El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement...El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement of the jet system.Previous studies have investigated the response of HC to ENSO events using different reanalysis datasets and evaluated their capability in capturing the main features of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.However,these studies mainly focused on the global HC,represented by a zonal-mean mass stream function(MSF).Comparatively fewer studies have evaluated HC responses from a regional perspective,partly due to the prerequisite of the Stokes MSF,which prevents us from integrating a regional HC.In this study,we adopt a recently developed technique to construct the three-dimensional structure of HC and evaluate the capability of eight state-of-the-art reanalyses in reproducing the regional HC response to ENSO events.Results show that all eight reanalyses reproduce the spatial structure of HC responses well,with an intensified HC around the central-eastern Pacific but weakened circulations around the Indo-Pacific warm pool and tropical Atlantic.The spatial correlation coefficient of the three-dimensional HC anomalies among the different datasets is always larger than 0.93.However,these datasets may not capture the amplitudes of the HC responses well.This uncertainty is especially large for ENSO-associated equatorially asymmetric HC anomalies,with the maximum amplitude in Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)being about 2.7 times the minimum value in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis(20CR).One should be careful when using reanalysis data to evaluate the intensity of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.展开更多
This study investigates the relationship between circulation patterns and austral summer temperature anomalies in southern Africa. The results show that the formation of continental lows tends to increase the thicknes...This study investigates the relationship between circulation patterns and austral summer temperature anomalies in southern Africa. The results show that the formation of continental lows tends to increase the thickness of the lower atmosphere. Further, the distinct variabilities of high and low pressure under the circulation types, influence air mass advection from the adjacent oceans, as well as atmospheric stability over land. Stronger anticyclonic circulation at the western branch of the Mascarene high-pressure system enhances the low-level cold air advection by southeast winds,decreases the thickness, and lowers the temperature over a majority of the land in southern Africa. Conversely, a weaker Mascarene High, coupled with enhanced cyclonic activity in the southwest Indian Ocean increases low-level warm air advection and increases temperature anomalies over vast regions in southern Africa. The ridging of a closed South Atlantic anticyclone at the southern coast of southern Africa results in colder temperatures near the tip of southern Africa due to enhanced low-level cold air advection by southeast winds. However, when the ridge is weak and westerly winds dominate the southern coast of southern Africa, these areas experience temperature increases. The northward track of the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude cyclone, which can be linked to the negative Southern Annular Mode, reduces the temperature in the southwestern part of southern Africa. Also, during the analysis period, El Ni?o was associated with temperature increases over the central parts of southern Africa;while the positive Indian Ocean dipole was linked to a temperature increase over the northeastern, northwestern, and southwestern parts of southern Africa.展开更多
Lost circulation is a common downhole problem of drilling in geothermal and high-temperature,high-pressure(HTHP)formations.Lost circulation material(LCM)is a regular preventive and remedial measure for lost circulatio...Lost circulation is a common downhole problem of drilling in geothermal and high-temperature,high-pressure(HTHP)formations.Lost circulation material(LCM)is a regular preventive and remedial measure for lost circulation.However,conventional LCMs seem ineffective in high-temperature formations.This may be due to the changes in the mechanical properties of LCMs and their sealing performance under high-temperature conditions.To understand how high temperature affects the fracture sealing performance of LCMs,we developed a coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method(CFD-DEM)model to simulate the behavior of granular LCMs in fractures.We summarized the literature on the effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of LCMs and the rheological properties of drilling fluid.We conducted sensitivity analyses to investigate how changing LCM slurry properties affected the fracture sealing efficiency at increasing temperatures.The results show that high temperature reduces the size,strength,and friction coefficient of LCMs as well as the drilling fluid viscosity.Smaller,softer,and less frictional LCM particles have lower bridging probability and slower bridging initiation.Smaller particles tend to form dual-particle bridges rather than single-particle bridges.These result in a deeper,tighter,but unstable sealing zone.Reduced drilling fluid viscosity leads to faster and shallower sealing zones.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Unsustained return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)is a critical barrier to survival in cardiac arrest patients.This study examined whether end-tidal carbon dioxide(ETCO_(2))and pulse oximetry photoplethysm...BACKGROUND:Unsustained return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)is a critical barrier to survival in cardiac arrest patients.This study examined whether end-tidal carbon dioxide(ETCO_(2))and pulse oximetry photoplethysmogram(POP)parameters can be used to identify unsustained ROSC.METHODS:We conducted a multicenter observational prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with cardiac arrest from 2013 to 2014.Patients’general information,ETCO_(2),and POP parameters were collected and statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The included 105 ROSC episodes(from 80 cardiac arrest patients)comprised 51 sustained ROSC episodes and 54 unsustained ROSC episodes.The 24-hour survival rate was significantly higher in the sustained ROSC group than in the unsustained ROSC group(29.2%vs.9.4%,P<0.05).The logistic regression analysis showed that the difference between after and before ROSC in ETCO_(2)(ΔETCO_(2))and the difference between after and before ROCS in area under the curve of POP(ΔAUCp)were independently associated with sustained ROSC(odds ratio[OR]=0.931,95%confi dence interval[95%CI]0.881-0.984,P=0.011 and OR=0.998,95%CI 0.997-0.999,P<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ofΔETCO_(2),ΔAUCp,and the combination of both to predict unsustained ROSC were 0.752(95%CI 0.660-0.844),0.883(95%CI 0.818-0.948),and 0.902(95%CI 0.842-0.962),respectively.CONCLUSION:Patients with unsustained ROSC have a poor prognosis.The combination ofΔETCO_(2) andΔAUCp showed signifi cant predictive value for unsustained ROSC.展开更多
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC)plays an important role in transporting heat meridionally in the Earth’s climate system and is also a key metrical tool to verify oceanic general circulation models.Tw...Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC)plays an important role in transporting heat meridionally in the Earth’s climate system and is also a key metrical tool to verify oceanic general circulation models.Two OMIP(Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 1 and 2)simulations with LICOM3(version 3 of the LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model)developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG),Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP),are compared in this study.Both simulations well reproduce the fundamental characteristics of the AMOC,but the OMIP1 simulation shows a significantly stronger AMOC than the OMIP2 simulation.Because the LICOM3 configurations are identical between these two experiments,any differences between them must be attributed to the surface forcing data.Further analysis suggests that sea surface salinity(SSS)differences should be mainly responsible for the enhanced AMOC in the OMIP1 simulation,but sea surface temperature(SST)also play an unignorable role in modulating AMOC.In the North Atlantic,where deep convection occurs,the SSS in OMIP1 is more saline than that in OMIP1.We find that in the major region of deep convection,the change of SSS has more significant effect on density than the change of SST.As a result,the SSS was more saline than that in OMIP2,leading to stronger deep convection and subsequently intensify the AMOC.We conduct a series of numerical experiments with LICOM3,and the results confirmed that the changes in SSS have more significant effect on the strength of AMOC than the changes in SST.展开更多
