On the basis of existing research,carbon emission reduction technologies in production,processing,packaging,transportation and storage of the food system were summarized,and their application effects were analyzed.In ...On the basis of existing research,carbon emission reduction technologies in production,processing,packaging,transportation and storage of the food system were summarized,and their application effects were analyzed.In view of the inherent inadequacy of carbon emission reduction technologies in Chinese food system,starting from carbon labeling technologies and ESG system of the food industry,the unsoundness of the carbon emission reduction evaluation system and the high cost of related technology promotion,countermeasures such as strengthening top-level design,encouraging and supporting the development of new carbon emission reduction technologies,and improving carbon emission reduction technology subsidies were proposed by drawing on domestic and international experiences.展开更多
Considering the importance of waste sorting and treatment in the development of an ecological civilization,empirically evaluating the environmental impact of such programs is particularly important.This study uses Xia...Considering the importance of waste sorting and treatment in the development of an ecological civilization,empirically evaluating the environmental impact of such programs is particularly important.This study uses Xiao'er Township in Gong County,Sichuan Province,China as a case study to analyze and estimate the carbon emission reduction effects of the township's pilot waste sorting program.Using the five-point sampling method,samples of waste are collected,reviewed,and measured for their major components and other key indicators.Additionally,questionnaire surveys and interviews are conducted in the township,along with investigations into existing records and other relevant information.The study adopts the solid waste management-greenhouse gas(SWM-GHG)calculator to study the township data.The case study results imply that proper waste sorting and treatment methods in villages and townships could play a major role in the reduction of carbon emission.Specifically,after implementing waste sorting in Xiao'er,annual carbon emissions were reduced by 2081 tons—equivalent to the electricity consumption of a family of three people for 1718 years,or the amount of CO_(2)emitted by 2641.6L vehicles driving once around the Earth.In the optimal scenario simulation,increasing the recycling of wet waste and recyclable waste further,the level of carbon emission reduction in Xiao'er could reach up to 4482 tons per year.According to the international general carbon trade price,this is equivalent to adding 44,820 US dollars to the GDP,or to an annual saving of 5.71 million kWh.If these waste management methods are expanded to villages and townships across China,then the carbon emissions reduced in a year would be equal to the CO_(2)emitted from electricity generation in Beijing for over a year.Based on these findings,this paper provides three policy recommendations for effective carbon emission reduction:increasing residents'environmental protection awareness over the long term,boosting funding support and enhancing the construction of supporting facilities,and strengthening governance and institutional capacity for waste sorting and treatment.展开更多
This study addresses the comparative carbon emissions of different transportation modes within a unified evaluation framework,focusing on their carbon footprints from inception to disposal.Specifically,the entire life...This study addresses the comparative carbon emissions of different transportation modes within a unified evaluation framework,focusing on their carbon footprints from inception to disposal.Specifically,the entire life cycle carbon emissions of High-Speed Rail(HSR),battery electric vehicles,conventional internal combustion engine vehicles,battery electric buses,and conventional internal combustion engine buses are analyzed.The life cycle is segmented into vehicle manufacturing,fuel or electricity production,operational,and dismantlingrecycling stages.This analysis is applied to the Beijing-Tianjin intercity transportation system to explore emission reduction strategies.Results indicate that HSR demonstrates significant carbon emission reduction,with an intensity of only 24%-32% compared to private vehicles and 47%-89% compared to buses.Notably,HSR travel for Beijing-Tianjin intercity emits only 24% of private vehicle emissions,demonstrating the emission reduction benefits of transportation structure optimization.Additionally,predictive modeling reveals the potential for carbon emission reduction through energy structure optimization,providing a guideline for the development of effective transportation management systems.展开更多
In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of reg...In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of regulators when implementing these three policy instruments: carbon emission standards, carbon emission trading permissions, and carbon taxes as well. Its result has indicated: In strict accordance with control target of total carbon emissions, regulators are willing to render social and economic cost able to achieve the goal of optimal cost efficiency by regulating carbon emission standards and supervising marginal cost caused by variations in the probability; fortunately, under the conditions of low supervisory cost and certain criteria which is met, the implementation of carbon emission trading permissions could provide social and economic cost with opportunities to realize that objective; through comparative analysis, carbon emission trading permissions have the advantages of higher efficiency than carbon emission standards on the premise of incomplete information. During the implementation of carbon taxes strategy, when there exists uncertainty information in the enterprises reduction behaviors, the condition which enterprises can fully comply with is the tax rate level is not higher than marginal penalty function; the tax rate level of enterprises perfect compliance ought not to be lower than the division of marginal penalty cost and marginal supervisory cost. The optimal strategy of enterprises imperfect compliance is that regulators varying the marginal cost of emission standards is equal to varying that of supervisory probability.展开更多
