This paper presents a system approach of mass balance calculations of ozone and other species under diffusion-convection-reaction processes to study the impacts of major ozone-depleting chemicals, chlorine (Cl) and ch...This paper presents a system approach of mass balance calculations of ozone and other species under diffusion-convection-reaction processes to study the impacts of major ozone-depleting chemicals, chlorine (Cl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO), and the effect of photolysis on ozone concentrations, ozone depletion, total ozone abundance, and ozone layer along the altitude in the stratosphere. The calculated ozone concentrations and profile of the layer followed a similar trend and were generally in good agreement with the measurements above the tropical area. The calculated peak of the layer was at the same mid-stratosphere at Z = 30 km with a peak concentration and total ozone abundance about 20% higher than the measured peak concentration of 8.0 ppm and total abundance of 399 DU. In the presence of Cl and ClO, the calculated ozone concentrations and total abundance were substantially reduced. Cl generally depleted more uniformly of ozone across the altitude, while ClO reduced substantially the ozone in the upper stratosphere and thus shifted the peak of the layer to a much lower elevation at Z = 14 km. Although both ClO and Cl are active ozone-depleting chemicals, ClO was found to have a more pronounced impact on ozone depletion and distribution than Cl. The possible explanations of these interesting phenomena were discussed and elaborated. The approach and calculations in this paper were shown to be useful in providing an initial insight into the structure and behavior of the complex ozone layer.展开更多
We use the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET)as the structure of the chlorine ion sensor,and the chlorine ion ionophores (ETH9033 and TDDMAC1)are incorporated into solvent polymeric membrane (PVC/DOS),then ...We use the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET)as the structure of the chlorine ion sensor,and the chlorine ion ionophores (ETH9033 and TDDMAC1)are incorporated into solvent polymeric membrane (PVC/DOS),then the chlorine ion selective membrane is formed on the sensing window,and the fabrication of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device is completed.The surface potential on the sensing membrane of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device will be changed in the different chlorine ion concentration solutions,then changes further gate voltage and drain current to detect chlorine ion concentration.We will study non-ideal effects such as temperature,hysteresis and drift effects for the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device in this paper,these researches will help us to improve the sensing characteristics of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device.展开更多
The variations in the isotopic compositions of chlorine in evaporation controlled saline lake brines were determined by using an improved procedure for precise measurement of chlorine isotopes based on Cs 2Cl + ion by...The variations in the isotopic compositions of chlorine in evaporation controlled saline lake brines were determined by using an improved procedure for precise measurement of chlorine isotopes based on Cs 2Cl + ion by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The results showed that variation in δ 37 Cl values in these evaporation controlled brines are attributable to evaporation of brine accompanied by the deposition of saline minerals. The isotopic fractionation of chlorine between the deposited saline mineral and the co existing brine caused the variation of δ 37 Cl values in the brine. In general the isotopic fractionation of chlorine in nature indicates enrichment of 3 7Cl in the solid phase relative to 3 5Cl. The reverse isotopic fractionation of chlorine in which 3 5Cl is enriched in the solid phase, was observed to some extent during quick deposition under laboratory conditions as well as in nature. The mechanism of isotopic fractionation of chlorine during evaporation deposition was studied.展开更多
This paper deals with gold extraction from a refractory concentrate by chlorine leaching.The process considers a pre-treatment of refractory materials by low temperature oxidation carried out with low oxygen concentra...This paper deals with gold extraction from a refractory concentrate by chlorine leaching.The process considers a pre-treatment of refractory materials by low temperature oxidation carried out with low oxygen concentration.The oxidized material is treated by leaching with brine.After gold adsorption/reduction onto activated carbon,iron and base metals can be precipitated by NaOH.Roasting tests show the necessity to carry out a thermal pre-treatment at least at 550°C to obtain a reduction of sulfur and mercury in the material(50%and 90%,respectively).Highest gold extraction yield(around 93%)is obtained in the leaching test performed with material sample treated at 650°C.This result confrms the necessity to optimize the thermal pre-treatment to improve Au recovery and to reduce chlorine consumption.A comparison with conventional cyanidation confrms that chlorination could be an useful alternative:in fact,gold extraction yield is quite low:57%in non-pre-treated material and 25%in pre-treatment material.展开更多
The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) plays a crucial role in many electrochemical energy technologies,and creating multiple beneficial factors for OER catalysis is desirable for achieving high catalytic efficiency.Here,...The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) plays a crucial role in many electrochemical energy technologies,and creating multiple beneficial factors for OER catalysis is desirable for achieving high catalytic efficiency.Here,we highlight a new halogen-chlorine(Cl)-anion doping strategy to boost the OER activity of perovskite oxides.As a proof-of-concept,proper Cl doping at the oxygen site of LaFeO3(LFO) perovskite can induce multiple favorable characteristics for catalyzing the OER,including rich oxygen vacancies,increased electrical conductivity and enhanced Fe-O covalency.Benefiting from these factors,the LaFeO2.9-δCl0.1(LFOCl) perovskite displays significant intrinsic activity enhancement by a factor of around three relative to its parent LFO.This work uncovers the effect of Cl-anion doping in perovskites on promoting OER performance and paves a new way to design highly efficient electrocatalysts.展开更多
