By using the methods of literature review,questionnaire survey,and expert interview,this paper discusses and analyzes the deep integration mechanism of national fitness campaign and college physical education teaching...By using the methods of literature review,questionnaire survey,and expert interview,this paper discusses and analyzes the deep integration mechanism of national fitness campaign and college physical education teaching,in order to promote the development of college physical education teaching reform,expand ideas,explore new fields,and provide novel development directions.The purpose is to enhance the national physical quality,improve the public service system,enhance the health awareness of the citizens,and provide guidelines for promoting the development of sports.展开更多
Valuable dropsonde data were obtained from multiple field campaigns targeting tropical cyclones,namely Higos,Nangka,Saudel,and Atsani,over the western North Pacific by the Hong Kong Observatory and Taiwan Central Weat...Valuable dropsonde data were obtained from multiple field campaigns targeting tropical cyclones,namely Higos,Nangka,Saudel,and Atsani,over the western North Pacific by the Hong Kong Observatory and Taiwan Central Weather Bureau in 2020.The conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP)method has been utilized in real-time to identify the sensitive regions for targeting observations adhering to the procedure of real-time field campaigns for the first time.The observing system experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dropsonde data and CNOP sensitivity on TC forecasts in terms of track and intensity,using the Weather Research and Forecasting model.It is shown that the impact of assimilating all dropsonde data on both track and intensity forecasts is case-dependent.However,assimilation using only the dropsonde data inside the sensitive regions displays unanimously positive effects on both the track and intensity forecast,either of which obtains comparable benefits to or greatly reduces deterioration of the skill when assimilating all dropsonde data.Therefore,these results encourage us to further carry out targeting observations for the forecast of tropical cyclones according to CNOP sensitivity.展开更多
Background: In accordance with its measles elimination strategic plan 2012-2020, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) organized a follow-up vaccination campaign against measles from October to December 2019 in 2...Background: In accordance with its measles elimination strategic plan 2012-2020, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) organized a follow-up vaccination campaign against measles from October to December 2019 in 26 provinces. This study aims to establish the contribution of this supplementary vaccination campaign to protecting children against measles. Methods: The survey was carried out in November 2020 among households of the DRC, according to the 2018 revised version of the World Health Organization’s stratified cluster sampling method, using multiple stage sampling. It targeted 280 children aged 6 - 59 months per stratum or province, with 10 children in each of the 28 selected clusters. Data collection using tablets with centralized and real-time data processing was preceded by enumeration to refine the household sampling frame. Clusters and households were selected by random draw. Data collected with CS Pro 7 software were analyzed with SPSS, Epi info 7 and Excel software to determine indicators and make before-after comparisons using the McNemar test, at a precision threshold of 5%. Results: Of the 8535 surveyed children, 89.5% were vaccinatedduring the follow-up campaign and 81.6% were vaccinated before. Only 3.7% had correctly completed campaign vaccination cards. Estimated vaccination coverage increased from 80.8% before the campaign to 92.6% after the campaign (p 0.001). Vaccination coverage after campaign against measles improved in all provinces (p < 0.001) except Bas-Uele and Maniema. Thirteen provinces reached the national coverage target of 95%, compared to five before the campaign. The proportion of zero-dose children dropped significantly after this campaign from 19.2% to 7.4% (p 0.001), and even fell below 1% in six provinces. Conclusion: This measles vaccination campaign improved overall vaccination coverage by 10% and reached more unvaccinated children. Efforts must continue to improve the retention of vaccination card, the adherence of unvaccinated children and the effectiveness of routine vaccination.展开更多
One of the problems encountered in 60＇s to 80＇s of 20th century in China＇s steel industry was short life of blast furnace shaft as well as the excessive erosion of blast furnace hearth. A series of research work wa...One of the problems encountered in 60＇s to 80＇s of 20th century in China＇s steel industry was short life of blast furnace shaft as well as the excessive erosion of blast furnace hearth. A series of research work was carried out in order to extend blast furnace campaign life. The concept of research and development was integrated in the construction of BF （blast furnace） No. 5 at WISCO （Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation）, and in October, 1991, the BF No. 5 was blown in. The blast furnace has worked smoothly for more than 15 years without any medium repair even guniting. It is expected that the campaign life of BF No. 5 would be longer than 16 years with a production over 11 000 t per unit inner volume （m^2）. A new blast furnace with an inner volume of 3 400 m^3 is under construction, and is designed with a campaign life of 20 years without any medium repair. The campaign life of blast furnaces in China has been extended in recent years.展开更多
Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was meas...Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was measured using an integrating nephelometer and the aerosol scattering coefficient for wet conditions was determined by subtracting the sum of the aerosol absorption coefficient, gas scattering coefficient and gas absorption coefficient from the atmospheric extinction coefficient. Following this, the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f（RH）, was calculated as the ratio of wet and dry aerosol scattering coefficients. Measurements of size-resolved chemical composition, relative humidity （RH）, and published functional relationships between particle chemical composition and water uptake were likewise used to find the aerosol scattering coe？cients in wet and dry conditions using Mie theory for internally- or externally-mixed particle species [（NH_4）_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, NaCl, POM, EC and residue]. Closure was obtained by comparing the measured f（RH） values from the nephelometer and other in situ optical instruments with those computed from chemical composition and thermodynamics. Results show that the model can represent the observed f（RH） and is appropriate for use as a component in other higher-order models.展开更多