Huaihe River Basin(HRB) is located in China’s north-south climatic transition zone,which is very sensitive to global climate change.Based on the daily maximum temperature,minimum temperature,and precipitation data of...Huaihe River Basin(HRB) is located in China’s north-south climatic transition zone,which is very sensitive to global climate change.Based on the daily maximum temperature,minimum temperature,and precipitation data of 40 meteorological stations and nine monthly large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices data during 1959–2019,we present an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations of extreme temperature and precipitation events in the HRB using nine extreme climate indices,and analyze the teleconnection relationship between extreme climate indices and large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices.The results show that warm extreme indices show a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend,while cold extreme indices(except for cold spell duration) and diurnal temperature range(DTR) show a significant decreasing trend.Furthermore,all extreme temperature indices show significant mutations during 1959-2019.Spatially,a stronger warming trend occurs in eastern HRB than western HRB,while maximum 5-d precipitation(Rx5day) and rainstorm days(R25) show an increasing trend in the southern,central,and northwestern regions of HRB.Arctic oscillation(AO),Atlantic multidecadal oscillation(AMO),and East Atlantic/Western Russia(EA/WR) have a stronger correlation with extreme climate indices compared to other circulation indices.AO and AMO(EA/WR) exhibit a significant(P < 0.05) negative(positive)correlation with frost days and diurnal temperature range.Extreme warm events are strongly correlated with the variability of AMO and EA/WR in most parts of HRB,while extreme cold events are closely related to the variability of AO and AMO in eastern HRB.In contrast,AMO,AO,and EA/WR show limited impacts on extreme precipitation events in most parts of HRB.展开更多
This is an erratum to an already published paper named“Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-ofhospital patients with cardiac arrest”.We found errors in the aff...This is an erratum to an already published paper named“Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-ofhospital patients with cardiac arrest”.We found errors in the affiliated institution of the authors.We apologize for our unintentional mistake.Please note,these changes do not affect our results.展开更多
Aim: To explore the application effect of external diaphragm pacemaker combined with active respiratory circulation technology in pulmonary rehabilitation of perioperative lung cancer patients. Methods: A total of 98 ...Aim: To explore the application effect of external diaphragm pacemaker combined with active respiratory circulation technology in pulmonary rehabilitation of perioperative lung cancer patients. Methods: A total of 98 lung cancer patients admitted to our hospital from April 2020 to November 2021 were selected as the observation objects, and then divided into a control group and an observation group using the random number table method, with 49 cases in each group. The control group received routine admission guidance and active respiratory circulation training, while the observation group was supplemented with external diaphragm pacemaker on the basis of the control group. The intervention effect was evaluated by blood gas indicators, pulmonary function indicators, diaphragm function indicators, sputum comfort degree, and activity tolerance indicators before and after intervention. Results: Before intervention, there were no significant differences in blood gas analysis indicators, pulmonary function indicators, diaphragm function indicators, sputum comfort degree, and activity tolerance indicators between the two groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, the improvement degree of the above indicators in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of external diaphragm pacemaker combined with active respiratory circulation technology in pulmonary rehabilitation of perioperative lung cancer patients is significant, which can effectively improve the pulmonary function, blood gas function, and diaphragm function of lung cancer patients after surgery, and improve the activities of daily living and quality of life of patients.展开更多
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)is a crucial component of the Earth’s climate system due to its fundamental role in heat distribution,carbon and oxygen transport,and the weather.Other climate com...The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)is a crucial component of the Earth’s climate system due to its fundamental role in heat distribution,carbon and oxygen transport,and the weather.Other climate components,such as the atmosphere and sea ice,influence the AMOC.Evaluating the physical mechanisms of those interactions is paramount to increasing knowledge about AMOC’s functioning.In this study,the authors used outputs from the Community Earth System Model version 2 and observational data to investigate changes in theAMOC and the associated physical processes.Two DECK experiments were evaluated:piControl and 1pctCO_(2),with an annual increase of 1%of atmospheric CO_(2).The analysis revealed a significant decrease in the AMOC,associated with changes in mixed layer depth and buoyancy in high latitudes of the North Atlantic,resulting in the shutdown of deep convection and potentially affecting the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water.A vital aspect observed in this study is the association between increased runoff and reduced water evaporation,giving rise to a positive feedback process.Consequently,the rates of freshwater spreading have intensified during this period,which could lead to an accelerated disruption of the AMOC beyond the projections of existing models.展开更多
By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured f...By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured formations have been summarized. Meanwhile, based on the types of lost circulation materials, the advantages, disadvantages, and application effects of corresponding plugging technologies have been analyzed to sort out the key problems existing in the current lost circulation control technologies. On this basis, the development direction of plugging technology for severe loss have been pointed out. It is suggested that that the lost circulation control technology should combine different disciplines such as geology, engineering and materials to realize integration, intelligence and systematization in the future. Five research aspects should be focused on:(1) the study on mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control to provide basis for scientific selection of lost circulation material formulas, control methods and processes;(2) the research and development of self-adaptive lost circulation materials to improve the matching relationship between lost control materials and fracture scales;(3) the research and development of lost circulation materials with strong retention and strong filling in three-dimensional fracture space, to enhance the retention and filling capacities of materials in fractures and improve the lost circulation control effect;(4) the research and development of lost circulation materials with high temperature tolerance, to ensure the long-term plugging effect of deep high-temperature formations;(5) the study on digital and intelligent lost circulation control technology, to promote the development of lost circulation control technology to digital and intelligent direction.展开更多