In blue quantum dot light emitting diodes(QLEDs),electron injection is insufficient,which would degrade device efficiency and stability.Herein,we employ chlorine passivated ZnO nanoparticles as electron transport laye...In blue quantum dot light emitting diodes(QLEDs),electron injection is insufficient,which would degrade device efficiency and stability.Herein,we employ chlorine passivated ZnO nanoparticles as electron transport layer to facilitate electron injection into QDs effectively.Moreover,it suppresses exciton quenching at the QD/ZnO interface by blocking charge transfer channel.As a result,the maximum external quantum efficiency of blue QLED was increased from 2.55%to 4.60%,and the operation lifetime of blue QLED was nearly 4 times longer than that of the control device.Our work indicates that election injection plays an important role in blue QLED efficiency and stability.展开更多
The chlorine(Cl2)drying technology using ionic liquids(ILs)as absorbents was proposed for the first time and systematically investigated from the molecular level scaled up to the industrial level.The hygroscopic IL[EM...The chlorine(Cl2)drying technology using ionic liquids(ILs)as absorbents was proposed for the first time and systematically investigated from the molecular level scaled up to the industrial level.The hygroscopic IL[EMIM][CH3SO3]was screened as a suitable absorbent from 238 potential IL candidates consisting of 14 cations and 17 anions,by calculating the Cl2 and H2O solubility and separation selectivity of Cl2 to H2O in different ILs based on the COSMO-RS model.The microscopic atomic and molecular insights into the separation mechanisms were deeply revealed by using COSMO-RS model analyses(i.e.,σ-profiles,σ-potentials,excess enthalpies,entropies,and Gibbs free energies)and quantum chemistry calculation(binding energies and weak interaction analyses).The Cl2 solubility in pure IL and H2O+IL systems were predicted by the COSMO-RS model,and the results agree with the microscopic mechanism identification.Moreover,the strict equilibrium stage model employed with the COSMO-RS model parameters was built to perform the process simulation,and continuous Cl2 drying with ILs was conceptually designed and optimized at industrial scale.It was confirmed that[EMIM][CH3SO3]is a very promising absorbent leading to a less IL amount,a much lower energy consumption than the other IL[EMIM][BF4],which has a very bright industrialization potential used for Cl2 drying technology.展开更多
BACKGROUND Misuse of disinfectants during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to several poisoning incidents.However,there are few clinical case reports on poisoning caused by improper mixing of household di...BACKGROUND Misuse of disinfectants during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to several poisoning incidents.However,there are few clinical case reports on poisoning caused by improper mixing of household disinfectants.AIM To summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment effects of chlorine poisoning caused by improper mixing of hypochlorite bleach with acidic cleaning agents.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed baseline and clinical data,clinical symptoms,and treatment methods of seven patients with chlorine poisoning who were admitted to the National Army Poisoning Treatment Center.RESULTS Among the seven patients,the average poisoning time(exposure to admission)was 57 h(4-240 h).All patients were involved in cleaning bathrooms.Chest computed tomography scans revealed bilateral lung effusions or inflammatory changes in five patients.The partial pressure of oxygen decreased in six patients,and respiratory failure occurred in one.Five patients had different degrees of increase in white blood cell count.Humidified oxygen therapy,non-invasive mechanical ventilation,anti-inflammatory corticosteroids,antioxidants,and antibiotics were administered for treatment.The average length of hospital stay was 7 d(4-9 d).All seven patients recovered and were discharged.CONCLUSION Improper mixing of household disinfectants may cause damage to the respiratory system due to chlorine poisoning.Corticosteroids may improve lung exudation in severe cases,and symptomatic supportive treatment should be performed early.展开更多
Recently, the interest in oral malodor has been grown and the number of people having trouble with oral malodor is increasing year by year. Generally, as the branch of medicine which deals with patients complaining ab...Recently, the interest in oral malodor has been grown and the number of people having trouble with oral malodor is increasing year by year. Generally, as the branch of medicine which deals with patients complaining about oral malodor, dentistry is mostly chosen. On the current situation, however, the dental office side typically finds it difficult to deal with several kinds of oral malodor which show no improvement even though cavities or periodontal disease is completely cured. Main components to cause oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide);in the present study, therefore, the effect of mouthwash solution containing chlorine dioxide to relieve oral malodor and increase saliva production was tested. The subjects were 92 patients (Control group: 2 males, 3 females, age;30.8 ± 4 years old, Mouthwash group: 28 males, 59 females, age: 36.9 ± 1.3 years old) who visited the hospital complaining about oral malodor. Intraoral gas, exhaled gas, the saliva production at rest, the ability for salivation and the buffering ability of saliva were examined twice, before the subjects used the mouthwash solution every day for one month. The simple chromatography oral chroma, which was insulated from the influence of temperature and humidity and also was able to measure with a high degree of accuracy, was used to measure odor as the device analysis method. The control group did not change in VSCs, saliva production and the buffering ability of saliva. After using mouthwash solution, the concentration of the 3 major components gas of intraoral gas and exhaled gas, i.e. methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, were all decreased. As for hydrogen sulfide, intraoral gas (from 225.8 ± 28.1 ppb to 41.1 ± 8.8 ppb) and exhaled gas (from 212.0 ± 50.4 ppb to 34.6 ± 16.6 ppb) was significantly decreased. Also, saliva production at rest (from 1.3 ± 0.1 ml to 1.7 ± 0.1 ml) and the ability to salivate (from 4.5 ± 0.3 ml to 5.1 ± 0.3 ml) were both significantly increased. As for the buffering ability of saliva, significant changes were not detected on the change of salivary pH after using mouthwash solution, and it did not have any effects on the buffering ability of saliva. In conclusion, these results suggest that the mouthwash solution containing chlorine dioxide has significant effects on inhibiting malodor.展开更多