This paper reports the use of a specialized, mesoscale, numerical weather prediction （NWP） system and a satellite imaging and prediction system that were set up to support the CLAMS （Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircr...This paper reports the use of a specialized, mesoscale, numerical weather prediction （NWP） system and a satellite imaging and prediction system that were set up to support the CLAMS （Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites） field campaign during the summer of 2001. The primary objective of CLAMS was to validate satellite-based retrievals of aerosol properties and vertical profiles of the radiative flux, temperature and water vapor. Six research aircraft were deployed to make detailed coincident measurements of the atmosphere and ocean surface with the research satellites that orbited overhead. The mesoscale weather modeling system runs in real-time to provide high spatial and temporal resolution for forecasts that are delivered via the World Wide Web along with a variety of satellite imagery and satellite location predictions. This system is a multi-purpose modeling system capable of both data analysis/assimilation and multi-scale NWP ranging from cloud-scale to larger than regional scale. This is a three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic compressible model in a terrain-following coordinate. The model employs advanced numerical techniques and contains detailed interactive physical processes. The utility of the forecasting system is illustrated throughout the discussion on the impact of the surface-wind forecast on BRDF （Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function） and the description of the cloud/moisture forecast versus the aircraft measurement.展开更多
Background: MenAfriVac<sup>TM</sup> is the first of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s pre-qualified vaccines to be allowed to mass vaccination campaign at a temperature below or equal to 40°C dur...Background: MenAfriVac<sup>TM</sup> is the first of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s pre-qualified vaccines to be allowed to mass vaccination campaign at a temperature below or equal to 40°C during 4 days. This new vaccination practice has already been used in some African countries. This article described the opinion and use of this new technique by actors on the field, during a mass vaccination campaign in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Methods: We conducted a crosssectional study on the practice of CTC by actors on the field and their perception on the new practice, during a mass vaccination campaign in 2 of 25 health districts in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Findings: As results, in Séguéla 98.25% of respondents expressed a favourable opinion of CTC, citing advantages such as vaccine carriers requiring no ice packs (29.2%), financial benefit (12.28%) and lighter vaccine carriers (5.26%). In Bouna, respondents gave the same advantages in, respectively, 34%, 2% and 8% of cases. The peak of the total of vials used for immunization sessions reached 376 vials at day one, then dropped to 235 vials at day three and 220 vials at day six. Discussion: Vaccinators found some benefits related to CTC practice, but on the field, they were cautious in using CTC technique.展开更多
The first ever land campaign to study the spatial variability of the aerosol characteristics along the Brahmaputra river valley (BRV) in Assam, North-Eastern India, was conducted during 2011. Measurements were made ov...The first ever land campaign to study the spatial variability of the aerosol characteristics along the Brahmaputra river valley (BRV) in Assam, North-Eastern India, was conducted during 2011. Measurements were made over 13 locations for Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), scattering coefficient, particulate matter, black carbon (BC) concentration and meteorological parameters. The BRV is divided into three sectors longitudinally viz western sector (WS), central sector (CS), and eastern sector (ES). Significant Spatial heterogeneity in AOD and BC concentration was observed (p < 0.05) with the highest values over WS and a continual decrease from WS to ES with aerosol dominance in PM2.5 category along the entire valley. The Angstrom coefficient measured using different wavelength pairs showed spatial variability indicating dominance of fine particles over WS and coarse particles in ES with a probable bimodal distribution. The scattering and absorption coefficient shows dominance of both types of aerosol over WS than other areas. The shortwave radiative forcing was higher over the WS than CS and ES of the valley. The campaign revealed that under favorable wind conditions, the BRV is loaded with significant amount of natural and anthropogenic aerosol during local winter and is influenced by the long-range transport of aerosols from the Indo-Gangetic plain.展开更多
Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world and its treatment is exclusively surgical. However, the results of cataract surgery are not always as good as is assumed and this aspect of surgical ...Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world and its treatment is exclusively surgical. However, the results of cataract surgery are not always as good as is assumed and this aspect of surgical services needs a lot of attention. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional results of the free cataract surgery campaign carried out at the Siguiri Prefectural Hospital in Guinea. Patients and Method: This was a descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional study over a period of three months (1 October-31 December 2017). Records of cataract-operated patients during the study period were reviewed. The complete files for the main variables sought were retained. Sociodemographic data and visual acuity without pre- and post-operative correction were assessed. Functional outcomes were analysed according to WHO guidelines and recommendations for post-operative functional outcomes of cataract surgery. The data was collected and processed using Excel version 2010 software. Results: A total of 108 eyes from 102 patients were the subject of this present study on 314 eyes from 289 operated patients. 64 (%) men and 38 women (%) had a follow-up of 6 weeks after cataract surgery, a sex ratio of 1.68 in favor of women. The average age was 62.45 ± 15.20 years with extremes of 25 and 90 years. The age group from 60 to 69 years is the most represented with 46 cases or 45.45%. Housewives and farmers are the most represented strata with 42 cases (41.18%) and 31 cases (30.39%) respectively. The operative technique was Phaco A in 4/5 of the cases. No implant calculations were performed. Functional results indicate that 66% of patients had good visual acuity (≥3/10);29% of patients had borderline visual acuity (between 1/10 and 2/10) and 13.30% had poor visual acuity (Conclusion: The importance of the rate of poor results in our study should draw our attention to the conduct of free cataract surgery campaigns. The problem of cataract blindness is often compounded by poor outcomes of surgical procedures, especially in low-income settings. The use of biometrics, implants of appropriate power as well as compliance with operative indications, surgical protocols and postoperative follow-up by surgeons will improve the visual result without correction.展开更多
Throughout American literary history,women have experienced more transition in their roles,as a result of changing social norms,than any other class.At first,both society and the literary circles preached that women s...Throughout American literary history,women have experienced more transition in their roles,as a result of changing social norms,than any other class.At first,both society and the literary circles preached that women should be dependent on men and remain in the home,in order to guarantee stability in the community and the family.As time passed and attitudes changed,women were beginning to be depicted as characters that were eager to break away from convention.However,the subject role of women was never improved during the turbulent feminism movement.展开更多
Women were depicted as characters that were eager to break away from convention in many novels.However,the subject role of women was never improved during the turbulent feminism movement.Paradox between public concept...Women were depicted as characters that were eager to break away from convention in many novels.However,the subject role of women was never improved during the turbulent feminism movement.Paradox between public conception and reality got stronger and stronger.The genre of the literature represents such a change.The novels that can be demonstrated,in order to support this view,is the Forrest Gump by Winston Groom.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">In a short time, many illustrative studies have been conducted on the mathematical modeling and analysis of COVID-19. There are not enough studies taking into account...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">In a short time, many illustrative studies have been conducted on the mathematical modeling and analysis of COVID-19. There are not enough studies taking into account the vaccine campaign among these studies. In this context, a mathematical model is developed to reveal the effects of vaccine treatment, which has been performed recently, on COVID-19 in this study. In the proposed model, as well as the vaccinated individuals, a five-dimensional compartment system including the susceptible, infected, exposed and recovered population is constructed. Moreover, besides the positivity, existence and uniqueness of the solution, biologically feasible region are provided. The basic reproduction number</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">known as expected secondary infection which means that expected infection among the susceptible populations caused by this infection is evaluated. In the numerical simulations, the parameter values taken from the literature and estimated are used to perform the solutions of the proposed model. Fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical scheme is applied to obtain the results.</span>展开更多
The Double Ribbons campaign is a combination of the pink ribbon and the blue ribbon.China has launched the"Double Ribbon Campaign,"which includes free screening for both breast and cervical cancers.In this p...The Double Ribbons campaign is a combination of the pink ribbon and the blue ribbon.China has launched the"Double Ribbon Campaign,"which includes free screening for both breast and cervical cancers.In this paper,by briefly describing the characteristics of breast cancer and cervical cancer,this paper summarizes the screening data of Changle County People's Hospital in Shandong Province in the past ten years,clarifies the importance of early screening,early diagnosis and early treatment of diseases,summarizes experience,defines goals,and promotes the long-term development of China's health cause.展开更多
Introduction: Intestinal parasitism has been a challenge to overcome for the Mexican deworming campaign and this study determined the prevalence of these infections in schoolchildren treated with albendazole in Northw...Introduction: Intestinal parasitism has been a challenge to overcome for the Mexican deworming campaign and this study determined the prevalence of these infections in schoolchildren treated with albendazole in Northwestern Mexico. Methods: Study sites in marginal conditions, with gastrointestinal infections and albendazole intervention were selected. The Faust and Kato Katz techniques were used to identify the parasites spp. and the NCSS software was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 450, 389 and 364 schoolchildren participated in 2005, 2006, and 2007 respectively during this study. The mean age was 7.9 (±1.3). The estimated prevalences were of 42%, 30% and 37% for protozoa infections, and 11%, 12% and 11% for helminth infections in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Conclusion: The education strategies should be integrated into the Mexican deworming campaign.展开更多