An extraordinary and unprecedented heatwave swept across western North America(i.e.,the Pacific Northwest)in late June of 2021,resulting in hundreds of deaths,a massive die-off of sea creatures off the coast,and horri...An extraordinary and unprecedented heatwave swept across western North America(i.e.,the Pacific Northwest)in late June of 2021,resulting in hundreds of deaths,a massive die-off of sea creatures off the coast,and horrific wildfires.Here,we use observational data to find the atmospheric circulation variabilities of the North Pacific and Arctic-Pacific-Canada patterns that co-occurred with the development and mature phases of the heatwave,as well as the North America pattern,which coincided with the decaying and eastward movement of the heatwave.Climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(Phase 6)are not designed to simulate a particular heatwave event like this one.Still,models show that greenhouse gases are the main reason for the long-term increase of average daily maximum temperature in western North America in the past and future.展开更多
The positive phase of the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole(SIOD)is one of the climatic modes in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean that influences the austral summer inter-annual rainfall variability in parts of sou...The positive phase of the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole(SIOD)is one of the climatic modes in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean that influences the austral summer inter-annual rainfall variability in parts of southern Africa.This paper examines austral summer rain-bearing circulation types(CTs)in Africa south of the equator that are related to the positive SIOD and the dynamics through which specific rainfall regions in southern Africa can be influenced by this relationship.Four austral summer rain-bearing CTs were obtained.Among the four CTs,the CT that featured(i)enhanced cyclonic activity in the southwest Indian Ocean;(ii)positive widespread rainfall anomaly in the southwest Indian Ocean;and(iii)low-level convergence of moisture fluxes from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean,tropical Indian Ocean,and the southwest Indian Ocean,over the south-central landmass of Africa,was found to be related to the positive SIOD climatic mode.The relationship also implies that positive SIOD can be expected to increase the amplitude and frequency of occurrence of the aforementioned CT.The linkage between the CT related to the positive SIOD and austral summer homogeneous regions of rainfall anomalies in Africa south of the equator showed that it is the principal CT that is related to the inter-annual rainfall variability of the south-central regions of Africa,where the SIOD is already known to significantly influence its rainfall variability.Hence,through the large-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation associated with the CT,the SIOD can influence the spatial distribution and intensity of rainfall over the preferred landmass through enhanced moisture convergence.展开更多
In recent decades,Arctic summer sea ice extent(SIE)has shown a rapid decline overlaid with large interannual variations,both of which are influenced by geopotential height anomalies over Greenland(GL-high)and the cent...In recent decades,Arctic summer sea ice extent(SIE)has shown a rapid decline overlaid with large interannual variations,both of which are influenced by geopotential height anomalies over Greenland(GL-high)and the central Arctic(CA-high).In this study,SIE along coastal Siberia(Sib-SIE)and Alaska(Ala-SIE)is found to account for about 65%and 21%of the Arctic SIE interannual variability,respectively.Variability in Ala-SIE is related to the GL-high,whereas variability in Sib-SIE is related to the CA-high.A decreased Ala-SIE is associated with decreased cloud cover and increased easterly winds along the Alaskan coast,promoting ice-albedo feedback.A decreased Sib-SIE is associated with a significant increase in water vapor and downward longwave radiation(DLR)along the Siberian coast.The years 2012 and 2020 with minimum recorded ASIE are used as examples.Compared to climatology,summer 2012 is characterized by a significantly enhanced GL-high with major sea ice loss along the Alaskan coast,while summer 2020 is characterized by an enhanced CA-high with sea ice loss focused along the Siberian coast.In 2012,the lack of cloud cover along the Alaskan coast contributed to an increase in incoming solar radiation,amplifying ice-albedo feedback there;while in 2020,the opposite occurs with an increase in cloud cover along the Alaskan coast,resulting in a slight increase in sea ice there.Along the Siberian coast,increased DLR in 2020 plays a dominant role in sea ice loss,and increased cloud cover and water vapor both contribute to the increased DLR.展开更多
Background: Elevated Fontan pressure (FP) alone cannot fully predict clinical outcomes. We hypothesized thathemodynamic profiling using a cardiac index (CI)-systemic vascular resistance (SVR) plot could characterize c...Background: Elevated Fontan pressure (FP) alone cannot fully predict clinical outcomes. We hypothesized thathemodynamic profiling using a cardiac index (CI)-systemic vascular resistance (SVR) plot could characterize clinicalfeatures and predict the prognosis of post-Fontan patients. Methods: We included post-Fontan patients whounderwent cardiac catheterization at age < 10 years. Patients were classified into four categories: A, CI ≥ 3, SVRindex (SVRI) ≥ 20;B, CI < 3, SVRI ≥ 20;C, CI ≥ 3, SVRI < 20;and D, CI < 3, SVRI < 20. The primary outcome wasfreedom from the combined endpoint: new onset of protein-losing enteropathy or plastic bronchitis, heart transplant,and death. Clinical and hemodynamic variables and freedom from the endpoint were compared betweenthe hemodynamic categories and outcome predictors were evaluated. Results: Eighty-three patients wereincluded. Median follow-up was 5.3 years. Category A/B/C/D consisted of 4/15/53/11 patients, respectively. Allthe patients in category A were New York Heart Association I/II and had a significantly lower pulmonary vascularresistance index (PVRI). Patients in category C had lower pulmonary/systemic blood flow. Patients in category Dhad a higher PVRI and had the poorest freedom from the endpoint (44% at 5 years). Elevated FP and category Dwere outcome predictors. Conclusions: CI-SVR plots was a novel adjunctive method for Fontan hemodynamicprofiling.展开更多
The well-known“lost circulation”problem refers to the uncontrolled flow of whole mud into a formation.In order to address the problem related to the paucity of available data,in the present study,a model is introduc...The well-known“lost circulation”problem refers to the uncontrolled flow of whole mud into a formation.In order to address the problem related to the paucity of available data,in the present study,a model is introduced for the lost-circulation risk sample profile of a drilled well.The model is built taking into account effective data(the Block L).Then,using a three-dimensional geological modeling software,relying on the variation function and sequential Gaussian simulation method,a three-dimensional block lost-circulation risk model is introduced able to provide relevant information for regional analyses.展开更多
To understand the dynamical system scaling(DSS)analysis theory,the applicability of DSSβ-andω-strain transformation methods for the scaling analysis of complex loops was explored.A simplified model consisting of two...To understand the dynamical system scaling(DSS)analysis theory,the applicability of DSSβ-andω-strain transformation methods for the scaling analysis of complex loops was explored.A simplified model consisting of two loops was established based on the primary and secondary sides of a nuclear reactor,andβ-andω-strain transformation methods were used to ana-lyze the single-phase natural circulation in the primary circuit.For comparison with the traditional method,simplified DSSβ-andω-strain methods were developed based on the standard scaling criterion.The strain parameters in these four methods were modified to form multiple groups of scaled-down cases.The transient process of the natural circulation was simulated using the Relap5 code,and the variation in the dynamic flow characteristics with the strain numbers was obtained using different scaling methods.The results show that both the simplified and standard DSS methods can simulate the dynamic characteristics of natural circulation in the primary circuit.The scaled-down cases in the simplified method exhibit the same geometric scaling and correspond to small core power ratios.By contrast,different scaled-down cases in the standard DSS method correspond to different geometric scaling criteria and require more power.The dynamic process of natural circula-tion can be simulated more accurately using the standard DSS method.展开更多
