Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investi...Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investigated the independent and joint associations of daily sitting time and physical activity with body fat among adults.Methods:This was a cross-sectional analysis of U.S.nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2011-2018 among adults aged 20 years or older.Daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity(LTPA)were self-reported using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.Body fat(total and trunk fat percentage)was determined via dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results:Among 10,808 adults,about 54.6%spent 6 h/day or more sitting;more than one-half reported no LTPA(inactive)or less than 150 min/week LTPA(insufficiently active)with only 43.3%reported 150 min/week or more LTPA(active)in the past week.After fully adjusting for sociodemographic data,lifestyle behaviors,and chronic conditions,prolonged sitting time and low levels of LTPA were associated with higher total and trunk fat percentages in both sexes.When stratifying by LTPA,the association between daily sitting time and body fat appeared to be stronger in those who were inactive/insuufficiently active.In the joint analyses,inactive/insuufficiently active adults who reported sitting more than 8 h/day had the highest total(female:3.99%(95%confidence interval(95%CI):3.09%-4.88%);male:3.79%(95%CI:2.75%-4.82%))and trunk body fat percentages(female:4.21%(95%CI:3.09%-5.32%);male:4.07%(95%CI:2.95%-5.19%))when compared with those who were active and sitting less than 4 h/day.Conclusion:Prolonged daily sitting time was associated with increased body fat among U.S.adults.The higher body fat associated with 6 h/day sitting may not be offset by achieving recommended levels of physical activity.展开更多
Background:The epidemic of overweight and obesity has become a worldwide public health problem.Cardiometabolic diseases may originate in childhood.We investigated the association between percent body fat(PBF)measured ...Background:The epidemic of overweight and obesity has become a worldwide public health problem.Cardiometabolic diseases may originate in childhood.We investigated the association between percent body fat(PBF)measured by the bioelectrical impedance assay and cardiometabolic risk(CMR)in pediatrics.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved 3819 subjects(6-17 years old)in Shanghai.We assessed the association between PBF and body mass index(BMI)with multiple CMR factors.We examined the risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to overweight and obesity based on age-and sexspecific PBF Z-scores and BMI Z-scores,respectively.Results:PBF,but not BMI,was positively associated with multiple CMR factors in males and females except for total cholesterol in females(all p<0.05).Compared with the non-overweight group based on PBF,overweight and obese subjects had increasingly higher odds ratio of dyslipidemia(2.90(1.99-4.23),4.59(2.88-7.32)for males and 1.82(1.20-2.75),2.46(1.47-4.11)for females)and elevated blood pressure(BP)(3.26(2.35-4.51),4.55(2.92-7.09)for males and 1.59(1.07-2.34),3.98(2.27-6.17)for females).Obesity females showed a higher likelihood for hyperglycemia(2.19(1.24-3.84))than non-overweight females.In both sexes,the predictive effect of PBF on dyslipidemia and elevated BP in adolescents was better than that in children.For hyperglycemia,the predictive effect of PBF was better in male adolescents and female children.There was no risk difference for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to BMI-based obesity categories.Conclusions:PBF but not BMI was associated with CMR.Overweight and obesity categories based on PBF had an increased risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities in children and adolescents.展开更多
With improvements in living standards and advancements in medical technology,the demand for fat reduction and body shaping is increasing.Non-invasive fat reduction and body shaping therapy has gradually become a resea...With improvements in living standards and advancements in medical technology,the demand for fat reduction and body shaping is increasing.Non-invasive fat reduction and body shaping therapy has gradually become a research hotspot in plastic surgery.High-intensity electromagnetic technology,a non-invasive treatment that can reduce subcutaneous fat and strengthen muscle,has been increasingly applied in clinics in recent years.This article reviews the fat reduction and body shaping mechanism and clinical effects of this equipment and provides a reference for its clinical application.展开更多
A method for noninvasive determination of fat and water content in the human body is examined. A spatially resolved spectroscopy method is used which can record low intensity near infrared spectra. This novel approach...A method for noninvasive determination of fat and water content in the human body is examined. A spatially resolved spectroscopy method is used which can record low intensity near infrared spectra. This novel approach is compared to other methods for the determination of fat and water content. Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in tissue are shown and the production and characterization of optical phantoms of adipose tissue are investigated.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,o...BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia,has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests,body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer,and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups.A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age-and sex-matched controls.RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8±11.7 years,and 63.8%were male.According to multiple logistic regression analysis,the presence of fatty liver[odds ratio(OR)1.413;95%confidence interval(CI)1.218-1.638;P<0.001]was an independent risk factor for GBP,together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase(OR 0.993;95%CI 0.989-0.996;P<0.001).Additionally,fatty liver showed both independent(OR 1.629;95%CI,1.335-1.988;P<0.001)and dosedependent(moderate to severe fatty liver;OR 2.137;95%CI,1.662-2.749;P<0.001)relationship with large GBPs(≥5 mm).The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.展开更多
Objective: Aim of this study was to investigate the changes in body composition and some biochemical parameters of women at different age and body mass index (BMI) groups and to evaluate their relations with to cardio...Objective: Aim of this study was to investigate the changes in body composition and some biochemical parameters of women at different age and body mass index (BMI) groups and to evaluate their relations with to cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: The study was created by retrospective research of the file records of total 800 women who got into nutritional counseling between 2002 - 2007 years at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. Participants were grouped as 10 - 19, 20 - 29, 30 - 39, 40 - 49, 50 - 59, ≥60 years according to ages and were divided into 4 groups as normal, overweight, obese and morbidly obese according to body mass index. Data were statistically analysed in SPSS for Windows computer program with ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Findings: There are significant differences between different age groups in weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, percentage of body water, fat and fat-free mass, basal metabolic rate and blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL levels and HOMA-IR values. HOMA-IR values were the highest at age group 1 and the lowest at age group 2. Although they were in the same