Economic growth and industrialization often default to a great dependency on fossil fuels (FF) to supply power needs. The carbon rich nature of FF combustion can impact global warming. Therefore, it is conducive to tr...Economic growth and industrialization often default to a great dependency on fossil fuels (FF) to supply power needs. The carbon rich nature of FF combustion can impact global warming. Therefore, it is conducive to transition from FF to renewable energy (RE). The present study aimed to address if replacement of a single FF by RE can mitigate carbon emissions. We conduct the study in a country undergoing mass urbanization and challenging energy demands. <span>Data from energy resources in the Power & Energy Sector Master Plan (PSMP2016;Bangladesh) are analyzed over the 2017-2021 trajectory. Two scenarios for imports, oil and coal are assessed. Environmental input output (E</span><span><span>-</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>IO) analysis and percentage equivalence analysis measured data variables. The data is then further disaggregated into an emission reduction (ER) model with sensitivity analysis</span><span> to measure carbon emission reduction when each FF source is substituted by RE. </span></span></span><span>Results show the percentage share of energy generation capacity by both coal and RE increase over time. Solar and wind power contribute to the increase in RE. When oil is imported a 1% increase in oil, coal, and gas-based energy generation capacity increases carbon emissions by 1.25%, 1.48% and 0.93%, respectively. 1% increase in RE produces negligible carbon emissions (0.0042%). There was little difference in the percentages of carbon emissions when coal is imported. Substituting any FF with RE of equal energy capacity does not, in the short term, reduce carbon emissions in either scenario. Therefore, we conclude that for long term clean energy prospects in Bangladesh, RE needs to be developed to operate at greater capacity in conjunction with other carbon management factors. The research findings herein offer insights for clean energy implementation in developing nations.</span>展开更多
In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic l...In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.展开更多
For studying new and renewable energy as a substitute for fossil energy in primary energy consumption and its impact on carbon emissions to cope with economic uncertainties, a multi-sector DSGE model was employed to s...For studying new and renewable energy as a substitute for fossil energy in primary energy consumption and its impact on carbon emissions to cope with economic uncertainties, a multi-sector DSGE model was employed to simulate the dynamic impact on carbon emissions and macroeconomic development. The structural adjustment of energy consumption and the carbon emissions mitigation policy were considered in the model. The simulation results showed that using new and renewable energy instead of fossil energy is an optimal choice for the firms to comply with the regulations of carbon emission mitigation policy. Structural adjustment of energy consumption is the best route to achieve the dual goal of economic development and carbon emission reduction. Unexpected sharp fall in free carbon quota has a negative impact on the economy.展开更多
The extended “STIRPAT” model and the GM(1,1) model are used to predict the factors influencing inter-provincial carbon emission intensity and carbon intensity in China respectively. In this paper, based on the colla...The extended “STIRPAT” model and the GM(1,1) model are used to predict the factors influencing inter-provincial carbon emission intensity and carbon intensity in China respectively. In this paper, based on the collation of inter-provincial carbon emission data, the extended “STIRPAT” model is formulated for carbon dioxide emissions and carbon intensity emissions, and the Hausman test is used to determine the influence form of the models. The main influencing factors of carbon intensity were identified: economic development level, energy intensity, and energy consumption structure. The paper constructs GM(1,1) model for carbon emission intensity from 2010-2019 using the gray prediction method,and calculates the carbon emission intensity of China’s inter-provincial 2022 by residual test, correlation test, variance, and small error probability test, and then predicts the carbon demand of each province and city in 2022 according to the expected average annual growth rate, and finally concludes that using carbon emission intensity as the carbon emission reduction target of each region, and it cannot fundamentally solve the problem of carbon pollution in China. Compared to the regional carbon emission reduction target, there is a greater degree of regional imbalance in carbon intensity between provinces in China, and the target of reducing carbon emission intensity somehow avoids the fact that the carbon emission reduction intensity target can be achieved without reducing the absolute amount of carbon emissions that continue to increase. The focus of achieving the “double carbon” target lies in the reduction of total carbon emissions, and the target of reducing carbon intensity will eventually be transformed into a binding target of total carbon emissions in the process of implementation, so attention should be shifted from recessiontype carbon reduction and efficiency-type carbon reduction to innovative carbon reduction. It is necessary to increase investment in renewable energy, and gradually expand the scope of application of photovoltaic, and wind power to ensure the reduction of total carbon emissions.展开更多
Green development is an important concept based on China's needs and the international situation. Green development will greatly help China choose its path for economic growth. In the newly ratified Paris Agreemen...Green development is an important concept based on China's needs and the international situation. Green development will greatly help China choose its path for economic growth. In the newly ratified Paris Agreement, the carbon emission reduction target willingly and determinedly proposed by China is very challenging. It will increase China's cost per unit of carbon dioxide emissions, slow China's economy growth, and set the upper limit for China's carbon emissions in the future. Facing these challenges, China needs to properly conduct carbon allocations under restrictions and promote green and low carbon development of the Chinese economy primarily by reinforcing structural adjustments and optimizing energy structures, upgrading industrial structures, being actively involved in international cooperation on carbon emission reduction and using other positive strategies.展开更多
Thermal decomposition of inorganic metal carbonates is the main path to prepare metal oxides;nonetheless,it is always accompanied by the emission of large amounts of CO_(2) as one of the gas products.This study report...Thermal decomposition of inorganic metal carbonates is the main path to prepare metal oxides;nonetheless,it is always accompanied by the emission of large amounts of CO_(2) as one of the gas products.This study reports a concept of co-thermal insitu reduction of inorganic carbonates by using the energy released by carbonate decomposition under pure hydrogen atmosphere,which reduces the decarboxylation temperature and significantly inhibits the CO_(2) emissions.A combination of hydrogen–deuterium exchange,isotope experiment,and density functional theory calculations demonstrates that the CO results from the selective cleavage of Ca–O bonds at the surface of CaCO_(3) via the direct hydrogenation mechanism at relatively low temperature.However,it undergoes the reverse water–gas shift reaction path at high temperature,i.e.,CO being produced by the reduction of CO_(2) released by the decomposition of carbonates.This study sheds light on the potential of green hydrogen technology for inorganic carbonate valorization toward high value-added products,which can facilitate the large-scale industrial applications.展开更多
Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carb...Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.展开更多
As a potentially viable renewable energy, Enhanced Geothermal Systems(EGSs) extract heat from hot dry rock(HDR) reservoirs to produce electricity and heat, which promotes the progress towards carbon peaking and carbon...As a potentially viable renewable energy, Enhanced Geothermal Systems(EGSs) extract heat from hot dry rock(HDR) reservoirs to produce electricity and heat, which promotes the progress towards carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. The main challenge for EGSs is to reduce the investment cost. In the present study, thermo-economic investigations of EGS projects are conducted. The effects of geofluid mass flow rate, wellhead temperature and loss rate on the thermo-economic performance of the EGS organic Rankine cycle(ORC) are studied. A performance comparison between EGS-ORC and the EGS combined heating and power system(CHP) is presented. Considering the CO_(2)emission reduction benefits, the influence of carbon emission trading price on the levelized cost of energy(LCOE) is also presented. It is indicated that the geofluid mass flow rate is a critical parameter in dictating the success of a project. Under the assumed typical working conditions, the LCOE of EGS-ORC and EGS-CHP systems are 24.72 and 16.1 cents/k Wh, respectively. Compared with the EGS-ORC system, the LCOE of the EGS-CHP system is reduced by 35%. EGS-CHP systems have the potential to be economically viable in the future. With carbon emission trading prices of 12.76 USD/ton, the LCOE can be reduced by approximately 8.5%.展开更多
Industrial solid waste(ISW)-cement blends have the advantages of low carbon,low energy consumption,and low pollution,but their clinker replacement level in low carbon cement is generally low.To address this challenge,...Industrial solid waste(ISW)-cement blends have the advantages of low carbon,low energy consumption,and low pollution,but their clinker replacement level in low carbon cement is generally low.To address this challenge,this study considers the latest progress and development trends in the ISW-cement blend research,focusing on the activation of ISWs,the formation of ISW-cement blends,and their associated hydration mechanisms.After the mechanical activation of ISWs,the D50(average size)typically drops below 10μm,and the specific surface area increases above 350 m2/kg.Thermal activation can increase the glassy-phase content and reactivity of ISWs,where the coal gangue activation temperature is usually set at 400-1000°C.Furthermore,the roles of ISWs in the hydration of ISW-cement blends are divided into physical and chemical roles.The physical action of ISWs usually acts in the early stage of the hydration of ISW-cement blends.Subsequently,ISWs participate in the hydration reaction of ISW-cement blends to generate products,such as C-(A)-S-H gels.Moreover,alkali activation affects the hydration kinetics of ISW-cement blends and modifies the proportion of gels.Environmental impacts and costs of ISW-cement blends have also been discussed to guide stakeholders in selecting sustainable ISWs.展开更多
To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is...To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is regarded as an inevitable choice for China to build a clean,safe,efficient,and low-carbon energy system and fulfill the goal of“double carbon”.However,the domestic conventional natural gas supply remains rigid while the stimulation of unconventional natural gas is still limited.If we have a firm grip on the principal line of“understanding the ocean–developing resources–ensuring security”to realize the large-scale development of 85 trillion square meters of NGH in the South China Sea,then we could not only greatly reduce China‘s foreign dependence on natural gas,but also guarantee the safety of China‘s natural gas multi-path supply and safeguard the sovereignty of the South China Sea.Thus,the goal of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality can be achieved in no time.展开更多
This paper develops twin models towards integrated production inventory planning for manufacturer–retailer ecosystem in a sustainable supply chain setup.Decision-making models are developed in fuzzy environment and u...This paper develops twin models towards integrated production inventory planning for manufacturer–retailer ecosystem in a sustainable supply chain setup.Decision-making models are developed in fuzzy environment and under purview of carbon taxation system.Novel conception of Fermatean fuzzy numbers is introduced for handling parameters imprecision.The first model addresses planning problem without considering green investments,whereas the second one additionally identifies optimal green investments for each player of ecosystem.Models are formulated as nonlinear optimization problems with objective of maximizing profit.Comparison of results from both models enables decision-makers to figure out the profitability of green investment option.Numerical instance with data from the existing literature is solved using Mathematica 12.1.Computational results for studied case report profitability of green investments for supply chain partners and significant reduction in carbon emissions as well.Variation analysis demonstrates stability of the proposed model.Developed models equip small-scale retailer-manufacture tie-ups prevalent in developing economies for discussed decisions.展开更多
Improving energy efficiency is regarded as a key path to tackling global warming and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In 2020,the energy consumption of the world's ten major energy-consuming count...Improving energy efficiency is regarded as a key path to tackling global warming and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In 2020,the energy consumption of the world's ten major energy-consuming countries accounted for 66.8%of the global total.This paper applied data envelopment analysis(DEA)to calculate these ten major energyconsuming countries'total-factor energy efficiency(TFEE)at national and sectoral levels from 2001-2020,and explored the infuencing factors of total-factor energy efficiency with the Tobit regression model.The results showed significant difference in the ten countries'energy efficiency.The United States and Germany topped the list for total-factor energy efficiency,while China and India were at the bottom.Meanwhile,the energy efficiency of the industrial subsector has increased significantly over the past two decades,while that of the other subsectors has been relatively fat.The industrial structure upgrading,per capita GDP,energy consumption structure,and foreign direct investment had significant impacts on energy efficiency with national heterogeneity.Energy consumption structure and GDP per capita were determinative factors of energy efficiency.展开更多
