At the end of the Ming Dynasty and at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,a new theory of learning was created-Muslim Confucian Study(Chinese Islamic Philosophy)-on the basis of Islamic philosophy and under the influenc...At the end of the Ming Dynasty and at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,a new theory of learning was created-Muslim Confucian Study(Chinese Islamic Philosophy)-on the basis of Islamic philosophy and under the influence of Confucianism.Wang Daiyu(1570-1660)and Liu Zhi(1660-1739)were two great Huiru(Muslim Confucian)scholars at that time.They published Zhengjiao zhenquan(The real commentary on the tire teaching),Tianfang xingli(Nature and principle in Islam)major books.Their approach is distinguished from that of other Muslim scholars in that they addressed the basic articles of Islamic thought with Confucian terminology and categories.The study deals with the Islamic worldview,and with the practices that make it possible for people to bring themselves into conformity with that worldview.However,the teaching of the Muslim Confucian was continuous with those of Mainstream Islam.In my research,I attempted to answer two questions:(a)How did Muslim Confucian Study Inherit the Mainstream Islamic Thought?(b)What is the value and contribution of the World Islamic philology and civilization?展开更多
As one of the carriers of Confucian culture,and from ancient times to the present,Lunyu or The Analects or The Analects of Confucius,has been well received by readers at home and abroad,and there are more and more Eng...As one of the carriers of Confucian culture,and from ancient times to the present,Lunyu or The Analects or The Analects of Confucius,has been well received by readers at home and abroad,and there are more and more English translations of Lunyu.This article will select some of the vocabulary translations with ancient Chinese characteristics in Lunyu as the object,employ the method of a comparative analysis to explore the cultural connotation behind the text and the dissemination of the translation,and discuss the translator’s translation strategies.Judging from the research on The Analects by scholars from home and abroad and the opening and development of overseas Confucius Institutes,Lunyu has exerted an enlightenment effect in different times.展开更多
The vitality of biodiversity,an essential pillar of a thriving biosphere,is currently at risk.This paper investigates the potential of ancient philosophies,specifically Confucianism and Daoism,as pathways to mitigate ...The vitality of biodiversity,an essential pillar of a thriving biosphere,is currently at risk.This paper investigates the potential of ancient philosophies,specifically Confucianism and Daoism,as pathways to mitigate this issue.We delve into the intricate connections between these philosophies and the natural world,and how they can inform our understanding of biodiversity threats in the context of cultural and technological evolution.Recognizing the inevitable progression of technology and its influence on human evolution and the biosphere,we turn to traditional philosophies to establish guiding principles for sustainable decision-making.We advocate for the principle:"Decisions must not result in the artificial reduction of biodiversity within the framework of evolutionary time."This principle is substantiated by reciprocal arguments that lay the foundation for the essential analyses to protect biodiversity.By adhering to this principle,we can ensure a sustainable biosphere conducive to ongoing human evolution.This study underscores the importance of integrating ancient wisdom with modern decision-making processes to address the pressing issue of biodiversity loss.展开更多
The reason why Chinese scholars cannot bridge between Confucianism and democracy as a century problem since 1920s is that liberal democracy has two fundamental defects:Human beings born with wisdom have known rights b...The reason why Chinese scholars cannot bridge between Confucianism and democracy as a century problem since 1920s is that liberal democracy has two fundamental defects:Human beings born with wisdom have known rights before entering societies,which is contrary to Confucianism;separation between politics and religions has led to religious ceremony of confession far away from politics.Mistake-tolerant democracy whose right theory is the right to trial and error as an original right and mutual empowerment theory can overcome above defects.Liberty is divided into the right to trial and error as an original right in innovative fields which can be transferred by contract and unalienable liberties in non-innovative ones.The spirit and behavior of self-criticism to people like confession is a virtue which meets Confucian moral requirements of becoming a Saint and politician’s obligation required in mistake-tolerant democracy,which can solve the century problem at utmost.展开更多
The paper firstly describes the present woeful actuality that more and more college graduates who can speak English fluently are lack of some good characters of traditional Chinese virtue.This is mainly due to too muc...The paper firstly describes the present woeful actuality that more and more college graduates who can speak English fluently are lack of some good characters of traditional Chinese virtue.This is mainly due to too much highlighting the skills of language and western customs but ignoring or rejecting the essence of Confucian culture in the college English teaching.Then the author continues to state that it's our college English teaching that influences the students' value most,basing the argument on analyzing the goals of college English teaching,the content of English teaching materials and the proportion of the English classes in the period of four years of university.In the last part,the paper gives some advice in inheriting Confucian culture in college English teaching procedures.展开更多
