 被引量:7
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作者 YU Ying YU Xiaochun LI Yongsheng 《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2009年第3期410-418,共9页
For the purpose of solving the engineering constrained discrete optimization problem, a novel discrete particle swarm optimization(DPSO) is proposed. The proposed novel DPSO is based on the idea of normal particle s... For the purpose of solving the engineering constrained discrete optimization problem, a novel discrete particle swarm optimization(DPSO) is proposed. The proposed novel DPSO is based on the idea of normal particle swarm optimization(PSO), but deals with the variables as discrete type, the discrete optimum solution is found through updating the location of discrete variable. To avoid long calculation time and improve the efficiency of algorithm, scheme of constraint level and huge value penalty are proposed to deal with the constraints, the stratagem of reproducing the new particles and best keeping model of particle are employed to increase the diversity of particles. The validity of the proposed DPSO is examined by benchmark numerical examples, the results show that the novel DPSO has great advantages over current algorithm. The optimum designs of the 100-1 500 mm bellows under 0.25 MPa are fulfilled by DPSO. Comparing the optimization results with the bellows in-service, optimization results by discrete penalty particle swarm optimization(DPPSO) and theory solution, the comparison result shows that the global discrete optima of bellows are obtained by proposed DPSO, and confirms that the proposed novel DPSO and schemes can be used to solve the engineering constrained discrete problem successfully. 展开更多
关键词 discrete particle swarm optimization location updating scheme of constraints level huge value penalty optimization design bellows
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A bellow pressure fiber optic sensor for static ice pressure measurements 被引量:2
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作者 崔丽琴 龙欣 秦建敏 《Applied Geophysics》 SCIE CSCD 2015年第2期255-262,276,共9页
Static ice pressure affects safe operation of hydraulic structures. However, current detection methods are hindered by the following limitations: poor real-time performance and errors owing to the partial pressure of... Static ice pressure affects safe operation of hydraulic structures. However, current detection methods are hindered by the following limitations: poor real-time performance and errors owing to the partial pressure of the surrounding wall on traditional electrical resistance strain bellow pressure sensors. We developed a fiber optic sensor with a special pressure bellow to monitor the static ice pressure on hydraulic structures and used the sensor to measure static pressure in laboratory ice growth and melting tests from -30℃ to 5℃. The sensor resolution is 0.02 kPa and its sensitivity is 2.74 × 10-4/kPa. The experiments suggest that the static ice pressure peaks twice during ice growth and melting. The first peak appears when the ice temperature drops to -15℃ owing to the liquid water to solid ice transition. The second peak appears at 0℃ owing to the thermal expansion of the ice during ice melting. The novel fiber optic sensor exhibits stable performance, high resolution, and high sensitivity and it can be used to monitor the static ice pressure during ice growth and melting. 展开更多
关键词 Static ice pressure pressure bellow fiber optic sensor improved Y-type fiber bundle
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