The successively proposed carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have not only set new goals for the green and low-carbon development of China's economy,but also demonstrated China's further determination and se...The successively proposed carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have not only set new goals for the green and low-carbon development of China's economy,but also demonstrated China's further determination and sense of responsibility for a greater contribution to address global climate change.Considering the importance of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the course of achieving the Second Centenary Goal(1949-2049),it is necessary for China to make scientific planning for the roadmap of carbon emission reduction,carbon peaking and carbon neutrality to ensure building a great modern socialist country under carbon constraints.More specifically,the optimization and realignment of energy structure,industrial structure,production and consumption structure,the rational planning of afforestation,and the vigorous development of global carbon emissions trading will be the core strategies for boosting green and low-carbon development of China's economy.展开更多
Motivated by the observation that firms invest in carbon emissions reduction to decrease the cost of carbon tax as governments in numerous countries increasingly implement carbon tax to improve the environment,and bro...Motivated by the observation that firms invest in carbon emissions reduction to decrease the cost of carbon tax as governments in numerous countries increasingly implement carbon tax to improve the environment,and broad researcher and practitioner agreement that carbon tax implementation always benefits the environment.However,we find that a carbon tax may actually hurt the environment based on a stylized game model with a better-informed retailer(one who controls the demand information sharing with the manufacturer)and a manufacturer.In particular,we find that the carbon emissions reduction may harm the environment if the carbon tax is moderate or both the carbon tax and the demand fluctuation are high.We further reveal free-riding behavior by the retailer,who may enjoy more profit sharing from the supply chain in the presence of carbon emissions reduction.Based on these observations,we argue that a carbon tax does not always benefit the environment when a manufacturer who receives demand information from the retailer responds better to market uncertainty.展开更多
Carbon emission is inevitable,and changes with energy consumption and economic development,presents policy options toward sustainable development path.Currently,there is little assurance from policymakers in committin...Carbon emission is inevitable,and changes with energy consumption and economic development,presents policy options toward sustainable development path.Currently,there is little assurance from policymakers in committing to climate change pledges:taking the Middle-East and North African(MENA)region as a specific case with using 2019 as a cut-off period.We conducted an interim assessment of the Paris Agreement to ascertain whether climate actions are in tandem with emissions reduction targets.Making use of difference-in-difference technique as a quasiexperiment supported by fixed-effects and placebo treatment models,the results point to evidence of less than 1%effective CO_(2) emissions reduction as of 2019 compared to the 2015 level.The current carbon emissions reduction commitment level is far-reaching contrary to the Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)pledged(16.43%on average by 2030 compared to the 2015 level).The analysis suggests that achieving NDCs commitments are currently major burden on policymakers since the economic development is highly linked with nonrenewable energy consumption.Furthermore,a more comprehensive framework when accounting for all available renewable and clean energy projects shows reduction levels in the range of 30%-40%from 2020 to 2030.These results suggest that the Paris Agreement in MENA countries may be more effective from 2020,thus underscore the importance of capturing ongoing projects(involving renewable and clean energy technologies)into interim policy assessment.The shared implication is that greater efforts are demanded from the region and at country levels to further decrease emissions through the use of negative emissions technologies particularly in the electricity generation sector.展开更多
The electricity consumption of the urban metro system can be mainly divided into the following two categories:the electricity consumption for train traction(E_(t))and the electricity consumption for station operation(...The electricity consumption of the urban metro system can be mainly divided into the following two categories:the electricity consumption for train traction(E_(t))and the electricity consumption for station operation(E_(s)).Although understanding the hourly fluctuation characteristics of E_(t) and E_(s) contributes to renewable energy inte-gration and achieving carbon emission reduction of the metro system,the hourly fluctuation characteristics have been poorly reported in the literature.Thus,a typical underground non-transfer metro station of a city’s metro system in the North China Plain is selected in this study,and E_(t) and E_(s) were monitored to portray their hourly fluctuation characteristics.Results reveal that the hourly E_(t) shows a significant intraday“U”shape on weekdays,indicating two symmetric peaks in morning and evening rush hours.While the hourly E_(s) shows an intraday“flat”shape,indicating it is nearly free from the effect of rush hour.Moreover,it is statistically proved that the train frequency is the core influencing factor resulting in the intraday fluctuation of hourly E_(t).In the case study,when the train frequency increases from the mean(20 trains per hour)to maximum(32 trains per hour),the hourly E_(t) will increase by 53.4%.展开更多
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CZY23014)Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation(19ZDA085)。
文摘On the basis of existing research,carbon emission reduction technologies in production,processing,packaging,transportation and storage of the food system were summarized,and their application effects were analyzed.In view of the inherent inadequacy of carbon emission reduction technologies in Chinese food system,starting from carbon labeling technologies and ESG system of the food industry,the unsoundness of the carbon emission reduction evaluation system and the high cost of related technology promotion,countermeasures such as strengthening top-level design,encouraging and supporting the development of new carbon emission reduction technologies,and improving carbon emission reduction technology subsidies were proposed by drawing on domestic and international experiences.
