The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production ...The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs,which diminishes the quality of the VCO.This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900-1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants(0-100%)in VCO and to develop predictive mapping.The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method,and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991,the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%,and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37.The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO.The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0-100%.NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick,accurate,and non-destructive detection method.展开更多
Indonesia is one of the largest coconut-producing countries in the world.The utilization of coconut shell waste into briquettes will increase the selling value and become a great export opportunity.However,the effect ...Indonesia is one of the largest coconut-producing countries in the world.The utilization of coconut shell waste into briquettes will increase the selling value and become a great export opportunity.However,the effect of adhesives on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes made using screw extruder machine has not been widely studied.This study aims to determine the effect of adhesive type on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes.The process of fabricating briquettes in this study included crushing,mixing,blending,pressing,and drying.In the mixing process,3 types of adhesives were used,namely tapioca flour(Briquette_1),cassava flour(Briquette_2),and modified cassava flour(Briquette_3)with a concentration of 5%of the weight of coconut shell charcoal powders.The quality of the resulting briquettes and commercial briquettes will be evaluated by moisture content,ash content,volatile matter,fixed carbon,calorific value,density,compressive,and drop test testing.The results of this research showed that the type of adhesive had a significant effect on the quality of the briquettes produced.Specimen Briquette_1 had better quality than commercial briquettes(Briquette_4)and other briquette specimens.The test results showed that Briquette_1 produced briquettes with better compressive strength and friability than the other specimens,at 6.95 N/mm^(2) and 4.44%,respectively.The moisture content,ash content,fixed carbon,and calorific value of Briquette_1 have met the requirements set by the Indonesian National Standard(SNI)number 01-6235-2000.Meanwhile,the volatile matter content and density of Briquette_1 are by the standards of Japan and the United States America(USA).展开更多
Coconut oil contains a rich amount of medium-chain fatty acids,including lauric acid,decanoic acid,and octanoic acid,as well as the corresponding medium-chain triglycerides.It possesses functional attributes such as f...Coconut oil contains a rich amount of medium-chain fatty acids,including lauric acid,decanoic acid,and octanoic acid,as well as the corresponding medium-chain triglycerides.It possesses functional attributes such as facile digestion and absorption,as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties.The study utilized the Citespace and VOSviewer visual analysis software to examine the quantity of published papers,authors,publishing institutions,research hotspots and frontiers of 3442 effective literatures on the theme of"coconut oil"in the Web of Science(WoS)Core Collection database.The research on coconut oil can be condensed into four primary sections:(1)investigation and utilization of physiochemical characteristics of coconut oil,(2)analysis of nutritional composition and study of the effectiveness of coconut oil,(3)identification of adulteration in coconut oil,(4)evaluation of the impact of coconut oil as a dietary supplement on animal metabolism.Additionally,research focal points have evolved in three distinct phases.Prior to 2008,numerous studies were conducted to investigate the precise fatty acid makeup of coconut oil and its potential for lowering cholesterol levels.From 2009 to 2016,significant emphasis was placed on examining the impact of coconut oil on methane production in ruminants.Between 2018 to 2023,the main focus will be on investigating how nanoparticles can alter the properties of coconut oil.In the future,the anticipated research areas of interest are expected to focus on the rapid detection method of coconut oil,the efficacy of coconut oil and the advancement of coconut resources.The objective of this review is to provide researchers with relevant information about coconut oil,aiming to foster the continued growth of the coconut oil industry.展开更多
An rGO−like carbon compound has been synthesized from biomass,i.e.,old coconut shell,by a carbonization process followed by heating at 400°C for 5 h.The nitrogen doping was achieved by adding the urea(CH4N2O)and ...An rGO−like carbon compound has been synthesized from biomass,i.e.,old coconut shell,by a carbonization process followed by heating at 400°C for 5 h.The nitrogen doping was achieved by adding the urea(CH4N2O)and stirring at 70°C for 14 h.The morphology and structure of the rGO-like carbon were investigated by electron microscopies and Raman spectroscopy.The presence of C-N functional groups was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and synchrotron X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,while the particle and the specific capacitance were measured by particle sizer and cyclic voltammetry.The highest specific capacitance of 72.78 F/g is achieved by the sample with 20%urea,having the smallest particles size and the largest surface area.The corresponding sample has shown to be constituted by the appropriate amount of C–N pyrrolic and pyridinic defects.展开更多
In Côte d’Ivoire, coconut and palm cultivation are very developed. Industrial utilization of these crops fruits is generated some under products that can be used in breeding. The aim of this study was to test...In Côte d’Ivoire, coconut and palm cultivation are very developed. Industrial utilization of these crops fruits is generated some under products that can be used in breeding. The aim of this study was to test the potentialities in the breeding of cattle-cake of coconut and cattle-cake of palm kernel when they are incorporated in diets of piglet fattening. 18 piglets teamed up into three homogenous groups (three males castrate and three females) were used. The control group was fed a diet made with 55% of maize + 10% of bran maize + 25% fish powder + 4% of ash + 3% of salt. The test 1 group called diet ESSAI 1 was fed a mixture of 70% of the control diet and 30% of cattle-cake of coconut. The test 2 group called diet ESSAI 2 was fed with a mixture of 70% of the control diet and 30% of cattle-cake of palm kernel. The analysis made showed that the two cattle-cake are nutritiously rich and their incorporation in diets at degree of 30% of the total diet induced growth performance similar to that obtained with the control diet. Animals of each group were in good health and diets EASSAI 1 and ESSAI 2 were cheaper than the control diet. Then, cattle-cake of coconut and cattle-cake of palm kernel can be recommended as part of the diet of piglet (about 30%) in order to enhance profit with the same growth performance.展开更多
