The analysis of company data useful for economic decisions,if not interpreted in an overall view of the company situation,can lead to wrong conclusions.This is the case when a company has to choose between several sal...The analysis of company data useful for economic decisions,if not interpreted in an overall view of the company situation,can lead to wrong conclusions.This is the case when a company has to choose between several sales options for one or more products in the presence of a limiting factor.The continuation of the investigation often denies the initial analysis.Not everything is as it appears,therefore,at the beginning of the deepening of the data useful for economic decisions.As it is well known,the choices of profitability concerning the planning of the sale of company products take place,at least in the majority of cases,through the determination of the contribution margin,i.e.the profitability margin connected to the individual goods/services sold by the companies(selling price net of variable costs).The contribution margin can be determined with four objectives:(1)Determination of the yield of the single product,net of variable costs only.In this case,the margin defines unitary,from net product yield to unitary contribution margin.(2)Determination of the return on total sales of an individual product,net of variable costs.In this hypothesis,reference is made to the first level(or gross)contribution margin.(3)Determination of the ability of the individual product to contribute to the coverage of fixed costs common to the company.This margin is determined net of special product variable and fixed costs.This aggregate is defined as a Level II(or semi-gross)margin.(4)Determination of the useful value in the planning choices in case of presence of scarce productive factors.In this case,it must identify the so-called unitary margin for low factor.Here we will only deal with the problem of the use of the contribution margin in the presence of rare factors.To complete the analysis,below are some very brief considerations regarding,respectively,the unitary,level I,and level II contribution margin in order to better understand where the problem of the most convenient choice of income is located in the event of the presence of rare production factors,especially in an environment characterized by a plurality of sales options.展开更多
Objective: Study the contribution of the DIVA 3D dissection table in the teaching of anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontology of Bamako. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out from Nov...Objective: Study the contribution of the DIVA 3D dissection table in the teaching of anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontology of Bamako. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out from November 1 to December 30, 2023 at the clinical and morphological anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako. Included in this study were students who participated in practical and tutorial sessions. The variables studied during this study were: the previous performance of dissection on a cadaver by the students, the opinion of the students on dissection on a cadaver, the replacement of dissection on a cadaver by virtual dissection in the absence of a body, the level student satisfaction. Results: We surveyed 130 participants. The average age was 22 ± 0.2 years with extremes of 17 and 29 years. 95.3% of participants were students. According to 66.7% of participants, virtual dissection is a good palliative in the absence of a corpse. 95.3% of participants found using the virtual dissection table easy with an average of 7.88 ± 1.4. The overall assessment was well rated by 99.3% of participants. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the virtual dissection table should be improved by integrating commented videos. The use of the DIVA 3D virtual dissection table during practical and tutorial sessions is well appreciated by the students. We believe that the teaching of anatomy using 3D digital technology should be included in the study programs of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology.展开更多
This study analysed the socio-economic contributions of N-Power programme amongst the beneficiaries of the scheme in Benue State.Prior to the introduction of N-Power programme,successive administrations in Nigeria hav...This study analysed the socio-economic contributions of N-Power programme amongst the beneficiaries of the scheme in Benue State.Prior to the introduction of N-Power programme,successive administrations in Nigeria have made concerted efforts towards improving the standard of living of the citizenry through the execution of various welfare or social intervention programmes,but not much successes were recorded.Learning from the mistakes of the past regimes,and by way of deliberate state policy,the Buhari’s government initiated a multi-pronged social investment policy,one of which is the N-power programme that came onboard in 2016,which also doubles as the subject of this study.To achieve the goal of this study,a combination of desktop research and survey design was employed.Questionnaires were administered to 390 respondents through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques.The results of the survey were matched with that of the secondary data obtained through online websites and other related sources.The result indicated that N-Power made positive contributions to the socio-economic life of the beneficiaries in Benue State:specifically,the scheme contributed in poverty eradication,employment generation,skills acquisitions and capacity building.However,some aspect of our findings revealed that the programme has a number of challenges such as:inadequate cash support,delay in monthly cash transfer to beneficiaries,distance participants had to move to their work stations,absence of posting in N-Teach scheme,and lack of adequate working tools amongst others.To salvage this problem the paper recommended the following solutions:expansion of the scheme to cover N-Teach and other aspects,increment in the monthly cash transfer to cushion the high rate of inflation,support for the participants/beneficiaries in transportation and logistics,enrolment of more youth into the various schemes,proper monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the schemes amongst others.展开更多
The contribution rate of equipment system-of-systems architecture(ESoSA)is an important index to evaluate the equipment update,development,and architecture optimization.Since the traditional ESoSA contribution rate ev...The contribution rate of equipment system-of-systems architecture(ESoSA)is an important index to evaluate the equipment update,development,and architecture optimization.Since the traditional ESoSA contribution rate evaluation method does not make full use of the fuzzy information and uncertain information in the equipment system-of-systems(ESoS),and the Bayesian network is an effective tool to solve the uncertain information,a new ESoSA contribution rate evaluation method based on the fuzzy Bayesian network(FBN)is proposed.Firstly,based on the operation loop theory,an ESoSA is constructed considering three aspects:reconnaissance equipment,decision equipment,and strike equipment.Next,the fuzzy set theory is introduced to construct the FBN of ESoSA to deal with fuzzy information and uncertain information.Furthermore,the fuzzy importance index of the root node of the FBN is used to calculate the contribution rate of the ESoSA,and the ESoSA contribution rate evaluation model based on the root node fuzzy importance is established.Finally,the feasibility and rationality of this method are validated via an empirical case study of aviation ESoSA.Compared with traditional methods,the evaluation method based on FBN takes various failure states of equipment into consideration,is free of acquiring accurate probability of traditional equipment failure,and models the uncertainty of the relationship between equipment.The proposed method not only supplements and improves the ESoSA contribution rate assessment method,but also broadens the application scope of the Bayesian network.展开更多