文摘Considering the importance of waste sorting and treatment in the development of an ecological civilization,empirically evaluating the environmental impact of such programs is particularly important.This study uses Xiao'er Township in Gong County,Sichuan Province,China as a case study to analyze and estimate the carbon emission reduction effects of the township's pilot waste sorting program.Using the five-point sampling method,samples of waste are collected,reviewed,and measured for their major components and other key indicators.Additionally,questionnaire surveys and interviews are conducted in the township,along with investigations into existing records and other relevant information.The study adopts the solid waste management-greenhouse gas(SWM-GHG)calculator to study the township data.The case study results imply that proper waste sorting and treatment methods in villages and townships could play a major role in the reduction of carbon emission.Specifically,after implementing waste sorting in Xiao'er,annual carbon emissions were reduced by 2081 tons—equivalent to the electricity consumption of a family of three people for 1718 years,or the amount of CO_(2)emitted by 2641.6L vehicles driving once around the Earth.In the optimal scenario simulation,increasing the recycling of wet waste and recyclable waste further,the level of carbon emission reduction in Xiao'er could reach up to 4482 tons per year.According to the international general carbon trade price,this is equivalent to adding 44,820 US dollars to the GDP,or to an annual saving of 5.71 million kWh.If these waste management methods are expanded to villages and townships across China,then the carbon emissions reduced in a year would be equal to the CO_(2)emitted from electricity generation in Beijing for over a year.Based on these findings,this paper provides three policy recommendations for effective carbon emission reduction:increasing residents'environmental protection awareness over the long term,boosting funding support and enhancing the construction of supporting facilities,and strengthening governance and institutional capacity for waste sorting and treatment.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2268208)Science and Technology Program of China National Railway Group Co.,Ltd.(N2022×037).
文摘This study addresses the comparative carbon emissions of different transportation modes within a unified evaluation framework,focusing on their carbon footprints from inception to disposal.Specifically,the entire life cycle carbon emissions of High-Speed Rail(HSR),battery electric vehicles,conventional internal combustion engine vehicles,battery electric buses,and conventional internal combustion engine buses are analyzed.The life cycle is segmented into vehicle manufacturing,fuel or electricity production,operational,and dismantlingrecycling stages.This analysis is applied to the Beijing-Tianjin intercity transportation system to explore emission reduction strategies.Results indicate that HSR demonstrates significant carbon emission reduction,with an intensity of only 24%-32% compared to private vehicles and 47%-89% compared to buses.Notably,HSR travel for Beijing-Tianjin intercity emits only 24% of private vehicle emissions,demonstrating the emission reduction benefits of transportation structure optimization.Additionally,predictive modeling reveals the potential for carbon emission reduction through energy structure optimization,providing a guideline for the development of effective transportation management systems.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71503178)
文摘In this paper, regulatory and optimum programming model has been adopted. Considering the costs of emission reduction, supervision and penalty, we went all out to analyze the optimal decision of cost efficiency of regulators when implementing these three policy instruments: carbon emission standards, carbon emission trading permissions, and carbon taxes as well. Its result has indicated: In strict accordance with control target of total carbon emissions, regulators are willing to render social and economic cost able to achieve the goal of optimal cost efficiency by regulating carbon emission standards and supervising marginal cost caused by variations in the probability; fortunately, under the conditions of low supervisory cost and certain criteria which is met, the implementation of carbon emission trading permissions could provide social and economic cost with opportunities to realize that objective; through comparative analysis, carbon emission trading permissions have the advantages of higher efficiency than carbon emission standards on the premise of incomplete information. During the implementation of carbon taxes strategy, when there exists uncertainty information in the enterprises reduction behaviors, the condition which enterprises can fully comply with is the tax rate level is not higher than marginal penalty function; the tax rate level of enterprises perfect compliance ought not to be lower than the division of marginal penalty cost and marginal supervisory cost. The optimal strategy of enterprises imperfect compliance is that regulators varying the marginal cost of emission standards is equal to varying that of supervisory probability.