This study aims to evaluate the erosion behavior and the hardness of hybrid composites made of varying amounts of coconut shells,walnut shells,and carbonfibers dispersed in a polyester matrix.MINITAB(L16)Taguchi experi...This study aims to evaluate the erosion behavior and the hardness of hybrid composites made of varying amounts of coconut shells,walnut shells,and carbonfibers dispersed in a polyester matrix.MINITAB(L16)Taguchi experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of parameters.In particular,an erosion device con-sisting of a motor with a constantflow rate of 45 L/min,a pump with a diameter of 40 mm,a nozzle with a dia-meter of 5 mm,and a tank made of“perspex glass”55 cm long,30 cm tall,and 25 cm wide was used.The tests were conducted by varying the sample-to-nozzle distance,the pattern angle,and the sand particle size.The results have revealed that the presence of 7.5%by weight of waste coconut shell,for conditions corresponding to 90°angle,sand size 425μm,stand distance 30 cm,gives the best wear resistance(3.04×10^(-5) g/g).Thefiller content and sand particle size affect the erosive rate,with the angle playing a secondary role.The distance between the sample and the nozzle has a weaker effect on erosive wear.The hardness results show that the models(UP-5%carbonfiber-2.5-3.5-4.5-5.5-6.5-7.5 wt.%waste coconut shell)give the best values for prayer compared to the samples(UP-5 wt.%carbonfiber-2.5-3.5-4.5-5.5-6.5-7.5 wt.%waste walnut shell).展开更多
Pressure on land tenure is having a negative impact on the coconut sector, reducing farmers’ incomes. Intercropping cultivars plantain under coconut based has been considered as a solution to this problem. The aim of...Pressure on land tenure is having a negative impact on the coconut sector, reducing farmers’ incomes. Intercropping cultivars plantain under coconut based has been considered as a solution to this problem. The aim of this work is to diversify the sources of income for coconut growers. The plantain variety PITA 3, popularised by the CNRA, was grown in coconut inter-rows (PB113<sup>+</sup>), with two types of manure (chemical, organic). Six (06) treatments D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 were studied. In the tenth month after planting, treatment D3, which included banana plants fertilised with 9 kg of manure/plant, got the best agromorphological performance: height (264.08 cm), neck circumference (57.68 cm) and 12 leaves. In terms of production parameters, D3 banana plants had a shorter production cycle (347 days) and the highest diet mass (9.3 kg). However, the plants that received no fertiliser (D6) showed stunted growth and were unable to produce brunch. The fertilization of plantain with 10 t/ha of laying hen droppings permitted good development and production of plantains on tertiary sands.展开更多
In this paper, the authors aim to propose the use of waste plastics as a binder in a coconut shell reinforcement for the development of an 8/6 size composite rafter to replace the natural 8/6 size backbone in construc...In this paper, the authors aim to propose the use of waste plastics as a binder in a coconut shell reinforcement for the development of an 8/6 size composite rafter to replace the natural 8/6 size backbone in construction. Following a study into the choice of the best proportions, a total of 30 size 8/6 composite rafters with different proportions of 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 50% plastic content were developed. All the 8/6 composite rafters were subjected to mechanical (3-point bending strength and Monnin hardness) and physical (bulk density and water absorption) characterization analyses. The results show that flexural strength increases from 27.56 MPa to 33.30 MPa for proportions ranging from 20% to 35% plastic content. Above 35% plastic, the strength drops to 19.60 MPa for a 50% plastic content. Similarly, the Monnin hardness drops from 9 mm to 5 mm when the plastic content varies from 20 to 50%. As for the results of the physical characterisation, the values obtained for apparent density vary from 0.89 to 1 for proportions varying from 20% to 35% plastic content and drop to 0.94 for 50% plastic content. As for water absorption, values drop from 6.82% to 2.45% when the plastic content increases from 20% to 50%. These mechanical strengths stabilise at 35% plastic content. The development of an 8/6 chevron composite material based on plastic and coconut shell could therefore be a way of recovering waste and solving the problem of deforestation.展开更多
The solubility and the emulsification properties of a crude freeze dried alkaline protein extract (APE), 30% protein, obtained from coconut milk press cake by one step extraction at pH 11, were characterized at pH 2 t...The solubility and the emulsification properties of a crude freeze dried alkaline protein extract (APE), 30% protein, obtained from coconut milk press cake by one step extraction at pH 11, were characterized at pH 2 to 11, and the cream and subnatant fractions of the emulsion studied by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The protein solubility followed U profile, showing a minimum at pH 3 to 4, close to but not identical to reported iso-electric points of 4 - 5 for many coconut protein fractions. The extract showed good capacity to form oil-in-water emulsion outside the low solubility pH range. The bands that appeared to play a role in the emulsification were found at 32 and 42 kDa in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, but the most predominant absorbed band was at 23 kDa.展开更多
Coconut,Cocos nucifera L.,is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities,mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values.The various products of coconut include tender coconut water,copra,coconut oil,raw kern...Coconut,Cocos nucifera L.,is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities,mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values.The various products of coconut include tender coconut water,copra,coconut oil,raw kernel,coconut cake,coconut toddy,coconut shell and wood based products,coconut leaves,coir pith etc.Its all parts are used in someway or another in the daily life of the people in the traditional coconut growing areas.It is the unique source of various natural products for the development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products.The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender coconut water have numerous medicinal properties such as antibacterial,antifungal,antiviral, antiparasitic,antidermatophytic,antioxidant,hypoglycemic,hepatoprotective,immunostimulant. Coconut water and coconut kernel contain microminerals and nutrients,which are essential to human health,and hence coconut is used as food by the peoples in the globe,mainly in the tropical countries.The coconut palm is,therefore,eulogised as ’Kalpavriksha’(the all giving tree) in Indian classics,and thus the current review describes the facts and phenomena related to its use in health and disease prevention.展开更多