Complex topography,special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China(ESWC).However,the contributions,influencing fa...Complex topography,special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China(ESWC).However,the contributions,influencing factors and mechanisms of remote and local evaporation remain to be further investigated.Using clustering analysis and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 5 model,we analyze the contributions of remote moisture transport and local evaporation to summer precipitation in the ESWC and their causes.There are mainly five remote moisture channels in the ESWC,namely the Arabian Sea channel,Bay of Bengal channel,western Pacific channel,Northwest channel 1 and Northwest channel 2.Among the five channels,the western Pacific channel has the largest number of trajectories,while the Bay of Bengal channel has the largest contribution rate of specific humidity(33.33%)and moisture flux(33.14%).The amount of regional average precipitation is close to that of the precipitation caused by remote moisture transport,and both are considerably greater than the rainfall amount caused by local evaporation.However,on interannual time scales,precipitation recirculation rates are negatively correlated to regional average precipitation and precipitation caused by remote moisture transport but are consistent with that caused by local evaporation.An apparent"+-+"wave train can be found on the height anomaly field in East Asia,and the sea surface temperature anomalies are positive in the equatorial Middle-East Pacific,the South China Sea,the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.These phenomena cause southwest-northeast moisture transport with strong updrafts,thereby resulting in more precipitation in the ESWC.展开更多
Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly...Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.展开更多
In this study, a point source mathematical model is proposed to describe the diffusion of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) from either damaged red blood cell (RBC) or activated platelet. The convective diffusion equation ...In this study, a point source mathematical model is proposed to describe the diffusion of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) from either damaged red blood cell (RBC) or activated platelet. The convective diffusion equation is reduced to describe the suggested problem. The final differential equation is solved using Laplace transforms and ADP concentration profiles around the source are obtained. Thrombi of 5 to 20 μm<sup>3</sup> containing platelets and a range of red blood cells (RBCs) (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) concentrations are used to apply the model. Reported ADP concentrations in the literature are used and its dynamic release from the point source is calculated. Results suggest that RBC chemical contribution to platelet aggregation in the bulk is much less than that of platelet (almost) negligible. However, the physical effect of RBCs is dominant in the bulk through augmentation of released ADP and platelets diffusivities. Moreover, the chemical contribution reported in previous studies is suggested to be as a result of interaction of RBC with the surface under the influence of shear stresses in the boundary region.展开更多
The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indic...The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.展开更多
Purpose:To uncover the evaluation information on the academic contribution of research papers cited by peers based on the content cited by citing papers,and to provide an evidencebased tool for evaluating the academic...Purpose:To uncover the evaluation information on the academic contribution of research papers cited by peers based on the content cited by citing papers,and to provide an evidencebased tool for evaluating the academic value of cited papers.Design/methodology/approach:CiteOpinion uses a deep learning model to automatically extract citing sentences from representative citing papers;it starts with an analysis on the citing sentences,then it identifies major academic contribution points of the cited paper,positive/negative evaluations from citing authors and the changes in the subjects of subsequent citing authors by means of Recognizing Categories of Moves(problems,methods,conclusions,etc.),and sentiment analysis and topic clustering.Findings:Citing sentences in a citing paper contain substantial evidences useful for academic evaluation.They can also be used to objectively and authentically reveal the nature and degree of contribution of the cited paper reflected by citation,beyond simple citation statistics.Practical implications:The evidence-based evaluation tool CiteOpinion can provide an objective and in-depth academic value evaluation basis for the representative papers of scientific researchers,research teams,and institutions.Originality/value:No other similar practical tool is found in papers retrieved.Research limitations:There are difficulties in acquiring full text of citing papers.There is a need to refine the calculation based on the sentiment scores of citing sentences.Currently,the tool is only used for academic contribution evaluation,while its value in policy studies,technical application,and promotion of science is not yet tested.展开更多
Based on the high-resolution Eulerian fields of an ocean general circulation model simulation, the heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) to the Indian Ocean is estimated by Lagrangian tracing method.The...Based on the high-resolution Eulerian fields of an ocean general circulation model simulation, the heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) to the Indian Ocean is estimated by Lagrangian tracing method.The heat transport of each particle of ITF waters is calculated by tracing temperature change along the trajectory until the particle exits the Indian Ocean. The simulation reveals that the ITF waters flow westward and branch near Madagascar, further showing the ITF waters are redistributed in both northern and southern Indian Ocean.Heat budget analysis indicates that the ITF waters gain 0.41 PW(Petawatts, 1015 W) in the northern Indian Ocean and lose 0.56 PW in the southern Indian Ocean, respectively. As a result, the ITF waters warm the whole Indian Ocean basin with only 0.15 PW, which shows an "insignificant" role of ITF on the Indian Ocean because of the heat exchange compensation between northern and southern Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the tracing pathways show that the ITF waters mainly flow out the Indian Ocean at both sides of the basin via Agulhas Current and Leeuwin Current. About 89% of the ITF waters leave along western boundary and the rest 11% along eastern boundary. Compared to seeding section, 0.10 PW and 0.05 PW are released to the Indian Ocean, respectively.展开更多
Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimizatio...Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimization of equipment architecture design,the adequate resources allocation,and the joint combat performance.From the system view,this paper proposes a method of weapons equipment portfolios selection(WEPS)based on the contribution rate of weapon systems,providing a new idea for weapon equipment portfolio selection.Firstly,we analyze the WEPS problem and the concept of the contribution rate under the systems background.Secondly,we propose a combat network modeling method for weapon equipment systems based on the function chain.Thirdly,we propose a WEPS method based on the contribution rate,fully considering the correlation relationships between potential weapons and the old weapon systems by the combat network model,under the limitation of capability demands and budget resources,with the objective to maximally increasing the combat ability of weapon systems.Finally,we make a case study with a specific WEPS problem where the whole calculation processes and results are analyzed and exhibited to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method model.展开更多
In recent years,several studies pointed out that anthropogenic emission sources in China which significantly contribute to the PM_(2.5)mass burden was an important cause of particulate pollution in South Korea.However...In recent years,several studies pointed out that anthropogenic emission sources in China which significantly contribute to the PM_(2.5)mass burden was an important cause of particulate pollution in South Korea.However,most studies generally focused upon a single pollution event.It is rare to see comprehensive research that captures those features prone to interannual variations concerning the transboundary pollutant contribution in South Korea using a unified method.In this paper,we establish the emission inventories covering East Asia in 2010,2015,and 2017,and then conduct the source apportionment by applying a coupled regional air quality model called the Integrated Source Apportionment Module(ISAM).Comparison of simulated and observed PM_(2.5)mass concentration at 165 CNEMC(China National Environmental Monitoring Center)sites suggests that the PM_(2.5)concentrations are well represented by the modeling system.The model is used to quantitatively investigate the contribution from emission sources in China to PM_(2.5)concentrations over South Korea and those features found to be prone to interannual variations are then discussed.The results show that the average annual contribution of PM_(2.5)has dropped significantly from 28.0%in 2010 to 15.7%in 2017,which strongly suggests that China has achieved remarkable results in the treatment of atmospheric particulates.展开更多
Objective:In this paper,we will discuss if the CETP polymorphism contributes to the centenarians in Hainan island.Methods:We tested the Taq IB and I405 V polymorphisms of CETP gene among 276 centenarians and 301 match...Objective:In this paper,we will discuss if the CETP polymorphism contributes to the centenarians in Hainan island.Methods:We tested the Taq IB and I405 V polymorphisms of CETP gene among 276 centenarians and 301 matched healthy individuals by AS-PCR and analyzed the data with SPSS software package(Version 19.0).Results:Our data indicated that allele B1 and V have the significant differences between centenarians and healthy control groups with P<0.001.Further analysis implied that genotypes B1B1(P<0.001,OR=0.148,95% CI=0.095-0.230) and VV(P<0.001 and OR=0.353,95% CI=0.237-0.525) were significantly different between centenarians and matched controls.The combination of B and V,such as B1B1-II(P<0.001,OR=0.128,95% CI=0.049-0.329),B1B1-IV(P<0.001,OR=0.115,95% CI=0.056-0.237),B1B2-VV(P<0.05,OR=0.534,95% CI=0.310-0.920),and B2B2-VV(P<0.001,OR=0.198,95% CI=0.086-0.453) have significant differences between centenarians and matched healthy individuals from Hainan.Conclusion:Our results implied that allele B1B1 and VV,as well as the combination B1B1-II,B1B1-IV,B1B2-VV and B2B2-VV may contribute to the longevity in centenarians of Hainan,south of China.展开更多
Conformational elasticity theory recently developed has been used to explore the internal energy contribution to the elastic force fe/f as a function of strain for poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and poly(trans-1,4-isoprene). ...Conformational elasticity theory recently developed has been used to explore the internal energy contribution to the elastic force fe/f as a function of strain for poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and poly(trans-1,4-isoprene). Calculated fe/f values are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. Results show that behavior of fe/f is mainly contributed by chemical structure, or intramolecular interaction, supporting the experimental observations, and that the internal energy contribution is strain dependent.展开更多
The Hansen solubility parameters(HSP)are frequently used for solvent selection and characterization of polymers,and are directly related to the suspension behavior of pigments in solvent mixtures.The performance of cu...The Hansen solubility parameters(HSP)are frequently used for solvent selection and characterization of polymers,and are directly related to the suspension behavior of pigments in solvent mixtures.The performance of currently available group contribution(GC)methods for HSP were evaluated and found to be insufficient for computer-aided product design(CAPD)of paints and coatings.A revised and,for this purpose,improved GC method is presented for estimating HSP of organic compounds,intended for organic pigments.Due to the significant limitations of GC methods,an uncertainty analysis and parameter confidence intervals are provided in order to better quantify the estimation accuracy of the proposed approach.Compared to other applicable GC methods,the prediction error is reduced significantly with average absolute errors of 0.45 MPa^(1/2),1.35 MPa^(1/2),and 1.09 MPa^(1/2) for the partial dispersion(δD),polar(δP)and hydrogen-bonding(δH)solubility parameters respectively for a database of 1106 compounds.The performance for organic pigments is comparable to the overall method performance,with higher average errors forδD and lower average errors forδP andδH.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel locally linear backpropagation based contribution(LLBBC) for nonlinear process fault diagnosis. As a method based on the deep learning model of auto-encoder(AE), LLBBC can deal with the fau...This paper proposes a novel locally linear backpropagation based contribution(LLBBC) for nonlinear process fault diagnosis. As a method based on the deep learning model of auto-encoder(AE), LLBBC can deal with the fault diagnosis problem through extracting nonlinear features. When the on-line fault diagnosis task is in progress, a locally linear model is firstly built at the current fault sample. According to the basic idea of reconstruction based contribution(RBC), the propagation of fault information is described by using back-propagation(BP) algorithm. Then, a contribution index is established to measure the correlation between the variable and the fault, and the final diagnosis result is obtained by searching variables with large contributions. The smearing effect, which is an important factor affecting the performance of fault diagnosis, can be suppressed as well,and the theoretical analysis reveals that the correct diagnosis can be guaranteed by LLBBC. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through a nonlinear numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process.展开更多