Background and Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer between females in Saudi Arabia, the eastern area ranked as the first in the incidence rate. As the breast cancer awareness movement has expanded,...Background and Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer between females in Saudi Arabia, the eastern area ranked as the first in the incidence rate. As the breast cancer awareness movement has expanded, majority of the new cases are still diagnosed in a later stage. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of breast cancer awareness campaigns on the knowledge and practice of early breast examination (EBE) which consisted of breast-self examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography, among women at King Faisal University. Methodology: A cross-sectional study carried out at King Faisal University, Al-Hassa city on a sample of 300 adult females from different urban and rural areas. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the participants. The questionnaire contains questions about: socio-demographic factors, awareness campaigns, practice and knowledge of breast cancer and early screening methods. Results: The age of the participants ranged from 16 to 60 years;53% of the participants have attended campaigns;and 47% have never attended. Regarding the practice of BSE, CBE and mammography, the results were 8.8%, 3.3%, and 4.3%, respectively. The results show a significant relation between attending campaigns and good level of practice and knowledge. Conclusion and Recommendation: The findings indicate a great impact of the community-based awareness campaigns on the practice of EBE. The study recommends a multilevel intervention for every age group, specially the age group that at risk.展开更多
One in four children under 5 years of age in the developing world are stunted (chronically malnourished). Reducing stunting can be a challenge, especially in populous countries where families are dispersed, as is the ...One in four children under 5 years of age in the developing world are stunted (chronically malnourished). Reducing stunting can be a challenge, especially in populous countries where families are dispersed, as is the case in Indonesia. This paper describes how one government project (Indonesia’s National Nutrition Communication Campaign [NNCC]) delivered effective behavior change communications interventions that reached 40 million people. This paper focuses on four challenges that nutrition campaigns often face and provides useful lessons for similar campaigns, based on the experience of NNCC, which include the following: 1) Fully engaging stakeholders at all levels in campaign design and implementation ensured broad-based support for stunting reduction efforts;2) Pro-actively involving journalists in nutrition campaigns improved public opinion about stunting and positively influenced decision-making in policy formulation;3) Use of humorous public service announcements with limited technical information was effective in engaging priority populations;and 4) Social media (YouTube ads, web advertorials, Facebook pages, Twitter, Instagram) extended the campaign’s reach and reinforced messaging from other sources. Based on NNCC’s experience, specific recommendations are provided.展开更多
This study investigates the medicine awareness, which can be defined as the increase in knowledge and understanding of the general public on appropriate medicine use. Objective: To identify the characteristics of Publ...This study investigates the medicine awareness, which can be defined as the increase in knowledge and understanding of the general public on appropriate medicine use. Objective: To identify the characteristics of Public Health campaigns that focus on medicine use and/or medicine awareness. Study Design: Systematic review focusing on pre- and post-campaign surveys. Methods: Electronic databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Global Health, and Google Scholar were searched. Articles within the last 10 years, with a focus on adults over the age of 18 were used to report findings. Results: A total of 4336 studies were reviewed after which eight were identified, which focused on medicines use and/or awareness. Most campaigns emphasized the knowledge and understanding of patients on the importance of appropriate medicine use and drew a comparison from pre- to post-campaign results. A limited number of Public Health campaigns demonstrated an increase in the level of medicines use awareness of patients. Various tools were used to portray the message across in the campaigns. These included, video, written information, face to face approaches, as well as educational games. Four studies demonstrated a statistically significant increase, in awareness of the public in regards to medication. However, the remaining studies were not successful in portraying a significant impact. Conclusion: Most campaigns demonstrated a limited increase in level of medicine use awareness in their post-campaign surveys. The results support the need for a comprehensive Public Health campaign that focuses on medicine use.展开更多
Stunting remains a particular challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite encouraging declines in Tanzania over the past 25 years, one-third of Tanzanian children under the age of five years are stunted. Diarrhea remains...Stunting remains a particular challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite encouraging declines in Tanzania over the past 25 years, one-third of Tanzanian children under the age of five years are stunted. Diarrhea remains one of the greatest causes of childhood stunting worldwide. Mass media has been used to improve the uptake of behaviors associated with reductions in diarrhea. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a mass media campaign in the Lake Zone region of Tanzania from 2015-2020 and positive changes in caregiver health-seeking behaviors related to diarrhea in children. Approximately 5000 households participated in a cross-sectional survey after a communications campaign. Exposure variables included hearing and seeing radio and TV spots and participating in a variety of interpersonal communication approaches. Study results indicated primary caregivers (mothers) exposed to media messages only (OR 1.66, CI 1.05 - 2.62), and to media messages and interpersonal communication (OR 2.51, CI 1.48 - 4.26), were more likely to seek advice or treatment for diarrhea from a health facility. Primary caregivers exposed to both media messages and interpersonal communication were more likely to give oral rehydration salts (OR 2.56, CI 1.72 - 3.79), zinc tablets/syrup (OR 1.74, CI 1.18 - 2.57), and homemade fluids (OR 2.02, CI 1.15 - 3.55) when their children had diarrhea. Male heads of household (fathers) exposure to mass media was not associated with care-seeking for diarrhea treatment.展开更多