In this article,the author intends to make a summary and brief criticism with respect to the appraisals of modern scientific and technological civilization and demonstrations of resurrecting Confucian culture performe...In this article,the author intends to make a summary and brief criticism with respect to the appraisals of modern scientific and technological civilization and demonstrations of resurrecting Confucian culture performed by the representatives of modern Neo-Confucianism.展开更多
The“anti-Confucianism”constituted the main feature of the cultural policy of the Taiping Rebellion.However,the anti-Confucianism movement of the Taiping Rebellion was mainly in form rather than in content,and mainly...The“anti-Confucianism”constituted the main feature of the cultural policy of the Taiping Rebellion.However,the anti-Confucianism movement of the Taiping Rebellion was mainly in form rather than in content,and mainly in action rather than in thought,which manifested itself in a policy of banning and destroying the physical forms of Confucian memorial tablets,Confucian temples,and Confucian classics.The core elements of Confucianism were all inherited and retained by Hong Xiuquan,who was committed to subverting Confucius’position as the cultural authority of Chinese society,so Confucianism,together with Christian thought and folk religious thought,constituted the main source of the ideology of the Taiping Rebellion.It was the influence of Confucianism and folk religious thought on Hong Xiuquan that gave the idea of worshipping God a localized character and made a new type of religion that combined Chinese and Western elements.The“anti-Confucianism”was mostly based on an irrational political movement,and the Taiping Rebellion never criticized the doctrine of Confucius and Mencius from a theoretical point of view.Thus the political submission of civil society to the Taiping Rebellion hardly rose to the level of political identification.Cultural antipathy,to some extent,led to the eventual defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.展开更多
The Confucianism has played a prominent role for thousands of years in boosting the tenacity of the Chinese nation towards innovation and development as well as in promoting and inheriting the traditional Chinese cult...The Confucianism has played a prominent role for thousands of years in boosting the tenacity of the Chinese nation towards innovation and development as well as in promoting and inheriting the traditional Chinese culture. Based on the five constant virtues of Confucianism,this paper analyzes the relationship between "benevolence,righteousness,etiquette,wisdom and credit"and creditability that We Media should construct,and elaborates the construction of value dimension system of We Media's creditability on talents, environments,orientations and innovations from four aspects. Namely,the cognitive and spiritual orientations that reinforce the five constant virtues,the propaganda cultivation that fuses them and the endogenous impetus stimulated by using them as reference.This paper is designed to tell all of the media and media practitioners to constantly remain vigilant of the social responsibilities they are taking and the social value they should create.T hey should take an initiative to guide their serving objects to foster a proper consensus outlook and value and meeting the mass audience's demands and desires on information.展开更多
Confucius'doctrines had great influence on Chinese history.Han Wudi rejected other schools of thoughts but held Confucianism in esteem and so its leading position in Chinese history was established.Its influence w...Confucius'doctrines had great influence on Chinese history.Han Wudi rejected other schools of thoughts but held Confucianism in esteem and so its leading position in Chinese history was established.Its influence was so extensive in China that the Analects of Confucius is indispensable even now,either for studies on Confucius himself or for studies in Chinese history.For thousands of years,Confucianism has exerted a far-reaching influence on Chinese society,culture and on the Chinese psychology.Its influence has extended abroad and Confucianism has held a leading position in the world.展开更多
As an important part of cultural and ideological progress construction,the improvement of Chinese modern legal system has become a keynote in the process of constructing the harmonious society in China.In the course o...As an important part of cultural and ideological progress construction,the improvement of Chinese modern legal system has become a keynote in the process of constructing the harmonious society in China.In the course of the development of Chinese legal system,transplanting from western legal culture is becoming a trend.Therefore,it is necessary to study the difference between Chinese and western legal culture and its influencing elements so as to provide a cultural basis for this transplant.As for cultural factor,Confucianism is the dominated thoughts in traditional Chinese history and Christianity occupies the same place in western culture,accordingly,their influence on the difference between Chinese and western legal culture is great.This paper discusses the difference of the obligation orientation and right-based principle between Chinese and western legal culture influenced by Confucianism and Christianity aiming at provide some important inspirations for the transplant of western legal culture in improving Chinese modern legal system.展开更多