BMI group;their waist circumference, basal metabolic rate and percent of body fat showed significant increases with advancing age. Conclusion: The findings of our study show that it will be useful to use standard values generated for each age group according to BMI levels in predicting increased cardiovascular and metabolic risks together with advancing age. While the lowest rate of obesity according to body fat percent (>30%) was found at the ages in between 20 - 29 (58.4%), it is noteworthy that the obesity rate with respect to their body fat percent has been noticed at the ages of 10 to 19 (2.3%). Comparing with the other groups, significantly higher body heights found at the ages in between 10 - 19, could possibly predicate that the new generations are having better nutrition and overhaul. On the other hand, it was known that as a result of eating bugs and/or over-nutrition, besides insertion of inactive life style, children have become more sensitive to obesity and related health problems. As seen in our study, the healthiest values are at the ages in between 20 - 29, the results were commentated as the women at those ages are showing more interest in their physical appearance and their health. In accordance with our study’s data, in order to cope with obesity and related illnesses, which are having an importance in public health, we concluded that generalizing continuous and effective trainings on nutrition concerning families even the educators starting from the childhood, can be usefull.展开更多
BACKGROUND Low bone mineral density(BMD)is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.However,nutritional risk factors for low BMD in the ulcerative colitis(UC)population are still poorly understood.AIM To inv...BACKGROUND Low bone mineral density(BMD)is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.However,nutritional risk factors for low BMD in the ulcerative colitis(UC)population are still poorly understood.AIM To investigate the association of anthropometric indicators and body composition with BMD in patients with UC.METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on adult UC patients of both genders who were followed on an outpatient basis.A control group consisting of healthy volunteers,family members,and close people was also included.The nutritional indicators evaluated were body mass index(BMI),total body mass(TBM),waist circumference(WC),body fat in kg(BFkg),body fat in percentage(BF%),trunk BF(TBF),and also lean mass.Body composition and BMD assessments were performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.RESULTS The sociodemographic characteristics of patients with UC(n=68)were similar to those of healthy volunteers(n=66)(P>0.05).Most patients(97.0%)were in remission of the disease,58.8%were eutrophic,33.8%were overweight,39.0%had high WC,and 67.6%had excess BF%.However,mean BMI,WC,BFkg,and TBF of UC patients were lower when compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Reduced BMD was present in 41.2%of patients with UC(38.2%with osteopenia and 2.9%with osteoporosis)and 3.0%in the control group(P<0.001).UC patients with low BMD had lower BMI,TBM,and BFkg values than those with normal BMD(P<0.05).Male patients were more likely to have low BMD(prevalence ratio[PR]=1.86;95%confidence interval[CI]:1.07-3.26).Those with excess weight(PR=0.43;95%CI:0.19-0.97)and high WC(PR=0.44;95%CI:0.21-0.94)were less likely to have low BMD.CONCLUSION Patients with UC in remission have a high prevalence of metabolic bone diseases.Body fat appears to protect against the development of low BMD in these patients.展开更多
Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with...Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with functional capacity and hip and knee strength in people with PFP.Methods:We included a mixed-sex sample of young adults(18-35 years old)with PFP(n=100).Measurements for BMI,percentage of body fat,and lean mass(assessed by bioelectrical impedance)were obtained.Functional capacity was assessed by the Anterior Knee Pain Scale,plank test,and single-leg hop test.Strength of the knee extensors,knee flexors,and hip abductors was evaluated isometrically using an isokinetic dynamometer.The proportion of overweight/obesity was calculated based on BMI.The association between BMI,body fat,and lean mass and functional capacity and strength was investigated using partial correlations,followed by hierarchical regression analysis,adjusted for covariates(sex,bilateral pain,and current pain level).Results:A total of 38%of our cohort had their BMI categorized as overweight/obese.Higher BMI was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.06-0.12,p<0.001)and with knee flexion strength only(ΔR^(2)=0.04,p=0.030).Higher body fat was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.05-0.15,p≤0.015)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.15-0.23,p<0.001).Lower lean mass was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.04-0.13,p≤0.032)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.29-0.31,p<0.001).Conclusion:BMI,body fat,and lean mass should be considered in the assessment and management of young people with PFP because it may be detrimental to function and strength.展开更多
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)has been described to regulate fat body lipid metabolism in insects,but its accurate regulatory mechanism,especially the crosstalk between 20E-induced lipid metabolism and gl...The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)has been described to regulate fat body lipid metabolism in insects,but its accurate regulatory mechanism,especially the crosstalk between 20E-induced lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis remains largely unclear.Here,we specially investigated the effect of 20E on lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the fat body of Hyphantria cunea larvae,a notorious pest in forestry.Lipidomics analysis showed that a total of 1907 lipid species were identified in the fat body of H.cunea larvae assigned to 6 groups and 48 lipid classes.The differentially abundant lipids analysis showed a significant difference between 20E-treated and control samples,indicating that 20E caused a remarkable alteration of lipidomics profiles in the fat body of H.cunea larvae.Further studies demonstrated that 20E accelerated fatty acidβ-oxidation,inhibited lipid synthesis,and promoted lipolysis.Meanwhile,the activities of pyruvate carboxylase,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase,and glucose-6-phosphatase were dramatically suppressed by 20E in the fat body of H.cunea larvae.As well,the transcriptions of genes encoding these 4 rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly downregulated in the fat body of H.cunea larvae after treatment with 20E.Taken together,our results revealed that 20E disturbed fat body lipid homeostasis,accelerated fatty acidβ-oxidation and promoted lipolysis,but negatively regulated gluconeogenesis in H.cunea larvae.The findings might provide a new insight into hormonal regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insect fat body.展开更多
