August 2-7, 2009, Shanghai, ChinaThe 21st IUBMB and 12th FAOBMB International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2009-Congress)will take place in Shanghai on 2-7 August, 2009. The Chinese Society of Bioch...August 2-7, 2009, Shanghai, ChinaThe 21st IUBMB and 12th FAOBMB International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2009-Congress)will take place in Shanghai on 2-7 August, 2009. The Chinese Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology will host this prestigious Congress.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONMolecular biology has made a tremendous impact on thediagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.In particular,advances in molecular biology made possible the
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide.The overall prognosis remains poor over the last decades even though improvements in surgical outcomes have been achieved.A better understanding of the m...Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide.The overall prognosis remains poor over the last decades even though improvements in surgical outcomes have been achieved.A better understanding of the molecular biology of gastric cancer and detection of eligible molecular targets might be of central interest to further improve clinical outcome.With this intention,first steps have been made in the research of growth factor signaling.Regarding morphogens,cell cycle and nuclear factor-κB signaling,a remarkable count of target-specific agents have been developed,nevertheless the transfer into the field of clinical routine is still at the beginning.The potential utility of epigenetic targets and the further evaluation of micro RNA signaling seem to have potential for the development of novel treatment strategies in the future.展开更多
Neuropsychiatric diseases, including ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are increasingly prevalent but poorly understood at the molecular level. The complexities of diagnosing and treating these disorders emph...Neuropsychiatric diseases, including ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are increasingly prevalent but poorly understood at the molecular level. The complexities of diagnosing and treating these disorders emphasize the need for objective, quantitative data to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. This study aims to explore the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric diseases, contrasting them with well-characterized diseases like breast cancer, and discuss the role of specific genetic mutations and their implications for personalized treatment. The paper delves into the genetic and molecular insights of neuropsychiatric diseases, examining the role of specific genetic mutations and the potential for gene editing technologies like CRISPR. It contrasts the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric diseases with well-characterized diseases like breast cancer, highlighting the potential for a shift towards molecular and genetic-based diagnostics and treatments. The study argues that a shift towards molecular and genetic-based diagnostics and treatments could revolutionize our approach to neuropsychiatric diseases, much like how biomarker tests have transformed breast cancer treatment. It concludes by advocating for a more personalized approach to healthcare, tailored to an individual’s unique genetic makeup, as the future of neuropsychiatric disease diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
The application of molecular biology technology in the identification and quality control of Mongolian medicine is increasing gradually,and it provides a new method for identifying fake and inferior products and confu...The application of molecular biology technology in the identification and quality control of Mongolian medicine is increasing gradually,and it provides a new method for identifying fake and inferior products and confused products of Mongolian medicine.In this paper,the application and prospect of molecular biology technology(such as DNA barcoding and PCR molecular identification technique)in the identification of crude Mongolian medicine were reviewed.展开更多
This paper reviews the significant study on SRS leukemia virus (SRSV) in recent years in China. A series of results about the proteins, nucleic acids and function, CDNA libraries, molecular cloning of SRSV, and inhibi...This paper reviews the significant study on SRS leukemia virus (SRSV) in recent years in China. A series of results about the proteins, nucleic acids and function, CDNA libraries, molecular cloning of SRSV, and inhibitory effect of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on SRSV are reported. It has proved that SRSV is useful to study the vival etiology and pathogenesis of human leukemial.展开更多
There is currently a split within the cancer research community between traditional molecular biological hypothesis-driven and the more recent "omic" forms or research. While the molecular biological approac...There is currently a split within the cancer research community between traditional molecular biological hypothesis-driven and the more recent "omic" forms or research. While the molecular biological approach employs the tried and true single alteration-single response formulations of experimentation,the omic employs broad-based assay or sample collection approaches that generate large volumes of data. How to integrate the benefits of these two approaches in an efficient and productive fashion remains an outstanding issue. Ideally,one would merge the understandability,exactness,simplicity,and testability of the molecular biological approach,with the larger amounts of data,simultaneous consideration of multiple alterations,consideration of genes both of known interest along with the novel,cross-sample comparisons among cell lines and patient samples,and consideration of directed questions while simultaneously gaining exposure to the novel provided by the omic approach. While at the current time integration of the two disciplines remains problematic,attempts to do so are ongoing,and will be necessary for the understanding of the large cell line screens including the Developmental Therapeutics Program's NCI-60,the Broad Institute's Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia,and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute's Cancer Genome Project,as well as the the Cancer Genome Atlas clinical samples project. Going forward there is significant benefit to be had from the integration of the molecular biological and the omic forms or research,with the desired goal being improved translational understanding and application.展开更多
