Electromagnetic stirring is one of the widely applied techniques to modify the quality of casting billets.Different from conventional rotate stirring,the helical stirring is more professional in assisting multi-dimens...Electromagnetic stirring is one of the widely applied techniques to modify the quality of casting billets.Different from conventional rotate stirring,the helical stirring is more professional in assisting multi-dimensional flow of molten metal and eliminating solidification defects.In this study,the single-winding helical stirring(SWHS)was introduced,offering advantages such as smaller volume and lower electromagnetic shielding compared to traditional helical stirring methods.Following a comprehensive numerical simulation,the stirring parameters of SWHS were adjusted to yoke inclination angle of 43°and frequency of 12 Hz.The higher electromagnetic force and flow velocity in drawing direction,as well as the lower temperature gradient induced by the SWHS,are positive factors for homogeneous solidification of billet.The experimental results on Al-8%Si alloy and 0.4%C-1.1%Mn steel demonstrate that compared to rotate stirring,the SWHS process can induce better billet quality and is more effective in accelerating the equiaxed expansion and reducing element segregation.The SWHS process can enhance the equiaxed ratio of the billet by 58.3%and reduce segregation degree of carbon element by 10.97%.Consequently,SWHS holds great promise as a potential approach for improving the quality of continuous casting billets.展开更多
The horizontal continuous casting process,the initial step in TP2 copper tubular processing,directly determines the microstructure and properties of copper tubular.However,the process parameters of the continuous cast...The horizontal continuous casting process,the initial step in TP2 copper tubular processing,directly determines the microstructure and properties of copper tubular.However,the process parameters of the continuous casting characterize time variation,multiple disturbances and strong coupling.As a consequence,their influence on a casting billet is difficult to be determined.Due to the above issues,the common factor and special factor analysis of the factor analysis model were used in this study,and the casting experiment and billet metallographic experiment were carried out to diagnose and analyze the reason of the microstructure inhomogeneity.The multiple process parameters were studied and classified using common factor analysis,2 the cast billets with abnormal microstructures were identified by GT^(2) statistics,and the most important factors affecting the microstructural homogeneity were found by special factor analysis.The calculated and experimental results show that the principal parameters influencing the inhomogeneity of solidified microstructure are the primary inlet water pressure and the primary outlet water temperature.According to the consequence of the above investigation,the inhomogeneity of the copper billet microstructure can be effectively improved when the process parameters are controlled and adjusted.展开更多
Forging spur gears are widely used in the driving system of mining machinery and equipment due to their higher strength and dimensional accuracy.For the purpose of precisely calculating the volume of cylindrical spur ...Forging spur gears are widely used in the driving system of mining machinery and equipment due to their higher strength and dimensional accuracy.For the purpose of precisely calculating the volume of cylindrical spur gear billet in cold precision forging,a new theoretical method named average circle method was put forward.With this method,a series of gear billet volumes were calculated.Comparing with the accurate three-dimensional modeling method,the accuracy of average circle method by theoretical calculation was estimated and the maximum relative error of average circle method was less than 1.5%,which was in good agreement with the experimental results.Relative errors of the calculated and the experimental for obtaining the gear billet volumes with reference circle method are larger than those of the average circle method.It shows that average circle method possesses a higher calculation accuracy than reference circle method(traditional method),which should be worth popularizing widely in calculation of spur gear billet volume.展开更多
The physical model of a ten-strand billet caster tundish was established to study the effects of various flow control devices on the melt flow. Before and after the optimization of the melt flow, the inclusion removal...The physical model of a ten-strand billet caster tundish was established to study the effects of various flow control devices on the melt flow. Before and after the optimization of the melt flow, the inclusion removal in the tundish was evaluated by plant trials. The physical modeling results show that when combined with a baffle, the turbulence inhibitor, instead of the impact pad, can significantly improve the melt flow. A turbulence inhibitor with a longer length of inner cavity and without an extending lip at the top of the sidewall seems to be efficient in the improvement of the melt flow. Various types and designs of baffles all influence the flow characteristics significantly. The "V" type baffles are better than the straight baffles for flow control. The "V" type baffle with four inclined holes at the sidewall away from the stopper rods is better in melt flow control than the one with one inclined hole at each sidewall. The combination of a well-designed turbulence inhibitor and an appropriate baffle shows high efficiency on improving the melt flow and an optimal proposal was presented. Plant trials indicate that, compared with the original tundish configuration in prototype, the inclusions reduce by 42% and the inclusion distribution of individual strands is more similar with the optimal one. The optimal tundish configuration effectively improves the melt flow in the ten-strand billet caster tundish.展开更多