Using the data of 545 meteorological stations in 1961-2015,according to the rainfall intensity classification standard issued by the China Meteorological Administration,the rainfall events were divided into six intens...Using the data of 545 meteorological stations in 1961-2015,according to the rainfall intensity classification standard issued by the China Meteorological Administration,the rainfall events were divided into six intensities: light rain,moderate rain,heavy rain,torrential rain,downpour and heavy downpour. The latter three were recorded as total torrential rain,and all the six were recorded as the total rainfall. In terms of the interannual rainfall and rainy days,the whole China was regarded as an object. Firstly,the annual rainfall and rainy day of different intensity of rainfalls of 545 stations in 1961-2015 were calculated. Then,the variation trend of rainfall and rainy days was calculated. Finally,the variation trend of contribution of different intensity of rainfalls and rainy days to total rainfall and rainy days were diagnosed. It obtained the following results.( i) The light rain in China was declining from 1961 to 2015,and the trend values of light rain and rainy days were-411. 44 mm/yr and-136. 99 d/yr,respectively. Heavy rain and total heavy rainfall showed an increasing trend,with rainfall and rainy day trends of 127. 02 and 463. 94 mm/yr and 7. 93 and 4. 24 d/yr,respectively. The total rainfall showed a ' hockey' phenomenon of ' first rise,then decline',and the trend values of rainfall and rainy days were 204. 29 mm/yr and-95. 81 d/yr,respectively. Except the northern region,the rainfall in most parts of China was dominated by increasing trends and was moving towards extremes.( ii) In terms of rainfall contribution rate,the contribution of light rain to total rainfall showed a declining trend,and the trend values of rainfall and rainy day contribution were both-0. 11%/yr. The contribution of other intensity rainfalls to total rainfall showed an increasing trend. The contribution of torrential rain to the total torrential rain showed a declining trend. The contribution trends of rainfall and rainy days were-0. 06% and-0. 03%/yr,respectively. The contribution of downpour and heavy downpour to total torrential rain showed an increasing trend,indicating the intensity of torrential rain in China is increasing. Although the contribution rate of different intensity of rainfalls to total rainfall was different in different areas of China,the contribution rate of heavy rainfall to total rainfall in most areas showed an increasing trend.( iii) Through comparing the rainfall and rainy days of six different intensity of rainfalls,it can be found that China’s heavy rainfall events are increasing and the rainfall intensity is developing towards extremes.展开更多
The structure of state or sub-state regional economies is heavily influenced by its natural resource endowment. Input-output analysis is often used to estimate the economic contribution of various sectors to a state’...The structure of state or sub-state regional economies is heavily influenced by its natural resource endowment. Input-output analysis is often used to estimate the economic contribution of various sectors to a state’s economy. We apply input-output analysis to South Carolina’s economy to estimate the contribution of natural resource-based sectors to the overall economy. The natural resource-based sectors consist of six mutually exclusive sectors: fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing;coastal tourism;commercial fisheries;boat industry;mining;and forestry. The total economic contribution of these six natural resource-based sectors is $33.4 billion, representing 8.3% of gross state product and 8.6% of all state employment.展开更多
Wu Zhengyi,a master in science and a giant in botany,was born in Jiujiang,Jiangxi province,China 100 years ago and passed away on June 20,2013 in Kunming,China.He was an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,...Wu Zhengyi,a master in science and a giant in botany,was born in Jiujiang,Jiangxi province,China 100 years ago and passed away on June 20,2013 in Kunming,China.He was an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Professor and Director Emeritus of Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences。展开更多
The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation...The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation criteria of source rocks are different in the future exploration in self-sourced petroleum systems.Shales are deposited in deep/semi-deep lacustrine,with low sedimentation rate and chemical depositions of various degrees,while mudstones are mostly formed in shallow lacustrine/lakeside,with high deposition rate and density flow characteristics.Three factors contribute to the enrichment of organic matter in shales,including the"fertility effect"caused by volcanic ash deposition and hydrothermal injection,excessive and over-speed growth of organisms promoted by radioactive materials,and deep-water anaerobic environment and low sedimentation rate to protect the accumulation of organic matter from dilution.Lamellations in shales are easy to be stripped into storage space,and acid water produced during hydrocarbon generation can dissolve some particles to generate new pores.The massive mudstones with high clay content are of poor matrix porosity.Shales with high total organic carbon,developed laminations,relatively good reservoir property,and high brittle mineral content,are the most favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration and development.It is necessary to conduct investigation on the differences between shale and mudstone reservoirs,to identify resources distribution in shale and mudstone formations,determine the type and standard of"sweet-spot"evaluation parameters,optimize"sweet-spot areas/sections",and adopt effective development technologies,which is of great significance to objectively evaluate the total amount and economy of shale oil resources,as well as the scale of effective exploitation.展开更多
文摘The analysis of company data useful for economic decisions,if not interpreted in an overall view of the company situation,can lead to wrong conclusions.This is the case when a company has to choose between several sales options for one or more products in the presence of a limiting factor.The continuation of the investigation often denies the initial analysis.Not everything is as it appears,therefore,at the beginning of the deepening of the data useful for economic decisions.As it is well known,the choices of profitability concerning the planning of the sale of company products take place,at least in the majority of cases,through the determination of the contribution margin,i.e.the profitability margin connected to the individual goods/services sold by the companies(selling price net of variable costs).The contribution margin can be determined with four objectives:(1)Determination of the yield of the single product,net of variable costs only.In this case,the margin defines unitary,from net product yield to unitary contribution margin.(2)Determination of the return on total sales of an individual product,net of variable costs.In this hypothesis,reference is made to the first level(or gross)contribution margin.(3)Determination of the ability of the individual product to contribute to the coverage of fixed costs common to the company.This margin is determined net of special product variable and fixed costs.This aggregate is defined as a Level II(or semi-gross)margin.(4)Determination of the useful value in the planning choices in case of presence of scarce productive factors.In this case,it must identify the so-called unitary margin for low factor.Here we will only deal with the problem of the use of the contribution margin in the presence of rare factors.To complete the analysis,below are some very brief considerations regarding,respectively,the unitary,level I,and level II contribution margin in order to better understand where the problem of the most convenient choice of income is located in the event of the presence of rare production factors,especially in an environment characterized by a plurality of sales options.