in this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera ) interplanted with pineapple bananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass pro...in this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera ) interplanted with pineapple bananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass productivity of this ecosystem was 47 460 kg.hm-2.a-1, which was 4.3 times as much as that of pure coconutplantation. In the biological cycling of N. P, K elements, the total annual retention was 559.470 kg.hm-2, the annualreturn was 410.745 kg.hm-2, the annual uptake was 970.475 kg.hm-2, respectively. The average circulation rate inthree nutrient elementS (N, P, K) was 42.32%, which was 27.53% more than that in pure coconut stands. Coconutinterplanted with pineapple was proved to be one of optimum cultUral patterns, which had the higher biomass productivity, and better usage efficiency of environment resources in tropical areas.展开更多
Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g...Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g of body weight) for 3 subsequent weeks.Systolic blootl pressure was measured every three days using the indirect tail cuff method.At the end of the experimental period,plasma glucose and insulin,serum triglycerides and free fatly acids, lipid peroxidation markers(MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in all the groups.Results:Treatment with TCW significandy lowered the systolic blood pressure and reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids.Plasma glucose and insulin levels and lipid peroxidation markers such as MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes were significantly reduced in fructose fed rats treated with TCW.Activities of antioxidant enzymes are up regulated significantly in TCW treated rats.Hislopathological analysis of liver showed that TCW treatment reduced the lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltration without any significant hepatocellular damage.Conclusions:The overall results suggest that, TCW treatment could prevent and reverse high blood pressure induced by high fructose diet probably by inhibition of lipid peroxidation,upregulation of antioxidant status and improved insulin sensitivity.展开更多
A series of oxidants supported on coconut shell-based activated carbon(CAC) through microwave irradiation were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption/desorption analysis, an...A series of oxidants supported on coconut shell-based activated carbon(CAC) through microwave irradiation were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption/desorption analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The SO_2 adsorption capacities and rates were evaluated by adsorption tests performed in a fixed bed reactor with a simulated flue gas, and the adsorption isotherm models were validated against the experimental results. The findings revealed that the SO_2 adsorption capacity decreased in the following order: MW-K_2Cr_2O_7-CAC > MWKMnO_4-CAC > MW-H_2O_2-CAC > MW-CAC. The SO_2 adsorption capacities and adsorption rates of the samples increased with an increasing oxidizability of the oxidants owing to the increment of mean pore size and oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, a high initial SO_2 concentration and a low bed temperature could positively affect the SO2 adsorption. Finally, the Langmuir model validated that SO_2 was mainly adsorbed through chemical adsorption on the sample surfaces.展开更多
The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions conta...The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions containing coconut oil was investigated. Coconut oil nanoemulsions containing varied amounts of surfactants including polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether(PGO), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate(POS), polyethylene glycol hydrogenated castor oil(PHC), sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) and poloxamer 407(PLX) were formulated and comparatively evaluated for their physical properties. The results showed that the coconut oil nanoemulsions using PGO, POS and PHC as surfactants exhibited low percent creaming index indicating excellent stability, while those containing SLS and PLX demonstrated the higher percent creaming index suggesting lesser physical stability. The droplet sizes of nanoemulsions consisting of 5%(w/w) PGO, POS and PHC were 22.843, 4.458 and 0.162 μm, respectively. Thus, coconut oil nanoemulsions with the smallest size could be obtained when PHC was applied. Furthermore, the droplet size of nanoemulsions decreased from 33 μm to less than 200 nm with an increase in the amount of PHC from 1% to 10%(w/w). Additionally, the properties of coconut oil based nanoemulsions containing PHC were not changed through temperature cycling test. From these results, it was suggested that the fabrication of stable coconut oil nanoemulsions with small particle size could be easily achieved by using 5%(w/w) PHC as a surfactant. The knowledge gained from the study might provide the basic guideline for the fabrication of stable nanoemulsions for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields in the future.展开更多
Modified coconut oil (MCO) enriched with monolaurin (ML) was prepared by the glycerolysis of coconut oil (1)Glycerolysis converts dilaurin (DL) and trilaurin (TL) into ML, the lauric acid monoglyceride. ML has been fo...Modified coconut oil (MCO) enriched with monolaurin (ML) was prepared by the glycerolysis of coconut oil (1)Glycerolysis converts dilaurin (DL) and trilaurin (TL) into ML, the lauric acid monoglyceride. ML has been found to have antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities (2)According to the antimicrobial activity, the glyceride composition of MCO was determined.展开更多
In tissue culture, effects of coconut milk, rare earth and medium on proliferation, rootage and isozymes of Dendrobium were studied. The result indicated that coconut milk and RE could promote proliferation and rootag...In tissue culture, effects of coconut milk, rare earth and medium on proliferation, rootage and isozymes of Dendrobium were studied. The result indicated that coconut milk and RE could promote proliferation and rootage, with their combined treatment the most effective. In proliferation culture, coconut milk enhanced peroxidase (POD) and esterase(EST) activity and types, RE decreased POD, but increased EST activity and types and combined treatment did not show the same influence on POD and EST too. In rootage culture, adding coconut milk decreased POD activity, but improved EST activity in 1/2MS medium and declined EST activity, expression type in WPM medium. when using RE, POD and EST activity both reduced, types of the former decreased, types of the latter changed slightly with the basic medium. And combined treatment would decreased POD activity and types.展开更多