The low frequency electromagnetic field was applied during direct chill(DC) semi-continuous casting of the ZK60 magnesium alloy billets. Effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on surface quality, microstructur...The low frequency electromagnetic field was applied during direct chill(DC) semi-continuous casting of the ZK60 magnesium alloy billets. Effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on surface quality, microstructure and hot-tearing tendency of Φ500 mm ZK60 magnesium alloy billets were investigated. The results showed that with the application of the low frequency electromagnetic field, the surface quality of the ZK60 magnesium alloy billets is markedly improved and the depth of cold fold is decreased. The microstructure of the billets is also significantly refined. Besides, the distribution of the grain size is relatively uniform from the billet surface towards its center, where the average grain size is 42 μm at surface and 50 μm at center. It also shows that the hot-tearing tendency of DC semi-continuous casting ZK60 magnesium alloy billets is significantly reduced under low frequency electromagnetic field.展开更多
The experiments for rheologic behaviors of semisolid continuous casting billets of A356 alloy in semisolid state had been carried out with a multifunctional rheometer. The results show that the deformation rate increa...The experiments for rheologic behaviors of semisolid continuous casting billets of A356 alloy in semisolid state had been carried out with a multifunctional rheometer. The results show that the deformation rate increases with loading time, the maximum strain reaches to 120％ （which is one time larger than that of traditional mold casting billet） and the strain can be rapidly eliminated to 10％ after unloading. Moreover, there is a critic stress for billet deformation even in semisolid state, which is named as critic shear stress. This stress increases with the decreasing of heating time. The theologic behaviors can be expressed by five elements mechanical model （H<sub>2</sub>- [N<sub>1</sub>|H<sub>2</sub>]-[N<sub>2</sub>|S]） and can be modified with the increasing of heating time.展开更多
Perfect combination of structural size parameters of the hydroforming billets is essential to obtain even wall-thicknesses of the car-beam.Finite element(FE)analysis on hydroforming car-beam was carried out,and the re...Perfect combination of structural size parameters of the hydroforming billets is essential to obtain even wall-thicknesses of the car-beam.Finite element(FE)analysis on hydroforming car-beam was carried out,and the results were optimized according to multiple quality objectives by the grey system theory.With bending angle,bending radius and hight-difference along the axis direction as variables,orthogonal FE analyses were conducted and the minimum and maximum wall-thicknesses of the billets with different sizes were obtained.Taking the minimum and maximum wall-thicknesses as two references,the correlation coefficient between the data for reference and those for comparison by the grey system theory reduced multi-objectives to a single quality objective,and the average correlation level of every billet facilitated the optimization of size parameters for hydroforming car beam.The trial production showed that the optimization approach satisfied the need of hydroforming car beams.展开更多
The formation mechanism of "white band" and central carbon segregation of high-carbon Cr bearing steel concasting billets are discussed in this paper. The maximum oxygen content in the steel produced by conc...The formation mechanism of "white band" and central carbon segregation of high-carbon Cr bearing steel concasting billets are discussed in this paper. The maximum oxygen content in the steel produced by concasting process was 13 ?10-6 with an average oxygen content of 9.3?10-6. Comparison of metallurgical quality and fatigue property between the concasting steel （CC） and ingot casting steel （IC） showed that the carbon segregation （C/C0） in former steel was 0.921.10 and its fatigue life was equal to that of the latter steel.展开更多
Continuous casting of steel involving different grades in the same casting sequence remains a challenge to billet caster operators. The intermixed composition obtained during the grade change does not meet the specifi...Continuous casting of steel involving different grades in the same casting sequence remains a challenge to billet caster operators. The intermixed composition obtained during the grade change does not meet the specification of either grade and must be downgraded. Incorrect identification of this intermixed region may result in non-conforming products reaching the customer. In this study, a numerical model based on CFD (computational fluid dynamics approach) has been developed which predicts the start and end of the intermixed composition and the tonnage to be downgraded under different casting conditions. This model was validated and the results were in good agreement with the actual plant data for a 6-strand billet caster at LD-1 of TATA Steel, India. This model is used to calculate transition tonnage for different scenarios, e.g. when one of the outermost strands is not functional or some combinations are not functional and varying casting speed during operation. Furthermore, impact of different design of baffles on performance of Tundish has been evaluated to find a way to reduce transition or intermixed composition.展开更多