BACKGROUND Intraoperative hyperlactatemia often affects circulatory stability,vital organ function,and postoperative recovery,poses a serious prognostic risk,and requires considerable attention from anesthesiologists....BACKGROUND Intraoperative hyperlactatemia often affects circulatory stability,vital organ function,and postoperative recovery,poses a serious prognostic risk,and requires considerable attention from anesthesiologists.Here,we describe a case of hyperlactatemia during the postoperative resection of liver metastases after chemotherapy for sigmoid colon cancer.This did not affect the patient's circulatory stability or quality of awakening,which is rarely reported in clinical practice.We present our management experience with the aim of providing a reference for future studies and clinical practice.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old female patient was diagnosed with postoperative liver metastasis following chemotherapy for sigmoid colon cancer.Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were required.Metabolic disorders,primarily hyperlactatemia,often occur intraoperatively.After treatment,other indices quickly returned to normal,lactate levels decreased slowly,and hyperlactatemia persisted during the awakening period.However,this did not affect the patient's circulatory stability or awakening quality.This condition has rarely been clinically reported.Therefore,we report our management experience in order to guide clinical practice in this regard.Hyperlactatemia did not affect circulatory stability or the quality of awakening.We considered that active intraoperative rehydration avoided serious harm to the organism caused by hyperlactatemia due to insufficient tissue perfusion,while hyperlactatemia caused by decreased lactate clearance due to impaired liver function associated with surgical resection had a mild effect on the function of important organs.CONCLUSION Active intraoperative rehydration avoided serious harm to the organism caused by hyperlactatemia.Strengthening body temperature protection could improve lactate circulation.展开更多
Interannual variations of the eddy kinetic energy(EKE)related to two types of winter circulation events(“O”and“U”)were investigated based on the outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM)for the Earth Si...Interannual variations of the eddy kinetic energy(EKE)related to two types of winter circulation events(“O”and“U”)were investigated based on the outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM)for the Earth Simulator(OFES)and the corresponding energetic analyses.Results show that the EKE is strong and extends eastward to offshore the Vietnam coast about 2°,associated with the weaker South China Sea western boundary current(SCSwbc)in“O”type years,while the EKE is weak and high value that can be attained is narrowed along the coast,associated with the stronger SCSwbc in“U”type years.The energy budget shows that the wind stress and barotropic/baroclinic instability are important factors to regulate the EKE in“U”and“O”years.For“U”years,under a strong winter monsoon forcing,the SCSwbc strengthen,the directly wind work and barotropic conversion from the mean kinetic energy(MKE)to EKE are weak,thus the EKE decrease corresponding to the baroclinic conversion from the kinetic energy to potential energy.However,the situation is reversed in“O”years.Under the influence of El Niño events,wind stress forces can weaken SCSwbc and enhance EKE in pattern“O”,whereas La Niña events have relatively weaker influences.The barotropic conversion rate in“O”type is nearly eight times of the“U”type.The pressure work and advection term are the main sources to greatly suppress EKE in the SCSwbc region.展开更多
The internal flow of a droplet in the nonlinear extensional flow field will exhibit more than two internal circulations with the variation of nonlinear intensity(E).In this paper,the effect of positions and sizes of i...The internal flow of a droplet in the nonlinear extensional flow field will exhibit more than two internal circulations with the variation of nonlinear intensity(E).In this paper,the effect of positions and sizes of internal circulations on internal mass transfer rate of a single spherical droplet in a nonlinear extensional flow field is studied and compared with that in a linear extensional flow field.The simulation results show that when E≥0,there are two symmetrical internal circulations in the droplet,which is the same with that in a linear extensional flow.The limit value of mass transfer rate Sh is 15,which is equal to that in a linear extensional flow,no matter how large E is.When E≤-3/7,the number of internal flow circulation of a droplet increase to four and the transfer rate Sh increases.When E=-1,the maximum internal transfer rate Sh equals 30 which is twice of that in a linear extensional flow.The generation of new flow circulations in droplets and the circulation positions will enhance mass transfer when E≤-3/7,which provides a new idea for enhancing the internal mass transfer rate of droplets.展开更多
The summertime anticyclonic circulation mode(SACM)is related to recent substantial loss of sea ice in the Arctic.This review outlines the potential causes of the SACM and considers its influence on sea ice depletion.L...The summertime anticyclonic circulation mode(SACM)is related to recent substantial loss of sea ice in the Arctic.This review outlines the potential causes of the SACM and considers its influence on sea ice depletion.Local triggers(i.e.,sea ice loss and sea surface temperature(SST)variation)and spatiotemporal teleconnections(i.e.,extratropical cyclone intrusion,tropical and mid-latitude SST anomalies,and winter atmospheric circulation preconditions)are discussed.The influence of the SACM on the dramatic loss of sea ice is emphasized through inspection of relevant dynamic(i.e.,Ekman drift and export)and thermodynamic(i.e.,moisture content,cloudiness,and associated changes in radiation)mechanisms.Moreover,the motivation for investigation of the underlying physical mechanisms of the SACM in response to the recent substantial sea ice depletionis also clarified through an attempt to better understand the shifting ice-atmosphere interaction in the Arctic during summer.Therecord low extent of sea ice in September 2012 could be reset in the near future if the SACM-like scenario continues to exist during summer in the Arctic troposphere.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFA0605703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42176243,41976193 and 41676190)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41975079)。
文摘El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO),the leading mode of global interannual variability,usually intensifies the Hadley Circulation(HC),and meanwhile constrains its meridional extension,leading to an equatorward movement of the jet system.Previous studies have investigated the response of HC to ENSO events using different reanalysis datasets and evaluated their capability in capturing the main features of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.However,these studies mainly focused on the global HC,represented by a zonal-mean mass stream function(MSF).Comparatively fewer studies have evaluated HC responses from a regional perspective,partly due to the prerequisite of the Stokes MSF,which prevents us from integrating a regional HC.In this study,we adopt a recently developed technique to construct the three-dimensional structure of HC and evaluate the capability of eight state-of-the-art reanalyses in reproducing the regional HC response to ENSO events.Results show that all eight reanalyses reproduce the spatial structure of HC responses well,with an intensified HC around the central-eastern Pacific but weakened circulations around the Indo-Pacific warm pool and tropical Atlantic.The spatial correlation coefficient of the three-dimensional HC anomalies among the different datasets is always larger than 0.93.However,these datasets may not capture the amplitudes of the HC responses well.This uncertainty is especially large for ENSO-associated equatorially asymmetric HC anomalies,with the maximum amplitude in Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR)being about 2.7 times the minimum value in the Twentieth Century Reanalysis(20CR).One should be careful when using reanalysis data to evaluate the intensity of ENSO-associated HC anomalies.