文摘Objective: Study the contribution of the DIVA 3D dissection table in the teaching of anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontology of Bamako. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out from November 1 to December 30, 2023 at the clinical and morphological anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako. Included in this study were students who participated in practical and tutorial sessions. The variables studied during this study were: the previous performance of dissection on a cadaver by the students, the opinion of the students on dissection on a cadaver, the replacement of dissection on a cadaver by virtual dissection in the absence of a body, the level student satisfaction. Results: We surveyed 130 participants. The average age was 22 ± 0.2 years with extremes of 17 and 29 years. 95.3% of participants were students. According to 66.7% of participants, virtual dissection is a good palliative in the absence of a corpse. 95.3% of participants found using the virtual dissection table easy with an average of 7.88 ± 1.4. The overall assessment was well rated by 99.3% of participants. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the virtual dissection table should be improved by integrating commented videos. The use of the DIVA 3D virtual dissection table during practical and tutorial sessions is well appreciated by the students. We believe that the teaching of anatomy using 3D digital technology should be included in the study programs of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology.
文摘This study analysed the socio-economic contributions of N-Power programme amongst the beneficiaries of the scheme in Benue State.Prior to the introduction of N-Power programme,successive administrations in Nigeria have made concerted efforts towards improving the standard of living of the citizenry through the execution of various welfare or social intervention programmes,but not much successes were recorded.Learning from the mistakes of the past regimes,and by way of deliberate state policy,the Buhari’s government initiated a multi-pronged social investment policy,one of which is the N-power programme that came onboard in 2016,which also doubles as the subject of this study.To achieve the goal of this study,a combination of desktop research and survey design was employed.Questionnaires were administered to 390 respondents through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques.The results of the survey were matched with that of the secondary data obtained through online websites and other related sources.The result indicated that N-Power made positive contributions to the socio-economic life of the beneficiaries in Benue State:specifically,the scheme contributed in poverty eradication,employment generation,skills acquisitions and capacity building.However,some aspect of our findings revealed that the programme has a number of challenges such as:inadequate cash support,delay in monthly cash transfer to beneficiaries,distance participants had to move to their work stations,absence of posting in N-Teach scheme,and lack of adequate working tools amongst others.To salvage this problem the paper recommended the following solutions:expansion of the scheme to cover N-Teach and other aspects,increment in the monthly cash transfer to cushion the high rate of inflation,support for the participants/beneficiaries in transportation and logistics,enrolment of more youth into the various schemes,proper monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the schemes amongst others.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(2018YFB1700802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071206)the Science and Technology Innovation Plan of Hunan Province(2020RC4046).
文摘The contribution rate of equipment system-of-systems architecture(ESoSA)is an important index to evaluate the equipment update,development,and architecture optimization.Since the traditional ESoSA contribution rate evaluation method does not make full use of the fuzzy information and uncertain information in the equipment system-of-systems(ESoS),and the Bayesian network is an effective tool to solve the uncertain information,a new ESoSA contribution rate evaluation method based on the fuzzy Bayesian network(FBN)is proposed.Firstly,based on the operation loop theory,an ESoSA is constructed considering three aspects:reconnaissance equipment,decision equipment,and strike equipment.Next,the fuzzy set theory is introduced to construct the FBN of ESoSA to deal with fuzzy information and uncertain information.Furthermore,the fuzzy importance index of the root node of the FBN is used to calculate the contribution rate of the ESoSA,and the ESoSA contribution rate evaluation model based on the root node fuzzy importance is established.Finally,the feasibility and rationality of this method are validated via an empirical case study of aviation ESoSA.Compared with traditional methods,the evaluation method based on FBN takes various failure states of equipment into consideration,is free of acquiring accurate probability of traditional equipment failure,and models the uncertainty of the relationship between equipment.The proposed method not only supplements and improves the ESoSA contribution rate assessment method,but also broadens the application scope of the Bayesian network.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41875111)Special program for innovation and development of China Meteorological Administration(CXFZ2022J031,CXFZ2021J018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(40975058)。
文摘Complex topography,special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China(ESWC).However,the contributions,influencing factors and mechanisms of remote and local evaporation remain to be further investigated.Using clustering analysis and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 5 model,we analyze the contributions of remote moisture transport and local evaporation to summer precipitation in the ESWC and their causes.There are mainly five remote moisture channels in the ESWC,namely the Arabian Sea channel,Bay of Bengal channel,western Pacific channel,Northwest channel 1 and Northwest channel 2.Among the five channels,the western Pacific channel has the largest number of trajectories,while the Bay of Bengal channel has the largest contribution rate of specific humidity(33.33%)and moisture flux(33.14%).The amount of regional average precipitation is close to that of the precipitation caused by remote moisture transport,and both are considerably greater than the rainfall amount caused by local evaporation.However,on interannual time scales,precipitation recirculation rates are negatively correlated to regional average precipitation and precipitation caused by remote moisture transport but are consistent with that caused by local evaporation.An apparent"+-+"wave train can be found on the height anomaly field in East Asia,and the sea surface temperature anomalies are positive in the equatorial Middle-East Pacific,the South China Sea,the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.These phenomena cause southwest-northeast moisture transport with strong updrafts,thereby resulting in more precipitation in the ESWC.