In this study we used a chemical solution method from oxalic acid (OX. acid) and zinc acetate (ZnAc) to prepare Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles doped with Chlorine (Cl:ZnONPs). The chara...In this study we used a chemical solution method from oxalic acid (OX. acid) and zinc acetate (ZnAc) to prepare Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles doped with Chlorine (Cl:ZnONPs). The characterizations (FTIR, X-ray, SEM, TEM) of ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs were determined. Amylase inhibitors of ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs also were determined. SEM indicated that the ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs have an average particle size of 46.65 - 74.64 nm. TEM images of the ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs showed the round shaped. Compounds b,<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d and e exhibited significant inhibitory activity against amylase enzyme</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(from 69.21</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.44 to 76.32</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.78), respectively, and were comparable with that of acarbose (86.32 ± 0.63) at 1000</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μg, thereby, projecting ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs as </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase inhibitors.</span></span></span></span>展开更多
As one of the most widely used domestic fuels, the detection of possible leakages of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) gas from production plants, from cylinders during their storage, transport and usage is of utmost importanc...As one of the most widely used domestic fuels, the detection of possible leakages of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) gas from production plants, from cylinders during their storage, transport and usage is of utmost importance. This article discusses a study of the response of undoped and chlorine doped electrodeposited n-type Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O) films to of LP gas. Undoped n-type Cu2O films were fabricated in an electrolyte bath containing a solution of sodium acetate and cupric acetate whereas n-type chlorine doped Cu2O thin films were prepared by adding a 0.02 M cuprous chloride (CuCl2) into an electrolyte solution containing lactic acid, cupric sulfate and sodium hydroxide. The n-type conductivity of the deposited films was determined using spectral response measurements. The structural and morphological properties of the fabricated films were monitored using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Due to doping, the overall conductivity of the chlorine doped n-type Cu2O films increased by several orders of magnitude. The temperature dependent gas responses of both the undoped and chlorine doped n-type Cu2O thin films to the LP gas was monitored by measuring the electrical resistance (R), and using the contact probe method at a constant gas flow rate of 0.005 ml/s. Upon exposure to gases, both doped and undoped films showed a good response to the gas by increasing/decreasing the electrical resistance by ΔR. The undoped n-type Cu2O thin films showed a negative response (ΔR 2O thin films initially showed a positive response (ΔR > 0) to the LP gas which then reversed its sign to give a negative response which peaked at 52°C. The positive response shown by the chlorine doped Cu2O films vanished completely at 42°C.展开更多
A coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and associated morbidity and mortality resultant from COVID-19. As a result of efforts to control direct (person to person) and indirect (contaminated objects, s...A coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and associated morbidity and mortality resultant from COVID-19. As a result of efforts to control direct (person to person) and indirect (contaminated objects, surfaces, indoor air) transmission of the virus, various interventions have been evaluated. Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available chlorine dioxide (CD) products to reduce viral loads on PPE (face masks) and surfaces using a novel dry gas release intervention. The efficacy of CD slow release 30-day sachets was tested on N95 face masks inoculated with human coronavirus OC43 in suspension. One sachet was placed with an inoculated mask in plastic resealable bags. Three trials were completed using the original sachet where a mask and sachet were placed into a plastic bag for 13 hours per sachet age of 1 day, 14 days, and 30 days. The amount of CD generated during a 13-hour treatment period was 0.30 mg. The nominal concentration of CD was estimated to be 317 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. All three tests demonstrated at least a 99.91% reduction of viral loading in the mask versus a non-treated control. Efficacy of CD dry gas fast releasing pods (Ultrashok) for fumigation was also tested in a 1344 ft<sup>3</sup> closed room. Two pods were placed in the space and CD surface virucidal efficacy was tested in three locations of the room after 1 hour and 2 hours of dwell time. The estimated nominal peak concentration was 15 ppmv in the room. The one-hour exposure saw a >99.91% OC43 reduction on surfaces and the two-hour exposure resulted in a >99.997% OC43 reduction on surfaces versus a non-treated control. These results indicate dry CD is highly effective against human coronavirus. CD was 99.91% effective for eliminating human coronavirus OC43 in both sachet and capsule fumigant form using both fast and slow release mechanisms. Rapid fumigant application is suitable for contaminated rooms, ambulances, emergency vehicles, and many types of PPE, most particularly porous PPE materials. The gaseous state of CD allows for rapid diffusion and transfer of the virucidal stable free radical to all surfaces of PPE and indoor areas that would favor virus survival. Additionally, this work suggests CD can be effective at levels with significant margins of safety (little to no exposure and rapid degradation of residuals) providing minimal public health risks associated with the use of CD.展开更多
