Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in Antarctica from power plants with diesel generators(the main sources of energy at Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of ...Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in Antarctica from power plants with diesel generators(the main sources of energy at Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of anthropogenic emissions in the Antarctic)were assessed.A bottom-up approach was used to compile an emission inventory for the Antarctic.This involved estimating emissions at various spatial levels by sequentially aggregating estimate emissions from point emission sources.This is the first time this approach has been proposed and used.Emissions of CO2,NOx,particulate matter(PM10),and CO in the modern period were estimated at the research station,geographic region,natural domain,biogeographic region,continent section,and whole continent scales.Yearly emissions are presented here,but the approach allows emissions at different averaging periods to be estimated.This means mean or maximum yearly,monthly,daily,or hourly emissions can be estimated.The estimates could be used to model pollutant transmission and dispersion,assess the impacts of pollutants,and develop emission forecasts for various scenarios.展开更多
The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic d...The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic development.So far,there is still no regional long-term mechanism for coordinated governance of air pollution.Ecological compensation theory is becoming an effective guiding theory to coordinate economic and environmental benefits.There is relatively little research on ecological compensation mechanism in the coordinated control of regional air pollution.Ecological compensation mechanism is an effective tool to promote air pollution control.At the same time,regional cooperation can realize the efficient control of air pollution.Scientifically constructing the cross regional cooperative control model of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is a favorable way to implement comprehensive control of air pollution.This paper discusses the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism for regional coordinated control of air pollution.Referring to practical experience of provinces and cities that have implemented the ecological compensation mechanism for air pollution control,and the effective way to distribute the compensation amount,compensation subject and compensation standard determination method that can be implemented in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are analyzed,further proposing an effective way to establish an ecological compensation mechanism for regional air pollution collaborative control according to its reality.展开更多
This study develops a bottom-up model to quantitatively assess the comprehensive effects of replacing traditional petroleum-powered vehicles with natural gas vehicles（NGVs） in China based on an investigation of the ...This study develops a bottom-up model to quantitatively assess the comprehensive effects of replacing traditional petroleum-powered vehicles with natural gas vehicles（NGVs） in China based on an investigation of the direct energy consumption and critical air pollutant（CAP） emission intensity, life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas（GHG） emission intensity of NGV fleets. The results indicate that, on average, there are no net energy savings from replacing a traditional fuel vehicle with an NGV. Interestingly, an NGV results in significant reductions in direct CAP and life-cycle GHG emissions compared to those of a traditional fuel vehicle, ranging from 61% to 76% and 12% to 29%, respectively. Due to the increasing use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel in China（i.e. approximately 28.2 billion cubic metres of natural gas in2015）, the total petroleum substituted with natural gas was approximately 23.8 million tonnes（Mt）, which generated a GHG emission reduction of 16.9 Mt of CO2 equivalent and a CAP emission reduction of 1.8 Mt in 2015. Given the significant contribution of NGVs, growing the NGV population in 2020 will further increase the petroleum substitution benefits and CAP and GHG emission reduction benefits by approximately 42.5 Mt of petroleum-based fuel, 3.1 Mt of CAPs and 28.0 Mt of GHGs. By 2030, these benefits will reach 81.5 Mt of traditional petroleum fuel, 5.6 Mt of CAPs and 50.5 Mt of GHGs, respectively.展开更多