Low cost, high performance supercapacitor electrodes were fabricated using coconut waste as precursor. Simple one step pyrolysis is adopted to get the spherical shaped particle where lignocellulosic nature of carbon c...Low cost, high performance supercapacitor electrodes were fabricated using coconut waste as precursor. Simple one step pyrolysis is adopted to get the spherical shaped particle where lignocellulosic nature of carbon converts into porous carbon nanospheres. Three types of coconut wastes, namely, coconut fiber(CF), coconut leaves(CL) and coconut stick(CS) have been studied and compared for their application in supercapacitors. Uniform spherical shape with particle size ranging from 30 to 60 nm for leaves and sticks and ~20 nm for fibers was obtained. The electrochemical properties of the porous carbon nanospheres were studied using cyclic voltammetry(CV), chronopotentiometry(CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The porous carbon nanospheres derived from all the three biowaste samples show good electrochemical performance for supercapacitor application. Porous carbon nanospheres derived from coconut fiber exhibited maximum specific capacitance of 236 F/g followed by coconut stick and coconut leaves with 208 and 116 F/g respectively at a scan rate of 2 m V/s. Further impedance studies showed a charge transfer resistance of 4.9 for the porous carbon nanospheres derived from coconut fiber, while those from coconut leaves and coconut stick exhibited a slightly higher resistance of 6 and14.2, respectively. The simple eco-friendly approach we have demonstrated for synthesizing coconut waste based carbon nanospheres makes them excellent candidates for future, low-cost, energy storage devices.展开更多
The biological activity of coconut( Cocos nucifera L.) extracts from its kernels and various parts was reported by many previous studies, it is therefore believable that the extracts of its kernels might show some act...The biological activity of coconut( Cocos nucifera L.) extracts from its kernels and various parts was reported by many previous studies, it is therefore believable that the extracts of its kernels might show some activities in topical formulations. Among several kernel extracts, the TC06 extract prepared by soaking the steamed coconut kernels in hot water showed the highest total phenolic content(6.98 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g extract) and the strongest antioxidant activity as determined using FRAP and DPPH methods with a reducing power value of 4.12 ± 0.16 mg AAE/g of extract and an SC 50 value of 2.38 ± 0.14 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, this extract did not display any cytotoxic effects in the concentration range of 50–3200 μg/ml. Meanwhile, it revealed cytoprotective effects against t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at concentrations higher than 400 μg/ml. The results of phytochemical investigations including a chemical color test, TLC, 1 H NMR and FTIR suggested that the TC06 extract was mainly composed of flavonoids and terpenoids. Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals including As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the TC06 extract were below permissible limits. According to the solubility, the TC06 extract was incorporated into gels using Carbopol Ultrez 21 as a gelling agent. The formulated gel containing 3%(w/w) TC06 extract was stable at 4 °C and 25 °C with 75% RH throughout the storage period. It was found that the Carbopol Ultrez 21-based hydroalcoholic gel containing an aqueous extract of coconut kernels exhibited antioxidant activities in the two assays and showed a sufficient consistency, a pleasing color, and a non-oily perception during the period of observation.展开更多
The global burden of heavy metal environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging issues to be addressed urgently. Lead (Pb) has been well recognized as a toxic environmental pollutant. The main objective o...The global burden of heavy metal environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging issues to be addressed urgently. Lead (Pb) has been well recognized as a toxic environmental pollutant. The main objective of this study was to examine the adsorption efficiency of phosphoric activated coconut coir activated carbon for lead (II) removal from an aqueous solution. Synthesized activated carbon was characterized before and after the adsorption of Pb(II) by powder X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) of synthesized activated carbon was tested with different concentrations of Pb(II) solutions, pH levels, adsorbent dosages, and contact time. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the Pb(II) concentrations in water samples. The maximum Pb(II) removal percentage of 100% was obtained with 50 mL of 5 mg/L Pd(II) ion solution and 0.20 g of the synthesized activated carbon. Adsorption data were well fitted with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, and adsorption kinetics were fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.99. These results conclude that the synthesized activated carbon can be used as a potential sorbent for the removal of lead from wastewaters.展开更多
The flocculation of kaolinite colloidal particles was carried out at pH = 6 in suspension of initial turbidity varying between 24 NTU and 102 NTU by a casein extracted from Cocos nucifera cream. During Jar-test essays...The flocculation of kaolinite colloidal particles was carried out at pH = 6 in suspension of initial turbidity varying between 24 NTU and 102 NTU by a casein extracted from Cocos nucifera cream. During Jar-test essays, 90% to 99% of colloids were eliminated in the sediments. The optimal doses of casein used depend on the initial colloids concentrations of the suspension and were found to be 60 mg/L and 100 mg/L respectively for suspensions having turbidity of 24 NTU and 102 NTU. The corresponding residual turbidity are respectively 2.80 NTU and 10.22 NTU for clarified water. The structural analysis of the freeze-dried sediments by FTIR shows sharp adsorption bands at 1558 cm–1 and 1653 cm–1, indicating the presence of casein in the sediment. The flocculation process between the particles of kaolinite and the coconut casein is adsorption and bridging.展开更多
基金supported by the Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD/0225/2561)the Faculty of Engineering,Kamphaeng Saen Campus,Kasetsart University,Thailand。
文摘The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil(PKO)in virgin coconut oil(VCO)was quantified using near-infrared(NIR)hyperspectral imaging.Nowadays,some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs,which diminishes the quality of the VCO.This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900-1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants(0-100%)in VCO and to develop predictive mapping.The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method.The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method,and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991,the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%,and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37.The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO.The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0-100%.NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick,accurate,and non-destructive detection method.