文摘This study investigates the relationship between circulation patterns and austral summer temperature anomalies in southern Africa. The results show that the formation of continental lows tends to increase the thickness of the lower atmosphere. Further, the distinct variabilities of high and low pressure under the circulation types, influence air mass advection from the adjacent oceans, as well as atmospheric stability over land. Stronger anticyclonic circulation at the western branch of the Mascarene high-pressure system enhances the low-level cold air advection by southeast winds,decreases the thickness, and lowers the temperature over a majority of the land in southern Africa. Conversely, a weaker Mascarene High, coupled with enhanced cyclonic activity in the southwest Indian Ocean increases low-level warm air advection and increases temperature anomalies over vast regions in southern Africa. The ridging of a closed South Atlantic anticyclone at the southern coast of southern Africa results in colder temperatures near the tip of southern Africa due to enhanced low-level cold air advection by southeast winds. However, when the ridge is weak and westerly winds dominate the southern coast of southern Africa, these areas experience temperature increases. The northward track of the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude cyclone, which can be linked to the negative Southern Annular Mode, reduces the temperature in the southwestern part of southern Africa. Also, during the analysis period, El Ni?o was associated with temperature increases over the central parts of southern Africa;while the positive Indian Ocean dipole was linked to a temperature increase over the northeastern, northwestern, and southwestern parts of southern Africa.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52274009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M723501)Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2021YJ0359).
文摘Lost circulation is a common downhole problem of drilling in geothermal and high-temperature,high-pressure(HTHP)formations.Lost circulation material(LCM)is a regular preventive and remedial measure for lost circulation.However,conventional LCMs seem ineffective in high-temperature formations.This may be due to the changes in the mechanical properties of LCMs and their sealing performance under high-temperature conditions.To understand how high temperature affects the fracture sealing performance of LCMs,we developed a coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method(CFD-DEM)model to simulate the behavior of granular LCMs in fractures.We summarized the literature on the effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of LCMs and the rheological properties of drilling fluid.We conducted sensitivity analyses to investigate how changing LCM slurry properties affected the fracture sealing efficiency at increasing temperatures.The results show that high temperature reduces the size,strength,and friction coefficient of LCMs as well as the drilling fluid viscosity.Smaller,softer,and less frictional LCM particles have lower bridging probability and slower bridging initiation.Smaller particles tend to form dual-particle bridges rather than single-particle bridges.These result in a deeper,tighter,but unstable sealing zone.Reduced drilling fluid viscosity leads to faster and shallower sealing zones.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program (82172179)Mathematics Tianyuan Fund (12126604)Central High-level Hospital Clinical Research Project (2022-PUMCH-B-110)
文摘BACKGROUND:Unsustained return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)is a critical barrier to survival in cardiac arrest patients.This study examined whether end-tidal carbon dioxide(ETCO_(2))and pulse oximetry photoplethysmogram(POP)parameters can be used to identify unsustained ROSC.METHODS:We conducted a multicenter observational prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with cardiac arrest from 2013 to 2014.Patients’general information,ETCO_(2),and POP parameters were collected and statistically analyzed.RESULTS:The included 105 ROSC episodes(from 80 cardiac arrest patients)comprised 51 sustained ROSC episodes and 54 unsustained ROSC episodes.The 24-hour survival rate was significantly higher in the sustained ROSC group than in the unsustained ROSC group(29.2%vs.9.4%,P<0.05).The logistic regression analysis showed that the difference between after and before ROSC in ETCO_(2)(ΔETCO_(2))and the difference between after and before ROCS in area under the curve of POP(ΔAUCp)were independently associated with sustained ROSC(odds ratio[OR]=0.931,95%confi dence interval[95%CI]0.881-0.984,P=0.011 and OR=0.998,95%CI 0.997-0.999,P<0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ofΔETCO_(2),ΔAUCp,and the combination of both to predict unsustained ROSC were 0.752(95%CI 0.660-0.844),0.883(95%CI 0.818-0.948),and 0.902(95%CI 0.842-0.962),respectively.CONCLUSION:Patients with unsustained ROSC have a poor prognosis.The combination ofΔETCO_(2) andΔAUCp showed signifi cant predictive value for unsustained ROSC.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA19060102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91958201,42130608)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB42000000)。
文摘Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC)plays an important role in transporting heat meridionally in the Earth’s climate system and is also a key metrical tool to verify oceanic general circulation models.Two OMIP(Ocean Model Intercomparison Project phase 1 and 2)simulations with LICOM3(version 3 of the LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model)developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG),Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP),are compared in this study.Both simulations well reproduce the fundamental characteristics of the AMOC,but the OMIP1 simulation shows a significantly stronger AMOC than the OMIP2 simulation.Because the LICOM3 configurations are identical between these two experiments,any differences between them must be attributed to the surface forcing data.Further analysis suggests that sea surface salinity(SSS)differences should be mainly responsible for the enhanced AMOC in the OMIP1 simulation,but sea surface temperature(SST)also play an unignorable role in modulating AMOC.In the North Atlantic,where deep convection occurs,the SSS in OMIP1 is more saline than that in OMIP1.We find that in the major region of deep convection,the change of SSS has more significant effect on density than the change of SST.As a result,the SSS was more saline than that in OMIP2,leading to stronger deep convection and subsequently intensify the AMOC.We conduct a series of numerical experiments with LICOM3,and the results confirmed that the changes in SSS have more significant effect on the strength of AMOC than the changes in SST.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52279016,51909106,51879108,42002247,41471160)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2020A1515011038,2020A1515111054)+1 种基金Special Fund for Science and Technology Development in 2016 of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province,China(No.2016A020223007)the Project of Jinan Science and Technology Bureau(No.2021GXRC070)。