Air pollution is defined as the presence of a substance in the atmosphere that is harmful to human health, living things, and/or has a negative impact on the environment. A plant such as Tillandsia recurvata, ball mos...Air pollution is defined as the presence of a substance in the atmosphere that is harmful to human health, living things, and/or has a negative impact on the environment. A plant such as Tillandsia recurvata, ball moss, could be used as an inexpensive biological indicator for urban pollution. The purpose of this research was to determine if ball moss could be used as a biological indicator of urban pollution and retain oil pollution. Multiple sites were identified and grouped by vehicular traffic frequency (counts) using the Louisiana State Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) traffic data to randomly select five low (0.0 - 7000), and five medium/high frequency (7001 to >14,000) traffic counts in locations within Baton Rouge, La. city limits. Differential analysis determined that harvested ball moss tissue levels from areas with low traffic (<0.05 level) contained lower S concentrations than plants tested from high traffic counts. In a second study, dried Tillandsia recurvata plant tissue accumulated greater oil weight than absorbent paper towels. Tillandsia recurvata absorbed and/or retained oil at a greater ratio of oil than its own mass. Therefore, the results of each experiment indicated that Tillandsia recurvata may successfully function as a biological indicator and serve as an oil retentionist on a small-scale test. Further research is needed on a larger-scale area to confirm the efficacy of ball mosses for controlling water pollution in-situ.展开更多
The urgent need for sustainable energy choices, local sustainable value creation, and reduction of import dependencies and non-sustainable resource use in Namibia cannot be over emphasised. This study was conducted wi...The urgent need for sustainable energy choices, local sustainable value creation, and reduction of import dependencies and non-sustainable resource use in Namibia cannot be over emphasised. This study was conducted with the ultimate goal to provide the basis for accurate energy fuel mix and climate change monitoring, and reporting and planning for addressing a global problem at local/domestic level. The energy consumption and production data for the country were used with International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and International Energy Agency (IEA) conversions, and carbon footprint calculation tools to determine the GHG emissions and air pollutants per type of energy fuel;and the carbon footprint associated with each energy fuel option for the country. The study showed that: 1) there is no single energy fuel which is not associated with GHG emissions and/or other environmental implications;2) increase in population and energy consumption and production yields increase in GHGs and other major pollutants (SO<sub>x</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, Particulate Matter);and 3) the choice of fuel mix determines the success of GHG emissions reduction. A future energy mix dominated by renewable energy technologies;and a balanced view of the actual benefits of the Namibian energy supply choices was also recommended.展开更多
运用CiteSpace对Web of Science和中国知网相关文献进行梳理,分析该领域的研究热点与进展.结果表明:国内外发文量都在不断增加.2013年后,发文量增长迅速,国外增速明显快于国内;国外文献作者和机构形成了以美国各大高校为中心的较强合作...运用CiteSpace对Web of Science和中国知网相关文献进行梳理,分析该领域的研究热点与进展.结果表明:国内外发文量都在不断增加.2013年后,发文量增长迅速,国外增速明显快于国内;国外文献作者和机构形成了以美国各大高校为中心的较强合作网络关系,核心研究作者发文量达39%.国内文献作者和机构联系较弱,呈多中心分散式结构,核心研究作者发文量仅占8%;关键词可视化表明国内外研究同步性较强,均以环境暴露的健康影响和疾病负担研究为基础,国外侧重具体影响机制与联系及风险评估研究,国内更关注影响因素及政策效益剖析;国外研究从环境暴露对健康终点影响发展到协同适应策略及复杂模型构建,目前全球负担和颗粒物质减排是研究热点.国内研究从气候变化和大气污染对健康的影响评估发展到协同治理对策及健康风险,当前减缓气候变化及减污降碳的健康协同效益研究是热点.将来针对气候变化和大气污染导致的健康问题及敏感区域、公共健康效应时空规律的识别和明晰是重点,健康风险评估模型构建与早期预警系统的开发应用也迫在眉睫.展开更多
Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)a...Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)and 0.14 Pg CO_(2)equivalent of other greenhouse gases(GHG)including CH4 and N_(2)O as of 31 August.The wildfire-related GHG emissions constituted more than doubled Canada’s planned cumulative anthropogenic emissions reductions in 10 years,which represents a significant challenge to climate mitigation efforts.The model simulations showed that the Canadian wildfires impacted not only the local air quality but also that of most areas in the northern hemisphere due to long-range transport,causing severe PM_(2.5)pollution in the northeastern United States and increasing daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in northwestern China by up to 2μg m-3.The observed maximum daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in New York City reached 148.3μg m-3,which was their worst air quality in more than 50 years,nearly 10 times that of the air quality guideline(i.e.,15μg m-3)issued by the World Health Organization(WHO).Aside from the direct emissions from forest fires,the peat fires beneath the surface might smolder for several months or even longer and release substantial amounts of CO_(2).The substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from forest and peat fires might contribute to the positive feedback to the climate,potentially accelerating global warming.To better understand the comprehensive environmental effects of wildfires and their interactions with the climate system,more detailed research based on advanced observations and Earth System Models is essential.展开更多
Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>throughout the world and it is likely to grow t...Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>throughout the world and it is likely to grow to meet continued and growing transport needs in both developed and developing countries. However, global emissions from maritime shipping ha</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ve</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> increased considerably, causing depletion of the ozone layer and most importantly posing threat to lives and coastal environment through air pollution. This study investigated the constituents of ambient air in Onne port’s environment in Rivers State of Nigeria. Six air pollutants (O<sub>3</sub> CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>) were critically monitored with hand-held mobile Aeroqual gas monitors, series 500, at strategic locations within the port’s environment and Eleme Junction (</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">control). We found that mean concentration</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> (μg·m<sup>3</sup>) of the following pollutants: O<sub>3</sub> (71.776 ± 0.726), CO, (19.145 ± </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">0.275) NO<sub>2</sub> (28.145 ± 0.965) and SO<sub>2</sub> (36.913 ± 0.378) were significantly high. The particulates (PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>) also showed higher mean concentrations of 48.400 ± 0.197 and 29.676 ± 0.352 respectively. The observed values were found<span> to be significantly higher</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">than those observed in the control group and also exceeded the safe permissible limits for gaseous pollutants when compared to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards. This exceedance raises questions on Nigeria’s commitments to implementations of (Annex VI) International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> 73/78</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">) from Ships. Again, the findings portend ecological hazards to residents, flora and fauna as elevated levels of these gaseous pollutants have been associated with chronic respiratory diseases. The policy implications of the findings were discussed.</span></span></span>展开更多
文摘Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in Antarctica from power plants with diesel generators(the main sources of energy at Antarctic research stations and the main stationary sources of anthropogenic emissions in the Antarctic)were assessed.A bottom-up approach was used to compile an emission inventory for the Antarctic.This involved estimating emissions at various spatial levels by sequentially aggregating estimate emissions from point emission sources.This is the first time this approach has been proposed and used.Emissions of CO2,NOx,particulate matter(PM10),and CO in the modern period were estimated at the research station,geographic region,natural domain,biogeographic region,continent section,and whole continent scales.Yearly emissions are presented here,but the approach allows emissions at different averaging periods to be estimated.This means mean or maximum yearly,monthly,daily,or hourly emissions can be estimated.The estimates could be used to model pollutant transmission and dispersion,assess the impacts of pollutants,and develop emission forecasts for various scenarios.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation Project(9192002)Key Projects of Beijing Social Science Foundation(19YJA002)。
文摘The spatial spillover of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region makes the territorial governance model inefficient.At the same time,it is facing the contradiction between environmental governance and economic development.So far,there is still no regional long-term mechanism for coordinated governance of air pollution.Ecological compensation theory is becoming an effective guiding theory to coordinate economic and environmental benefits.There is relatively little research on ecological compensation mechanism in the coordinated control of regional air pollution.Ecological compensation mechanism is an effective tool to promote air pollution control.At the same time,regional cooperation can realize the efficient control of air pollution.Scientifically constructing the cross regional cooperative control model of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei is a favorable way to implement comprehensive control of air pollution.This paper discusses the necessity of ecological compensation mechanism for regional coordinated control of air pollution.Referring to practical experience of provinces and cities that have implemented the ecological compensation mechanism for air pollution control,and the effective way to distribute the compensation amount,compensation subject and compensation standard determination method that can be implemented in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are analyzed,further proposing an effective way to establish an ecological compensation mechanism for regional air pollution collaborative control according to its reality.