In recent years, stem cells have been a focal point in research designed to evaluate the efficacy of ophthalmologic therapies, specifically those for corneal conditions. The corneal epithelium is one of the few region...In recent years, stem cells have been a focal point in research designed to evaluate the efficacy of ophthalmologic therapies, specifically those for corneal conditions. The corneal epithelium is one of the few regions of the body that maintains itself using a residual stem cell population within the adjacent limbus. Stem cell movement has additionally captivated the minds of researchers due to its potential application in different body regions. The cornea is a viable model for varying methods to track stem cell migratory patterns, such as lineage tracing and live imaging from the limbus. These developments have the potential to pave the way for future therapies designed to ensure the continuous regeneration of the corneal epithelium following injury via the limbal stem cell niche. This literature review aims to analyze the various methods of imaging used to understand the limbal stem cell niche and possible future directions that might be useful to consider for the better treatment and prevention of disorders of the cornea and corneal epithelium. .展开更多
After liver metastases, Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (PC) is the second most frequent cause of death in patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC), although the precise incidence of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal Carcinomatosis...After liver metastases, Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (PC) is the second most frequent cause of death in patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC), although the precise incidence of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal Carcinomatosis is not known, as the majority of the diagnostic studies cannot detect the disease in its initial stages, nowadays, the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis remains a challenge. The molecular biology of PC is only just beginning to be understood, future knowledge will permit not only identify novel strategies for PC prevention, but also contribute to therapeutic advances, through the development of molecular targeted therapies. The authors performed a literature revision about the Molecular Biology, Diagnosis and Management of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal carcinomatosis.展开更多
There are few studies on the genetic evolution of Curcuma L.,and it is easy to have synonyms or homonyms.In order to make better development and utilization of Curcuma L.,by consulting the relevant literature,the mole...There are few studies on the genetic evolution of Curcuma L.,and it is easy to have synonyms or homonyms.In order to make better development and utilization of Curcuma L.,by consulting the relevant literature,the molecular biology and genetics of Curcuma L.were summarized,and discussed in this paper,in order to lay a foundation for the study of phylogeny and genetic evolution of Curcuma L.展开更多
Safety assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a contentious topic. Proponents of GMOs assert that GMOs are safe since the FDA’s policy of substantial equivalence considers GMOs “equivalent” to their...Safety assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a contentious topic. Proponents of GMOs assert that GMOs are safe since the FDA’s policy of substantial equivalence considers GMOs “equivalent” to their non-GMO counterparts, and argue that genetic modification (GM) is simply an extension of a “natural” process of plant breeding, a form of “genetic modification”, though done over longer time scales. Anti-GMO activists counter that GMOs are unsafe since substantial equivalence is unscientific and outdated since it originates in the 1970s to assess safety of medical devices, which are not comparable to the complexity of biological systems, and contend that targeted GM is not plant breeding. The heart of the debate appears to be on the methodology used to determine criteria for substantial equivalence. Systems biology, which aims to understand complexity of the whole organism, as a system, rather than just studying its parts in a reductionist manner, may provide a framework to determine appropriate criteria, as it recognizes that GM, small or large, may affect emergent properties of the whole system. Herein, a promising computational systems biology method couples known perturbations on five biomolecules caused by the CP4 EPSPS GM of Glycine max L. (soybean), with an integrative model of C1 metabolism and oxidative stress (two molecular systems critical to plant function). The results predict significant accumulation of formaldehyde and concomitant depletion of glutathione in the GMO, suggesting how a “small” and single GM creates “large” and systemic perturbations to molecular systems equilibria. Regulatory agencies, currently reviewing rules for GMO safety, may wish to adopt a systems biology approach using a combination of in silico, computational methods used herein, and subsequent targeted experimental in vitro and in vivo designs, to develop a systems understanding of “equivalence” using biomarkers, such as formaldehyde and glutathione, which predict metabolic disruptions, towards modernizing the safety assessment of GMOs.展开更多