文摘Indonesia is one of the largest coconut-producing countries in the world.The utilization of coconut shell waste into briquettes will increase the selling value and become a great export opportunity.However,the effect of adhesives on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes made using screw extruder machine has not been widely studied.This study aims to determine the effect of adhesive type on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes.The process of fabricating briquettes in this study included crushing,mixing,blending,pressing,and drying.In the mixing process,3 types of adhesives were used,namely tapioca flour(Briquette_1),cassava flour(Briquette_2),and modified cassava flour(Briquette_3)with a concentration of 5%of the weight of coconut shell charcoal powders.The quality of the resulting briquettes and commercial briquettes will be evaluated by moisture content,ash content,volatile matter,fixed carbon,calorific value,density,compressive,and drop test testing.The results of this research showed that the type of adhesive had a significant effect on the quality of the briquettes produced.Specimen Briquette_1 had better quality than commercial briquettes(Briquette_4)and other briquette specimens.The test results showed that Briquette_1 produced briquettes with better compressive strength and friability than the other specimens,at 6.95 N/mm^(2) and 4.44%,respectively.The moisture content,ash content,fixed carbon,and calorific value of Briquette_1 have met the requirements set by the Indonesian National Standard(SNI)number 01-6235-2000.Meanwhile,the volatile matter content and density of Briquette_1 are by the standards of Japan and the United States America(USA).
基金This study is supported by the Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil,Ministry of Education(Wuhan Polytechnic University)(No.DZLY2022008)Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products(Wuhan Polytechnic University)(No.NJZ2022008).
文摘Coconut oil contains a rich amount of medium-chain fatty acids,including lauric acid,decanoic acid,and octanoic acid,as well as the corresponding medium-chain triglycerides.It possesses functional attributes such as facile digestion and absorption,as well as antibacterial and antioxidant properties.The study utilized the Citespace and VOSviewer visual analysis software to examine the quantity of published papers,authors,publishing institutions,research hotspots and frontiers of 3442 effective literatures on the theme of"coconut oil"in the Web of Science(WoS)Core Collection database.The research on coconut oil can be condensed into four primary sections:(1)investigation and utilization of physiochemical characteristics of coconut oil,(2)analysis of nutritional composition and study of the effectiveness of coconut oil,(3)identification of adulteration in coconut oil,(4)evaluation of the impact of coconut oil as a dietary supplement on animal metabolism.Additionally,research focal points have evolved in three distinct phases.Prior to 2008,numerous studies were conducted to investigate the precise fatty acid makeup of coconut oil and its potential for lowering cholesterol levels.From 2009 to 2016,significant emphasis was placed on examining the impact of coconut oil on methane production in ruminants.Between 2018 to 2023,the main focus will be on investigating how nanoparticles can alter the properties of coconut oil.In the future,the anticipated research areas of interest are expected to focus on the rapid detection method of coconut oil,the efficacy of coconut oil and the advancement of coconut resources.The objective of this review is to provide researchers with relevant information about coconut oil,aiming to foster the continued growth of the coconut oil industry.
基金supported by“Hibah Penelitian Dasar Kompetitif Nasional”,Ministry of Education,Culture,Research and Technology,Indonesia,2021–2022(D).The use of the synchrotron XPES facility at SLRI(Public Organization),Thailand,and some experimental facilities at UNIMAP and UPM,Malaysia,would also be appreciated.
文摘An rGO−like carbon compound has been synthesized from biomass,i.e.,old coconut shell,by a carbonization process followed by heating at 400°C for 5 h.The nitrogen doping was achieved by adding the urea(CH4N2O)and stirring at 70°C for 14 h.The morphology and structure of the rGO-like carbon were investigated by electron microscopies and Raman spectroscopy.The presence of C-N functional groups was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and synchrotron X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,while the particle and the specific capacitance were measured by particle sizer and cyclic voltammetry.The highest specific capacitance of 72.78 F/g is achieved by the sample with 20%urea,having the smallest particles size and the largest surface area.The corresponding sample has shown to be constituted by the appropriate amount of C–N pyrrolic and pyridinic defects.