Being the leading death cause among young people in the world, road accidents are avoidable through the adoption of simple attitudes and behaviors. Handicap International Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) has launch...Being the leading death cause among young people in the world, road accidents are avoidable through the adoption of simple attitudes and behaviors. Handicap International Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) has launched an awareness campaign in secondary schools in the municipalities of Cotonou and Abomey-Calavito bring young Beninese users to adopt good attitudes and safe behavior while driving on the road. This study aims at assessing the effectiveness of this awareness campaign. It was an evaluative cross-sectional here-elsewhere type study, held in fourteen high schools in the cities of Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi, of which seven benefited from the campaign and seven did not. In each school, students were selected on the basis of two-stage random sampling. 656 students, 309 of whom were sensitized and 347 of whom were not, were included in this study. The campaign was quite effective. Students, teachers, and school officials’ perceptions of the campaign were positive. In addition, the sensitized students had a better level of knowledge (p = 0.001) and reported safer behaviors (p = 0.003) while driving on the road than those who were not aware. Although the effects are positive, they are still very small. Efforts must be continued and much remains to be done.展开更多
基金Guangdong University of Science and Technology 2023 school-level“quality project”“National Fitness Campaign and College Physical Education Deep Integration Mechanism Research”(Project number:GKZLGC2023142)。
文摘By using the methods of literature review,questionnaire survey,and expert interview,this paper discusses and analyzes the deep integration mechanism of national fitness campaign and college physical education teaching,in order to promote the development of college physical education teaching reform,expand ideas,explore new fields,and provide novel development directions.The purpose is to enhance the national physical quality,improve the public service system,enhance the health awareness of the citizens,and provide guidelines for promoting the development of sports.
基金jointly sponsored by the National Nature Scientific Foundation of China(Grant.Nos.41930971 and 41775061)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1506402)。
文摘Valuable dropsonde data were obtained from multiple field campaigns targeting tropical cyclones,namely Higos,Nangka,Saudel,and Atsani,over the western North Pacific by the Hong Kong Observatory and Taiwan Central Weather Bureau in 2020.The conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP)method has been utilized in real-time to identify the sensitive regions for targeting observations adhering to the procedure of real-time field campaigns for the first time.The observing system experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dropsonde data and CNOP sensitivity on TC forecasts in terms of track and intensity,using the Weather Research and Forecasting model.It is shown that the impact of assimilating all dropsonde data on both track and intensity forecasts is case-dependent.However,assimilation using only the dropsonde data inside the sensitive regions displays unanimously positive effects on both the track and intensity forecast,either of which obtains comparable benefits to or greatly reduces deterioration of the skill when assimilating all dropsonde data.Therefore,these results encourage us to further carry out targeting observations for the forecast of tropical cyclones according to CNOP sensitivity.
文摘Background: In accordance with its measles elimination strategic plan 2012-2020, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) organized a follow-up vaccination campaign against measles from October to December 2019 in 26 provinces. This study aims to establish the contribution of this supplementary vaccination campaign to protecting children against measles. Methods: The survey was carried out in November 2020 among households of the DRC, according to the 2018 revised version of the World Health Organization’s stratified cluster sampling method, using multiple stage sampling. It targeted 280 children aged 6 - 59 months per stratum or province, with 10 children in each of the 28 selected clusters. Data collection using tablets with centralized and real-time data processing was preceded by enumeration to refine the household sampling frame. Clusters and households were selected by random draw. Data collected with CS Pro 7 software were analyzed with SPSS, Epi info 7 and Excel software to determine indicators and make before-after comparisons using the McNemar test, at a precision threshold of 5%. Results: Of the 8535 surveyed children, 89.5% were vaccinatedduring the follow-up campaign and 81.6% were vaccinated before. Only 3.7% had correctly completed campaign vaccination cards. Estimated vaccination coverage increased from 80.8% before the campaign to 92.6% after the campaign (p 0.001). Vaccination coverage after campaign against measles improved in all provinces (p < 0.001) except Bas-Uele and Maniema. Thirteen provinces reached the national coverage target of 95%, compared to five before the campaign. The proportion of zero-dose children dropped significantly after this campaign from 19.2% to 7.4% (p 0.001), and even fell below 1% in six provinces. Conclusion: This measles vaccination campaign improved overall vaccination coverage by 10% and reached more unvaccinated children. Efforts must continue to improve the retention of vaccination card, the adherence of unvaccinated children and the effectiveness of routine vaccination.