Molecular biology is an exciting, rapidly expanding field, which has enabled enormously greater understanding of the biology of diseases and malfunctions in many fields. It chiefly concerns itself with understanding t...Molecular biology is an exciting, rapidly expanding field, which has enabled enormously greater understanding of the biology of diseases and malfunctions in many fields. It chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and how these interactions are regulated. Since the introduction of molecular biology into modern science, numerous other fields have been enabled to go "molecular". Advanced molecular biological techniques showed us new avenue towards finding answers to the questions asked for decades. The first part of this article described the history of molecular biology. It started as a joined discipline of other areas of biology, i.e. genetics and biochemistry in the 1930s and 1940s, and enjoyed its classical period and became institutionalized in the 1950s and 1960s. Major molecular techniques manipulating proteins, DNA and RNA were introduced and their mechanisms were concisely illustrated. The current knowledge of molecular biology and their applications in orthodontic and oral and maxillofacial surgery, i.e. osteoclast differentiation and function, regulation of tooth movement, mechanotransduction/cell-signalling, bone fracture healing, oral cancer as well as craniofacial/dental anomalies and distraction osteogenesis were discussed. Although the problems of introducing molecular technologies are still substantial, it is anticipated that the future of medicine/dentistry will be "molecular": molecular prevention, molecular diagnosis and molecular therapy.展开更多
Flax is a kind of worldwide fiber and oil crops, and it has a very important role in economic crop production in the world. With the development of molecular biology techniques, the research of flax molecular level ha...Flax is a kind of worldwide fiber and oil crops, and it has a very important role in economic crop production in the world. With the development of molecular biology techniques, the research of flax molecular level has a very big breakthrough. But, flax molecular biology researches are less reported due to the later starting. This paper summarized the latest research progress of molecular biology of flax, including molecular marker technology, construction of genetic map, gene engineering and omics researches, in order to provide the reference to understand the development and research status for flax molecular breeding researchers.展开更多
Objective:To present an integrated molecular biology dedicated system for tuberculosis diagnosis.Methods:One hundred and five sputum specimens from patients strongly suspected by clinical parameters of tuberculosis we...Objective:To present an integrated molecular biology dedicated system for tuberculosis diagnosis.Methods:One hundred and five sputum specimens from patients strongly suspected by clinical parameters of tuberculosis were studied by Ziehl-Neelsen staining,by cultivation on solid medium and by a balanced hemincsted fluorometric PCR system(Orange C3TB) that could preserve worker safety and produce a rather pure material free of potential inhibitors. DNA amplification was performed in a low cost tuberculosis termocycler-fluorotneter.Produced double stranded DNA was flurometrically detected.The whole reaction was conducted in one single tube which would not be opened after adding the processed sample in order to minimize the risk of cross contamination with amplicons.Results:The assay was able to delect 30 bacillus per sample mL with 99.8%interassay variation coefficient.PCR was positive in 23(21.9%) tested samples(21 of them were smear negative).In our study it showed a preliminary sensitivity of 94.5%for sputum and an overall specificity of 98.7%.Conclusions:Total run time of the test is 4 h with 2.5 real working time.All PCR positive samples are also positive by microbiological culture and clinical criteria.Results show that it could be a very useful tool to increase detection efficiency of tuberculosis disease in low bacilus load samples.Furthermore,its low cost and friendly using make it feasible to run in poor regions.展开更多
Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to colon adenocarcinoma. From the analysis of the mo...Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to colon adenocarcinoma. From the analysis of the molecular genesis of colon cancer, four central tenets concerning the pathogenesis of cancer have been established. The first is that the genetic and epigenetic alterations that underlie colon cancer formation promote the cancer formation process because they provide a clonal growth advantage to the cells that acquire them. The second tenet is that cancer emerges via a multi-step progression at both the molecular and the morphologic level. The third is that loss of genomic stability is a key molecular step in cancer formation. The fourth is that hereditary cancer syndromes frequently correspond to germ line forms of key genetic defects whose somatic occurrences drive the emergence of sporadic colon cancers.展开更多