In the process of bromine production,because of lag adjustment methods,there are problems of adjusting delay,raw material wastage and low growth rate.By considering the nature of bromine production,with the help of fu...In the process of bromine production,because of lag adjustment methods,there are problems of adjusting delay,raw material wastage and low growth rate.By considering the nature of bromine production,with the help of fuzzy data processing method,computer detection and display technique,we designed an automatic detection instrument for the ratio of chlorine to bromine in oxidized liquid of bromine production.This instrument can be used to detect the different parameters of raw materials adjustment and control in real time,and afford assurance that raw materials will be adjusted in time.This paper briefly introduces the working mechanism,hardware and software design of the instrument.展开更多
The new method for simultaneous determination of the concentrations of fluorine and chlorine in river water with double indicative electrodes is developed, and the quantitative analysis formulas that the inputs of ele...The new method for simultaneous determination of the concentrations of fluorine and chlorine in river water with double indicative electrodes is developed, and the quantitative analysis formulas that the inputs of electrode were exchanged by using self-made joints were induced. With this method,the synthetic water samples and the water samples taken from Majiagou River were analyzed. The results of determinations are satisfactory. The relative errors were<10.0% for F and <3.0%for Cl. The recoveries werc 90-101% for F and 90-110% tbr Cl. The relative standard deviations were < 15.2% for F and < 10.1% for Cl-. The advantages of this method is accurate, rapid and simple.展开更多
Electrochemical technologies for the on-site treatment of spent acid etchant have received great attention due their ease of operation and economic benefits. On the other hand, a large amount of Cl2 is generated durin...Electrochemical technologies for the on-site treatment of spent acid etchant have received great attention due their ease of operation and economic benefits. On the other hand, a large amount of Cl2 is generated during the electrolysis process, which leads to potential environmental risks. In the present work, a novel threecompartment ceramic membrane flow reactor, including a cathode chamber, an anode chamber, and a gas absorption chamber was developed. The three chambers were divided by an Al2O3 ceramic membrane and a breathable hydrophobic anode diffusion electrode(ADE). The Cl2 evolution onset potential of the ADE was increased to 1.19 V from 1.05 V of the graphite felt, effectively inhibiting the chlorine evolution reaction(CER).The anode-generated Cl2 diffused into the gas absorption chamber through the ADE and was eventually consumed by the H2O2 adsorbent. Cu could be recovered without emitting chlorine due to the special structure of reactor. The current efficiency of copper precipitation and cathode reduction from Cu2+to Cu+reached 97.7%at a working current of 150 m A. These results indicated that the novel membrane reactor had high potential for application in the copper recovery industry.展开更多
A new chlorine-containing neo-clerodane diterpene, teupernin D, was isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium pernyi. The structure for teupernin D was established as (12S) -15, 16-epoxy-8β-hydroxy-17-chloro-19-nor1...A new chlorine-containing neo-clerodane diterpene, teupernin D, was isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium pernyi. The structure for teupernin D was established as (12S) -15, 16-epoxy-8β-hydroxy-17-chloro-19-nor10α-neo-cleroda-4, 13(16), 14-triene-18,6β;20,12-diolide on the basis of spectral evidence. The absolute configuration was established by CD spectrum and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.展开更多
An accurate chlorine bulk decay model is needed to ensure that potable water meets the microbial and the chemical safeties at the treatment plant and throughout the distribution. Among the mathematical models availabl...An accurate chlorine bulk decay model is needed to ensure that potable water meets the microbial and the chemical safeties at the treatment plant and throughout the distribution. Among the mathematical models available,the general second-order chlorine bulk decay model( GBDM) is the most fundamentally sound.Application of the GBDM,however,has been hindered by its numerous fictive parameters and lack of an analytical solution. This theoretical work removes the two obstacles. The GBDM is solved through transformation and integration. The analytical solution provides deep insights into the GBDM and facilitates the parameterization and sensitivity analysis. The background natural organic matter( NOM) is characterized with the probabilistic distribution of functional groups. It reveals that the mean of the function group distribution is correlated with the initial chlorine decay rate coefficient( κ_0). A simple formula is developed to determine κ_0 directly from the initial chlorine decay. The theoretical treatment reduces the fictive parameters to a minimum. For the common lognormal distribution,the GBDM needs only three parameters,well defined as initial chlorine demand X_0,median rate coefficient km,and heterogeneity index σ. For more complicated scenarios,composite distributions are constructed through superposition of individual distributions. A highlighted example is to predict chlorine decay in blends of different waters. With the theoretical and mathematical advancement here,the GBDM can be applied effectively to any reactive background matter in any reaction systems.展开更多