Background: Dyslipidemia in childhood contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases later in life. This study sets out to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and describe the associations between se...Background: Dyslipidemia in childhood contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases later in life. This study sets out to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and describe the associations between selected variables and dyslipidemia in Cameroon urban children. Methods: This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 415 children (188 boys and 227 girls) between the ages of 5 and 16 years. Dyslipidemia was defined as an abnormal value of one or more of the following lipids: Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Percentage body fat (%BF) was estimated using bio-electric impedance analysis. A structured questionnaire was used by parents to report physical activity, screen time and eating habits of the children. Relationships between predictors and dyslipidemia were assessed using multiple binary logistic regression analyses. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 46.0%. Dyslipidemic children had significantly higher %BF, TG and LDL-C and lower HDL-C than the normal children (p p = 0.004), short stature (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1 - 6.8, p = 0.041), physical activity p Conclusion: This study confirms that obesity, short stature, physical activity < 60 minutes/day and never/occasional consumption of fruits/vegetables were associated with dyslipidemia. Also, a high proportion of children had one or more lipid disorders. This is concerning and indicates the importance of assessing dyslipidemia in pre-school children in future studies.展开更多
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus(BmNPV)is a DNA virus that causes huge losses to the silkworm industry but the piRNA responses during BmNPV infection in the silkworm remain uninvestigated.Here,silkworm piRNA profiles ...Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus(BmNPV)is a DNA virus that causes huge losses to the silkworm industry but the piRNA responses during BmNPV infection in the silkworm remain uninvestigated.Here,silkworm piRNA profiles of uninfected and BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut were determined by high-through sequencing in the early stages of BmNPV infection.A total of 2675 and 3396 genome-derived piRNAs were identified from fat body and midgut,respectively.These genome-derived piRNAs mainly originated from unannotated instead of transposon regions in the silkworm genome.In total,572 piRNAs were associated with 280 putative target genes in fat body and 805 piRNAs with 380 target genes in midgut.Compared to uninfected tissues,322 and 129 piRNAs were significantly upregulated in BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut,respectively.In addition,276 and 117 piRNAs were significantly downregulated.Moreover,differentially expressed(DE)piRNAs during BmNPV infection differed significantly between fat body and midgut.Putative DE piRNA-targeted genes were associated with“response to stimulus”and“environmental information processing”in fat body after infection with BmNPV,which may indicate an active piRNA response to BmNPV infection in fat body.This study may lay the foundation for future research of the potential roles of the piRNA pathway and specific piRNAs in BmNPV pathogenesis.展开更多
Periodic post-embryonic changes in insects, including growth, development and metamorphosis, are strictly controlled by many compounds, including steroid hormones. The biosynthesis and clearance of 20-hydroxyecdysone ...Periodic post-embryonic changes in insects, including growth, development and metamorphosis, are strictly controlled by many compounds, including steroid hormones. The biosynthesis and clearance of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the major active form of the insect steroid hormone ecdysone, result in titer fluctuations that help control insect development. The inactivation of 20E in the silkworm Bombyx mori is highly tissue-specific, with CYP18A1 and ecdysone oxidase controlling 20E inactivation specifically in the mid-silk gland and midgut, respectively. Here, we characterized silkworm 3-dehydroecdysone 3α reductase (Bm3DE3α) and 3-dehydroecdysone 3β reductase (Bm3DE3β), two enzymes involved predominantly in the C-3-mediated catalysis of 20E in fat bodies. The ubiquitous and silk gland-specific overexpression of Bm3DE3α decreased the 20E titer, resulting in larval lethality and larval–pupal transition failure, respectively. In contrast, the ubiquitous and mid-silk gland-specific overexpression of Bm3DE3β increased the 20E titer, resulting in larval growth delays and lethality at the mid-fifth larval stage, respectively. Thus, Bm3DE3α and Bm3DE3β mediate fat body-specific steroid hormone metabolism in B. mori, indicating that highly diversified 20E metabolism-related mechanisms exist in different insect species.展开更多
During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis,proteins in the hemolymph are absorbed by the fat body for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis;however,the type of proteins and how these proteins are internalized int...During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis,proteins in the hemolymph are absorbed by the fat body for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis;however,the type of proteins and how these proteins are internalized into the fat body are unclear.In Bombyx mori,the developmental profiles o f total proteins in the hemolymph and fat body showed that hemolymph-decreased protein bands(55-100 kDa)were in accordance with those protein bands that increased in the fat body.Inhibition o f clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly blocked the transportation o f 55-100 kDa proteins from the hemolymph into the fat body,which was further verified by RNA interference treatment o f Bmclathrin.Six hexamerins were shown to comprise〜90%of the total identified proteins in both the hemolymph and fat body by mass spectrum(MS)analysis.In addition,hemolymphspecific proteins were mainly involved in material transportation,while fat body-specific proteins particularly participated in metabolism.In this paper,four hexamerins were found for the first time,and potential proteins absorbed by the fat body from the hemolymph through clathrin-dependent endocytosis were identified.This study sheds light on the protein absorption mechanism during insect metamorphosis.展开更多
Reproduction is of great importance for the continuation of the species.In insects,the fat body is the major tissue for nutrient storage and involved in vitellogenesis,which is essential for female reproduction.Here,2...Reproduction is of great importance for the continuation of the species.In insects,the fat body is the major tissue for nutrient storage and involved in vitellogenesis,which is essential for female reproduction.Here,2 proteins,hexamerin and allergen,were separated from the fat bodies of adult female American cockroaches(Periplaneta americana)and identified as storage proteins,encoding for 733 amino acids with molecular weight of 87.88 kDa and 686 amino acids with molecular weight of 82.18 kDa,respectively.The encoding genes of these 2 storage proteins are mainly expressed in the fat body.RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Hexamerin and Allergen in the early stage of the first reproductive cycle in females suppressed vitellogenesis and ovarian maturation,indicating that these storage proteins are involved in controlling reproduction.Importantly,the expression of Hexamerin and Allergen was repressed by knockdown of the juvenile hormone(JH)receptor gene Met and the primary response gene Kr-h1,and was induced by methoprene,a JH analog,in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.Altogether,we have determined that hexamerin and allergen are identified as storage proteins and play an important role in promoting female reproduction in the American cockroach.The expression of their encoding genes is induced by JH signaling.Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which hexamerin and allergen are necessary for JH-stimulated female reproduction.展开更多