文摘Economic growth and industrialization often default to a great dependency on fossil fuels (FF) to supply power needs. The carbon rich nature of FF combustion can impact global warming. Therefore, it is conducive to transition from FF to renewable energy (RE). The present study aimed to address if replacement of a single FF by RE can mitigate carbon emissions. We conduct the study in a country undergoing mass urbanization and challenging energy demands. <span>Data from energy resources in the Power & Energy Sector Master Plan (PSMP2016;Bangladesh) are analyzed over the 2017-2021 trajectory. Two scenarios for imports, oil and coal are assessed. Environmental input output (E</span><span><span>-</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>IO) analysis and percentage equivalence analysis measured data variables. The data is then further disaggregated into an emission reduction (ER) model with sensitivity analysis</span><span> to measure carbon emission reduction when each FF source is substituted by RE. </span></span></span><span>Results show the percentage share of energy generation capacity by both coal and RE increase over time. Solar and wind power contribute to the increase in RE. When oil is imported a 1% increase in oil, coal, and gas-based energy generation capacity increases carbon emissions by 1.25%, 1.48% and 0.93%, respectively. 1% increase in RE produces negligible carbon emissions (0.0042%). There was little difference in the percentages of carbon emissions when coal is imported. Substituting any FF with RE of equal energy capacity does not, in the short term, reduce carbon emissions in either scenario. Therefore, we conclude that for long term clean energy prospects in Bangladesh, RE needs to be developed to operate at greater capacity in conjunction with other carbon management factors. The research findings herein offer insights for clean energy implementation in developing nations.</span>
文摘In order to achieve the development goals of emission peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060,carbon reduction measures should be implemented in the whole industrial chain.Based on the existing research,the basic logic of carbon reduction in the industrial chain is analyzed,and then the specific strategies for carbon reduction in the industrial chain are proposed,including:reducing the use of fossil energy and vigorously developing the new energy industry;reducing carbon through energy conservation,industrial upgrading,development of circular economy,and application of carbon capture technology;reducing carbon through low-carbon transformation of logistics industry,innovation of trading methods,and promotion of low-carbon green consumption.The external guarantee system for carbon reduction includes the introduction of relevant policies,laws and regulations,and the use of carbon emission trading mechanism.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71473010,41701635)
文摘For studying new and renewable energy as a substitute for fossil energy in primary energy consumption and its impact on carbon emissions to cope with economic uncertainties, a multi-sector DSGE model was employed to simulate the dynamic impact on carbon emissions and macroeconomic development. The structural adjustment of energy consumption and the carbon emissions mitigation policy were considered in the model. The simulation results showed that using new and renewable energy instead of fossil energy is an optimal choice for the firms to comply with the regulations of carbon emission mitigation policy. Structural adjustment of energy consumption is the best route to achieve the dual goal of economic development and carbon emission reduction. Unexpected sharp fall in free carbon quota has a negative impact on the economy.
文摘The extended “STIRPAT” model and the GM(1,1) model are used to predict the factors influencing inter-provincial carbon emission intensity and carbon intensity in China respectively. In this paper, based on the collation of inter-provincial carbon emission data, the extended “STIRPAT” model is formulated for carbon dioxide emissions and carbon intensity emissions, and the Hausman test is used to determine the influence form of the models. The main influencing factors of carbon intensity were identified: economic development level, energy intensity, and energy consumption structure. The paper constructs GM(1,1) model for carbon emission intensity from 2010-2019 using the gray prediction method,and calculates the carbon emission intensity of China’s inter-provincial 2022 by residual test, correlation test, variance, and small error probability test, and then predicts the carbon demand of each province and city in 2022 according to the expected average annual growth rate, and finally concludes that using carbon emission intensity as the carbon emission reduction target of each region, and it cannot fundamentally solve the problem of carbon pollution in China. Compared to the regional carbon emission reduction target, there is a greater degree of regional imbalance in carbon intensity between provinces in China, and the target of reducing carbon emission intensity somehow avoids the fact that the carbon emission reduction intensity target can be achieved without reducing the absolute amount of carbon emissions that continue to increase. The focus of achieving the “double carbon” target lies in the reduction of total carbon emissions, and the target of reducing carbon intensity will eventually be transformed into a binding target of total carbon emissions in the process of implementation, so attention should be shifted from recessiontype carbon reduction and efficiency-type carbon reduction to innovative carbon reduction. It is necessary to increase investment in renewable energy, and gradually expand the scope of application of photovoltaic, and wind power to ensure the reduction of total carbon emissions.
基金the result of current research"Political Economic Studies of the Reshaping of the International Division of Labour System and China’s Industrial Restructuring Strategy"(project number:14BJL048)an ordinary project supported by China’s National Social Sciences Fund+1 种基金"Studies of the Paris Agreement and Cooperation between China,Japan and South Korea on Carbon Emission Reduction"(project number:AS1620)a project of the Asia Research Centre of Nankai University
文摘Green development is an important concept based on China's needs and the international situation. Green development will greatly help China choose its path for economic growth. In the newly ratified Paris Agreement, the carbon emission reduction target willingly and determinedly proposed by China is very challenging. It will increase China's cost per unit of carbon dioxide emissions, slow China's economy growth, and set the upper limit for China's carbon emissions in the future. Facing these challenges, China needs to properly conduct carbon allocations under restrictions and promote green and low carbon development of the Chinese economy primarily by reinforcing structural adjustments and optimizing energy structures, upgrading industrial structures, being actively involved in international cooperation on carbon emission reduction and using other positive strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21922501,21871021,22102007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(buctrc202112)。
文摘Thermal decomposition of inorganic metal carbonates is the main path to prepare metal oxides;nonetheless,it is always accompanied by the emission of large amounts of CO_(2) as one of the gas products.This study reports a concept of co-thermal insitu reduction of inorganic carbonates by using the energy released by carbonate decomposition under pure hydrogen atmosphere,which reduces the decarboxylation temperature and significantly inhibits the CO_(2) emissions.A combination of hydrogen–deuterium exchange,isotope experiment,and density functional theory calculations demonstrates that the CO results from the selective cleavage of Ca–O bonds at the surface of CaCO_(3) via the direct hydrogenation mechanism at relatively low temperature.However,it undergoes the reverse water–gas shift reaction path at high temperature,i.e.,CO being produced by the reduction of CO_(2) released by the decomposition of carbonates.This study sheds light on the potential of green hydrogen technology for inorganic carbonate valorization toward high value-added products,which can facilitate the large-scale industrial applications.