文摘In Côte d’Ivoire, coconut and palm cultivation are very developed. Industrial utilization of these crops fruits is generated some under products that can be used in breeding. The aim of this study was to test the potentialities in the breeding of cattle-cake of coconut and cattle-cake of palm kernel when they are incorporated in diets of piglet fattening. 18 piglets teamed up into three homogenous groups (three males castrate and three females) were used. The control group was fed a diet made with 55% of maize + 10% of bran maize + 25% fish powder + 4% of ash + 3% of salt. The test 1 group called diet ESSAI 1 was fed a mixture of 70% of the control diet and 30% of cattle-cake of coconut. The test 2 group called diet ESSAI 2 was fed with a mixture of 70% of the control diet and 30% of cattle-cake of palm kernel. The analysis made showed that the two cattle-cake are nutritiously rich and their incorporation in diets at degree of 30% of the total diet induced growth performance similar to that obtained with the control diet. Animals of each group were in good health and diets EASSAI 1 and ESSAI 2 were cheaper than the control diet. Then, cattle-cake of coconut and cattle-cake of palm kernel can be recommended as part of the diet of piglet (about 30%) in order to enhance profit with the same growth performance.
文摘This study aims to evaluate the erosion behavior and the hardness of hybrid composites made of varying amounts of coconut shells,walnut shells,and carbonfibers dispersed in a polyester matrix.MINITAB(L16)Taguchi experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of parameters.In particular,an erosion device con-sisting of a motor with a constantflow rate of 45 L/min,a pump with a diameter of 40 mm,a nozzle with a dia-meter of 5 mm,and a tank made of“perspex glass”55 cm long,30 cm tall,and 25 cm wide was used.The tests were conducted by varying the sample-to-nozzle distance,the pattern angle,and the sand particle size.The results have revealed that the presence of 7.5%by weight of waste coconut shell,for conditions corresponding to 90°angle,sand size 425μm,stand distance 30 cm,gives the best wear resistance(3.04×10^(-5) g/g).Thefiller content and sand particle size affect the erosive rate,with the angle playing a secondary role.The distance between the sample and the nozzle has a weaker effect on erosive wear.The hardness results show that the models(UP-5%carbonfiber-2.5-3.5-4.5-5.5-6.5-7.5 wt.%waste coconut shell)give the best values for prayer compared to the samples(UP-5 wt.%carbonfiber-2.5-3.5-4.5-5.5-6.5-7.5 wt.%waste walnut shell).
文摘Pressure on land tenure is having a negative impact on the coconut sector, reducing farmers’ incomes. Intercropping cultivars plantain under coconut based has been considered as a solution to this problem. The aim of this work is to diversify the sources of income for coconut growers. The plantain variety PITA 3, popularised by the CNRA, was grown in coconut inter-rows (PB113<sup>+</sup>), with two types of manure (chemical, organic). Six (06) treatments D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 were studied. In the tenth month after planting, treatment D3, which included banana plants fertilised with 9 kg of manure/plant, got the best agromorphological performance: height (264.08 cm), neck circumference (57.68 cm) and 12 leaves. In terms of production parameters, D3 banana plants had a shorter production cycle (347 days) and the highest diet mass (9.3 kg). However, the plants that received no fertiliser (D6) showed stunted growth and were unable to produce brunch. The fertilization of plantain with 10 t/ha of laying hen droppings permitted good development and production of plantains on tertiary sands.
文摘In this paper, the authors aim to propose the use of waste plastics as a binder in a coconut shell reinforcement for the development of an 8/6 size composite rafter to replace the natural 8/6 size backbone in construction. Following a study into the choice of the best proportions, a total of 30 size 8/6 composite rafters with different proportions of 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 50% plastic content were developed. All the 8/6 composite rafters were subjected to mechanical (3-point bending strength and Monnin hardness) and physical (bulk density and water absorption) characterization analyses. The results show that flexural strength increases from 27.56 MPa to 33.30 MPa for proportions ranging from 20% to 35% plastic content. Above 35% plastic, the strength drops to 19.60 MPa for a 50% plastic content. Similarly, the Monnin hardness drops from 9 mm to 5 mm when the plastic content varies from 20 to 50%. As for the results of the physical characterisation, the values obtained for apparent density vary from 0.89 to 1 for proportions varying from 20% to 35% plastic content and drop to 0.94 for 50% plastic content. As for water absorption, values drop from 6.82% to 2.45% when the plastic content increases from 20% to 50%. These mechanical strengths stabilise at 35% plastic content. The development of an 8/6 chevron composite material based on plastic and coconut shell could therefore be a way of recovering waste and solving the problem of deforestation.
基金thank SIDA(Swedish Interna-tional Development Agency)for funding project as well as for the support provided by the Lund University.
文摘The solubility and the emulsification properties of a crude freeze dried alkaline protein extract (APE), 30% protein, obtained from coconut milk press cake by one step extraction at pH 11, were characterized at pH 2 to 11, and the cream and subnatant fractions of the emulsion studied by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The protein solubility followed U profile, showing a minimum at pH 3 to 4, close to but not identical to reported iso-electric points of 4 - 5 for many coconut protein fractions. The extract showed good capacity to form oil-in-water emulsion outside the low solubility pH range. The bands that appeared to play a role in the emulsification were found at 32 and 42 kDa in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, but the most predominant absorbed band was at 23 kDa.