Soil animal communities of Secondary forest, Platycladus forest and Onerous acutissima forest inConfucian graveyard of Qufu were investigated. 3583 specimens were collected, belonging separately to 5 Phylums, 11 Class...Soil animal communities of Secondary forest, Platycladus forest and Onerous acutissima forest inConfucian graveyard of Qufu were investigated. 3583 specimens were collected, belonging separately to 5 Phylums, 11 Classes and 23 Orders. TWo dominant groups and 9 common groups account for 94,45% of me totalnumbers. The soil animals in these three forest habitats differ in composition, ecological distribution and importantindices. The dominant groups of soil animals in the three forests were the same, but other groups differ moregreatly, Diversity index (H) and evenness index (E) of soil animal in Secondary forest are the highest, and yetdominance indexs (C) in Onerous acutissima foerst is the highest. Most soil animals in each forest habitats congregate to the surface soil layer. Their sorts and individual numbers are all layer I > 11 >ill. It is very similar for composition of soil animals in the three forests,展开更多
The Chinese Recorder, a journal produced by the Protestant missionary community in China, enjoyed a run of seventytwo years in which Confucianism was regarded as a religion by many missionary scholars. But is Confucia...The Chinese Recorder, a journal produced by the Protestant missionary community in China, enjoyed a run of seventytwo years in which Confucianism was regarded as a religion by many missionary scholars. But is Confucianism a religion or a philosophy? There are different ideas in present literatus. This study attempts to prove that Confucianism is not a religion by distinguishing the definitions of religion and Confucianism and comparing them, and further points out that Confucianism is a philosophy.展开更多
This paper is a historical survey of western construction of the images of Con-fucianism ranging from the sixteenth century to nineteenth century. The historical process ofWestern version of Confucianism originally wa...This paper is a historical survey of western construction of the images of Con-fucianism ranging from the sixteenth century to nineteenth century. The historical process ofWestern version of Confucianism originally was traced back to European missionaries, whoplayed crucial role in collecting Confucian primary sources and praising the ethical and socialvalues of Confucianism. Inspired by the primary sources of Confucianism, Enlightenmentscholars represented the image of Confucianism as romanticized ideal of natural theory andpractical morality for European culture. However, western＇ s imagination of Confucianism inthe nineteenth century shifted from a cultural and political ideal to childish and static traditioninferior to European culture, as emphasized in Hegel and Herder＇ s works. All these Westernimages of Confucianism illustrate the historical expressions of European self - presentation,self- confirmation and self- criticism.展开更多
It is a common belief that specific nations possess specific cultural traits that are resistant to change. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Confucianism on the organizational management in Haidila...It is a common belief that specific nations possess specific cultural traits that are resistant to change. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Confucianism on the organizational management in Haidilao International Holding Ltd.(Haidilao), based on the Five Cardinal Human Relationships (Wulun). The paper also further explains the application of Wulun to daily staff management in Haidilao. It is expected to provide some unique philosophical perspectives to forge a richer understanding field of contemporary business management.展开更多
Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East ...Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East Mountain and West Mountain, this paper reveals the "moderate", "etiquette" and "benevolence" as moral contents in the building's layout, form, space, decoration and so on. The moralizing reflects a subtle way of guidance, as well as diversified and systematic characteristics. Vernacular houses deeply mingled with daily life, had unique influence as physical environment, thus realizing the implementation and manifestation of Confucian moralizing ideas that have been converted to folk customs. In sum, the Confucian moralizing function carried by vernacular houses is the product of institutions and rules, and it is also the manifestation of conscious inheritance of cultural identity.展开更多
Confucianism is one of the important components of Chinese traditional culture, which was considered as an orthodox thought for thousands of years. In this analysis, the impact of Confucianism on family norms,specific...Confucianism is one of the important components of Chinese traditional culture, which was considered as an orthodox thought for thousands of years. In this analysis, the impact of Confucianism on family norms,specifically, on labour division, decision making, reproductive behaviours and patterns of support for the elderly within the family sphere are elaborated based on the information from field investigations. It is anticipated that with the far-reaching family planning programme and modernization drive, the traditional ideas will undergo a fundamental change.展开更多