The carbon segregation that occurs in a round billet leads to instability in the anti-sulfur steel pipe.The maximum difference in the C content of these billets can reach 0.08%,and the equiaxed grain ratio is about 37...The carbon segregation that occurs in a round billet leads to instability in the anti-sulfur steel pipe.The maximum difference in the C content of these billets can reach 0.08%,and the equiaxed grain ratio is about 37.0%.In this paper,reasonable casting and mixing parameters were obtained by a study of the casting process,mold electromagnetic stirring,and the final electromagnetic stirring process.First,a mathematical model was established for the solidification and heat transfer of round-billet continuous casting using the characteristics of the continuous-casting process for sulfur-resistant steel pipes.The relationship between the casting speed,cooling-water ratio,and thickness of the shell at the final stirring position was analyzed.Then,the electromagnetic force and the liquid steel flow velocity were simulated and used to obtain reasonable parameters for the mold and final electromagnetic stirring.Through optimization of the casting and electromagnetic stirring technologies,the equiaxed grain ratio of the continuous-casting round billet increased to 53.4%and the maximum difference in the C content of the billet reduced to 0.031%.展开更多
This study developed a new technology for preparing high-chromium cast iron(HCCI)/low-carbon steel(LCS)wear-resistant composite plates by hot rolling at a 1050°C and a rolling speed of 0.2 m/s.The effects of diff...This study developed a new technology for preparing high-chromium cast iron(HCCI)/low-carbon steel(LCS)wear-resistant composite plates by hot rolling at a 1050°C and a rolling speed of 0.2 m/s.The effects of different rolling reductions(30%,45%,and 60%)on the microstructure(interface and HCCI layer)and mechanical properties(bonding strength,hardness,and wear resistance)of the composite plate were studied.SEM images showed that when the reduction was increased,no impurities and interlayers were found between the microscopic interfaces after hot rolling,and the bonding interface exhibited a wave-like shape.EDS analysis showed that the Cr element diffusion between two metals after hot rolling was promoted when the reduction was increased,thereby improving the bonding quality under the same rolling temperature and rolling speed.Experiments showed that due to the stress release effect of the LCS of the cladded layer,the macro-slab shape after hot rolling performed well,and the brittle HCCI layer underwent thermoplastic deformation without cracking.Moreover,the increase of rolling reduction improved the bonding quality.As the rolling reduction was increased,the volume fraction of Cr-carbides in the HCCI layer also increased,resulting in an increase of hardness and wear-resistance.展开更多
The two-phase zone continuous casting(TZCC)technique was used to continuously cast high-strength aluminum alloy hollow billets,and a verified 3D model of TZCC was used to simulate the flow and temperature fields at ca...The two-phase zone continuous casting(TZCC)technique was used to continuously cast high-strength aluminum alloy hollow billets,and a verified 3D model of TZCC was used to simulate the flow and temperature fields at casting speeds of 2-6 mm·min^(-1).Hollow billets under the same conditions were prepared,and their macro/microstructures were analyzed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope.During the TZCC process,a circular fluid flow appears in front of the mushy zone,and the induction heated stepped mold and convective heat transfer result in a curved solidification front with depressed region near the inner wall and a vertical temperature gradient.The deflection of the solidification front decreases and the average cooling rate in the mushy zone increases with increasing casting speed.Experimental results for a 2D12 alloy show that hot tearing periodically appears in the hollow billet accompanied by macrosegregation near the inner wall at casting speeds of 2 and 4 mm·min^(-1),while macroscopic defects of hot tearing and macrosegregation weaken and the average size of columnar crystals in the hollow billets decreases with further increasing casting speed.2D12 aluminum alloy hollow billets with no macroscopic defects,the finest columnar crystals,and excellent mechanical properties were prepared by TZCC at a casting speed of 6 mm·min^(-1),which is beneficial for the further plastic forming process.展开更多
Character recognition has always been a hot topic in the field of computer vision.However,it is often difficult to obtain high-precision results in the actual scene owing to factors such as lighting conditions and ima...Character recognition has always been a hot topic in the field of computer vision.However,it is often difficult to obtain high-precision results in the actual scene owing to factors such as lighting conditions and imaging angle.Aiming at the problem of handwritten billet identification in the steel industry,this paper proposes the use of the canny edge extraction method to enhance the contour characteristics of characters.This technique is combined with the object detection network to achieve the automatic identification of blank square numbers and solve the problem of automatic tracking of billet logistics in the production process.The proposed algorithm is applied to the site with more than 2019 images containing characters in the test set.Results show that the proposed algorithm has good practical application potential.展开更多