The Cl2-sensitive heteropolysiloxanes(HPS) film was formed on the interdigital capacitor based on silicon dioxide by means of sol-gel process and spin-on technique.Measurements of interdigital capacitance were perform...The Cl2-sensitive heteropolysiloxanes(HPS) film was formed on the interdigital capacitor based on silicon dioxide by means of sol-gel process and spin-on technique.Measurements of interdigital capacitance were performed at room temperature for frequencies 100 Hz,1 kHz and 10 kHz.It is shown that there is a linear relationship between the capacitance and the concentration of chlorine gas.Influences of the measurement frequency and film thickness of silicate on the sensitivity of the sensor to C12 gas were discussed.And organically modified N,N-diethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (APMS) had a much higher sensitivity.展开更多
A variable chlorine decay rate modeling of the Matsapha town water network was developed based on initial chlorine dosages. The model was adequately described by a second order rate function of the chlorine decay rate...A variable chlorine decay rate modeling of the Matsapha town water network was developed based on initial chlorine dosages. The model was adequately described by a second order rate function of the chlorine decay rate with respect to the initial chlorine dose applied. Simulations of chlorine residuals within the Matsapha water distribution network were run using the EPANET 2.0 program at different initial chlorine dosages and using the variable decay rate as described by the second order model. The measurement results indicated that the use of constant decay rate tended to underestimate chlorine residuals leading to potentially excess dosages with the associated chemical cost and side effects. The error between the two rate models varied between 0% and 15%. It is suggested that the use of water quality simulation programs such as EPANET be enhanced through the extension programs that accommodate variable rate modeling of chlorine residuals within distribution systems.展开更多
文摘This paper presents a system approach of mass balance calculations of ozone and other species under diffusion-convection-reaction processes to study the impacts of major ozone-depleting chemicals, chlorine (Cl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO), and the effect of photolysis on ozone concentrations, ozone depletion, total ozone abundance, and ozone layer along the altitude in the stratosphere. The calculated ozone concentrations and profile of the layer followed a similar trend and were generally in good agreement with the measurements above the tropical area. The calculated peak of the layer was at the same mid-stratosphere at Z = 30 km with a peak concentration and total ozone abundance about 20% higher than the measured peak concentration of 8.0 ppm and total abundance of 399 DU. In the presence of Cl and ClO, the calculated ozone concentrations and total abundance were substantially reduced. Cl generally depleted more uniformly of ozone across the altitude, while ClO reduced substantially the ozone in the upper stratosphere and thus shifted the peak of the layer to a much lower elevation at Z = 14 km. Although both ClO and Cl are active ozone-depleting chemicals, ClO was found to have a more pronounced impact on ozone depletion and distribution than Cl. The possible explanations of these interesting phenomena were discussed and elaborated. The approach and calculations in this paper were shown to be useful in providing an initial insight into the structure and behavior of the complex ozone layer.
文摘We use the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET)as the structure of the chlorine ion sensor,and the chlorine ion ionophores (ETH9033 and TDDMAC1)are incorporated into solvent polymeric membrane (PVC/DOS),then the chlorine ion selective membrane is formed on the sensing window,and the fabrication of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device is completed.The surface potential on the sensing membrane of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device will be changed in the different chlorine ion concentration solutions,then changes further gate voltage and drain current to detect chlorine ion concentration.We will study non-ideal effects such as temperature,hysteresis and drift effects for the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device in this paper,these researches will help us to improve the sensing characteristics of the EGFET chlorine ion sensing device.
文摘The variations in the isotopic compositions of chlorine in evaporation controlled saline lake brines were determined by using an improved procedure for precise measurement of chlorine isotopes based on Cs 2Cl + ion by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The results showed that variation in δ 37 Cl values in these evaporation controlled brines are attributable to evaporation of brine accompanied by the deposition of saline minerals. The isotopic fractionation of chlorine between the deposited saline mineral and the co existing brine caused the variation of δ 37 Cl values in the brine. In general the isotopic fractionation of chlorine in nature indicates enrichment of 3 7Cl in the solid phase relative to 3 5Cl. The reverse isotopic fractionation of chlorine in which 3 5Cl is enriched in the solid phase, was observed to some extent during quick deposition under laboratory conditions as well as in nature. The mechanism of isotopic fractionation of chlorine during evaporation deposition was studied.
文摘This paper deals with gold extraction from a refractory concentrate by chlorine leaching.The process considers a pre-treatment of refractory materials by low temperature oxidation carried out with low oxygen concentration.The oxidized material is treated by leaching with brine.After gold adsorption/reduction onto activated carbon,iron and base metals can be precipitated by NaOH.Roasting tests show the necessity to carry out a thermal pre-treatment at least at 550°C to obtain a reduction of sulfur and mercury in the material(50%and 90%,respectively).Highest gold extraction yield(around 93%)is obtained in the leaching test performed with material sample treated at 650°C.This result confrms the necessity to optimize the thermal pre-treatment to improve Au recovery and to reduce chlorine consumption.A comparison with conventional cyanidation confrms that chlorination could be an useful alternative:in fact,gold extraction yield is quite low:57%in non-pre-treated material and 25%in pre-treatment material.