文摘Coconut,Cocos nucifera L.,is a tree that is cultivated for its multiple utilities,mainly for its nutritional and medicinal values.The various products of coconut include tender coconut water,copra,coconut oil,raw kernel,coconut cake,coconut toddy,coconut shell and wood based products,coconut leaves,coir pith etc.Its all parts are used in someway or another in the daily life of the people in the traditional coconut growing areas.It is the unique source of various natural products for the development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products.The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender coconut water have numerous medicinal properties such as antibacterial,antifungal,antiviral, antiparasitic,antidermatophytic,antioxidant,hypoglycemic,hepatoprotective,immunostimulant. Coconut water and coconut kernel contain microminerals and nutrients,which are essential to human health,and hence coconut is used as food by the peoples in the globe,mainly in the tropical countries.The coconut palm is,therefore,eulogised as ’Kalpavriksha’(the all giving tree) in Indian classics,and thus the current review describes the facts and phenomena related to its use in health and disease prevention.
文摘in this paper, the biomass productivity and nutrient cycling in an agroforestry system of coconut (Cocus nucifera ) interplanted with pineapple bananas comosus) had been studied. The result showed that the biomass productivity of this ecosystem was 47 460 kg.hm-2.a-1, which was 4.3 times as much as that of pure coconutplantation. In the biological cycling of N. P, K elements, the total annual retention was 559.470 kg.hm-2, the annualreturn was 410.745 kg.hm-2, the annual uptake was 970.475 kg.hm-2, respectively. The average circulation rate inthree nutrient elementS (N, P, K) was 42.32%, which was 27.53% more than that in pure coconut stands. Coconutinterplanted with pineapple was proved to be one of optimum cultUral patterns, which had the higher biomass productivity, and better usage efficiency of environment resources in tropical areas.
基金University of Kerala,Thiruvananthapuram,India for financial Support
文摘Objective:To investigate whether tender coconut water(TCW) mitigates oxidative stress in fructose fed hypertensive rats.Methods:Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with fructose rich diet and treated with TCW(4 mL/100 g of body weight) for 3 subsequent weeks.Systolic blootl pressure was measured every three days using the indirect tail cuff method.At the end of the experimental period,plasma glucose and insulin,serum triglycerides and free fatly acids, lipid peroxidation markers(MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were analyzed in all the groups.Results:Treatment with TCW significandy lowered the systolic blood pressure and reduced serum triglycerides and free fatty acids.Plasma glucose and insulin levels and lipid peroxidation markers such as MDA,hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes were significantly reduced in fructose fed rats treated with TCW.Activities of antioxidant enzymes are up regulated significantly in TCW treated rats.Hislopathological analysis of liver showed that TCW treatment reduced the lipid accumulation and inflammatory infiltration without any significant hepatocellular damage.Conclusions:The overall results suggest that, TCW treatment could prevent and reverse high blood pressure induced by high fructose diet probably by inhibition of lipid peroxidation,upregulation of antioxidant status and improved insulin sensitivity.
文摘A series of oxidants supported on coconut shell-based activated carbon(CAC) through microwave irradiation were prepared and characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), N_2 adsorption/desorption analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The SO_2 adsorption capacities and rates were evaluated by adsorption tests performed in a fixed bed reactor with a simulated flue gas, and the adsorption isotherm models were validated against the experimental results. The findings revealed that the SO_2 adsorption capacity decreased in the following order: MW-K_2Cr_2O_7-CAC > MWKMnO_4-CAC > MW-H_2O_2-CAC > MW-CAC. The SO_2 adsorption capacities and adsorption rates of the samples increased with an increasing oxidizability of the oxidants owing to the increment of mean pore size and oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, a high initial SO_2 concentration and a low bed temperature could positively affect the SO2 adsorption. Finally, the Langmuir model validated that SO_2 was mainly adsorbed through chemical adsorption on the sample surfaces.
基金the Thailand Research Fund,Com-mission on Higher Education(Thailand)Silpakorn University Research and Development Institute+1 种基金Faculty of Pharmacy,Sil-pakorn UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy,Siam University-for research funding
文摘The aim of this study was to develop the water compatible form of coconut oil through nanoemulsification. The effect of different types and amounts of surfactants on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions containing coconut oil was investigated. Coconut oil nanoemulsions containing varied amounts of surfactants including polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether(PGO), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate(POS), polyethylene glycol hydrogenated castor oil(PHC), sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) and poloxamer 407(PLX) were formulated and comparatively evaluated for their physical properties. The results showed that the coconut oil nanoemulsions using PGO, POS and PHC as surfactants exhibited low percent creaming index indicating excellent stability, while those containing SLS and PLX demonstrated the higher percent creaming index suggesting lesser physical stability. The droplet sizes of nanoemulsions consisting of 5%(w/w) PGO, POS and PHC were 22.843, 4.458 and 0.162 μm, respectively. Thus, coconut oil nanoemulsions with the smallest size could be obtained when PHC was applied. Furthermore, the droplet size of nanoemulsions decreased from 33 μm to less than 200 nm with an increase in the amount of PHC from 1% to 10%(w/w). Additionally, the properties of coconut oil based nanoemulsions containing PHC were not changed through temperature cycling test. From these results, it was suggested that the fabrication of stable coconut oil nanoemulsions with small particle size could be easily achieved by using 5%(w/w) PHC as a surfactant. The knowledge gained from the study might provide the basic guideline for the fabrication of stable nanoemulsions for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields in the future.
文摘Modified coconut oil (MCO) enriched with monolaurin (ML) was prepared by the glycerolysis of coconut oil (1)Glycerolysis converts dilaurin (DL) and trilaurin (TL) into ML, the lauric acid monoglyceride. ML has been found to have antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities (2)According to the antimicrobial activity, the glyceride composition of MCO was determined.