基金funded by the undergraduate student research training program of the Ministry of Education, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 41771495, 41830641, and 41988101)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program Grant 2019QZKK0208+1 种基金funded by the European Research Council Synergy project “Imbalance-P ” (Grant No. ERC-2013-Sy G-610028)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation project “CONSTRAIN” (Grant No. 820829)
文摘Individual countries are requested to submit nationally determined contributions(NDCs)to alleviate global warming in the Paris Agreement.However,the global climate effects and regional contributions are not explicitly considered in the countries’decision-making process.In this study,we evaluate the global temperature slowdown of the NDC scenario(ΔT=0.6°C)and attribute the global temperature slowdown to certain regions of the world with a compact earth system model.Considering reductions in CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,BC,and SO_(2),the R5OECD(the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1990)and R5ASIA(Asian countries)are the top two contributors to global warming mitigation,accounting for 39.3%and 36.8%,respectively.R5LAM(Latin America and the Caribbean)and R5MAF(the Middle East and Africa)followed behind,with contributions of 11.5%and 8.9%,respectively.The remaining 3.5%is attributed to R5REF(the Reforming Economies).Carbon Dioxide emission reduction is the decisive factor of regional contributions,but not the only one.Other greenhouse gases are also important,especially for R5MAF.The contribution of short-lived aerosols is small but significant,notably SO_(2)reduction in R5ASIA.We argue that additional species beyond CO_(2)need to be considered,including short-lived pollutants,when planning a route to mitigate climate change.It needs to be emphasized that there is still a gap to achieve the Paris Agreement 2-degree target with current NDC efforts,let alone the ambitious 1.5-degree target.All countries need to pursue stricter reduction policies for a more sustainable world.
文摘In this study, a point source mathematical model is proposed to describe the diffusion of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) from either damaged red blood cell (RBC) or activated platelet. The convective diffusion equation is reduced to describe the suggested problem. The final differential equation is solved using Laplace transforms and ADP concentration profiles around the source are obtained. Thrombi of 5 to 20 μm<sup>3</sup> containing platelets and a range of red blood cells (RBCs) (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) concentrations are used to apply the model. Reported ADP concentrations in the literature are used and its dynamic release from the point source is calculated. Results suggest that RBC chemical contribution to platelet aggregation in the bulk is much less than that of platelet (almost) negligible. However, the physical effect of RBCs is dominant in the bulk through augmentation of released ADP and platelets diffusivities. Moreover, the chemical contribution reported in previous studies is suggested to be as a result of interaction of RBC with the surface under the influence of shear stresses in the boundary region.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1405005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233)
文摘The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.
文摘Purpose:To uncover the evaluation information on the academic contribution of research papers cited by peers based on the content cited by citing papers,and to provide an evidencebased tool for evaluating the academic value of cited papers.Design/methodology/approach:CiteOpinion uses a deep learning model to automatically extract citing sentences from representative citing papers;it starts with an analysis on the citing sentences,then it identifies major academic contribution points of the cited paper,positive/negative evaluations from citing authors and the changes in the subjects of subsequent citing authors by means of Recognizing Categories of Moves(problems,methods,conclusions,etc.),and sentiment analysis and topic clustering.Findings:Citing sentences in a citing paper contain substantial evidences useful for academic evaluation.They can also be used to objectively and authentically reveal the nature and degree of contribution of the cited paper reflected by citation,beyond simple citation statistics.Practical implications:The evidence-based evaluation tool CiteOpinion can provide an objective and in-depth academic value evaluation basis for the representative papers of scientific researchers,research teams,and institutions.Originality/value:No other similar practical tool is found in papers retrieved.Research limitations:There are difficulties in acquiring full text of citing papers.There is a need to refine the calculation based on the sentiment scores of citing sentences.Currently,the tool is only used for academic contribution evaluation,while its value in policy studies,technical application,and promotion of science is not yet tested.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract Nos XDA20060502 and XDA11010301the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1401401+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41676013,41521005 and 41731173the Independent Research Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography under contract No.LTOZZ1702the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams
文摘Based on the high-resolution Eulerian fields of an ocean general circulation model simulation, the heat contribution of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) to the Indian Ocean is estimated by Lagrangian tracing method.The heat transport of each particle of ITF waters is calculated by tracing temperature change along the trajectory until the particle exits the Indian Ocean. The simulation reveals that the ITF waters flow westward and branch near Madagascar, further showing the ITF waters are redistributed in both northern and southern Indian Ocean.Heat budget analysis indicates that the ITF waters gain 0.41 PW(Petawatts, 1015 W) in the northern Indian Ocean and lose 0.56 PW in the southern Indian Ocean, respectively. As a result, the ITF waters warm the whole Indian Ocean basin with only 0.15 PW, which shows an "insignificant" role of ITF on the Indian Ocean because of the heat exchange compensation between northern and southern Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the tracing pathways show that the ITF waters mainly flow out the Indian Ocean at both sides of the basin via Agulhas Current and Leeuwin Current. About 89% of the ITF waters leave along western boundary and the rest 11% along eastern boundary. Compared to seeding section, 0.10 PW and 0.05 PW are released to the Indian Ocean, respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71690233)the Scientific Research Foundation of National University of Defense Technology(ZK19-16)the PLA military graduate student funding project.