基金financially supported by the Australian Research Council (Discovery Early Career Researcher Award No. DE190100005)the support of the Australian Research Council (Grant No. FT160100207)the ontinued support from the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) through the centre for Materials Science。
文摘The oxygen evolution reaction(OER) plays a crucial role in many electrochemical energy technologies,and creating multiple beneficial factors for OER catalysis is desirable for achieving high catalytic efficiency.Here,we highlight a new halogen-chlorine(Cl)-anion doping strategy to boost the OER activity of perovskite oxides.As a proof-of-concept,proper Cl doping at the oxygen site of LaFeO3(LFO) perovskite can induce multiple favorable characteristics for catalyzing the OER,including rich oxygen vacancies,increased electrical conductivity and enhanced Fe-O covalency.Benefiting from these factors,the LaFeO2.9-δCl0.1(LFOCl) perovskite displays significant intrinsic activity enhancement by a factor of around three relative to its parent LFO.This work uncovers the effect of Cl-anion doping in perovskites on promoting OER performance and paves a new way to design highly efficient electrocatalysts.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFB0401702 and 2017YFE0120400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62005114,62005115,and 61875082)+5 种基金Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(Grant Nos.2019B010925001 and 2019B010924001)Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Advanced Quantum Dot Displays and Lighting(Grant No.2017KSYS007)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2017B030306010)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Grant No.2019A1515110437)Shenzhen Peacock Team Project(Grant No.KQTD2016030111203005)High Level University Fund of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.G02236004).
文摘In blue quantum dot light emitting diodes(QLEDs),electron injection is insufficient,which would degrade device efficiency and stability.Herein,we employ chlorine passivated ZnO nanoparticles as electron transport layer to facilitate electron injection into QDs effectively.Moreover,it suppresses exciton quenching at the QD/ZnO interface by blocking charge transfer channel.As a result,the maximum external quantum efficiency of blue QLED was increased from 2.55%to 4.60%,and the operation lifetime of blue QLED was nearly 4 times longer than that of the control device.Our work indicates that election injection plays an important role in blue QLED efficiency and stability.
基金financially supported by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20190021)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22008003)
文摘The chlorine(Cl2)drying technology using ionic liquids(ILs)as absorbents was proposed for the first time and systematically investigated from the molecular level scaled up to the industrial level.The hygroscopic IL[EMIM][CH3SO3]was screened as a suitable absorbent from 238 potential IL candidates consisting of 14 cations and 17 anions,by calculating the Cl2 and H2O solubility and separation selectivity of Cl2 to H2O in different ILs based on the COSMO-RS model.The microscopic atomic and molecular insights into the separation mechanisms were deeply revealed by using COSMO-RS model analyses(i.e.,σ-profiles,σ-potentials,excess enthalpies,entropies,and Gibbs free energies)and quantum chemistry calculation(binding energies and weak interaction analyses).The Cl2 solubility in pure IL and H2O+IL systems were predicted by the COSMO-RS model,and the results agree with the microscopic mechanism identification.Moreover,the strict equilibrium stage model employed with the COSMO-RS model parameters was built to perform the process simulation,and continuous Cl2 drying with ILs was conceptually designed and optimized at industrial scale.It was confirmed that[EMIM][CH3SO3]is a very promising absorbent leading to a less IL amount,a much lower energy consumption than the other IL[EMIM][BF4],which has a very bright industrialization potential used for Cl2 drying technology.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81873116。
文摘BACKGROUND Misuse of disinfectants during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to several poisoning incidents.However,there are few clinical case reports on poisoning caused by improper mixing of household disinfectants.AIM To summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment effects of chlorine poisoning caused by improper mixing of hypochlorite bleach with acidic cleaning agents.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed baseline and clinical data,clinical symptoms,and treatment methods of seven patients with chlorine poisoning who were admitted to the National Army Poisoning Treatment Center.RESULTS Among the seven patients,the average poisoning time(exposure to admission)was 57 h(4-240 h).All patients were involved in cleaning bathrooms.Chest computed tomography scans revealed bilateral lung effusions or inflammatory changes in five patients.The partial pressure of oxygen decreased in six patients,and respiratory failure occurred in one.Five patients had different degrees of increase in white blood cell count.Humidified oxygen therapy,non-invasive mechanical ventilation,anti-inflammatory corticosteroids,antioxidants,and antibiotics were administered for treatment.The average length of hospital stay was 7 d(4-9 d).All seven patients recovered and were discharged.CONCLUSION Improper mixing of household disinfectants may cause damage to the respiratory system due to chlorine poisoning.Corticosteroids may improve lung exudation in severe cases,and symptomatic supportive treatment should be performed early.
文摘Recently, the interest in oral malodor has been grown and the number of people having trouble with oral malodor is increasing year by year. Generally, as the branch of medicine which deals with patients complaining about oral malodor, dentistry is mostly chosen. On the current situation, however, the dental office side typically finds it difficult to deal with several kinds of oral malodor which show no improvement even though cavities or periodontal disease is completely cured. Main components to cause oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide);in the present study, therefore, the effect of mouthwash solution containing chlorine dioxide to relieve oral malodor and increase saliva production was tested. The subjects were 92 patients (Control group: 2 males, 3 females, age;30.8 ± 4 years old, Mouthwash group: 28 males, 59 females, age: 36.9 ± 1.3 years old) who visited the hospital complaining about oral malodor. Intraoral gas, exhaled gas, the saliva production at rest, the ability for salivation and the buffering ability of saliva were examined twice, before the subjects used the mouthwash solution every day for one month. The simple chromatography oral chroma, which was insulated from the influence of temperature and humidity and also was able to measure with a high degree of accuracy, was used to measure odor as the device analysis method. The control group did not change in VSCs, saliva production and the buffering ability of saliva. After using mouthwash solution, the concentration of the 3 major components gas of intraoral gas and exhaled gas, i.e. methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, were all decreased. As for hydrogen sulfide, intraoral gas (from 225.8 ± 28.1 ppb to 41.1 ± 8.8 ppb) and exhaled gas (from 212.0 ± 50.4 ppb to 34.6 ± 16.6 ppb) was significantly decreased. Also, saliva production at rest (from 1.3 ± 0.1 ml to 1.7 ± 0.1 ml) and the ability to salivate (from 4.5 ± 0.3 ml to 5.1 ± 0.3 ml) were both significantly increased. As for the buffering ability of saliva, significant changes were not detected on the change of salivary pH after using mouthwash solution, and it did not have any effects on the buffering ability of saliva. In conclusion, these results suggest that the mouthwash solution containing chlorine dioxide has significant effects on inhibiting malodor.