In insects,20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)limits systemic growth by triggering developmental transitions.Previous studies have shown that 20E-induced let-7 exhibits crosstalk with the cell cycle.Here,we examined the underlyin...In insects,20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)limits systemic growth by triggering developmental transitions.Previous studies have shown that 20E-induced let-7 exhibits crosstalk with the cell cycle.Here,we examined the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of 20E-induced let-7 in the fat body,an organ for energy storage and nutrient mobilization which plays a critical role in the larval growth.First,the overexpression of let-7 decreased the body size and led to the reduction of both nucleolus and cell sizes in the larval fat body.In contrast,the overexpression of let-7-Sponge increased the nucleolus and cell sizes.Moreover,we found that cdc7,encoding a conserved protein kinase that controls the endocycle,is a target of let-7.Notably,the mutation of cdc7 in the fat body resulted in growth defects.Overall,our findings revealed a novel role of let-7 in the control of endoreduplication-related growth during larval-prepupal transition in Drosophila.展开更多
People completely lacking body fat(lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy)and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues.Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would,theref...People completely lacking body fat(lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy)and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues.Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would,therefore,appear to be adaptive.Two different models might be contemplated.More traditional is a set point(SP)where the levels are regulated around a fixed level.Alternatively,dual-intervention point(DIP)is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached.The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP,and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved.A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures.At the lower end,we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation,to avoid disease-induced anorexia,and to support reproduction.At the upper end,we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation.This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores,with important negative health effects.Why has evolution not protected us against this problem?One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history.By chance,it fell apart more in some people than others,and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut.To understand the evolutionary context of obesity,it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat(i.e.the lower intervention point),from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat(a broken upper intervention point).The DIP model has several consequences,showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.展开更多
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of elite taekwondo players based on weight categories,and to determine if the length of the lower extremities might influence player...Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of elite taekwondo players based on weight categories,and to determine if the length of the lower extremities might influence player’s success-level.A total of 59 elite male taekwondo players(22.02±3.07 years)participated in this study.Methods All anthropometric assessments were performed according to the standards and methodology of the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry.The 18 anthropometrical variables were measured for each athlete and compared between 7 different weight categories.The players were also divided into two groups(national and international)and the ratios of sitting-height to stature were compared.Results There were significant differences(P<0.05)between weight divisions in stature,body mass index,percentage of body fat,endomorphy,and mesomorphy,which were greater(P<0.05)in heavy weight groups than light weight groups,and ectomorphy,which was greater(P<0.05)in very light weight groups compared with the other weights.There was no significant difference in lean mass index(P>0.05)between weight groups.Sitting height/stature ratio was significantly dif-ferent(P<0.05)between the two groups,where the international group had longer lower extremities than the national group.Conclusion The findings of this study provide a valuable framework to support talent identification programmes and the development of specialised preparatory strategies for different weight divisions with the sport.展开更多
Purpose To compare physical activity and sedentary behavior between four commonly used subjective and objective meas-ures:the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (7DPAR),International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)...Purpose To compare physical activity and sedentary behavior between four commonly used subjective and objective meas-ures:the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (7DPAR),International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ),pedometer,and accelerometer.Methods A total of 130 college students completed four measures for the same 7 days.Body composition was measured using a bioelectric impedance analyzer.Wilcoxon signed rank tests and Spearman correlations were performed to compare estimates between activity measures.The Spearman correlations between different activity measures were further examined separately for the higher and the lower body fat groups.Results Compared with accelerometer-derived data,both the 7DPAR and the IPAQ overestimated light physical activity(P < 0.001) while underestimated sedentary behavior (P < 0.001).Across comparisons,the highest correlation was found between accelerometers and pedometers on steps/day (r =0.72,P < 0.001).The 7DPAR and the IPAQ were correlated with each other for all physical activity variables and sedentary behavior (r =0.37-0.45).There were low correlations (r=0.20-0.47) between the 7DPAR,the IPAQ,and accelerometers in sedentary behavior,light physical activity,and vigorous physical activity.Higher correlations between different activity modalities were observed among individuals with lower body fat(r=0.41-0.80) than among those with higher body fat (r=0.31-0.65).Conclusions The 7DPAR and the IPAQ yielded comparable estimation of moderate physical activity relative to accelerom-eters.There were significant differences in sedentary time across activity measures.Body compositions should be considered when comparing the estimates of activity levels between subjective and objective instruments.展开更多
Eusocial insects display a caste system in which different castes are morpho-logically and physiologically specialized for different tasks.Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic modifications,including DNA methy...Eusocial insects display a caste system in which different castes are morpho-logically and physiologically specialized for different tasks.Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic modifications,including DNA methylation and histone modification,me-diate caste determination and differentiation,longevity,and polyethism in eusocial insects.Although there has been a growing interest in the relationship between epigenetic mech-anisms and phenotypic plasticity in termites,there is ltte information about differential expression levels among castes and expression sites for these genes in termites.Here we show royaltissuc-specific expression of epigenetic modification genes in the termite Reticulitermes speratus.Using RNA-seq,we identified 74 genes,including three DNA methyltransferases,seven sirtuins,48 Trithorax group proteins,and 16 Polycomb group proteins.Among these genes,15 showed king-specific expression,and 52 showed age-dependent differential expression in kings and queens.Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that DNA methyltransferase 3 is expressed specifically in the king's testis and fat body,whereas some histone modification genes are remarkably expressed in the king's testis and queen's ovary.These findings imply that epigenetic modification plays important roles in the gamete production process in termite kings and queens.展开更多