文摘Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimization of equipment architecture design,the adequate resources allocation,and the joint combat performance.From the system view,this paper proposes a method of weapons equipment portfolios selection(WEPS)based on the contribution rate of weapon systems,providing a new idea for weapon equipment portfolio selection.Firstly,we analyze the WEPS problem and the concept of the contribution rate under the systems background.Secondly,we propose a combat network modeling method for weapon equipment systems based on the function chain.Thirdly,we propose a WEPS method based on the contribution rate,fully considering the correlation relationships between potential weapons and the old weapon systems by the combat network model,under the limitation of capability demands and budget resources,with the objective to maximally increasing the combat ability of weapon systems.Finally,we make a case study with a specific WEPS problem where the whole calculation processes and results are analyzed and exhibited to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method model.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41830109 and 42077203)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA19040204).
文摘In recent years,several studies pointed out that anthropogenic emission sources in China which significantly contribute to the PM_(2.5)mass burden was an important cause of particulate pollution in South Korea.However,most studies generally focused upon a single pollution event.It is rare to see comprehensive research that captures those features prone to interannual variations concerning the transboundary pollutant contribution in South Korea using a unified method.In this paper,we establish the emission inventories covering East Asia in 2010,2015,and 2017,and then conduct the source apportionment by applying a coupled regional air quality model called the Integrated Source Apportionment Module(ISAM).Comparison of simulated and observed PM_(2.5)mass concentration at 165 CNEMC(China National Environmental Monitoring Center)sites suggests that the PM_(2.5)concentrations are well represented by the modeling system.The model is used to quantitatively investigate the contribution from emission sources in China to PM_(2.5)concentrations over South Korea and those features found to be prone to interannual variations are then discussed.The results show that the average annual contribution of PM_(2.5)has dropped significantly from 28.0%in 2010 to 15.7%in 2017,which strongly suggests that China has achieved remarkable results in the treatment of atmospheric particulates.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.31501018 and 81260510)social development project of Hainan Province (SF201401)
文摘Objective:In this paper,we will discuss if the CETP polymorphism contributes to the centenarians in Hainan island.Methods:We tested the Taq IB and I405 V polymorphisms of CETP gene among 276 centenarians and 301 matched healthy individuals by AS-PCR and analyzed the data with SPSS software package(Version 19.0).Results:Our data indicated that allele B1 and V have the significant differences between centenarians and healthy control groups with P<0.001.Further analysis implied that genotypes B1B1(P<0.001,OR=0.148,95% CI=0.095-0.230) and VV(P<0.001 and OR=0.353,95% CI=0.237-0.525) were significantly different between centenarians and matched controls.The combination of B and V,such as B1B1-II(P<0.001,OR=0.128,95% CI=0.049-0.329),B1B1-IV(P<0.001,OR=0.115,95% CI=0.056-0.237),B1B2-VV(P<0.05,OR=0.534,95% CI=0.310-0.920),and B2B2-VV(P<0.001,OR=0.198,95% CI=0.086-0.453) have significant differences between centenarians and matched healthy individuals from Hainan.Conclusion:Our results implied that allele B1B1 and VV,as well as the combination B1B1-II,B1B1-IV,B1B2-VV and B2B2-VV may contribute to the longevity in centenarians of Hainan,south of China.
基金This project has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 863 High Technology Project, Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Project (G1999064800).
文摘Conformational elasticity theory recently developed has been used to explore the internal energy contribution to the elastic force fe/f as a function of strain for poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and poly(trans-1,4-isoprene). Calculated fe/f values are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. Results show that behavior of fe/f is mainly contributed by chemical structure, or intramolecular interaction, supporting the experimental observations, and that the internal energy contribution is strain dependent.
基金Financial support from the Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research(SDC)the Hempel Foundation to CoaST(The Hempel Foundation Coatings Science and Technology Centre)Hempel A/S。
文摘The Hansen solubility parameters(HSP)are frequently used for solvent selection and characterization of polymers,and are directly related to the suspension behavior of pigments in solvent mixtures.The performance of currently available group contribution(GC)methods for HSP were evaluated and found to be insufficient for computer-aided product design(CAPD)of paints and coatings.A revised and,for this purpose,improved GC method is presented for estimating HSP of organic compounds,intended for organic pigments.Due to the significant limitations of GC methods,an uncertainty analysis and parameter confidence intervals are provided in order to better quantify the estimation accuracy of the proposed approach.Compared to other applicable GC methods,the prediction error is reduced significantly with average absolute errors of 0.45 MPa^(1/2),1.35 MPa^(1/2),and 1.09 MPa^(1/2) for the partial dispersion(δD),polar(δP)and hydrogen-bonding(δH)solubility parameters respectively for a database of 1106 compounds.The performance for organic pigments is comparable to the overall method performance,with higher average errors forδD and lower average errors forδP andδH.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(61933013)Ningbo 13th Five-year Marine Economic Innovation and Development Demonstration Project(NBH Y-2017-Z1)。
文摘This paper proposes a novel locally linear backpropagation based contribution(LLBBC) for nonlinear process fault diagnosis. As a method based on the deep learning model of auto-encoder(AE), LLBBC can deal with the fault diagnosis problem through extracting nonlinear features. When the on-line fault diagnosis task is in progress, a locally linear model is firstly built at the current fault sample. According to the basic idea of reconstruction based contribution(RBC), the propagation of fault information is described by using back-propagation(BP) algorithm. Then, a contribution index is established to measure the correlation between the variable and the fault, and the final diagnosis result is obtained by searching variables with large contributions. The smearing effect, which is an important factor affecting the performance of fault diagnosis, can be suppressed as well,and the theoretical analysis reveals that the correct diagnosis can be guaranteed by LLBBC. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through a nonlinear numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman benchmark process.