文摘In this study we used a chemical solution method from oxalic acid (OX. acid) and zinc acetate (ZnAc) to prepare Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles doped with Chlorine (Cl:ZnONPs). The characterizations (FTIR, X-ray, SEM, TEM) of ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs were determined. Amylase inhibitors of ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs also were determined. SEM indicated that the ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs have an average particle size of 46.65 - 74.64 nm. TEM images of the ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs showed the round shaped. Compounds b,<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d and e exhibited significant inhibitory activity against amylase enzyme</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(from 69.21</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.44 to 76.32</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.78), respectively, and were comparable with that of acarbose (86.32 ± 0.63) at 1000</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μg, thereby, projecting ZnONPs and Cl:ZnONPs as </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">α</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-amylase inhibitors.</span></span></span></span>
文摘As one of the most widely used domestic fuels, the detection of possible leakages of Liquefied Petroleum (LP) gas from production plants, from cylinders during their storage, transport and usage is of utmost importance. This article discusses a study of the response of undoped and chlorine doped electrodeposited n-type Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O) films to of LP gas. Undoped n-type Cu2O films were fabricated in an electrolyte bath containing a solution of sodium acetate and cupric acetate whereas n-type chlorine doped Cu2O thin films were prepared by adding a 0.02 M cuprous chloride (CuCl2) into an electrolyte solution containing lactic acid, cupric sulfate and sodium hydroxide. The n-type conductivity of the deposited films was determined using spectral response measurements. The structural and morphological properties of the fabricated films were monitored using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Due to doping, the overall conductivity of the chlorine doped n-type Cu2O films increased by several orders of magnitude. The temperature dependent gas responses of both the undoped and chlorine doped n-type Cu2O thin films to the LP gas was monitored by measuring the electrical resistance (R), and using the contact probe method at a constant gas flow rate of 0.005 ml/s. Upon exposure to gases, both doped and undoped films showed a good response to the gas by increasing/decreasing the electrical resistance by ΔR. The undoped n-type Cu2O thin films showed a negative response (ΔR 2O thin films initially showed a positive response (ΔR > 0) to the LP gas which then reversed its sign to give a negative response which peaked at 52°C. The positive response shown by the chlorine doped Cu2O films vanished completely at 42°C.
文摘A coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and associated morbidity and mortality resultant from COVID-19. As a result of efforts to control direct (person to person) and indirect (contaminated objects, surfaces, indoor air) transmission of the virus, various interventions have been evaluated. Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available chlorine dioxide (CD) products to reduce viral loads on PPE (face masks) and surfaces using a novel dry gas release intervention. The efficacy of CD slow release 30-day sachets was tested on N95 face masks inoculated with human coronavirus OC43 in suspension. One sachet was placed with an inoculated mask in plastic resealable bags. Three trials were completed using the original sachet where a mask and sachet were placed into a plastic bag for 13 hours per sachet age of 1 day, 14 days, and 30 days. The amount of CD generated during a 13-hour treatment period was 0.30 mg. The nominal concentration of CD was estimated to be 317 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. All three tests demonstrated at least a 99.91% reduction of viral loading in the mask versus a non-treated control. Efficacy of CD dry gas fast releasing pods (Ultrashok) for fumigation was also tested in a 1344 ft<sup>3</sup> closed room. Two pods were placed in the space and CD surface virucidal efficacy was tested in three locations of the room after 1 hour and 2 hours of dwell time. The estimated nominal peak concentration was 15 ppmv in the room. The one-hour exposure saw a >99.91% OC43 reduction on surfaces and the two-hour exposure resulted in a >99.997% OC43 reduction on surfaces versus a non-treated control. These results indicate dry CD is highly effective against human coronavirus. CD was 99.91% effective for eliminating human coronavirus OC43 in both sachet and capsule fumigant form using both fast and slow release mechanisms. Rapid fumigant application is suitable for contaminated rooms, ambulances, emergency vehicles, and many types of PPE, most particularly porous PPE materials. The gaseous state of CD allows for rapid diffusion and transfer of the virucidal stable free radical to all surfaces of PPE and indoor areas that would favor virus survival. Additionally, this work suggests CD can be effective at levels with significant margins of safety (little to no exposure and rapid degradation of residuals) providing minimal public health risks associated with the use of CD.