文摘One of the problems encountered in 60＇s to 80＇s of 20th century in China＇s steel industry was short life of blast furnace shaft as well as the excessive erosion of blast furnace hearth. A series of research work was carried out in order to extend blast furnace campaign life. The concept of research and development was integrated in the construction of BF （blast furnace） No. 5 at WISCO （Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation）, and in October, 1991, the BF No. 5 was blown in. The blast furnace has worked smoothly for more than 15 years without any medium repair even guniting. It is expected that the campaign life of BF No. 5 would be longer than 16 years with a production over 11 000 t per unit inner volume （m^2）. A new blast furnace with an inner volume of 3 400 m^3 is under construction, and is designed with a campaign life of 20 years without any medium repair. The campaign life of blast furnaces in China has been extended in recent years.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (GrantNos. 2006AA06A306 and 2005CB422207) the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40675082 and 40905055)
文摘Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was measured using an integrating nephelometer and the aerosol scattering coefficient for wet conditions was determined by subtracting the sum of the aerosol absorption coefficient, gas scattering coefficient and gas absorption coefficient from the atmospheric extinction coefficient. Following this, the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f（RH）, was calculated as the ratio of wet and dry aerosol scattering coefficients. Measurements of size-resolved chemical composition, relative humidity （RH）, and published functional relationships between particle chemical composition and water uptake were likewise used to find the aerosol scattering coe？cients in wet and dry conditions using Mie theory for internally- or externally-mixed particle species [（NH_4）_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, NaCl, POM, EC and residue]. Closure was obtained by comparing the measured f（RH） values from the nephelometer and other in situ optical instruments with those computed from chemical composition and thermodynamics. Results show that the model can represent the observed f（RH） and is appropriate for use as a component in other higher-order models.
文摘This paper reports the use of a specialized, mesoscale, numerical weather prediction （NWP） system and a satellite imaging and prediction system that were set up to support the CLAMS （Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites） field campaign during the summer of 2001. The primary objective of CLAMS was to validate satellite-based retrievals of aerosol properties and vertical profiles of the radiative flux, temperature and water vapor. Six research aircraft were deployed to make detailed coincident measurements of the atmosphere and ocean surface with the research satellites that orbited overhead. The mesoscale weather modeling system runs in real-time to provide high spatial and temporal resolution for forecasts that are delivered via the World Wide Web along with a variety of satellite imagery and satellite location predictions. This system is a multi-purpose modeling system capable of both data analysis/assimilation and multi-scale NWP ranging from cloud-scale to larger than regional scale. This is a three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic compressible model in a terrain-following coordinate. The model employs advanced numerical techniques and contains detailed interactive physical processes. The utility of the forecasting system is illustrated throughout the discussion on the impact of the surface-wind forecast on BRDF （Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function） and the description of the cloud/moisture forecast versus the aircraft measurement.
文摘Background: MenAfriVac<sup>TM</sup> is the first of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s pre-qualified vaccines to be allowed to mass vaccination campaign at a temperature below or equal to 40°C during 4 days. This new vaccination practice has already been used in some African countries. This article described the opinion and use of this new technique by actors on the field, during a mass vaccination campaign in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Methods: We conducted a crosssectional study on the practice of CTC by actors on the field and their perception on the new practice, during a mass vaccination campaign in 2 of 25 health districts in Côte d’Ivoire, in December 2014. Findings: As results, in Séguéla 98.25% of respondents expressed a favourable opinion of CTC, citing advantages such as vaccine carriers requiring no ice packs (29.2%), financial benefit (12.28%) and lighter vaccine carriers (5.26%). In Bouna, respondents gave the same advantages in, respectively, 34%, 2% and 8% of cases. The peak of the total of vials used for immunization sessions reached 376 vials at day one, then dropped to 235 vials at day three and 220 vials at day six. Discussion: Vaccinators found some benefits related to CTC practice, but on the field, they were cautious in using CTC technique.
文摘The first ever land campaign to study the spatial variability of the aerosol characteristics along the Brahmaputra river valley (BRV) in Assam, North-Eastern India, was conducted during 2011. Measurements were made over 13 locations for Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), scattering coefficient, particulate matter, black carbon (BC) concentration and meteorological parameters. The BRV is divided into three sectors longitudinally viz western sector (WS), central sector (CS), and eastern sector (ES). Significant Spatial heterogeneity in AOD and BC concentration was observed (p < 0.05) with the highest values over WS and a continual decrease from WS to ES with aerosol dominance in PM2.5 category along the entire valley. The Angstrom coefficient measured using different wavelength pairs showed spatial variability indicating dominance of fine particles over WS and coarse particles in ES with a probable bimodal distribution. The scattering and absorption coefficient shows dominance of both types of aerosol over WS than other areas. The shortwave radiative forcing was higher over the WS than CS and ES of the valley. The campaign revealed that under favorable wind conditions, the BRV is loaded with significant amount of natural and anthropogenic aerosol during local winter and is influenced by the long-range transport of aerosols from the Indo-Gangetic plain.