An industrial plant trial for optimizing the process parameters in a round billet continuous casting mold with electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) was performed,in which the influences of stirring parameters with M-EMS on...An industrial plant trial for optimizing the process parameters in a round billet continuous casting mold with electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) was performed,in which the influences of stirring parameters with M-EMS on the solidification macrostructure of high carbon steel were investigated.The results show that the billet quality is not well controlled under the condition of working current and frequency with EMS,in which the subsurface crack of grade 1.0-2.0 ups to 38.09%,the central pipe of grade 1.0-1.5 reaches to 14.28%,and the central porosity of grade 1.5 is 14.29%.The parameters of current 260 A and frequency 8 Hz as the final optimum scheme has a remarkable effect for improving the macroscopic quality of billet,in which the subsurface crack,central pipe and skin blowhole are all disappeared,and the central porosity and carbon segregation are also well improved.展开更多
Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and thixoforming was investigated by applying equal channel angularextrusion to magnesium alloy.The results show that mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy at room te...Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and thixoforming was investigated by applying equal channel angularextrusion to magnesium alloy.The results show that mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy at room temperature,such as yieldstrength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation,are enhanced greatly by four-pass equal channel angularextrusion(ECAE)at 573 K and microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to the average grain size of 20μm.Through using ECAE asstrain induced step in SIMA and completing melt activated step by semi-solid isothermal treatment,semi-solid billet with finespheroidal grains of 25μm can be prepared successfully.Compared with common SIMA,thixoformed satellite angle framecomponents using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA have higher mechanical properties at room temperature and hightemperature of 373 K.展开更多
Semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy was prepared by new strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) process and thixoforging experiment was performed.The results show that after as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy is proce...Semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy was prepared by new strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) process and thixoforging experiment was performed.The results show that after as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy is processed by equal channel angular extrusion, microstructure is refined well due to heavy dynamic recrystallization occurring in severe plastic deformation.Compared with semisolid isothermal treatment and conventional SIMA, semisolid billet with fine and spheroidal grains are achieved in new SIMA.Thixoforging process of semisolid billet prepared by new SIMA has many advantages such as good surface quality of final component, high ability to fill cavity and net-shape.The fine and spheroidal grains and high mechanical properties such as tensile strength of 298 MPa and elongation of 28% can be developed in final part thixoforged.展开更多
New strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) method for preparing AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billet is introduced by applying equal channel angular extrusion into strain induced step in SIMA method, by which sem...New strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) method for preparing AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billet is introduced by applying equal channel angular extrusion into strain induced step in SIMA method, by which semi-solid billet with fine spheroidal grains and average grain size of 18 μm can be prepared. Furthermore, average grain size of semi-solid billet is reduced with increasing extrusion pass of AZ91D magnesium alloy obtained in ECAE process. By using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA, thixoforged magazine plates component with high mechanical properties such as yield strength of 201.4 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 321.8 MPa and elongation of 15.3%, can be obtained.展开更多
In order to study the effect of the stirring flow on the grain diameter and solute concentration of hollow billet, the couple model of the two-phase solidification and electromagnetic field was built to simulate the s...In order to study the effect of the stirring flow on the grain diameter and solute concentration of hollow billet, the couple model of the two-phase solidification and electromagnetic field was built to simulate the solidification process of Sn-3.5%Pb hollow billet with the traveling magnetic field and rotating magnetic field. The effects of different kinds of flows on the temperature field, concentration field and grain diameter of molten metal during solidification were analysed. The results show that, there are different flow patterns in the molten metal induced by the traveling magnetic field and rotating magnetic field. Both flows can refine the grains in the hollow billet because of change of the temperature gradient and cooling rate of molten metal. The bigger the stirring velocity is,the smaller the grain diameter. Both flows can result in the macro-segregation in the hollow billet because of the non-homogeneous flows. The bigger the stirring velocity, the more serious the macro-segregation of the hollow billet. So, the stirring intensity should be controlled to acquire the high quality hollow billet.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Projects(No.2021YFB3702000)the Regional Company Projects in Ansteel Beijing Research Institute(No.2022BJB07GF&No.2022BJB-13GF)。