文摘Huaihe River Basin(HRB) is located in China’s north-south climatic transition zone,which is very sensitive to global climate change.Based on the daily maximum temperature,minimum temperature,and precipitation data of 40 meteorological stations and nine monthly large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices data during 1959–2019,we present an assessment of the spatial and temporal variations of extreme temperature and precipitation events in the HRB using nine extreme climate indices,and analyze the teleconnection relationship between extreme climate indices and large-scale ocean-atmospheric circulation indices.The results show that warm extreme indices show a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend,while cold extreme indices(except for cold spell duration) and diurnal temperature range(DTR) show a significant decreasing trend.Furthermore,all extreme temperature indices show significant mutations during 1959-2019.Spatially,a stronger warming trend occurs in eastern HRB than western HRB,while maximum 5-d precipitation(Rx5day) and rainstorm days(R25) show an increasing trend in the southern,central,and northwestern regions of HRB.Arctic oscillation(AO),Atlantic multidecadal oscillation(AMO),and East Atlantic/Western Russia(EA/WR) have a stronger correlation with extreme climate indices compared to other circulation indices.AO and AMO(EA/WR) exhibit a significant(P < 0.05) negative(positive)correlation with frost days and diurnal temperature range.Extreme warm events are strongly correlated with the variability of AMO and EA/WR in most parts of HRB,while extreme cold events are closely related to the variability of AO and AMO in eastern HRB.In contrast,AMO,AO,and EA/WR show limited impacts on extreme precipitation events in most parts of HRB.
文摘This is an erratum to an already published paper named“Establishment of a prediction model for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation in out-ofhospital patients with cardiac arrest”.We found errors in the affiliated institution of the authors.We apologize for our unintentional mistake.Please note,these changes do not affect our results.
文摘Aim: To explore the application effect of external diaphragm pacemaker combined with active respiratory circulation technology in pulmonary rehabilitation of perioperative lung cancer patients. Methods: A total of 98 lung cancer patients admitted to our hospital from April 2020 to November 2021 were selected as the observation objects, and then divided into a control group and an observation group using the random number table method, with 49 cases in each group. The control group received routine admission guidance and active respiratory circulation training, while the observation group was supplemented with external diaphragm pacemaker on the basis of the control group. The intervention effect was evaluated by blood gas indicators, pulmonary function indicators, diaphragm function indicators, sputum comfort degree, and activity tolerance indicators before and after intervention. Results: Before intervention, there were no significant differences in blood gas analysis indicators, pulmonary function indicators, diaphragm function indicators, sputum comfort degree, and activity tolerance indicators between the two groups (P > 0.05). After intervention, the improvement degree of the above indicators in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The application of external diaphragm pacemaker combined with active respiratory circulation technology in pulmonary rehabilitation of perioperative lung cancer patients is significant, which can effectively improve the pulmonary function, blood gas function, and diaphragm function of lung cancer patients after surgery, and improve the activities of daily living and quality of life of patients.
基金This work was possible through the financing of PEC-20480 Project between Royal Dutch Shell(Shell)and the Laboratório de Métodos Computacionais em Engenharia(LAMCE)and through the doctoral fellowship funding by CNPq for Elisa Passos Case number 141819/2016-2the postdoctoral fellowship funding by FAPERJ E 10/2020-Edital Inteligência Artificial Case Number E-26/203.327/2022-Enrollment No.Scholarship 2015.08297.7 for Lívia Sancho.
文摘The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)is a crucial component of the Earth’s climate system due to its fundamental role in heat distribution,carbon and oxygen transport,and the weather.Other climate components,such as the atmosphere and sea ice,influence the AMOC.Evaluating the physical mechanisms of those interactions is paramount to increasing knowledge about AMOC’s functioning.In this study,the authors used outputs from the Community Earth System Model version 2 and observational data to investigate changes in theAMOC and the associated physical processes.Two DECK experiments were evaluated:piControl and 1pctCO_(2),with an annual increase of 1%of atmospheric CO_(2).The analysis revealed a significant decrease in the AMOC,associated with changes in mixed layer depth and buoyancy in high latitudes of the North Atlantic,resulting in the shutdown of deep convection and potentially affecting the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water.A vital aspect observed in this study is the association between increased runoff and reduced water evaporation,giving rise to a positive feedback process.Consequently,the rates of freshwater spreading have intensified during this period,which could lead to an accelerated disruption of the AMOC beyond the projections of existing models.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51991361,52074327,U1762212)Major Engineering Technology Field Tes Project of CNPC(2020F-45)。
文摘By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured formations have been summarized. Meanwhile, based on the types of lost circulation materials, the advantages, disadvantages, and application effects of corresponding plugging technologies have been analyzed to sort out the key problems existing in the current lost circulation control technologies. On this basis, the development direction of plugging technology for severe loss have been pointed out. It is suggested that that the lost circulation control technology should combine different disciplines such as geology, engineering and materials to realize integration, intelligence and systematization in the future. Five research aspects should be focused on:(1) the study on mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control to provide basis for scientific selection of lost circulation material formulas, control methods and processes;(2) the research and development of self-adaptive lost circulation materials to improve the matching relationship between lost control materials and fracture scales;(3) the research and development of lost circulation materials with strong retention and strong filling in three-dimensional fracture space, to enhance the retention and filling capacities of materials in fractures and improve the lost circulation control effect;(4) the research and development of lost circulation materials with high temperature tolerance, to ensure the long-term plugging effect of deep high-temperature formations;(5) the study on digital and intelligent lost circulation control technology, to promote the development of lost circulation control technology to digital and intelligent direction.