基金Anhui Science and Technology Hall Item(04023069)
文摘In tissue culture, effects of coconut milk, rare earth and medium on proliferation, rootage and isozymes of Dendrobium were studied. The result indicated that coconut milk and RE could promote proliferation and rootage, with their combined treatment the most effective. In proliferation culture, coconut milk enhanced peroxidase (POD) and esterase(EST) activity and types, RE decreased POD, but increased EST activity and types and combined treatment did not show the same influence on POD and EST too. In rootage culture, adding coconut milk decreased POD activity, but improved EST activity in 1/2MS medium and declined EST activity, expression type in WPM medium. when using RE, POD and EST activity both reduced, types of the former decreased, types of the latter changed slightly with the basic medium. And combined treatment would decreased POD activity and types.
文摘Low cost, high performance supercapacitor electrodes were fabricated using coconut waste as precursor. Simple one step pyrolysis is adopted to get the spherical shaped particle where lignocellulosic nature of carbon converts into porous carbon nanospheres. Three types of coconut wastes, namely, coconut fiber(CF), coconut leaves(CL) and coconut stick(CS) have been studied and compared for their application in supercapacitors. Uniform spherical shape with particle size ranging from 30 to 60 nm for leaves and sticks and ~20 nm for fibers was obtained. The electrochemical properties of the porous carbon nanospheres were studied using cyclic voltammetry(CV), chronopotentiometry(CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The porous carbon nanospheres derived from all the three biowaste samples show good electrochemical performance for supercapacitor application. Porous carbon nanospheres derived from coconut fiber exhibited maximum specific capacitance of 236 F/g followed by coconut stick and coconut leaves with 208 and 116 F/g respectively at a scan rate of 2 m V/s. Further impedance studies showed a charge transfer resistance of 4.9 for the porous carbon nanospheres derived from coconut fiber, while those from coconut leaves and coconut stick exhibited a slightly higher resistance of 6 and14.2, respectively. The simple eco-friendly approach we have demonstrated for synthesizing coconut waste based carbon nanospheres makes them excellent candidates for future, low-cost, energy storage devices.
基金the Faculty of Pharmacy,Silpakorn University,ThailandSilpakorn University Research and Development Institute and the Higher Education Re-search Promotion and National Research University Project of ThailandOffice of the Higher Education Commission(HERPgrant number 109201)
文摘The biological activity of coconut( Cocos nucifera L.) extracts from its kernels and various parts was reported by many previous studies, it is therefore believable that the extracts of its kernels might show some activities in topical formulations. Among several kernel extracts, the TC06 extract prepared by soaking the steamed coconut kernels in hot water showed the highest total phenolic content(6.98 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g extract) and the strongest antioxidant activity as determined using FRAP and DPPH methods with a reducing power value of 4.12 ± 0.16 mg AAE/g of extract and an SC 50 value of 2.38 ± 0.14 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, this extract did not display any cytotoxic effects in the concentration range of 50–3200 μg/ml. Meanwhile, it revealed cytoprotective effects against t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at concentrations higher than 400 μg/ml. The results of phytochemical investigations including a chemical color test, TLC, 1 H NMR and FTIR suggested that the TC06 extract was mainly composed of flavonoids and terpenoids. Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals including As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the TC06 extract were below permissible limits. According to the solubility, the TC06 extract was incorporated into gels using Carbopol Ultrez 21 as a gelling agent. The formulated gel containing 3%(w/w) TC06 extract was stable at 4 °C and 25 °C with 75% RH throughout the storage period. It was found that the Carbopol Ultrez 21-based hydroalcoholic gel containing an aqueous extract of coconut kernels exhibited antioxidant activities in the two assays and showed a sufficient consistency, a pleasing color, and a non-oily perception during the period of observation.
文摘The global burden of heavy metal environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging issues to be addressed urgently. Lead (Pb) has been well recognized as a toxic environmental pollutant. The main objective of this study was to examine the adsorption efficiency of phosphoric activated coconut coir activated carbon for lead (II) removal from an aqueous solution. Synthesized activated carbon was characterized before and after the adsorption of Pb(II) by powder X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray. Furthermore, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) of synthesized activated carbon was tested with different concentrations of Pb(II) solutions, pH levels, adsorbent dosages, and contact time. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the Pb(II) concentrations in water samples. The maximum Pb(II) removal percentage of 100% was obtained with 50 mL of 5 mg/L Pd(II) ion solution and 0.20 g of the synthesized activated carbon. Adsorption data were well fitted with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, and adsorption kinetics were fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.99. These results conclude that the synthesized activated carbon can be used as a potential sorbent for the removal of lead from wastewaters.
文摘The flocculation of kaolinite colloidal particles was carried out at pH = 6 in suspension of initial turbidity varying between 24 NTU and 102 NTU by a casein extracted from Cocos nucifera cream. During Jar-test essays, 90% to 99% of colloids were eliminated in the sediments. The optimal doses of casein used depend on the initial colloids concentrations of the suspension and were found to be 60 mg/L and 100 mg/L respectively for suspensions having turbidity of 24 NTU and 102 NTU. The corresponding residual turbidity are respectively 2.80 NTU and 10.22 NTU for clarified water. The structural analysis of the freeze-dried sediments by FTIR shows sharp adsorption bands at 1558 cm–1 and 1653 cm–1, indicating the presence of casein in the sediment. The flocculation process between the particles of kaolinite and the coconut casein is adsorption and bridging.