文摘Electromagnetic stirring is one of the widely applied techniques to modify the quality of casting billets.Different from conventional rotate stirring,the helical stirring is more professional in assisting multi-dimensional flow of molten metal and eliminating solidification defects.In this study,the single-winding helical stirring(SWHS)was introduced,offering advantages such as smaller volume and lower electromagnetic shielding compared to traditional helical stirring methods.Following a comprehensive numerical simulation,the stirring parameters of SWHS were adjusted to yoke inclination angle of 43°and frequency of 12 Hz.The higher electromagnetic force and flow velocity in drawing direction,as well as the lower temperature gradient induced by the SWHS,are positive factors for homogeneous solidification of billet.The experimental results on Al-8%Si alloy and 0.4%C-1.1%Mn steel demonstrate that compared to rotate stirring,the SWHS process can induce better billet quality and is more effective in accelerating the equiaxed expansion and reducing element segregation.The SWHS process can enhance the equiaxed ratio of the billet by 58.3%and reduce segregation degree of carbon element by 10.97%.Consequently,SWHS holds great promise as a potential approach for improving the quality of continuous casting billets.
基金This work is financially supported by Basic Scientific Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LJKMZ20220591)Science and Technology Plan Project of Changzhou,China(CQ20220057).
文摘The horizontal continuous casting process,the initial step in TP2 copper tubular processing,directly determines the microstructure and properties of copper tubular.However,the process parameters of the continuous casting characterize time variation,multiple disturbances and strong coupling.As a consequence,their influence on a casting billet is difficult to be determined.Due to the above issues,the common factor and special factor analysis of the factor analysis model were used in this study,and the casting experiment and billet metallographic experiment were carried out to diagnose and analyze the reason of the microstructure inhomogeneity.The multiple process parameters were studied and classified using common factor analysis,2 the cast billets with abnormal microstructures were identified by GT^(2) statistics,and the most important factors affecting the microstructural homogeneity were found by special factor analysis.The calculated and experimental results show that the principal parameters influencing the inhomogeneity of solidified microstructure are the primary inlet water pressure and the primary outlet water temperature.According to the consequence of the above investigation,the inhomogeneity of the copper billet microstructure can be effectively improved when the process parameters are controlled and adjusted.
文摘Forging spur gears are widely used in the driving system of mining machinery and equipment due to their higher strength and dimensional accuracy.For the purpose of precisely calculating the volume of cylindrical spur gear billet in cold precision forging,a new theoretical method named average circle method was put forward.With this method,a series of gear billet volumes were calculated.Comparing with the accurate three-dimensional modeling method,the accuracy of average circle method by theoretical calculation was estimated and the maximum relative error of average circle method was less than 1.5%,which was in good agreement with the experimental results.Relative errors of the calculated and the experimental for obtaining the gear billet volumes with reference circle method are larger than those of the average circle method.It shows that average circle method possesses a higher calculation accuracy than reference circle method(traditional method),which should be worth popularizing widely in calculation of spur gear billet volume.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51474059,No.51204042)the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University(No.LJQ2014031)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N140205003)
文摘The physical model of a ten-strand billet caster tundish was established to study the effects of various flow control devices on the melt flow. Before and after the optimization of the melt flow, the inclusion removal in the tundish was evaluated by plant trials. The physical modeling results show that when combined with a baffle, the turbulence inhibitor, instead of the impact pad, can significantly improve the melt flow. A turbulence inhibitor with a longer length of inner cavity and without an extending lip at the top of the sidewall seems to be efficient in the improvement of the melt flow. Various types and designs of baffles all influence the flow characteristics significantly. The "V" type baffles are better than the straight baffles for flow control. The "V" type baffle with four inclined holes at the sidewall away from the stopper rods is better in melt flow control than the one with one inclined hole at each sidewall. The combination of a well-designed turbulence inhibitor and an appropriate baffle shows high efficiency on improving the melt flow and an optimal proposal was presented. Plant trials indicate that, compared with the original tundish configuration in prototype, the inclusions reduce by 42% and the inclusion distribution of individual strands is more similar with the optimal one. The optimal tundish configuration effectively improves the melt flow in the ten-strand billet caster tundish.
