The entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella,under laboratory conditions.We evaluated different concentrations of S.carpocapsae for c...The entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella,under laboratory conditions.We evaluated different concentrations of S.carpocapsae for control of 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar P.operculella.The median lethal concentration(LC50)of S.carpocapsae infective juveniles(IJs)to 2 nd,3 rd and 4 th instar larvae of P.operculella was 200,363,181 IJs mL–1,respectively.With the extension of treatment time,the cumulative mortality increased for 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar larvae and pupae of P.operculella.Fourth instars were the most susceptible for all observation periods.Therefore,our results suggest that S.carpocapsae could be an effective biological control agent for P.operculella.展开更多
Background: A better understanding of the impact of Targeted Interventions (TI) services on Female Sex Worker (FSW) behaviours can help in informing and strengthening future TI efforts under National AIDS Control Prog...Background: A better understanding of the impact of Targeted Interventions (TI) services on Female Sex Worker (FSW) behaviours can help in informing and strengthening future TI efforts under National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). Methods: National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey (IBBS) 2014-15 has been analysed in the paper. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to understand factors affecting condom use. Propensity score matching (PSM) was done to understand the impact of the TI services on condom use at the last act and consistent condom use in the last three months among FSWs. Results: Younger FSWs aged 15 - 25 years were 1.4 times (95% CI: 1.04 - 1.77) more likely to use consistent condoms in the last three months compared to older over 45 years after controlling for other socio-economic and programme variables. The matched samples estimate ATET i.e. the average treatment effect on treated for consistent condom use in the last three months shows that a 6.0% (CI: 4.7 - 7.3) increase in consistent condom use in the last three months in the FSWs who received information on STI/HIV from peer educator and outreach worker. There is also a 6.0% (4.7 - 7.2) increase in condom use in the last act for FSWs who received the referral services at STI clinics, HIV testing, and detox centres. Conclusions: It is evident that the TI programme has a positive impact on behavior change among FSWs which can prove beneficial to curtail the spread of HIV to the partners and onward transmission to the general population.展开更多
N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide(N-Cl-DCAM)is an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product(N-DBP)which can occur in drinking water.In this study,an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass sp...N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide(N-Cl-DCAM)is an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product(N-DBP)which can occur in drinking water.In this study,an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was developed to validate the concentration of N-Cl-DCAM,which was found to be 1.5µg/L in the effluent of a waterworks receiving raw water from Taihu Lake,China.The changes of N-Cl-DCAM formation potential(N-Cl-DCAMFP)in the drinking water treatment process and the removal efficiency of its precursors in each unit were evaluated.Non-polar organics accounted for the majority of N-Cl-DCAM precursors,accounting for 70%of the N-Cl-DCAM FP.The effect of conventional water treatment processes on the removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors was found to be unsatisfactory due to their poor performance in the removal of low molecular weight(MW)or non-polar organics.In the ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon(O_(3)-BAC)process,the ozonation had little influence on the decrease of N-Cl-DCAM FP.The removal efficiency of precursors by a new BAC filter,in which the granular activated carbon(GAC)had only been used for four months was higher than that achieved by an old BAC filter in which the GAC had been used for two years.The different removal efficiencies of precursors were mainly due to the different adsorption capacities of GAC for individual precursors.Low MW or non-polar organics were predominantly removed by GAC,rather than biodegradation by microorganisms attached to GAC particles.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0200802)
文摘The entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella,under laboratory conditions.We evaluated different concentrations of S.carpocapsae for control of 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar P.operculella.The median lethal concentration(LC50)of S.carpocapsae infective juveniles(IJs)to 2 nd,3 rd and 4 th instar larvae of P.operculella was 200,363,181 IJs mL–1,respectively.With the extension of treatment time,the cumulative mortality increased for 2 nd,3 rd,and 4 th instar larvae and pupae of P.operculella.Fourth instars were the most susceptible for all observation periods.Therefore,our results suggest that S.carpocapsae could be an effective biological control agent for P.operculella.
文摘Background: A better understanding of the impact of Targeted Interventions (TI) services on Female Sex Worker (FSW) behaviours can help in informing and strengthening future TI efforts under National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). Methods: National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey (IBBS) 2014-15 has been analysed in the paper. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to understand factors affecting condom use. Propensity score matching (PSM) was done to understand the impact of the TI services on condom use at the last act and consistent condom use in the last three months among FSWs. Results: Younger FSWs aged 15 - 25 years were 1.4 times (95% CI: 1.04 - 1.77) more likely to use consistent condoms in the last three months compared to older over 45 years after controlling for other socio-economic and programme variables. The matched samples estimate ATET i.e. the average treatment effect on treated for consistent condom use in the last three months shows that a 6.0% (CI: 4.7 - 7.3) increase in consistent condom use in the last three months in the FSWs who received information on STI/HIV from peer educator and outreach worker. There is also a 6.0% (4.7 - 7.2) increase in condom use in the last act for FSWs who received the referral services at STI clinics, HIV testing, and detox centres. Conclusions: It is evident that the TI programme has a positive impact on behavior change among FSWs which can prove beneficial to curtail the spread of HIV to the partners and onward transmission to the general population.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51978238)the Science and Technology Development Plans of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development(2020-K-036)+1 种基金the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(JNHB-004)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘N-chloro-2,2-dichloroacetamide(N-Cl-DCAM)is an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product(N-DBP)which can occur in drinking water.In this study,an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was developed to validate the concentration of N-Cl-DCAM,which was found to be 1.5µg/L in the effluent of a waterworks receiving raw water from Taihu Lake,China.The changes of N-Cl-DCAM formation potential(N-Cl-DCAMFP)in the drinking water treatment process and the removal efficiency of its precursors in each unit were evaluated.Non-polar organics accounted for the majority of N-Cl-DCAM precursors,accounting for 70%of the N-Cl-DCAM FP.The effect of conventional water treatment processes on the removal of N-Cl-DCAM precursors was found to be unsatisfactory due to their poor performance in the removal of low molecular weight(MW)or non-polar organics.In the ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon(O_(3)-BAC)process,the ozonation had little influence on the decrease of N-Cl-DCAM FP.The removal efficiency of precursors by a new BAC filter,in which the granular activated carbon(GAC)had only been used for four months was higher than that achieved by an old BAC filter in which the GAC had been used for two years.The different removal efficiencies of precursors were mainly due to the different adsorption capacities of GAC for individual precursors.Low MW or non-polar organics were predominantly removed by GAC,rather than biodegradation by microorganisms attached to GAC particles.