文摘Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as"gray carbon",while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called"black carbon".Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions."Green hydrogen"is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new"three small and one large"energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy.
基金financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB1501805)China Geological Survey Project(Grant No.DD2019135,and No.DD20211336)。
文摘As a potentially viable renewable energy, Enhanced Geothermal Systems(EGSs) extract heat from hot dry rock(HDR) reservoirs to produce electricity and heat, which promotes the progress towards carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. The main challenge for EGSs is to reduce the investment cost. In the present study, thermo-economic investigations of EGS projects are conducted. The effects of geofluid mass flow rate, wellhead temperature and loss rate on the thermo-economic performance of the EGS organic Rankine cycle(ORC) are studied. A performance comparison between EGS-ORC and the EGS combined heating and power system(CHP) is presented. Considering the CO_(2)emission reduction benefits, the influence of carbon emission trading price on the levelized cost of energy(LCOE) is also presented. It is indicated that the geofluid mass flow rate is a critical parameter in dictating the success of a project. Under the assumed typical working conditions, the LCOE of EGS-ORC and EGS-CHP systems are 24.72 and 16.1 cents/k Wh, respectively. Compared with the EGS-ORC system, the LCOE of the EGS-CHP system is reduced by 35%. EGS-CHP systems have the potential to be economically viable in the future. With carbon emission trading prices of 12.76 USD/ton, the LCOE can be reduced by approximately 8.5%.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2019YFC1907101 and 2021YFC1910504)Key R&D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Nos. 2020BCE01001 and 2021BEG 01003)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U2002212 and 51672024)Xijiang Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team (No. 2017A0109004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. FRF-BD20-24A, FRF-TP-20-031A1, FRF-IC-19-017Z, FRF-GF-19032B, and 06500141)Integration of Green Key Process Systems MIIT
文摘Industrial solid waste(ISW)-cement blends have the advantages of low carbon,low energy consumption,and low pollution,but their clinker replacement level in low carbon cement is generally low.To address this challenge,this study considers the latest progress and development trends in the ISW-cement blend research,focusing on the activation of ISWs,the formation of ISW-cement blends,and their associated hydration mechanisms.After the mechanical activation of ISWs,the D50(average size)typically drops below 10μm,and the specific surface area increases above 350 m2/kg.Thermal activation can increase the glassy-phase content and reactivity of ISWs,where the coal gangue activation temperature is usually set at 400-1000°C.Furthermore,the roles of ISWs in the hydration of ISW-cement blends are divided into physical and chemical roles.The physical action of ISWs usually acts in the early stage of the hydration of ISW-cement blends.Subsequently,ISWs participate in the hydration reaction of ISW-cement blends to generate products,such as C-(A)-S-H gels.Moreover,alkali activation affects the hydration kinetics of ISW-cement blends and modifies the proportion of gels.Environmental impacts and costs of ISW-cement blends have also been discussed to guide stakeholders in selecting sustainable ISWs.
基金the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(D21025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20B6005-05)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC0312300).
文摘To achieve the goals of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality,China's energy system will continue to accelerate the transition to a clean and low-carbon one.As the cleanest fossil fuel,natural gas is regarded as an inevitable choice for China to build a clean,safe,efficient,and low-carbon energy system and fulfill the goal of“double carbon”.However,the domestic conventional natural gas supply remains rigid while the stimulation of unconventional natural gas is still limited.If we have a firm grip on the principal line of“understanding the ocean–developing resources–ensuring security”to realize the large-scale development of 85 trillion square meters of NGH in the South China Sea,then we could not only greatly reduce China‘s foreign dependence on natural gas,but also guarantee the safety of China‘s natural gas multi-path supply and safeguard the sovereignty of the South China Sea.Thus,the goal of Peak Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Neutrality can be achieved in no time.