基金financially supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(Grant No.2013CB632203)the Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.201202072)+1 种基金the Program for Liaoning Excellent Talents in University(Grant No.LJQ2012023)the Fundamental Research Foundation of Central Universities(Grant Nos.N120509002 and N120309003)
文摘The low frequency electromagnetic field was applied during direct chill(DC) semi-continuous casting of the ZK60 magnesium alloy billets. Effects of low frequency electromagnetic field on surface quality, microstructure and hot-tearing tendency of Φ500 mm ZK60 magnesium alloy billets were investigated. The results showed that with the application of the low frequency electromagnetic field, the surface quality of the ZK60 magnesium alloy billets is markedly improved and the depth of cold fold is decreased. The microstructure of the billets is also significantly refined. Besides, the distribution of the grain size is relatively uniform from the billet surface towards its center, where the average grain size is 42 μm at surface and 50 μm at center. It also shows that the hot-tearing tendency of DC semi-continuous casting ZK60 magnesium alloy billets is significantly reduced under low frequency electromagnetic field.
文摘The experiments for rheologic behaviors of semisolid continuous casting billets of A356 alloy in semisolid state had been carried out with a multifunctional rheometer. The results show that the deformation rate increases with loading time, the maximum strain reaches to 120％ （which is one time larger than that of traditional mold casting billet） and the strain can be rapidly eliminated to 10％ after unloading. Moreover, there is a critic stress for billet deformation even in semisolid state, which is named as critic shear stress. This stress increases with the decreasing of heating time. The theologic behaviors can be expressed by five elements mechanical model （H<sub>2</sub>- [N<sub>1</sub>|H<sub>2</sub>]-[N<sub>2</sub>|S]） and can be modified with the increasing of heating time.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of the 11th Five-Year Plan of China(2006BAF04B05)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(2010021024-2)
文摘Perfect combination of structural size parameters of the hydroforming billets is essential to obtain even wall-thicknesses of the car-beam.Finite element(FE)analysis on hydroforming car-beam was carried out,and the results were optimized according to multiple quality objectives by the grey system theory.With bending angle,bending radius and hight-difference along the axis direction as variables,orthogonal FE analyses were conducted and the minimum and maximum wall-thicknesses of the billets with different sizes were obtained.Taking the minimum and maximum wall-thicknesses as two references,the correlation coefficient between the data for reference and those for comparison by the grey system theory reduced multi-objectives to a single quality objective,and the average correlation level of every billet facilitated the optimization of size parameters for hydroforming car beam.The trial production showed that the optimization approach satisfied the need of hydroforming car beams.
文摘The formation mechanism of "white band" and central carbon segregation of high-carbon Cr bearing steel concasting billets are discussed in this paper. The maximum oxygen content in the steel produced by concasting process was 13 ?10-6 with an average oxygen content of 9.3?10-6. Comparison of metallurgical quality and fatigue property between the concasting steel （CC） and ingot casting steel （IC） showed that the carbon segregation （C/C0） in former steel was 0.921.10 and its fatigue life was equal to that of the latter steel.