文摘In the process of bromine production,because of lag adjustment methods,there are problems of adjusting delay,raw material wastage and low growth rate.By considering the nature of bromine production,with the help of fuzzy data processing method,computer detection and display technique,we designed an automatic detection instrument for the ratio of chlorine to bromine in oxidized liquid of bromine production.This instrument can be used to detect the different parameters of raw materials adjustment and control in real time,and afford assurance that raw materials will be adjusted in time.This paper briefly introduces the working mechanism,hardware and software design of the instrument.
文摘The new method for simultaneous determination of the concentrations of fluorine and chlorine in river water with double indicative electrodes is developed, and the quantitative analysis formulas that the inputs of electrode were exchanged by using self-made joints were induced. With this method,the synthetic water samples and the water samples taken from Majiagou River were analyzed. The results of determinations are satisfactory. The relative errors were<10.0% for F and <3.0%for Cl. The recoveries werc 90-101% for F and 90-110% tbr Cl. The relative standard deviations were < 15.2% for F and < 10.1% for Cl-. The advantages of this method is accurate, rapid and simple.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21838005,21676139)the Higher Education Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(15KJA530001)+1 种基金the Key Scientific Research and Development Projects of Jiangsu Province(BE201800901)Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of MaterialsOriented Chemical Engineering(ZK201604).
文摘Electrochemical technologies for the on-site treatment of spent acid etchant have received great attention due their ease of operation and economic benefits. On the other hand, a large amount of Cl2 is generated during the electrolysis process, which leads to potential environmental risks. In the present work, a novel threecompartment ceramic membrane flow reactor, including a cathode chamber, an anode chamber, and a gas absorption chamber was developed. The three chambers were divided by an Al2O3 ceramic membrane and a breathable hydrophobic anode diffusion electrode(ADE). The Cl2 evolution onset potential of the ADE was increased to 1.19 V from 1.05 V of the graphite felt, effectively inhibiting the chlorine evolution reaction(CER).The anode-generated Cl2 diffused into the gas absorption chamber through the ADE and was eventually consumed by the H2O2 adsorbent. Cu could be recovered without emitting chlorine due to the special structure of reactor. The current efficiency of copper precipitation and cathode reduction from Cu2+to Cu+reached 97.7%at a working current of 150 m A. These results indicated that the novel membrane reactor had high potential for application in the copper recovery industry.
文摘A new chlorine-containing neo-clerodane diterpene, teupernin D, was isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium pernyi. The structure for teupernin D was established as (12S) -15, 16-epoxy-8β-hydroxy-17-chloro-19-nor10α-neo-cleroda-4, 13(16), 14-triene-18,6β;20,12-diolide on the basis of spectral evidence. The absolute configuration was established by CD spectrum and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
基金Sponsored by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFC0400707)National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2015ZX07203-007)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31601834)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(Grant No.14JCYBJC22900)
文摘An accurate chlorine bulk decay model is needed to ensure that potable water meets the microbial and the chemical safeties at the treatment plant and throughout the distribution. Among the mathematical models available,the general second-order chlorine bulk decay model( GBDM) is the most fundamentally sound.Application of the GBDM,however,has been hindered by its numerous fictive parameters and lack of an analytical solution. This theoretical work removes the two obstacles. The GBDM is solved through transformation and integration. The analytical solution provides deep insights into the GBDM and facilitates the parameterization and sensitivity analysis. The background natural organic matter( NOM) is characterized with the probabilistic distribution of functional groups. It reveals that the mean of the function group distribution is correlated with the initial chlorine decay rate coefficient( κ_0). A simple formula is developed to determine κ_0 directly from the initial chlorine decay. The theoretical treatment reduces the fictive parameters to a minimum. For the common lognormal distribution,the GBDM needs only three parameters,well defined as initial chlorine demand X_0,median rate coefficient km,and heterogeneity index σ. For more complicated scenarios,composite distributions are constructed through superposition of individual distributions. A highlighted example is to predict chlorine decay in blends of different waters. With the theoretical and mathematical advancement here,the GBDM can be applied effectively to any reactive background matter in any reaction systems.
文摘The Cl2-sensitive heteropolysiloxanes(HPS) film was formed on the interdigital capacitor based on silicon dioxide by means of sol-gel process and spin-on technique.Measurements of interdigital capacitance were performed at room temperature for frequencies 100 Hz,1 kHz and 10 kHz.It is shown that there is a linear relationship between the capacitance and the concentration of chlorine gas.Influences of the measurement frequency and film thickness of silicate on the sensitivity of the sensor to C12 gas were discussed.And organically modified N,N-diethylaminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (APMS) had a much higher sensitivity.
文摘A variable chlorine decay rate modeling of the Matsapha town water network was developed based on initial chlorine dosages. The model was adequately described by a second order rate function of the chlorine decay rate with respect to the initial chlorine dose applied. Simulations of chlorine residuals within the Matsapha water distribution network were run using the EPANET 2.0 program at different initial chlorine dosages and using the variable decay rate as described by the second order model. The measurement results indicated that the use of constant decay rate tended to underestimate chlorine residuals leading to potentially excess dosages with the associated chemical cost and side effects. The error between the two rate models varied between 0% and 15%. It is suggested that the use of water quality simulation programs such as EPANET be enhanced through the extension programs that accommodate variable rate modeling of chlorine residuals within distribution systems.