The highly conserved doublesex(dsx) and doublesex/mab-3 related(Dmrt) genes control sexually dimorphic traits across animals. The dsx gene encodes sex-specific transcription factors, Dsx^(M) in males and Dsx^(F) in fe...The highly conserved doublesex(dsx) and doublesex/mab-3 related(Dmrt) genes control sexually dimorphic traits across animals. The dsx gene encodes sex-specific transcription factors, Dsx^(M) in males and Dsx^(F) in females, which function differentially and often oppositely to establish sexual dimorphism. Here, we report that mutations in dsx, or overexpression of dsx, result in abnormal distribution of the basement membrane(BM) protein Collagen Ⅳ in the fat body. We find that Dsx isoforms regulate the expression of Collagen Ⅳ in the fat body and its secretion into the BM of other tissues. We identify the procollagen lysyl hydroxylase(dPlod) gene, which is involved in the biosynthesis of Collagen Ⅳ, as a direct target of Dsx. We further show that Dsx regulates Collagen Ⅳ through d Plod-dependent and independent pathways. These findings reveal how Dsx isoforms function in the secretory fat body to regulate Collagen Ⅳ and remotely establish sexual dimorphism.展开更多
文摘Background:Prolonged sitting and reduced physical activity lead to low energy expenditures.However,little is known about the joint impact of daily sitting time and physical activity on body fat distribution.We investigated the independent and joint associations of daily sitting time and physical activity with body fat among adults.Methods:This was a cross-sectional analysis of U.S.nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey2011-2018 among adults aged 20 years or older.Daily sitting time and leisure-time physical activity(LTPA)were self-reported using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.Body fat(total and trunk fat percentage)was determined via dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results:Among 10,808 adults,about 54.6%spent 6 h/day or more sitting;more than one-half reported no LTPA(inactive)or less than 150 min/week LTPA(insufficiently active)with only 43.3%reported 150 min/week or more LTPA(active)in the past week.After fully adjusting for sociodemographic data,lifestyle behaviors,and chronic conditions,prolonged sitting time and low levels of LTPA were associated with higher total and trunk fat percentages in both sexes.When stratifying by LTPA,the association between daily sitting time and body fat appeared to be stronger in those who were inactive/insuufficiently active.In the joint analyses,inactive/insuufficiently active adults who reported sitting more than 8 h/day had the highest total(female:3.99%(95%confidence interval(95%CI):3.09%-4.88%);male:3.79%(95%CI:2.75%-4.82%))and trunk body fat percentages(female:4.21%(95%CI:3.09%-5.32%);male:4.07%(95%CI:2.95%-5.19%))when compared with those who were active and sitting less than 4 h/day.Conclusion:Prolonged daily sitting time was associated with increased body fat among U.S.adults.The higher body fat associated with 6 h/day sitting may not be offset by achieving recommended levels of physical activity.
基金Special project for clinical research of health industry of Shanghai Health Commission,Grant/Award Number:201940114。
文摘Background:The epidemic of overweight and obesity has become a worldwide public health problem.Cardiometabolic diseases may originate in childhood.We investigated the association between percent body fat(PBF)measured by the bioelectrical impedance assay and cardiometabolic risk(CMR)in pediatrics.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved 3819 subjects(6-17 years old)in Shanghai.We assessed the association between PBF and body mass index(BMI)with multiple CMR factors.We examined the risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to overweight and obesity based on age-and sexspecific PBF Z-scores and BMI Z-scores,respectively.Results:PBF,but not BMI,was positively associated with multiple CMR factors in males and females except for total cholesterol in females(all p<0.05).Compared with the non-overweight group based on PBF,overweight and obese subjects had increasingly higher odds ratio of dyslipidemia(2.90(1.99-4.23),4.59(2.88-7.32)for males and 1.82(1.20-2.75),2.46(1.47-4.11)for females)and elevated blood pressure(BP)(3.26(2.35-4.51),4.55(2.92-7.09)for males and 1.59(1.07-2.34),3.98(2.27-6.17)for females).Obesity females showed a higher likelihood for hyperglycemia(2.19(1.24-3.84))than non-overweight females.In both sexes,the predictive effect of PBF on dyslipidemia and elevated BP in adolescents was better than that in children.For hyperglycemia,the predictive effect of PBF was better in male adolescents and female children.There was no risk difference for cardiometabolic abnormalities attributable to BMI-based obesity categories.Conclusions:PBF but not BMI was associated with CMR.Overweight and obesity categories based on PBF had an increased risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities in children and adolescents.
文摘With improvements in living standards and advancements in medical technology,the demand for fat reduction and body shaping is increasing.Non-invasive fat reduction and body shaping therapy has gradually become a research hotspot in plastic surgery.High-intensity electromagnetic technology,a non-invasive treatment that can reduce subcutaneous fat and strengthen muscle,has been increasingly applied in clinics in recent years.This article reviews the fat reduction and body shaping mechanism and clinical effects of this equipment and provides a reference for its clinical application.
文摘A method for noninvasive determination of fat and water content in the human body is examined. A spatially resolved spectroscopy method is used which can record low intensity near infrared spectra. This novel approach is compared to other methods for the determination of fat and water content. Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in tissue are shown and the production and characterization of optical phantoms of adipose tissue are investigated.
文摘BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps(GBPs)are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases.However,to date,the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution,such as fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia,has not yet been established.AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver,visceral obesity,or sarcopenia.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests,body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer,and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups.A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age-and sex-matched controls.RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8±11.7 years,and 63.8%were male.According to multiple logistic regression analysis,the presence of fatty liver[odds ratio(OR)1.413;95%confidence interval(CI)1.218-1.638;P<0.001]was an independent risk factor for GBP,together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase(OR 0.993;95%CI 0.989-0.996;P<0.001).Additionally,fatty liver showed both independent(OR 1.629;95%CI,1.335-1.988;P<0.001)and dosedependent(moderate to severe fatty liver;OR 2.137;95%CI,1.662-2.749;P<0.001)relationship with large GBPs(≥5 mm).The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.