文摘Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world and its treatment is exclusively surgical. However, the results of cataract surgery are not always as good as is assumed and this aspect of surgical services needs a lot of attention. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional results of the free cataract surgery campaign carried out at the Siguiri Prefectural Hospital in Guinea. Patients and Method: This was a descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional study over a period of three months (1 October-31 December 2017). Records of cataract-operated patients during the study period were reviewed. The complete files for the main variables sought were retained. Sociodemographic data and visual acuity without pre- and post-operative correction were assessed. Functional outcomes were analysed according to WHO guidelines and recommendations for post-operative functional outcomes of cataract surgery. The data was collected and processed using Excel version 2010 software. Results: A total of 108 eyes from 102 patients were the subject of this present study on 314 eyes from 289 operated patients. 64 (%) men and 38 women (%) had a follow-up of 6 weeks after cataract surgery, a sex ratio of 1.68 in favor of women. The average age was 62.45 ± 15.20 years with extremes of 25 and 90 years. The age group from 60 to 69 years is the most represented with 46 cases or 45.45%. Housewives and farmers are the most represented strata with 42 cases (41.18%) and 31 cases (30.39%) respectively. The operative technique was Phaco A in 4/5 of the cases. No implant calculations were performed. Functional results indicate that 66% of patients had good visual acuity (≥3/10);29% of patients had borderline visual acuity (between 1/10 and 2/10) and 13.30% had poor visual acuity (Conclusion: The importance of the rate of poor results in our study should draw our attention to the conduct of free cataract surgery campaigns. The problem of cataract blindness is often compounded by poor outcomes of surgical procedures, especially in low-income settings. The use of biometrics, implants of appropriate power as well as compliance with operative indications, surgical protocols and postoperative follow-up by surgeons will improve the visual result without correction.
文摘Throughout American literary history,women have experienced more transition in their roles,as a result of changing social norms,than any other class.At first,both society and the literary circles preached that women should be dependent on men and remain in the home,in order to guarantee stability in the community and the family.As time passed and attitudes changed,women were beginning to be depicted as characters that were eager to break away from convention.However,the subject role of women was never improved during the turbulent feminism movement.
文摘Women were depicted as characters that were eager to break away from convention in many novels.However,the subject role of women was never improved during the turbulent feminism movement.Paradox between public conception and reality got stronger and stronger.The genre of the literature represents such a change.The novels that can be demonstrated,in order to support this view,is the Forrest Gump by Winston Groom.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">In a short time, many illustrative studies have been conducted on the mathematical modeling and analysis of COVID-19. There are not enough studies taking into account the vaccine campaign among these studies. In this context, a mathematical model is developed to reveal the effects of vaccine treatment, which has been performed recently, on COVID-19 in this study. In the proposed model, as well as the vaccinated individuals, a five-dimensional compartment system including the susceptible, infected, exposed and recovered population is constructed. Moreover, besides the positivity, existence and uniqueness of the solution, biologically feasible region are provided. The basic reproduction number</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">known as expected secondary infection which means that expected infection among the susceptible populations caused by this infection is evaluated. In the numerical simulations, the parameter values taken from the literature and estimated are used to perform the solutions of the proposed model. Fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical scheme is applied to obtain the results.</span>
文摘The Double Ribbons campaign is a combination of the pink ribbon and the blue ribbon.China has launched the"Double Ribbon Campaign,"which includes free screening for both breast and cervical cancers.In this paper,by briefly describing the characteristics of breast cancer and cervical cancer,this paper summarizes the screening data of Changle County People's Hospital in Shandong Province in the past ten years,clarifies the importance of early screening,early diagnosis and early treatment of diseases,summarizes experience,defines goals,and promotes the long-term development of China's health cause.
文摘Introduction: Intestinal parasitism has been a challenge to overcome for the Mexican deworming campaign and this study determined the prevalence of these infections in schoolchildren treated with albendazole in Northwestern Mexico. Methods: Study sites in marginal conditions, with gastrointestinal infections and albendazole intervention were selected. The Faust and Kato Katz techniques were used to identify the parasites spp. and the NCSS software was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 450, 389 and 364 schoolchildren participated in 2005, 2006, and 2007 respectively during this study. The mean age was 7.9 (±1.3). The estimated prevalences were of 42%, 30% and 37% for protozoa infections, and 11%, 12% and 11% for helminth infections in 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Conclusion: The education strategies should be integrated into the Mexican deworming campaign.
文摘Background and Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer between females in Saudi Arabia, the eastern area ranked as the first in the incidence rate. As the breast cancer awareness movement has expanded, majority of the new cases are still diagnosed in a later stage. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of breast cancer awareness campaigns on the knowledge and practice of early breast examination (EBE) which consisted of breast-self examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography, among women at King Faisal University. Methodology: A cross-sectional study carried out at King Faisal University, Al-Hassa city on a sample of 300 adult females from different urban and rural areas. A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the participants. The questionnaire contains questions about: socio-demographic factors, awareness campaigns, practice and knowledge of breast cancer and early screening methods. Results: The age of the participants ranged from 16 to 60 years;53% of the participants have attended campaigns;and 47% have never attended. Regarding the practice of BSE, CBE and mammography, the results were 8.8%, 3.3%, and 4.3%, respectively. The results show a significant relation between attending campaigns and good level of practice and knowledge. Conclusion and Recommendation: The findings indicate a great impact of the community-based awareness campaigns on the practice of EBE. The study recommends a multilevel intervention for every age group, specially the age group that at risk.