文摘Continuous casting of steel involving different grades in the same casting sequence remains a challenge to billet caster operators. The intermixed composition obtained during the grade change does not meet the specification of either grade and must be downgraded. Incorrect identification of this intermixed region may result in non-conforming products reaching the customer. In this study, a numerical model based on CFD (computational fluid dynamics approach) has been developed which predicts the start and end of the intermixed composition and the tonnage to be downgraded under different casting conditions. This model was validated and the results were in good agreement with the actual plant data for a 6-strand billet caster at LD-1 of TATA Steel, India. This model is used to calculate transition tonnage for different scenarios, e.g. when one of the outermost strands is not functional or some combinations are not functional and varying casting speed during operation. Furthermore, impact of different design of baffles on performance of Tundish has been evaluated to find a way to reduce transition or intermixed composition.
文摘The carbon segregation that occurs in a round billet leads to instability in the anti-sulfur steel pipe.The maximum difference in the C content of these billets can reach 0.08%,and the equiaxed grain ratio is about 37.0%.In this paper,reasonable casting and mixing parameters were obtained by a study of the casting process,mold electromagnetic stirring,and the final electromagnetic stirring process.First,a mathematical model was established for the solidification and heat transfer of round-billet continuous casting using the characteristics of the continuous-casting process for sulfur-resistant steel pipes.The relationship between the casting speed,cooling-water ratio,and thickness of the shell at the final stirring position was analyzed.Then,the electromagnetic force and the liquid steel flow velocity were simulated and used to obtain reasonable parameters for the mold and final electromagnetic stirring.Through optimization of the casting and electromagnetic stirring technologies,the equiaxed grain ratio of the continuous-casting round billet increased to 53.4%and the maximum difference in the C content of the billet reduced to 0.031%.
文摘This study developed a new technology for preparing high-chromium cast iron(HCCI)/low-carbon steel(LCS)wear-resistant composite plates by hot rolling at a 1050°C and a rolling speed of 0.2 m/s.The effects of different rolling reductions(30%,45%,and 60%)on the microstructure(interface and HCCI layer)and mechanical properties(bonding strength,hardness,and wear resistance)of the composite plate were studied.SEM images showed that when the reduction was increased,no impurities and interlayers were found between the microscopic interfaces after hot rolling,and the bonding interface exhibited a wave-like shape.EDS analysis showed that the Cr element diffusion between two metals after hot rolling was promoted when the reduction was increased,thereby improving the bonding quality under the same rolling temperature and rolling speed.Experiments showed that due to the stress release effect of the LCS of the cladded layer,the macro-slab shape after hot rolling performed well,and the brittle HCCI layer underwent thermoplastic deformation without cracking.Moreover,the increase of rolling reduction improved the bonding quality.As the rolling reduction was increased,the volume fraction of Cr-carbides in the HCCI layer also increased,resulting in an increase of hardness and wear-resistance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1703131,No.51674027,No.51974027 and No.52004028)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515111126)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TP-18-005C1 and FRF-TP-18-041A1).
文摘The two-phase zone continuous casting(TZCC)technique was used to continuously cast high-strength aluminum alloy hollow billets,and a verified 3D model of TZCC was used to simulate the flow and temperature fields at casting speeds of 2-6 mm·min^(-1).Hollow billets under the same conditions were prepared,and their macro/microstructures were analyzed by an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope.During the TZCC process,a circular fluid flow appears in front of the mushy zone,and the induction heated stepped mold and convective heat transfer result in a curved solidification front with depressed region near the inner wall and a vertical temperature gradient.The deflection of the solidification front decreases and the average cooling rate in the mushy zone increases with increasing casting speed.Experimental results for a 2D12 alloy show that hot tearing periodically appears in the hollow billet accompanied by macrosegregation near the inner wall at casting speeds of 2 and 4 mm·min^(-1),while macroscopic defects of hot tearing and macrosegregation weaken and the average size of columnar crystals in the hollow billets decreases with further increasing casting speed.2D12 aluminum alloy hollow billets with no macroscopic defects,the finest columnar crystals,and excellent mechanical properties were prepared by TZCC at a casting speed of 6 mm·min^(-1),which is beneficial for the further plastic forming process.