基金supported by the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0306)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41731173 and 42192564)+5 种基金National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0606701)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB42000000 and XDA20060502)Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISEE2021ZD01)Independent Research Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography (Grand No. LTOZZ2004)Leading Talents of Guangdong Province Programsupported by the High Performance Computing Division in the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
文摘An extraordinary and unprecedented heatwave swept across western North America(i.e.,the Pacific Northwest)in late June of 2021,resulting in hundreds of deaths,a massive die-off of sea creatures off the coast,and horrific wildfires.Here,we use observational data to find the atmospheric circulation variabilities of the North Pacific and Arctic-Pacific-Canada patterns that co-occurred with the development and mature phases of the heatwave,as well as the North America pattern,which coincided with the decaying and eastward movement of the heatwave.Climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(Phase 6)are not designed to simulate a particular heatwave event like this one.Still,models show that greenhouse gases are the main reason for the long-term increase of average daily maximum temperature in western North America in the past and future.
文摘The positive phase of the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole(SIOD)is one of the climatic modes in the subtropical southern Indian Ocean that influences the austral summer inter-annual rainfall variability in parts of southern Africa.This paper examines austral summer rain-bearing circulation types(CTs)in Africa south of the equator that are related to the positive SIOD and the dynamics through which specific rainfall regions in southern Africa can be influenced by this relationship.Four austral summer rain-bearing CTs were obtained.Among the four CTs,the CT that featured(i)enhanced cyclonic activity in the southwest Indian Ocean;(ii)positive widespread rainfall anomaly in the southwest Indian Ocean;and(iii)low-level convergence of moisture fluxes from the tropical South Atlantic Ocean,tropical Indian Ocean,and the southwest Indian Ocean,over the south-central landmass of Africa,was found to be related to the positive SIOD climatic mode.The relationship also implies that positive SIOD can be expected to increase the amplitude and frequency of occurrence of the aforementioned CT.The linkage between the CT related to the positive SIOD and austral summer homogeneous regions of rainfall anomalies in Africa south of the equator showed that it is the principal CT that is related to the inter-annual rainfall variability of the south-central regions of Africa,where the SIOD is already known to significantly influence its rainfall variability.Hence,through the large-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation associated with the CT,the SIOD can influence the spatial distribution and intensity of rainfall over the preferred landmass through enhanced moisture convergence.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFC2802504 and 2019YFC1509104)the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant No.311021008).
文摘In recent decades,Arctic summer sea ice extent(SIE)has shown a rapid decline overlaid with large interannual variations,both of which are influenced by geopotential height anomalies over Greenland(GL-high)and the central Arctic(CA-high).In this study,SIE along coastal Siberia(Sib-SIE)and Alaska(Ala-SIE)is found to account for about 65%and 21%of the Arctic SIE interannual variability,respectively.Variability in Ala-SIE is related to the GL-high,whereas variability in Sib-SIE is related to the CA-high.A decreased Ala-SIE is associated with decreased cloud cover and increased easterly winds along the Alaskan coast,promoting ice-albedo feedback.A decreased Sib-SIE is associated with a significant increase in water vapor and downward longwave radiation(DLR)along the Siberian coast.The years 2012 and 2020 with minimum recorded ASIE are used as examples.Compared to climatology,summer 2012 is characterized by a significantly enhanced GL-high with major sea ice loss along the Alaskan coast,while summer 2020 is characterized by an enhanced CA-high with sea ice loss focused along the Siberian coast.In 2012,the lack of cloud cover along the Alaskan coast contributed to an increase in incoming solar radiation,amplifying ice-albedo feedback there;while in 2020,the opposite occurs with an increase in cloud cover along the Alaskan coast,resulting in a slight increase in sea ice there.Along the Siberian coast,increased DLR in 2020 plays a dominant role in sea ice loss,and increased cloud cover and water vapor both contribute to the increased DLR.
文摘Background: Elevated Fontan pressure (FP) alone cannot fully predict clinical outcomes. We hypothesized thathemodynamic profiling using a cardiac index (CI)-systemic vascular resistance (SVR) plot could characterize clinicalfeatures and predict the prognosis of post-Fontan patients. Methods: We included post-Fontan patients whounderwent cardiac catheterization at age < 10 years. Patients were classified into four categories: A, CI ≥ 3, SVRindex (SVRI) ≥ 20;B, CI < 3, SVRI ≥ 20;C, CI ≥ 3, SVRI < 20;and D, CI < 3, SVRI < 20. The primary outcome wasfreedom from the combined endpoint: new onset of protein-losing enteropathy or plastic bronchitis, heart transplant,and death. Clinical and hemodynamic variables and freedom from the endpoint were compared betweenthe hemodynamic categories and outcome predictors were evaluated. Results: Eighty-three patients wereincluded. Median follow-up was 5.3 years. Category A/B/C/D consisted of 4/15/53/11 patients, respectively. Allthe patients in category A were New York Heart Association I/II and had a significantly lower pulmonary vascularresistance index (PVRI). Patients in category C had lower pulmonary/systemic blood flow. Patients in category Dhad a higher PVRI and had the poorest freedom from the endpoint (44% at 5 years). Elevated FP and category Dwere outcome predictors. Conclusions: CI-SVR plots was a novel adjunctive method for Fontan hemodynamicprofiling.
文摘The well-known“lost circulation”problem refers to the uncontrolled flow of whole mud into a formation.In order to address the problem related to the paucity of available data,in the present study,a model is introduced for the lost-circulation risk sample profile of a drilled well.The model is built taking into account effective data(the Block L).Then,using a three-dimensional geological modeling software,relying on the variation function and sequential Gaussian simulation method,a three-dimensional block lost-circulation risk model is introduced able to provide relevant information for regional analyses.