Dr. Robert Roberts is currently Professor of Medicine and Director of the Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre along with being President and CEO of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Prior to this app...Dr. Robert Roberts is currently Professor of Medicine and Director of the Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre along with being President and CEO of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Prior to this appointment, he was Chief of Cardiology for 23 years at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. His original research was in cardiac enzymology which led to the development of the MBCK test which was the standard diagnostic assay for myocardial infarction for more than 3 decades. In the late 1970s, his research interests switched to molecular biology and the genet- ics of cardiomyopathies. He is regarded as one of the founders of molecular cardiology and has identified and sequenced more than 20 genes responsible for cardiovascular disorders. In the past 6 years, he has pursued genome-wide association studies to identify genes predisposing to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. The first genetic variant for CAD, 9p21, was identified by Dr. Robert’s laboratory and, in collaboration with the international consortium, CARDIoGRAM, has identified 13 novel genes for CAD.展开更多
Despite some notable advances in the systemic management of gastric cancer(GC), the prognosis of patients with advanced disease remains overall poor and their chance of cure is anecdotic. In a molecularly selected pop...Despite some notable advances in the systemic management of gastric cancer(GC), the prognosis of patients with advanced disease remains overall poor and their chance of cure is anecdotic. In a molecularly selected population, a median overall survival of 13.8 mo has been reached with the use of human epidermal growth factor 2(HER2) inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy, which has soon after become the standard of care for patients with HER2-overexpressing GC. Moreover, oncologists have recognized the clinical utility of conceiving cancers as a collection of different molecularlydriven entities rather than a single disease. Several molecular drivers have been identified as having crucial roles in other tumors and new molecular classifications have been recently proposed for gastric cancer as well. Not only these classifications allow the identification of different tumor subtypes with unique features, but also they serve as springboard for the development of different therapeutic strategies. Hopefully, the application of standard systemic chemotherapy, specifictargeted agents, immunotherapy or even surgery in specific cancer subgroups will help maximizing treatment outcomes and will avoid treating patients with minimal chance to respond, therefore diluting the average benefit. In this review, we aim at elucidating the aspects of GC molecular subtypes, and the possible future applications of such molecular analyses.展开更多
Crohn’s disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC)are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)with both overlapping and distinct clinical,pathological and biomolecular features.It has been suggested that pedi...Crohn’s disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC)are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)with both overlapping and distinct clinical,pathological and biomolecular features.It has been suggested that pediatric IBD is a distinct disease entity,with probably different disease subtypes.The aim of this study is to review and summarize the evolution of the current concept of pediatric IBD.The results of this review reinforce the idea that pediatric CD and UC may be further classified in various clinicopathologic entities.For clinicians and pathologists convenience,practical algorithms for the distinction of the various subphenotypes of pediatric IBD are also provided.展开更多
The current World Health Organization classification system of primary brain tumors is solely based on morphologic criteria. However, there is accumulating evidence that tumors with similar histology have distinct mol...The current World Health Organization classification system of primary brain tumors is solely based on morphologic criteria. However, there is accumulating evidence that tumors with similar histology have distinct molecular signatures that significantly impact treatment response and survival. Recent practice-changing clinical trials have defined a role for routine assessment of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT) promoter methylation in glioblastoma patients, especially in the elderly, and 1p and 19q codeletions in patients with anaplastic glial tumors. Recently discovered molecular alterations including mutations in IDH-1/2, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), and BRAF also have the potential to become targets for future drug development. This article aims to summarize current knowledge on the molecular biology of high-grade gliomas relevant to daily practice.展开更多
文摘August 2-7, 2009, Shanghai, ChinaThe 21st IUBMB and 12th FAOBMB International Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2009-Congress)will take place in Shanghai on 2-7 August, 2009. The Chinese Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology will host this prestigious Congress.
文摘INTRODUCTIONMolecular biology has made a tremendous impact on thediagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.In particular,advances in molecular biology made possible the
文摘Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide.The overall prognosis remains poor over the last decades even though improvements in surgical outcomes have been achieved.A better understanding of the molecular biology of gastric cancer and detection of eligible molecular targets might be of central interest to further improve clinical outcome.With this intention,first steps have been made in the research of growth factor signaling.Regarding morphogens,cell cycle and nuclear factor-κB signaling,a remarkable count of target-specific agents have been developed,nevertheless the transfer into the field of clinical routine is still at the beginning.The potential utility of epigenetic targets and the further evaluation of micro RNA signaling seem to have potential for the development of novel treatment strategies in the future.