文摘Objective: Aim of this study was to investigate the changes in body composition and some biochemical parameters of women at different age and body mass index (BMI) groups and to evaluate their relations with to cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: The study was created by retrospective research of the file records of total 800 women who got into nutritional counseling between 2002 - 2007 years at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. Participants were grouped as 10 - 19, 20 - 29, 30 - 39, 40 - 49, 50 - 59, ≥60 years according to ages and were divided into 4 groups as normal, overweight, obese and morbidly obese according to body mass index. Data were statistically analysed in SPSS for Windows computer program with ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Findings: There are significant differences between different age groups in weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, percentage of body water, fat and fat-free mass, basal metabolic rate and blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL levels and HOMA-IR values. HOMA-IR values were the highest at age group 1 and the lowest at age group 2. Although they were in the same BMI group;their waist circumference, basal metabolic rate and percent of body fat showed significant increases with advancing age. Conclusion: The findings of our study show that it will be useful to use standard values generated for each age group according to BMI levels in predicting increased cardiovascular and metabolic risks together with advancing age. While the lowest rate of obesity according to body fat percent (>30%) was found at the ages in between 20 - 29 (58.4%), it is noteworthy that the obesity rate with respect to their body fat percent has been noticed at the ages of 10 to 19 (2.3%). Comparing with the other groups, significantly higher body heights found at the ages in between 10 - 19, could possibly predicate that the new generations are having better nutrition and overhaul. On the other hand, it was known that as a result of eating bugs and/or over-nutrition, besides insertion of inactive life style, children have become more sensitive to obesity and related health problems. As seen in our study, the healthiest values are at the ages in between 20 - 29, the results were commentated as the women at those ages are showing more interest in their physical appearance and their health. In accordance with our study’s data, in order to cope with obesity and related illnesses, which are having an importance in public health, we concluded that generalizing continuous and effective trainings on nutrition concerning families even the educators starting from the childhood, can be usefull.
文摘BACKGROUND Low bone mineral density(BMD)is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.However,nutritional risk factors for low BMD in the ulcerative colitis(UC)population are still poorly understood.AIM To investigate the association of anthropometric indicators and body composition with BMD in patients with UC.METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on adult UC patients of both genders who were followed on an outpatient basis.A control group consisting of healthy volunteers,family members,and close people was also included.The nutritional indicators evaluated were body mass index(BMI),total body mass(TBM),waist circumference(WC),body fat in kg(BFkg),body fat in percentage(BF%),trunk BF(TBF),and also lean mass.Body composition and BMD assessments were performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.RESULTS The sociodemographic characteristics of patients with UC(n=68)were similar to those of healthy volunteers(n=66)(P>0.05).Most patients(97.0%)were in remission of the disease,58.8%were eutrophic,33.8%were overweight,39.0%had high WC,and 67.6%had excess BF%.However,mean BMI,WC,BFkg,and TBF of UC patients were lower when compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Reduced BMD was present in 41.2%of patients with UC(38.2%with osteopenia and 2.9%with osteoporosis)and 3.0%in the control group(P<0.001).UC patients with low BMD had lower BMI,TBM,and BFkg values than those with normal BMD(P<0.05).Male patients were more likely to have low BMD(prevalence ratio[PR]=1.86;95%confidence interval[CI]:1.07-3.26).Those with excess weight(PR=0.43;95%CI:0.19-0.97)and high WC(PR=0.44;95%CI:0.21-0.94)were less likely to have low BMD.CONCLUSION Patients with UC in remission have a high prevalence of metabolic bone diseases.Body fat appears to protect against the development of low BMD in these patients.
基金supported by a PhD scholarship from Sao Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP(scholarship No.2018/17106-0)。
文摘Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with functional capacity and hip and knee strength in people with PFP.Methods:We included a mixed-sex sample of young adults(18-35 years old)with PFP(n=100).Measurements for BMI,percentage of body fat,and lean mass(assessed by bioelectrical impedance)were obtained.Functional capacity was assessed by the Anterior Knee Pain Scale,plank test,and single-leg hop test.Strength of the knee extensors,knee flexors,and hip abductors was evaluated isometrically using an isokinetic dynamometer.The proportion of overweight/obesity was calculated based on BMI.The association between BMI,body fat,and lean mass and functional capacity and strength was investigated using partial correlations,followed by hierarchical regression analysis,adjusted for covariates(sex,bilateral pain,and current pain level).Results:A total of 38%of our cohort had their BMI categorized as overweight/obese.Higher BMI was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.06-0.12,p<0.001)and with knee flexion strength only(ΔR^(2)=0.04,p=0.030).Higher body fat was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.05-0.15,p≤0.015)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.15-0.23,p<0.001).Lower lean mass was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.04-0.13,p≤0.032)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.29-0.31,p<0.001).Conclusion:BMI,body fat,and lean mass should be considered in the assessment and management of young people with PFP because it may be detrimental to function and strength.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2021C010)National Undergraduate Training Programs for Innovations(202110225005)Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(2572022DS09,2572020DR09,2572020DR02).
文摘The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)has been described to regulate fat body lipid metabolism in insects,but its accurate regulatory mechanism,especially the crosstalk between 20E-induced lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis remains largely unclear.Here,we specially investigated the effect of 20E on lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the fat body of Hyphantria cunea larvae,a notorious pest in forestry.Lipidomics analysis showed that a total of 1907 lipid species were identified in the fat body of H.cunea larvae assigned to 6 groups and 48 lipid classes.The differentially abundant lipids analysis showed a significant difference between 20E-treated and control samples,indicating that 20E caused a remarkable alteration of lipidomics profiles in the fat body of H.cunea larvae.Further studies demonstrated that 20E accelerated fatty acidβ-oxidation,inhibited lipid synthesis,and promoted lipolysis.Meanwhile,the activities of pyruvate carboxylase,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase,and glucose-6-phosphatase were dramatically suppressed by 20E in the fat body of H.cunea larvae.As well,the transcriptions of genes encoding these 4 rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly downregulated in the fat body of H.cunea larvae after treatment with 20E.Taken together,our results revealed that 20E disturbed fat body lipid homeostasis,accelerated fatty acidβ-oxidation and promoted lipolysis,but negatively regulated gluconeogenesis in H.cunea larvae.The findings might provide a new insight into hormonal regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insect fat body.