文摘Character recognition has always been a hot topic in the field of computer vision.However,it is often difficult to obtain high-precision results in the actual scene owing to factors such as lighting conditions and imaging angle.Aiming at the problem of handwritten billet identification in the steel industry,this paper proposes the use of the canny edge extraction method to enhance the contour characteristics of characters.This technique is combined with the object detection network to achieve the automatic identification of blank square numbers and solve the problem of automatic tracking of billet logistics in the production process.The proposed algorithm is applied to the site with more than 2019 images containing characters in the test set.Results show that the proposed algorithm has good practical application potential.
基金supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from the Ministry of Education of China (No.NCET-04-0285)
文摘An industrial plant trial for optimizing the process parameters in a round billet continuous casting mold with electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) was performed,in which the influences of stirring parameters with M-EMS on the solidification macrostructure of high carbon steel were investigated.The results show that the billet quality is not well controlled under the condition of working current and frequency with EMS,in which the subsurface crack of grade 1.0-2.0 ups to 38.09%,the central pipe of grade 1.0-1.5 reaches to 14.28%,and the central porosity of grade 1.5 is 14.29%.The parameters of current 260 A and frequency 8 Hz as the final optimum scheme has a remarkable effect for improving the macroscopic quality of billet,in which the subsurface crack,central pipe and skin blowhole are all disappeared,and the central porosity and carbon segregation are also well improved.
基金Project(50605015)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and thixoforming was investigated by applying equal channel angularextrusion to magnesium alloy.The results show that mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy at room temperature,such as yieldstrength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation,are enhanced greatly by four-pass equal channel angularextrusion(ECAE)at 573 K and microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to the average grain size of 20μm.Through using ECAE asstrain induced step in SIMA and completing melt activated step by semi-solid isothermal treatment,semi-solid billet with finespheroidal grains of 25μm can be prepared successfully.Compared with common SIMA,thixoformed satellite angle framecomponents using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA have higher mechanical properties at room temperature and hightemperature of 373 K.
基金Project(50605015) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(HITQNJS.2008.012) supported by Development Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in Harbin Institute of Technology,China+1 种基金Projects(20090460884,20080440849) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(LBH-Q08104) supported by the Postdoctoral Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China
文摘Semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy was prepared by new strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) process and thixoforging experiment was performed.The results show that after as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy is processed by equal channel angular extrusion, microstructure is refined well due to heavy dynamic recrystallization occurring in severe plastic deformation.Compared with semisolid isothermal treatment and conventional SIMA, semisolid billet with fine and spheroidal grains are achieved in new SIMA.Thixoforging process of semisolid billet prepared by new SIMA has many advantages such as good surface quality of final component, high ability to fill cavity and net-shape.The fine and spheroidal grains and high mechanical properties such as tensile strength of 298 MPa and elongation of 28% can be developed in final part thixoforged.
基金Project(50475029, 50605015) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘New strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) method for preparing AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billet is introduced by applying equal channel angular extrusion into strain induced step in SIMA method, by which semi-solid billet with fine spheroidal grains and average grain size of 18 μm can be prepared. Furthermore, average grain size of semi-solid billet is reduced with increasing extrusion pass of AZ91D magnesium alloy obtained in ECAE process. By using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA, thixoforged magazine plates component with high mechanical properties such as yield strength of 201.4 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 321.8 MPa and elongation of 15.3%, can be obtained.
基金Project(50274017 50474055) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(20052176) supported by Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, ChinaProject supported by Homecoming Foundation of Ministry of Education, China
文摘In order to study the effect of the stirring flow on the grain diameter and solute concentration of hollow billet, the couple model of the two-phase solidification and electromagnetic field was built to simulate the solidification process of Sn-3.5%Pb hollow billet with the traveling magnetic field and rotating magnetic field. The effects of different kinds of flows on the temperature field, concentration field and grain diameter of molten metal during solidification were analysed. The results show that, there are different flow patterns in the molten metal induced by the traveling magnetic field and rotating magnetic field. Both flows can refine the grains in the hollow billet because of change of the temperature gradient and cooling rate of molten metal. The bigger the stirring velocity is,the smaller the grain diameter. Both flows can result in the macro-segregation in the hollow billet because of the non-homogeneous flows. The bigger the stirring velocity, the more serious the macro-segregation of the hollow billet. So, the stirring intensity should be controlled to acquire the high quality hollow billet.