文摘To understand the dynamical system scaling(DSS)analysis theory,the applicability of DSSβ-andω-strain transformation methods for the scaling analysis of complex loops was explored.A simplified model consisting of two loops was established based on the primary and secondary sides of a nuclear reactor,andβ-andω-strain transformation methods were used to ana-lyze the single-phase natural circulation in the primary circuit.For comparison with the traditional method,simplified DSSβ-andω-strain methods were developed based on the standard scaling criterion.The strain parameters in these four methods were modified to form multiple groups of scaled-down cases.The transient process of the natural circulation was simulated using the Relap5 code,and the variation in the dynamic flow characteristics with the strain numbers was obtained using different scaling methods.The results show that both the simplified and standard DSS methods can simulate the dynamic characteristics of natural circulation in the primary circuit.The scaled-down cases in the simplified method exhibit the same geometric scaling and correspond to small core power ratios.By contrast,different scaled-down cases in the standard DSS method correspond to different geometric scaling criteria and require more power.The dynamic process of natural circula-tion can be simulated more accurately using the standard DSS method.
文摘BACKGROUND Intraoperative hyperlactatemia often affects circulatory stability,vital organ function,and postoperative recovery,poses a serious prognostic risk,and requires considerable attention from anesthesiologists.Here,we describe a case of hyperlactatemia during the postoperative resection of liver metastases after chemotherapy for sigmoid colon cancer.This did not affect the patient's circulatory stability or quality of awakening,which is rarely reported in clinical practice.We present our management experience with the aim of providing a reference for future studies and clinical practice.CASE SUMMARY A 70-year-old female patient was diagnosed with postoperative liver metastasis following chemotherapy for sigmoid colon cancer.Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were required.Metabolic disorders,primarily hyperlactatemia,often occur intraoperatively.After treatment,other indices quickly returned to normal,lactate levels decreased slowly,and hyperlactatemia persisted during the awakening period.However,this did not affect the patient's circulatory stability or awakening quality.This condition has rarely been clinically reported.Therefore,we report our management experience in order to guide clinical practice in this regard.Hyperlactatemia did not affect circulatory stability or the quality of awakening.We considered that active intraoperative rehydration avoided serious harm to the organism caused by hyperlactatemia due to insufficient tissue perfusion,while hyperlactatemia caused by decreased lactate clearance due to impaired liver function associated with surgical resection had a mild effect on the function of important organs.CONCLUSION Active intraoperative rehydration avoided serious harm to the organism caused by hyperlactatemia.Strengthening body temperature protection could improve lactate circulation.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(No.2017 FY 201402)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML 2019 ZD 0304)+4 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017 YFC 1404000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41876017,42176027,41628601,41706027,41776014)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.202102080364)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022 A 1515011863)the State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography,South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.LTOZZ 2101,LTOZZ 2102)。
文摘Interannual variations of the eddy kinetic energy(EKE)related to two types of winter circulation events(“O”and“U”)were investigated based on the outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM)for the Earth Simulator(OFES)and the corresponding energetic analyses.Results show that the EKE is strong and extends eastward to offshore the Vietnam coast about 2°,associated with the weaker South China Sea western boundary current(SCSwbc)in“O”type years,while the EKE is weak and high value that can be attained is narrowed along the coast,associated with the stronger SCSwbc in“U”type years.The energy budget shows that the wind stress and barotropic/baroclinic instability are important factors to regulate the EKE in“U”and“O”years.For“U”years,under a strong winter monsoon forcing,the SCSwbc strengthen,the directly wind work and barotropic conversion from the mean kinetic energy(MKE)to EKE are weak,thus the EKE decrease corresponding to the baroclinic conversion from the kinetic energy to potential energy.However,the situation is reversed in“O”years.Under the influence of El Niño events,wind stress forces can weaken SCSwbc and enhance EKE in pattern“O”,whereas La Niña events have relatively weaker influences.The barotropic conversion rate in“O”type is nearly eight times of the“U”type.The pressure work and advection term are the main sources to greatly suppress EKE in the SCSwbc region.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2902502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078320,22035007)+4 种基金the NSFC-EU project(31961133018)the Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2022CXGC020106)the Shandong Key Research and Development Program(International Cooperation Office)(2019GHZ018)the Shandong Province Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Plan(SDBX2020018)the External Cooperation Program of BIC,Chinese Academy of Sciences(122111KYSB20190032)。
文摘The internal flow of a droplet in the nonlinear extensional flow field will exhibit more than two internal circulations with the variation of nonlinear intensity(E).In this paper,the effect of positions and sizes of internal circulations on internal mass transfer rate of a single spherical droplet in a nonlinear extensional flow field is studied and compared with that in a linear extensional flow field.The simulation results show that when E≥0,there are two symmetrical internal circulations in the droplet,which is the same with that in a linear extensional flow.The limit value of mass transfer rate Sh is 15,which is equal to that in a linear extensional flow,no matter how large E is.When E≤-3/7,the number of internal flow circulation of a droplet increase to four and the transfer rate Sh increases.When E=-1,the maximum internal transfer rate Sh equals 30 which is twice of that in a linear extensional flow.The generation of new flow circulations in droplets and the circulation positions will enhance mass transfer when E≤-3/7,which provides a new idea for enhancing the internal mass transfer rate of droplets.
基金This work is financially supported by Laoshan Laboratory(Grant no.LSKJ202203003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.42276250,41976221)General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant no.ZR2020MD100).
文摘The summertime anticyclonic circulation mode(SACM)is related to recent substantial loss of sea ice in the Arctic.This review outlines the potential causes of the SACM and considers its influence on sea ice depletion.Local triggers(i.e.,sea ice loss and sea surface temperature(SST)variation)and spatiotemporal teleconnections(i.e.,extratropical cyclone intrusion,tropical and mid-latitude SST anomalies,and winter atmospheric circulation preconditions)are discussed.The influence of the SACM on the dramatic loss of sea ice is emphasized through inspection of relevant dynamic(i.e.,Ekman drift and export)and thermodynamic(i.e.,moisture content,cloudiness,and associated changes in radiation)mechanisms.Moreover,the motivation for investigation of the underlying physical mechanisms of the SACM in response to the recent substantial sea ice depletionis also clarified through an attempt to better understand the shifting ice-atmosphere interaction in the Arctic during summer.Therecord low extent of sea ice in September 2012 could be reset in the near future if the SACM-like scenario continues to exist during summer in the Arctic troposphere.