This article takes the“A Medical Handbook”as an example to try to reveal how Western missionaries and Chinese translators jointly translated Western medical knowledge when it was introduced into the East during the ...This article takes the“A Medical Handbook”as an example to try to reveal how Western missionaries and Chinese translators jointly translated Western medical knowledge when it was introduced into the East during the 19th century.In this process,the fusion of Chinese and Western medical knowledge led to the Chinese version of A Medical Handbook.Not only did Western missionaries unilaterally promote their medical knowledge,but Chinese local elites also played an indispensable role in the dissemination of Western medical knowledge.In the early days of Western knowledge spreading into China,Western medical knowledge was incorporated into the knowledge pedigree of traditional Chinese medicine to a certain extent,which enabled the Chinese public to accept the use of Western medicine.The collision between Chinese and Western cultures at the level of medical knowledge affected the integration of Western medical knowledge systems into the local Chinese medical knowledge system.展开更多
文摘At the end of the Ming Dynasty and at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,a new theory of learning was created-Muslim Confucian Study(Chinese Islamic Philosophy)-on the basis of Islamic philosophy and under the influence of Confucianism.Wang Daiyu(1570-1660)and Liu Zhi(1660-1739)were two great Huiru(Muslim Confucian)scholars at that time.They published Zhengjiao zhenquan(The real commentary on the tire teaching),Tianfang xingli(Nature and principle in Islam)major books.Their approach is distinguished from that of other Muslim scholars in that they addressed the basic articles of Islamic thought with Confucian terminology and categories.The study deals with the Islamic worldview,and with the practices that make it possible for people to bring themselves into conformity with that worldview.However,the teaching of the Muslim Confucian was continuous with those of Mainstream Islam.In my research,I attempted to answer two questions:(a)How did Muslim Confucian Study Inherit the Mainstream Islamic Thought?(b)What is the value and contribution of the World Islamic philology and civilization?
基金The article is part of the achievements of“A Study of the English Translation of‘The Analects of Confucius’and the Dissemination of Confucian Culture(《论语》的英译与儒家文化对外传播研究),a USST project in 2022.”Its serial number is XJ2022231.
文摘As one of the carriers of Confucian culture,and from ancient times to the present,Lunyu or The Analects or The Analects of Confucius,has been well received by readers at home and abroad,and there are more and more English translations of Lunyu.This article will select some of the vocabulary translations with ancient Chinese characteristics in Lunyu as the object,employ the method of a comparative analysis to explore the cultural connotation behind the text and the dissemination of the translation,and discuss the translator’s translation strategies.Judging from the research on The Analects by scholars from home and abroad and the opening and development of overseas Confucius Institutes,Lunyu has exerted an enlightenment effect in different times.
文摘The vitality of biodiversity,an essential pillar of a thriving biosphere,is currently at risk.This paper investigates the potential of ancient philosophies,specifically Confucianism and Daoism,as pathways to mitigate this issue.We delve into the intricate connections between these philosophies and the natural world,and how they can inform our understanding of biodiversity threats in the context of cultural and technological evolution.Recognizing the inevitable progression of technology and its influence on human evolution and the biosphere,we turn to traditional philosophies to establish guiding principles for sustainable decision-making.We advocate for the principle:"Decisions must not result in the artificial reduction of biodiversity within the framework of evolutionary time."This principle is substantiated by reciprocal arguments that lay the foundation for the essential analyses to protect biodiversity.By adhering to this principle,we can ensure a sustainable biosphere conducive to ongoing human evolution.This study underscores the importance of integrating ancient wisdom with modern decision-making processes to address the pressing issue of biodiversity loss.
文摘The reason why Chinese scholars cannot bridge between Confucianism and democracy as a century problem since 1920s is that liberal democracy has two fundamental defects:Human beings born with wisdom have known rights before entering societies,which is contrary to Confucianism;separation between politics and religions has led to religious ceremony of confession far away from politics.Mistake-tolerant democracy whose right theory is the right to trial and error as an original right and mutual empowerment theory can overcome above defects.Liberty is divided into the right to trial and error as an original right in innovative fields which can be transferred by contract and unalienable liberties in non-innovative ones.The spirit and behavior of self-criticism to people like confession is a virtue which meets Confucian moral requirements of becoming a Saint and politician’s obligation required in mistake-tolerant democracy,which can solve the century problem at utmost.