文摘Neuropsychiatric diseases, including ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, are increasingly prevalent but poorly understood at the molecular level. The complexities of diagnosing and treating these disorders emphasize the need for objective, quantitative data to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. This study aims to explore the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric diseases, contrasting them with well-characterized diseases like breast cancer, and discuss the role of specific genetic mutations and their implications for personalized treatment. The paper delves into the genetic and molecular insights of neuropsychiatric diseases, examining the role of specific genetic mutations and the potential for gene editing technologies like CRISPR. It contrasts the genetic underpinnings of neuropsychiatric diseases with well-characterized diseases like breast cancer, highlighting the potential for a shift towards molecular and genetic-based diagnostics and treatments. The study argues that a shift towards molecular and genetic-based diagnostics and treatments could revolutionize our approach to neuropsychiatric diseases, much like how biomarker tests have transformed breast cancer treatment. It concludes by advocating for a more personalized approach to healthcare, tailored to an individual’s unique genetic makeup, as the future of neuropsychiatric disease diagnosis and treatment.
基金Supported by the"First-class Discipline"Project of Mongolian Medicine in 2021(myxylxk202122)Collaborative Innovation Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(MYYXT202005)+1 种基金Scientific Research Project for Teachers of"First-class Discipline"of Mongolian Pharmacy in 2020(myxylxkky2020-04)Million Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Medical University(YKD2018KJBW029).
文摘The application of molecular biology technology in the identification and quality control of Mongolian medicine is increasing gradually,and it provides a new method for identifying fake and inferior products and confused products of Mongolian medicine.In this paper,the application and prospect of molecular biology technology(such as DNA barcoding and PCR molecular identification technique)in the identification of crude Mongolian medicine were reviewed.
文摘This paper reviews the significant study on SRS leukemia virus (SRSV) in recent years in China. A series of results about the proteins, nucleic acids and function, CDNA libraries, molecular cloning of SRSV, and inhibitory effect of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on SRSV are reported. It has proved that SRSV is useful to study the vival etiology and pathogenesis of human leukemial.
文摘There is currently a split within the cancer research community between traditional molecular biological hypothesis-driven and the more recent "omic" forms or research. While the molecular biological approach employs the tried and true single alteration-single response formulations of experimentation,the omic employs broad-based assay or sample collection approaches that generate large volumes of data. How to integrate the benefits of these two approaches in an efficient and productive fashion remains an outstanding issue. Ideally,one would merge the understandability,exactness,simplicity,and testability of the molecular biological approach,with the larger amounts of data,simultaneous consideration of multiple alterations,consideration of genes both of known interest along with the novel,cross-sample comparisons among cell lines and patient samples,and consideration of directed questions while simultaneously gaining exposure to the novel provided by the omic approach. While at the current time integration of the two disciplines remains problematic,attempts to do so are ongoing,and will be necessary for the understanding of the large cell line screens including the Developmental Therapeutics Program's NCI-60,the Broad Institute's Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia,and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute's Cancer Genome Project,as well as the the Cancer Genome Atlas clinical samples project. Going forward there is significant benefit to be had from the integration of the molecular biological and the omic forms or research,with the desired goal being improved translational understanding and application.
文摘In recent years, stem cells have been a focal point in research designed to evaluate the efficacy of ophthalmologic therapies, specifically those for corneal conditions. The corneal epithelium is one of the few regions of the body that maintains itself using a residual stem cell population within the adjacent limbus. Stem cell movement has additionally captivated the minds of researchers due to its potential application in different body regions. The cornea is a viable model for varying methods to track stem cell migratory patterns, such as lineage tracing and live imaging from the limbus. These developments have the potential to pave the way for future therapies designed to ensure the continuous regeneration of the corneal epithelium following injury via the limbal stem cell niche. This literature review aims to analyze the various methods of imaging used to understand the limbal stem cell niche and possible future directions that might be useful to consider for the better treatment and prevention of disorders of the cornea and corneal epithelium. .
文摘After liver metastases, Peritoneal Carcinomatosis (PC) is the second most frequent cause of death in patients with Colorectal Cancer (CRC), although the precise incidence of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal Carcinomatosis is not known, as the majority of the diagnostic studies cannot detect the disease in its initial stages, nowadays, the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis remains a challenge. The molecular biology of PC is only just beginning to be understood, future knowledge will permit not only identify novel strategies for PC prevention, but also contribute to therapeutic advances, through the development of molecular targeted therapies. The authors performed a literature revision about the Molecular Biology, Diagnosis and Management of Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal carcinomatosis.
基金Zhangzhou Nature Foundation:Study on the Genetic Relationship of Curcuma alismatifolia Germplasm Resources Based on Pollen Morphology and RAD-seq(ZZ2020J17).