文摘Background: Dyslipidemia in childhood contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases later in life. This study sets out to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and describe the associations between selected variables and dyslipidemia in Cameroon urban children. Methods: This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 415 children (188 boys and 227 girls) between the ages of 5 and 16 years. Dyslipidemia was defined as an abnormal value of one or more of the following lipids: Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Percentage body fat (%BF) was estimated using bio-electric impedance analysis. A structured questionnaire was used by parents to report physical activity, screen time and eating habits of the children. Relationships between predictors and dyslipidemia were assessed using multiple binary logistic regression analyses. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 46.0%. Dyslipidemic children had significantly higher %BF, TG and LDL-C and lower HDL-C than the normal children (p p = 0.004), short stature (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1 - 6.8, p = 0.041), physical activity p Conclusion: This study confirms that obesity, short stature, physical activity < 60 minutes/day and never/occasional consumption of fruits/vegetables were associated with dyslipidemia. Also, a high proportion of children had one or more lipid disorders. This is concerning and indicates the importance of assessing dyslipidemia in pre-school children in future studies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872426)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2018A030310210)+2 种基金Guang-dong Provincial Promotion Project on Preservation and Utilization of Local Breed of Livestock and Poultry(No.2018-143)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M622714)South China Agricultural University Youth Science and Technology Talents Cultivation Special Fund.
文摘Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus(BmNPV)is a DNA virus that causes huge losses to the silkworm industry but the piRNA responses during BmNPV infection in the silkworm remain uninvestigated.Here,silkworm piRNA profiles of uninfected and BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut were determined by high-through sequencing in the early stages of BmNPV infection.A total of 2675 and 3396 genome-derived piRNAs were identified from fat body and midgut,respectively.These genome-derived piRNAs mainly originated from unannotated instead of transposon regions in the silkworm genome.In total,572 piRNAs were associated with 280 putative target genes in fat body and 805 piRNAs with 380 target genes in midgut.Compared to uninfected tissues,322 and 129 piRNAs were significantly upregulated in BmNPV-infected fat body and midgut,respectively.In addition,276 and 117 piRNAs were significantly downregulated.Moreover,differentially expressed(DE)piRNAs during BmNPV infection differed significantly between fat body and midgut.Putative DE piRNA-targeted genes were associated with“response to stimulus”and“environmental information processing”in fat body after infection with BmNPV,which may indicate an active piRNA response to BmNPV infection in fat body.This study may lay the foundation for future research of the potential roles of the piRNA pathway and specific piRNAs in BmNPV pathogenesis.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China(31925007 and U1738110).
文摘Periodic post-embryonic changes in insects, including growth, development and metamorphosis, are strictly controlled by many compounds, including steroid hormones. The biosynthesis and clearance of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the major active form of the insect steroid hormone ecdysone, result in titer fluctuations that help control insect development. The inactivation of 20E in the silkworm Bombyx mori is highly tissue-specific, with CYP18A1 and ecdysone oxidase controlling 20E inactivation specifically in the mid-silk gland and midgut, respectively. Here, we characterized silkworm 3-dehydroecdysone 3α reductase (Bm3DE3α) and 3-dehydroecdysone 3β reductase (Bm3DE3β), two enzymes involved predominantly in the C-3-mediated catalysis of 20E in fat bodies. The ubiquitous and silk gland-specific overexpression of Bm3DE3α decreased the 20E titer, resulting in larval lethality and larval–pupal transition failure, respectively. In contrast, the ubiquitous and mid-silk gland-specific overexpression of Bm3DE3β increased the 20E titer, resulting in larval growth delays and lethality at the mid-fifth larval stage, respectively. Thus, Bm3DE3α and Bm3DE3β mediate fat body-specific steroid hormone metabolism in B. mori, indicating that highly diversified 20E metabolism-related mechanisms exist in different insect species.
基金This study was supported by the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(grants 31472042 and 31672368 to LT,31702053 to KL and 31702065 to HY)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(grant 2017A030311024 to LT)。
文摘During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis,proteins in the hemolymph are absorbed by the fat body for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis;however,the type of proteins and how these proteins are internalized into the fat body are unclear.In Bombyx mori,the developmental profiles o f total proteins in the hemolymph and fat body showed that hemolymph-decreased protein bands(55-100 kDa)were in accordance with those protein bands that increased in the fat body.Inhibition o f clathrin-dependent endocytosis predominantly blocked the transportation o f 55-100 kDa proteins from the hemolymph into the fat body,which was further verified by RNA interference treatment o f Bmclathrin.Six hexamerins were shown to comprise〜90%of the total identified proteins in both the hemolymph and fat body by mass spectrum(MS)analysis.In addition,hemolymphspecific proteins were mainly involved in material transportation,while fat body-specific proteins particularly participated in metabolism.In this paper,four hexamerins were found for the first time,and potential proteins absorbed by the fat body from the hemolymph through clathrin-dependent endocytosis were identified.This study sheds light on the protein absorption mechanism during insect metamorphosis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32100379)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023A1515010512)+1 种基金the GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2020A1515110285)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020M672678).English was polished by the Nature Publishing Group.
文摘Reproduction is of great importance for the continuation of the species.In insects,the fat body is the major tissue for nutrient storage and involved in vitellogenesis,which is essential for female reproduction.Here,2 proteins,hexamerin and allergen,were separated from the fat bodies of adult female American cockroaches(Periplaneta americana)and identified as storage proteins,encoding for 733 amino acids with molecular weight of 87.88 kDa and 686 amino acids with molecular weight of 82.18 kDa,respectively.The encoding genes of these 2 storage proteins are mainly expressed in the fat body.RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Hexamerin and Allergen in the early stage of the first reproductive cycle in females suppressed vitellogenesis and ovarian maturation,indicating that these storage proteins are involved in controlling reproduction.Importantly,the expression of Hexamerin and Allergen was repressed by knockdown of the juvenile hormone(JH)receptor gene Met and the primary response gene Kr-h1,and was induced by methoprene,a JH analog,in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.Altogether,we have determined that hexamerin and allergen are identified as storage proteins and play an important role in promoting female reproduction in the American cockroach.The expression of their encoding genes is induced by JH signaling.Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which hexamerin and allergen are necessary for JH-stimulated female reproduction.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(31802010 and 31702054)to Xiao-Ling Xia and Suiting Liu,the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515011899)to Su-Ning Liu.