基金Supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(41801064)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019T120114+1 种基金 2019M650756)Central Asian Atmospheric Science Research Fund(CAAS201804)
文摘Using the data of 545 meteorological stations in 1961-2015,according to the rainfall intensity classification standard issued by the China Meteorological Administration,the rainfall events were divided into six intensities: light rain,moderate rain,heavy rain,torrential rain,downpour and heavy downpour. The latter three were recorded as total torrential rain,and all the six were recorded as the total rainfall. In terms of the interannual rainfall and rainy days,the whole China was regarded as an object. Firstly,the annual rainfall and rainy day of different intensity of rainfalls of 545 stations in 1961-2015 were calculated. Then,the variation trend of rainfall and rainy days was calculated. Finally,the variation trend of contribution of different intensity of rainfalls and rainy days to total rainfall and rainy days were diagnosed. It obtained the following results.( i) The light rain in China was declining from 1961 to 2015,and the trend values of light rain and rainy days were-411. 44 mm/yr and-136. 99 d/yr,respectively. Heavy rain and total heavy rainfall showed an increasing trend,with rainfall and rainy day trends of 127. 02 and 463. 94 mm/yr and 7. 93 and 4. 24 d/yr,respectively. The total rainfall showed a ' hockey' phenomenon of ' first rise,then decline',and the trend values of rainfall and rainy days were 204. 29 mm/yr and-95. 81 d/yr,respectively. Except the northern region,the rainfall in most parts of China was dominated by increasing trends and was moving towards extremes.( ii) In terms of rainfall contribution rate,the contribution of light rain to total rainfall showed a declining trend,and the trend values of rainfall and rainy day contribution were both-0. 11%/yr. The contribution of other intensity rainfalls to total rainfall showed an increasing trend. The contribution of torrential rain to the total torrential rain showed a declining trend. The contribution trends of rainfall and rainy days were-0. 06% and-0. 03%/yr,respectively. The contribution of downpour and heavy downpour to total torrential rain showed an increasing trend,indicating the intensity of torrential rain in China is increasing. Although the contribution rate of different intensity of rainfalls to total rainfall was different in different areas of China,the contribution rate of heavy rainfall to total rainfall in most areas showed an increasing trend.( iii) Through comparing the rainfall and rainy days of six different intensity of rainfalls,it can be found that China’s heavy rainfall events are increasing and the rainfall intensity is developing towards extremes.
文摘The structure of state or sub-state regional economies is heavily influenced by its natural resource endowment. Input-output analysis is often used to estimate the economic contribution of various sectors to a state’s economy. We apply input-output analysis to South Carolina’s economy to estimate the contribution of natural resource-based sectors to the overall economy. The natural resource-based sectors consist of six mutually exclusive sectors: fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing;coastal tourism;commercial fisheries;boat industry;mining;and forestry. The total economic contribution of these six natural resource-based sectors is $33.4 billion, representing 8.3% of gross state product and 8.6% of all state employment.
文摘Wu Zhengyi,a master in science and a giant in botany,was born in Jiujiang,Jiangxi province,China 100 years ago and passed away on June 20,2013 in Kunming,China.He was an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Professor and Director Emeritus of Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences。
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046,2017ZX05001)
文摘The differences in organic matter abundance and rock composition between shale and mudstone determine the discrepancy of their contributions to the formation of conventional and shale oil/gas reservoirs.The evaluation criteria of source rocks are different in the future exploration in self-sourced petroleum systems.Shales are deposited in deep/semi-deep lacustrine,with low sedimentation rate and chemical depositions of various degrees,while mudstones are mostly formed in shallow lacustrine/lakeside,with high deposition rate and density flow characteristics.Three factors contribute to the enrichment of organic matter in shales,including the"fertility effect"caused by volcanic ash deposition and hydrothermal injection,excessive and over-speed growth of organisms promoted by radioactive materials,and deep-water anaerobic environment and low sedimentation rate to protect the accumulation of organic matter from dilution.Lamellations in shales are easy to be stripped into storage space,and acid water produced during hydrocarbon generation can dissolve some particles to generate new pores.The massive mudstones with high clay content are of poor matrix porosity.Shales with high total organic carbon,developed laminations,relatively good reservoir property,and high brittle mineral content,are the most favorable lithofacies for shale oil exploration and development.It is necessary to conduct investigation on the differences between shale and mudstone reservoirs,to identify resources distribution in shale and mudstone formations,determine the type and standard of"sweet-spot"evaluation parameters,optimize"sweet-spot areas/sections",and adopt effective development technologies,which is of great significance to objectively evaluate the total amount and economy of shale oil resources,as well as the scale of effective exploitation.