文摘The paper firstly describes the present woeful actuality that more and more college graduates who can speak English fluently are lack of some good characters of traditional Chinese virtue.This is mainly due to too much highlighting the skills of language and western customs but ignoring or rejecting the essence of Confucian culture in the college English teaching.Then the author continues to state that it's our college English teaching that influences the students' value most,basing the argument on analyzing the goals of college English teaching,the content of English teaching materials and the proportion of the English classes in the period of four years of university.In the last part,the paper gives some advice in inheriting Confucian culture in college English teaching procedures.
文摘In this article,the author intends to make a summary and brief criticism with respect to the appraisals of modern scientific and technological civilization and demonstrations of resurrecting Confucian culture performed by the representatives of modern Neo-Confucianism.
基金The National Social Science Foundation Youth Project of China(No.20CZS038).
文摘The“anti-Confucianism”constituted the main feature of the cultural policy of the Taiping Rebellion.However,the anti-Confucianism movement of the Taiping Rebellion was mainly in form rather than in content,and mainly in action rather than in thought,which manifested itself in a policy of banning and destroying the physical forms of Confucian memorial tablets,Confucian temples,and Confucian classics.The core elements of Confucianism were all inherited and retained by Hong Xiuquan,who was committed to subverting Confucius’position as the cultural authority of Chinese society,so Confucianism,together with Christian thought and folk religious thought,constituted the main source of the ideology of the Taiping Rebellion.It was the influence of Confucianism and folk religious thought on Hong Xiuquan that gave the idea of worshipping God a localized character and made a new type of religion that combined Chinese and Western elements.The“anti-Confucianism”was mostly based on an irrational political movement,and the Taiping Rebellion never criticized the doctrine of Confucius and Mencius from a theoretical point of view.Thus the political submission of civil society to the Taiping Rebellion hardly rose to the level of political identification.Cultural antipathy,to some extent,led to the eventual defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
基金the rusult of the project of the Five Constant Virtues of Confucianism and Value Dimension Construction of Mainstream’s Credibility(Sk2014A440)
文摘The Confucianism has played a prominent role for thousands of years in boosting the tenacity of the Chinese nation towards innovation and development as well as in promoting and inheriting the traditional Chinese culture. Based on the five constant virtues of Confucianism,this paper analyzes the relationship between "benevolence,righteousness,etiquette,wisdom and credit"and creditability that We Media should construct,and elaborates the construction of value dimension system of We Media's creditability on talents, environments,orientations and innovations from four aspects. Namely,the cognitive and spiritual orientations that reinforce the five constant virtues,the propaganda cultivation that fuses them and the endogenous impetus stimulated by using them as reference.This paper is designed to tell all of the media and media practitioners to constantly remain vigilant of the social responsibilities they are taking and the social value they should create.T hey should take an initiative to guide their serving objects to foster a proper consensus outlook and value and meeting the mass audience's demands and desires on information.
文摘Confucius'doctrines had great influence on Chinese history.Han Wudi rejected other schools of thoughts but held Confucianism in esteem and so its leading position in Chinese history was established.Its influence was so extensive in China that the Analects of Confucius is indispensable even now,either for studies on Confucius himself or for studies in Chinese history.For thousands of years,Confucianism has exerted a far-reaching influence on Chinese society,culture and on the Chinese psychology.Its influence has extended abroad and Confucianism has held a leading position in the world.
文摘As an important part of cultural and ideological progress construction,the improvement of Chinese modern legal system has become a keynote in the process of constructing the harmonious society in China.In the course of the development of Chinese legal system,transplanting from western legal culture is becoming a trend.Therefore,it is necessary to study the difference between Chinese and western legal culture and its influencing elements so as to provide a cultural basis for this transplant.As for cultural factor,Confucianism is the dominated thoughts in traditional Chinese history and Christianity occupies the same place in western culture,accordingly,their influence on the difference between Chinese and western legal culture is great.This paper discusses the difference of the obligation orientation and right-based principle between Chinese and western legal culture influenced by Confucianism and Christianity aiming at provide some important inspirations for the transplant of western legal culture in improving Chinese modern legal system.