文摘This paper develops twin models towards integrated production inventory planning for manufacturer–retailer ecosystem in a sustainable supply chain setup.Decision-making models are developed in fuzzy environment and under purview of carbon taxation system.Novel conception of Fermatean fuzzy numbers is introduced for handling parameters imprecision.The first model addresses planning problem without considering green investments,whereas the second one additionally identifies optimal green investments for each player of ecosystem.Models are formulated as nonlinear optimization problems with objective of maximizing profit.Comparison of results from both models enables decision-makers to figure out the profitability of green investment option.Numerical instance with data from the existing literature is solved using Mathematica 12.1.Computational results for studied case report profitability of green investments for supply chain partners and significant reduction in carbon emissions as well.Variation analysis demonstrates stability of the proposed model.Developed models equip small-scale retailer-manufacture tie-ups prevalent in developing economies for discussed decisions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.71761147001 and 42030707)the International Partnership Program by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.121311KYSB20190029)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (No.20720210083)。
文摘Improving energy efficiency is regarded as a key path to tackling global warming and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In 2020,the energy consumption of the world's ten major energy-consuming countries accounted for 66.8%of the global total.This paper applied data envelopment analysis(DEA)to calculate these ten major energyconsuming countries'total-factor energy efficiency(TFEE)at national and sectoral levels from 2001-2020,and explored the infuencing factors of total-factor energy efficiency with the Tobit regression model.The results showed significant difference in the ten countries'energy efficiency.The United States and Germany topped the list for total-factor energy efficiency,while China and India were at the bottom.Meanwhile,the energy efficiency of the industrial subsector has increased significantly over the past two decades,while that of the other subsectors has been relatively fat.The industrial structure upgrading,per capita GDP,energy consumption structure,and foreign direct investment had significant impacts on energy efficiency with national heterogeneity.Energy consumption structure and GDP per capita were determinative factors of energy efficiency.
基金the phased results of the Research on the Political Economy of Building a Trade Power in the New Era(No.20BJL046),a general project supported by the National Social Science Fund of China,and funded by the special funds of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The successively proposed carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have not only set new goals for the green and low-carbon development of China's economy,but also demonstrated China's further determination and sense of responsibility for a greater contribution to address global climate change.Considering the importance of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the course of achieving the Second Centenary Goal(1949-2049),it is necessary for China to make scientific planning for the roadmap of carbon emission reduction,carbon peaking and carbon neutrality to ensure building a great modern socialist country under carbon constraints.More specifically,the optimization and realignment of energy structure,industrial structure,production and consumption structure,the rational planning of afforestation,and the vigorous development of global carbon emissions trading will be the core strategies for boosting green and low-carbon development of China's economy.
基金This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71672153).
文摘Motivated by the observation that firms invest in carbon emissions reduction to decrease the cost of carbon tax as governments in numerous countries increasingly implement carbon tax to improve the environment,and broad researcher and practitioner agreement that carbon tax implementation always benefits the environment.However,we find that a carbon tax may actually hurt the environment based on a stylized game model with a better-informed retailer(one who controls the demand information sharing with the manufacturer)and a manufacturer.In particular,we find that the carbon emissions reduction may harm the environment if the carbon tax is moderate or both the carbon tax and the demand fluctuation are high.We further reveal free-riding behavior by the retailer,who may enjoy more profit sharing from the supply chain in the presence of carbon emissions reduction.Based on these observations,we argue that a carbon tax does not always benefit the environment when a manufacturer who receives demand information from the retailer responds better to market uncertainty.
基金supported by the funding of Belt and Road Research Institute,Xiamen University(No:1500-X2101200)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program,No 72133003).
文摘Carbon emission is inevitable,and changes with energy consumption and economic development,presents policy options toward sustainable development path.Currently,there is little assurance from policymakers in committing to climate change pledges:taking the Middle-East and North African(MENA)region as a specific case with using 2019 as a cut-off period.We conducted an interim assessment of the Paris Agreement to ascertain whether climate actions are in tandem with emissions reduction targets.Making use of difference-in-difference technique as a quasiexperiment supported by fixed-effects and placebo treatment models,the results point to evidence of less than 1%effective CO_(2) emissions reduction as of 2019 compared to the 2015 level.The current carbon emissions reduction commitment level is far-reaching contrary to the Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)pledged(16.43%on average by 2030 compared to the 2015 level).The analysis suggests that achieving NDCs commitments are currently major burden on policymakers since the economic development is highly linked with nonrenewable energy consumption.Furthermore,a more comprehensive framework when accounting for all available renewable and clean energy projects shows reduction levels in the range of 30%-40%from 2020 to 2030.These results suggest that the Paris Agreement in MENA countries may be more effective from 2020,thus underscore the importance of capturing ongoing projects(involving renewable and clean energy technologies)into interim policy assessment.The shared implication is that greater efforts are demanded from the region and at country levels to further decrease emissions through the use of negative emissions technologies particularly in the electricity generation sector.
基金This research was supported by the Science&Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China(5400-202219175A-1-1-ZN)Sichuan Science and Technology Planning Project(2019YFSY0009).
文摘The electricity consumption of the urban metro system can be mainly divided into the following two categories:the electricity consumption for train traction(E_(t))and the electricity consumption for station operation(E_(s)).Although understanding the hourly fluctuation characteristics of E_(t) and E_(s) contributes to renewable energy inte-gration and achieving carbon emission reduction of the metro system,the hourly fluctuation characteristics have been poorly reported in the literature.Thus,a typical underground non-transfer metro station of a city’s metro system in the North China Plain is selected in this study,and E_(t) and E_(s) were monitored to portray their hourly fluctuation characteristics.Results reveal that the hourly E_(t) shows a significant intraday“U”shape on weekdays,indicating two symmetric peaks in morning and evening rush hours.While the hourly E_(s) shows an intraday“flat”shape,indicating it is nearly free from the effect of rush hour.Moreover,it is statistically proved that the train frequency is the core influencing factor resulting in the intraday fluctuation of hourly E_(t).In the case study,when the train frequency increases from the mean(20 trains per hour)to maximum(32 trains per hour),the hourly E_(t) will increase by 53.4%.