文摘There are few studies on the genetic evolution of Curcuma L.,and it is easy to have synonyms or homonyms.In order to make better development and utilization of Curcuma L.,by consulting the relevant literature,the molecular biology and genetics of Curcuma L.were summarized,and discussed in this paper,in order to lay a foundation for the study of phylogeny and genetic evolution of Curcuma L.
文摘Safety assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a contentious topic. Proponents of GMOs assert that GMOs are safe since the FDA’s policy of substantial equivalence considers GMOs “equivalent” to their non-GMO counterparts, and argue that genetic modification (GM) is simply an extension of a “natural” process of plant breeding, a form of “genetic modification”, though done over longer time scales. Anti-GMO activists counter that GMOs are unsafe since substantial equivalence is unscientific and outdated since it originates in the 1970s to assess safety of medical devices, which are not comparable to the complexity of biological systems, and contend that targeted GM is not plant breeding. The heart of the debate appears to be on the methodology used to determine criteria for substantial equivalence. Systems biology, which aims to understand complexity of the whole organism, as a system, rather than just studying its parts in a reductionist manner, may provide a framework to determine appropriate criteria, as it recognizes that GM, small or large, may affect emergent properties of the whole system. Herein, a promising computational systems biology method couples known perturbations on five biomolecules caused by the CP4 EPSPS GM of Glycine max L. (soybean), with an integrative model of C1 metabolism and oxidative stress (two molecular systems critical to plant function). The results predict significant accumulation of formaldehyde and concomitant depletion of glutathione in the GMO, suggesting how a “small” and single GM creates “large” and systemic perturbations to molecular systems equilibria. Regulatory agencies, currently reviewing rules for GMO safety, may wish to adopt a systems biology approach using a combination of in silico, computational methods used herein, and subsequent targeted experimental in vitro and in vivo designs, to develop a systems understanding of “equivalence” using biomarkers, such as formaldehyde and glutathione, which predict metabolic disruptions, towards modernizing the safety assessment of GMOs.
文摘Molecular biology is an exciting, rapidly expanding field, which has enabled enormously greater understanding of the biology of diseases and malfunctions in many fields. It chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and how these interactions are regulated. Since the introduction of molecular biology into modern science, numerous other fields have been enabled to go "molecular". Advanced molecular biological techniques showed us new avenue towards finding answers to the questions asked for decades. The first part of this article described the history of molecular biology. It started as a joined discipline of other areas of biology, i.e. genetics and biochemistry in the 1930s and 1940s, and enjoyed its classical period and became institutionalized in the 1950s and 1960s. Major molecular techniques manipulating proteins, DNA and RNA were introduced and their mechanisms were concisely illustrated. The current knowledge of molecular biology and their applications in orthodontic and oral and maxillofacial surgery, i.e. osteoclast differentiation and function, regulation of tooth movement, mechanotransduction/cell-signalling, bone fracture healing, oral cancer as well as craniofacial/dental anomalies and distraction osteogenesis were discussed. Although the problems of introducing molecular technologies are still substantial, it is anticipated that the future of medicine/dentistry will be "molecular": molecular prevention, molecular diagnosis and molecular therapy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401451)National Agro-industry Technology Research System for Crops of Bast and Leaf Fiber(CARS-19-S03)
文摘Flax is a kind of worldwide fiber and oil crops, and it has a very important role in economic crop production in the world. With the development of molecular biology techniques, the research of flax molecular level has a very big breakthrough. But, flax molecular biology researches are less reported due to the later starting. This paper summarized the latest research progress of molecular biology of flax, including molecular marker technology, construction of genetic map, gene engineering and omics researches, in order to provide the reference to understand the development and research status for flax molecular breeding researchers.