文摘Soil animal communities of Secondary forest, Platycladus forest and Onerous acutissima forest inConfucian graveyard of Qufu were investigated. 3583 specimens were collected, belonging separately to 5 Phylums, 11 Classes and 23 Orders. TWo dominant groups and 9 common groups account for 94,45% of me totalnumbers. The soil animals in these three forest habitats differ in composition, ecological distribution and importantindices. The dominant groups of soil animals in the three forests were the same, but other groups differ moregreatly, Diversity index (H) and evenness index (E) of soil animal in Secondary forest are the highest, and yetdominance indexs (C) in Onerous acutissima foerst is the highest. Most soil animals in each forest habitats congregate to the surface soil layer. Their sorts and individual numbers are all layer I > 11 >ill. It is very similar for composition of soil animals in the three forests,
文摘The Chinese Recorder, a journal produced by the Protestant missionary community in China, enjoyed a run of seventytwo years in which Confucianism was regarded as a religion by many missionary scholars. But is Confucianism a religion or a philosophy? There are different ideas in present literatus. This study attempts to prove that Confucianism is not a religion by distinguishing the definitions of religion and Confucianism and comparing them, and further points out that Confucianism is a philosophy.
文摘This paper is a historical survey of western construction of the images of Con-fucianism ranging from the sixteenth century to nineteenth century. The historical process ofWestern version of Confucianism originally was traced back to European missionaries, whoplayed crucial role in collecting Confucian primary sources and praising the ethical and socialvalues of Confucianism. Inspired by the primary sources of Confucianism, Enlightenmentscholars represented the image of Confucianism as romanticized ideal of natural theory andpractical morality for European culture. However, western＇ s imagination of Confucianism inthe nineteenth century shifted from a cultural and political ideal to childish and static traditioninferior to European culture, as emphasized in Hegel and Herder＇ s works. All these Westernimages of Confucianism illustrate the historical expressions of European self - presentation,self- confirmation and self- criticism.
文摘It is a common belief that specific nations possess specific cultural traits that are resistant to change. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Confucianism on the organizational management in Haidilao International Holding Ltd.(Haidilao), based on the Five Cardinal Human Relationships (Wulun). The paper also further explains the application of Wulun to daily staff management in Haidilao. It is expected to provide some unique philosophical perspectives to forge a richer understanding field of contemporary business management.
基金Sponsored by the Philosophical and Social Science Research Project in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province(2010SJB760012)
文摘Confucian ethics, idea and behavior criterion were embodied in "everything" of life, especially in the building as an important tool for moralizing. Taking a case study on vernacular houses of Dongting East Mountain and West Mountain, this paper reveals the "moderate", "etiquette" and "benevolence" as moral contents in the building's layout, form, space, decoration and so on. The moralizing reflects a subtle way of guidance, as well as diversified and systematic characteristics. Vernacular houses deeply mingled with daily life, had unique influence as physical environment, thus realizing the implementation and manifestation of Confucian moralizing ideas that have been converted to folk customs. In sum, the Confucian moralizing function carried by vernacular houses is the product of institutions and rules, and it is also the manifestation of conscious inheritance of cultural identity.
文摘Confucianism is one of the important components of Chinese traditional culture, which was considered as an orthodox thought for thousands of years. In this analysis, the impact of Confucianism on family norms,specifically, on labour division, decision making, reproductive behaviours and patterns of support for the elderly within the family sphere are elaborated based on the information from field investigations. It is anticipated that with the far-reaching family planning programme and modernization drive, the traditional ideas will undergo a fundamental change.
基金financed by a grant from the National Social Science Fund of China(No.18ZDA175)。
文摘This article takes the“A Medical Handbook”as an example to try to reveal how Western missionaries and Chinese translators jointly translated Western medical knowledge when it was introduced into the East during the 19th century.In this process,the fusion of Chinese and Western medical knowledge led to the Chinese version of A Medical Handbook.Not only did Western missionaries unilaterally promote their medical knowledge,but Chinese local elites also played an indispensable role in the dissemination of Western medical knowledge.In the early days of Western knowledge spreading into China,Western medical knowledge was incorporated into the knowledge pedigree of traditional Chinese medicine to a certain extent,which enabled the Chinese public to accept the use of Western medicine.The collision between Chinese and Western cultures at the level of medical knowledge affected the integration of Western medical knowledge systems into the local Chinese medical knowledge system.