文摘In insects,20-hydroxyecdysone(20E)limits systemic growth by triggering developmental transitions.Previous studies have shown that 20E-induced let-7 exhibits crosstalk with the cell cycle.Here,we examined the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of 20E-induced let-7 in the fat body,an organ for energy storage and nutrient mobilization which plays a critical role in the larval growth.First,the overexpression of let-7 decreased the body size and led to the reduction of both nucleolus and cell sizes in the larval fat body.In contrast,the overexpression of let-7-Sponge increased the nucleolus and cell sizes.Moreover,we found that cdc7,encoding a conserved protein kinase that controls the endocycle,is a target of let-7.Notably,the mutation of cdc7 in the fat body resulted in growth defects.Overall,our findings revealed a novel role of let-7 in the control of endoreduplication-related growth during larval-prepupal transition in Drosophila.
基金This work was supported by the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health(ZDSYS20210427152400001)to JRSthe US National Institutes of Health grants R01DK100659,R01DK118725,P01DK119130 and R01DK12724 to JKE.
文摘People completely lacking body fat(lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy)and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues.Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would,therefore,appear to be adaptive.Two different models might be contemplated.More traditional is a set point(SP)where the levels are regulated around a fixed level.Alternatively,dual-intervention point(DIP)is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached.The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP,and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved.A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures.At the lower end,we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation,to avoid disease-induced anorexia,and to support reproduction.At the upper end,we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation.This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores,with important negative health effects.Why has evolution not protected us against this problem?One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history.By chance,it fell apart more in some people than others,and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut.To understand the evolutionary context of obesity,it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat(i.e.the lower intervention point),from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat(a broken upper intervention point).The DIP model has several consequences,showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.
文摘Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of elite taekwondo players based on weight categories,and to determine if the length of the lower extremities might influence player’s success-level.A total of 59 elite male taekwondo players(22.02±3.07 years)participated in this study.Methods All anthropometric assessments were performed according to the standards and methodology of the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry.The 18 anthropometrical variables were measured for each athlete and compared between 7 different weight categories.The players were also divided into two groups(national and international)and the ratios of sitting-height to stature were compared.Results There were significant differences(P<0.05)between weight divisions in stature,body mass index,percentage of body fat,endomorphy,and mesomorphy,which were greater(P<0.05)in heavy weight groups than light weight groups,and ectomorphy,which was greater(P<0.05)in very light weight groups compared with the other weights.There was no significant difference in lean mass index(P>0.05)between weight groups.Sitting height/stature ratio was significantly dif-ferent(P<0.05)between the two groups,where the international group had longer lower extremities than the national group.Conclusion The findings of this study provide a valuable framework to support talent identification programmes and the development of specialised preparatory strategies for different weight divisions with the sport.
基金supported by the MOST 102-2410-H-041-009,Taiwan,China。
文摘Purpose To compare physical activity and sedentary behavior between four commonly used subjective and objective meas-ures:the 7-day Physical Activity Recall (7DPAR),International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ),pedometer,and accelerometer.Methods A total of 130 college students completed four measures for the same 7 days.Body composition was measured using a bioelectric impedance analyzer.Wilcoxon signed rank tests and Spearman correlations were performed to compare estimates between activity measures.The Spearman correlations between different activity measures were further examined separately for the higher and the lower body fat groups.Results Compared with accelerometer-derived data,both the 7DPAR and the IPAQ overestimated light physical activity(P < 0.001) while underestimated sedentary behavior (P < 0.001).Across comparisons,the highest correlation was found between accelerometers and pedometers on steps/day (r =0.72,P < 0.001).The 7DPAR and the IPAQ were correlated with each other for all physical activity variables and sedentary behavior (r =0.37-0.45).There were low correlations (r=0.20-0.47) between the 7DPAR,the IPAQ,and accelerometers in sedentary behavior,light physical activity,and vigorous physical activity.Higher correlations between different activity modalities were observed among individuals with lower body fat(r=0.41-0.80) than among those with higher body fat (r=0.31-0.65).Conclusions The 7DPAR and the IPAQ yielded comparable estimation of moderate physical activity relative to accelerom-eters.There were significant differences in sedentary time across activity measures.Body compositions should be considered when comparing the estimates of activity levels between subjective and objective instruments.
文摘Eusocial insects display a caste system in which different castes are morpho-logically and physiologically specialized for different tasks.Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic modifications,including DNA methylation and histone modification,me-diate caste determination and differentiation,longevity,and polyethism in eusocial insects.Although there has been a growing interest in the relationship between epigenetic mech-anisms and phenotypic plasticity in termites,there is ltte information about differential expression levels among castes and expression sites for these genes in termites.Here we show royaltissuc-specific expression of epigenetic modification genes in the termite Reticulitermes speratus.Using RNA-seq,we identified 74 genes,including three DNA methyltransferases,seven sirtuins,48 Trithorax group proteins,and 16 Polycomb group proteins.Among these genes,15 showed king-specific expression,and 52 showed age-dependent differential expression in kings and queens.Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that DNA methyltransferase 3 is expressed specifically in the king's testis and fat body,whereas some histone modification genes are remarkably expressed in the king's testis and queen's ovary.These findings imply that epigenetic modification plays important roles in the gamete production process in termite kings and queens.
基金supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0802400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31970943 and 31700905)the Jiangsu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Program
文摘The highly conserved doublesex(dsx) and doublesex/mab-3 related(Dmrt) genes control sexually dimorphic traits across animals. The dsx gene encodes sex-specific transcription factors, Dsx^(M) in males and Dsx^(F) in females, which function differentially and often oppositely to establish sexual dimorphism. Here, we report that mutations in dsx, or overexpression of dsx, result in abnormal distribution of the basement membrane(BM) protein Collagen Ⅳ in the fat body. We find that Dsx isoforms regulate the expression of Collagen Ⅳ in the fat body and its secretion into the BM of other tissues. We identify the procollagen lysyl hydroxylase(dPlod) gene, which is involved in the biosynthesis of Collagen Ⅳ, as a direct target of Dsx. We further show that Dsx regulates Collagen Ⅳ through d Plod-dependent and independent pathways. These findings reveal how Dsx isoforms function in the secretory fat body to regulate Collagen Ⅳ and remotely establish sexual dimorphism.