文摘One in four children under 5 years of age in the developing world are stunted (chronically malnourished). Reducing stunting can be a challenge, especially in populous countries where families are dispersed, as is the case in Indonesia. This paper describes how one government project (Indonesia’s National Nutrition Communication Campaign [NNCC]) delivered effective behavior change communications interventions that reached 40 million people. This paper focuses on four challenges that nutrition campaigns often face and provides useful lessons for similar campaigns, based on the experience of NNCC, which include the following: 1) Fully engaging stakeholders at all levels in campaign design and implementation ensured broad-based support for stunting reduction efforts;2) Pro-actively involving journalists in nutrition campaigns improved public opinion about stunting and positively influenced decision-making in policy formulation;3) Use of humorous public service announcements with limited technical information was effective in engaging priority populations;and 4) Social media (YouTube ads, web advertorials, Facebook pages, Twitter, Instagram) extended the campaign’s reach and reinforced messaging from other sources. Based on NNCC’s experience, specific recommendations are provided.
文摘This study investigates the medicine awareness, which can be defined as the increase in knowledge and understanding of the general public on appropriate medicine use. Objective: To identify the characteristics of Public Health campaigns that focus on medicine use and/or medicine awareness. Study Design: Systematic review focusing on pre- and post-campaign surveys. Methods: Electronic databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Global Health, and Google Scholar were searched. Articles within the last 10 years, with a focus on adults over the age of 18 were used to report findings. Results: A total of 4336 studies were reviewed after which eight were identified, which focused on medicines use and/or awareness. Most campaigns emphasized the knowledge and understanding of patients on the importance of appropriate medicine use and drew a comparison from pre- to post-campaign results. A limited number of Public Health campaigns demonstrated an increase in the level of medicines use awareness of patients. Various tools were used to portray the message across in the campaigns. These included, video, written information, face to face approaches, as well as educational games. Four studies demonstrated a statistically significant increase, in awareness of the public in regards to medication. However, the remaining studies were not successful in portraying a significant impact. Conclusion: Most campaigns demonstrated a limited increase in level of medicine use awareness in their post-campaign surveys. The results support the need for a comprehensive Public Health campaign that focuses on medicine use.
文摘Stunting remains a particular challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite encouraging declines in Tanzania over the past 25 years, one-third of Tanzanian children under the age of five years are stunted. Diarrhea remains one of the greatest causes of childhood stunting worldwide. Mass media has been used to improve the uptake of behaviors associated with reductions in diarrhea. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a mass media campaign in the Lake Zone region of Tanzania from 2015-2020 and positive changes in caregiver health-seeking behaviors related to diarrhea in children. Approximately 5000 households participated in a cross-sectional survey after a communications campaign. Exposure variables included hearing and seeing radio and TV spots and participating in a variety of interpersonal communication approaches. Study results indicated primary caregivers (mothers) exposed to media messages only (OR 1.66, CI 1.05 - 2.62), and to media messages and interpersonal communication (OR 2.51, CI 1.48 - 4.26), were more likely to seek advice or treatment for diarrhea from a health facility. Primary caregivers exposed to both media messages and interpersonal communication were more likely to give oral rehydration salts (OR 2.56, CI 1.72 - 3.79), zinc tablets/syrup (OR 1.74, CI 1.18 - 2.57), and homemade fluids (OR 2.02, CI 1.15 - 3.55) when their children had diarrhea. Male heads of household (fathers) exposure to mass media was not associated with care-seeking for diarrhea treatment.
文摘Being the leading death cause among young people in the world, road accidents are avoidable through the adoption of simple attitudes and behaviors. Handicap International Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) has launched an awareness campaign in secondary schools in the municipalities of Cotonou and Abomey-Calavito bring young Beninese users to adopt good attitudes and safe behavior while driving on the road. This study aims at assessing the effectiveness of this awareness campaign. It was an evaluative cross-sectional here-elsewhere type study, held in fourteen high schools in the cities of Cotonou and Abomey-Calavi, of which seven benefited from the campaign and seven did not. In each school, students were selected on the basis of two-stage random sampling. 656 students, 309 of whom were sensitized and 347 of whom were not, were included in this study. The campaign was quite effective. Students, teachers, and school officials’ perceptions of the campaign were positive. In addition, the sensitized students had a better level of knowledge (p = 0.001) and reported safer behaviors (p = 0.003) while driving on the road than those who were not aware. Although the effects are positive, they are still very small. Efforts must be continued and much remains to be done.