文摘Objective:To present an integrated molecular biology dedicated system for tuberculosis diagnosis.Methods:One hundred and five sputum specimens from patients strongly suspected by clinical parameters of tuberculosis were studied by Ziehl-Neelsen staining,by cultivation on solid medium and by a balanced hemincsted fluorometric PCR system(Orange C3TB) that could preserve worker safety and produce a rather pure material free of potential inhibitors. DNA amplification was performed in a low cost tuberculosis termocycler-fluorotneter.Produced double stranded DNA was flurometrically detected.The whole reaction was conducted in one single tube which would not be opened after adding the processed sample in order to minimize the risk of cross contamination with amplicons.Results:The assay was able to delect 30 bacillus per sample mL with 99.8%interassay variation coefficient.PCR was positive in 23(21.9%) tested samples(21 of them were smear negative).In our study it showed a preliminary sensitivity of 94.5%for sputum and an overall specificity of 98.7%.Conclusions:Total run time of the test is 4 h with 2.5 real working time.All PCR positive samples are also positive by microbiological culture and clinical criteria.Results show that it could be a very useful tool to increase detection efficiency of tuberculosis disease in low bacilus load samples.Furthermore,its low cost and friendly using make it feasible to run in poor regions.
文摘Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to colon adenocarcinoma. From the analysis of the molecular genesis of colon cancer, four central tenets concerning the pathogenesis of cancer have been established. The first is that the genetic and epigenetic alterations that underlie colon cancer formation promote the cancer formation process because they provide a clonal growth advantage to the cells that acquire them. The second tenet is that cancer emerges via a multi-step progression at both the molecular and the morphologic level. The third is that loss of genomic stability is a key molecular step in cancer formation. The fourth is that hereditary cancer syndromes frequently correspond to germ line forms of key genetic defects whose somatic occurrences drive the emergence of sporadic colon cancers.
基金Supported by NHLBI, American Heart Association, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Heart and Stroke Ontario
文摘Dr. Robert Roberts is currently Professor of Medicine and Director of the Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre along with being President and CEO of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Prior to this appointment, he was Chief of Cardiology for 23 years at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. His original research was in cardiac enzymology which led to the development of the MBCK test which was the standard diagnostic assay for myocardial infarction for more than 3 decades. In the late 1970s, his research interests switched to molecular biology and the genet- ics of cardiomyopathies. He is regarded as one of the founders of molecular cardiology and has identified and sequenced more than 20 genes responsible for cardiovascular disorders. In the past 6 years, he has pursued genome-wide association studies to identify genes predisposing to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction. The first genetic variant for CAD, 9p21, was identified by Dr. Robert’s laboratory and, in collaboration with the international consortium, CARDIoGRAM, has identified 13 novel genes for CAD.
文摘Despite some notable advances in the systemic management of gastric cancer(GC), the prognosis of patients with advanced disease remains overall poor and their chance of cure is anecdotic. In a molecularly selected population, a median overall survival of 13.8 mo has been reached with the use of human epidermal growth factor 2(HER2) inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy, which has soon after become the standard of care for patients with HER2-overexpressing GC. Moreover, oncologists have recognized the clinical utility of conceiving cancers as a collection of different molecularlydriven entities rather than a single disease. Several molecular drivers have been identified as having crucial roles in other tumors and new molecular classifications have been recently proposed for gastric cancer as well. Not only these classifications allow the identification of different tumor subtypes with unique features, but also they serve as springboard for the development of different therapeutic strategies. Hopefully, the application of standard systemic chemotherapy, specifictargeted agents, immunotherapy or even surgery in specific cancer subgroups will help maximizing treatment outcomes and will avoid treating patients with minimal chance to respond, therefore diluting the average benefit. In this review, we aim at elucidating the aspects of GC molecular subtypes, and the possible future applications of such molecular analyses.
文摘Crohn’s disease(CD)and ulcerative colitis(UC)are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)with both overlapping and distinct clinical,pathological and biomolecular features.It has been suggested that pediatric IBD is a distinct disease entity,with probably different disease subtypes.The aim of this study is to review and summarize the evolution of the current concept of pediatric IBD.The results of this review reinforce the idea that pediatric CD and UC may be further classified in various clinicopathologic entities.For clinicians and pathologists convenience,practical algorithms for the distinction of the various subphenotypes of pediatric IBD are also provided.
文摘The current World Health Organization classification system of primary brain tumors is solely based on morphologic criteria. However, there is accumulating evidence that tumors with similar histology have distinct molecular signatures that significantly impact treatment response and survival. Recent practice-changing clinical trials have defined a role for routine assessment of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase(MGMT) promoter methylation in glioblastoma patients, especially in the elderly, and 1p and 19q codeletions in patients with anaplastic glial tumors. Recently discovered molecular alterations including mutations in IDH-1/2, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), and BRAF also have the potential to become targets for future drug development. This article aims to summarize current knowledge on the molecular biology of high-grade gliomas relevant to daily practice.