基金co-sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71774095, 71690244 and 71673165)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2017M610096)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (2016YFE0102200)
文摘This study develops a bottom-up model to quantitatively assess the comprehensive effects of replacing traditional petroleum-powered vehicles with natural gas vehicles（NGVs） in China based on an investigation of the direct energy consumption and critical air pollutant（CAP） emission intensity, life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas（GHG） emission intensity of NGV fleets. The results indicate that, on average, there are no net energy savings from replacing a traditional fuel vehicle with an NGV. Interestingly, an NGV results in significant reductions in direct CAP and life-cycle GHG emissions compared to those of a traditional fuel vehicle, ranging from 61% to 76% and 12% to 29%, respectively. Due to the increasing use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel in China（i.e. approximately 28.2 billion cubic metres of natural gas in2015）, the total petroleum substituted with natural gas was approximately 23.8 million tonnes（Mt）, which generated a GHG emission reduction of 16.9 Mt of CO2 equivalent and a CAP emission reduction of 1.8 Mt in 2015. Given the significant contribution of NGVs, growing the NGV population in 2020 will further increase the petroleum substitution benefits and CAP and GHG emission reduction benefits by approximately 42.5 Mt of petroleum-based fuel, 3.1 Mt of CAPs and 28.0 Mt of GHGs. By 2030, these benefits will reach 81.5 Mt of traditional petroleum fuel, 5.6 Mt of CAPs and 50.5 Mt of GHGs, respectively.
文摘Air pollution is defined as the presence of a substance in the atmosphere that is harmful to human health, living things, and/or has a negative impact on the environment. A plant such as Tillandsia recurvata, ball moss, could be used as an inexpensive biological indicator for urban pollution. The purpose of this research was to determine if ball moss could be used as a biological indicator of urban pollution and retain oil pollution. Multiple sites were identified and grouped by vehicular traffic frequency (counts) using the Louisiana State Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) traffic data to randomly select five low (0.0 - 7000), and five medium/high frequency (7001 to >14,000) traffic counts in locations within Baton Rouge, La. city limits. Differential analysis determined that harvested ball moss tissue levels from areas with low traffic (<0.05 level) contained lower S concentrations than plants tested from high traffic counts. In a second study, dried Tillandsia recurvata plant tissue accumulated greater oil weight than absorbent paper towels. Tillandsia recurvata absorbed and/or retained oil at a greater ratio of oil than its own mass. Therefore, the results of each experiment indicated that Tillandsia recurvata may successfully function as a biological indicator and serve as an oil retentionist on a small-scale test. Further research is needed on a larger-scale area to confirm the efficacy of ball mosses for controlling water pollution in-situ.
文摘The urgent need for sustainable energy choices, local sustainable value creation, and reduction of import dependencies and non-sustainable resource use in Namibia cannot be over emphasised. This study was conducted with the ultimate goal to provide the basis for accurate energy fuel mix and climate change monitoring, and reporting and planning for addressing a global problem at local/domestic level. The energy consumption and production data for the country were used with International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and International Energy Agency (IEA) conversions, and carbon footprint calculation tools to determine the GHG emissions and air pollutants per type of energy fuel;and the carbon footprint associated with each energy fuel option for the country. The study showed that: 1) there is no single energy fuel which is not associated with GHG emissions and/or other environmental implications;2) increase in population and energy consumption and production yields increase in GHGs and other major pollutants (SO<sub>x</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, Particulate Matter);and 3) the choice of fuel mix determines the success of GHG emissions reduction. A future energy mix dominated by renewable energy technologies;and a balanced view of the actual benefits of the Namibian energy supply choices was also recommended.
文摘运用CiteSpace对Web of Science和中国知网相关文献进行梳理,分析该领域的研究热点与进展.结果表明:国内外发文量都在不断增加.2013年后,发文量增长迅速,国外增速明显快于国内;国外文献作者和机构形成了以美国各大高校为中心的较强合作网络关系,核心研究作者发文量达39%.国内文献作者和机构联系较弱,呈多中心分散式结构,核心研究作者发文量仅占8%;关键词可视化表明国内外研究同步性较强,均以环境暴露的健康影响和疾病负担研究为基础,国外侧重具体影响机制与联系及风险评估研究,国内更关注影响因素及政策效益剖析;国外研究从环境暴露对健康终点影响发展到协同适应策略及复杂模型构建,目前全球负担和颗粒物质减排是研究热点.国内研究从气候变化和大气污染对健康的影响评估发展到协同治理对策及健康风险,当前减缓气候变化及减污降碳的健康协同效益研究是热点.将来针对气候变化和大气污染导致的健康问题及敏感区域、公共健康效应时空规律的识别和明晰是重点,健康风险评估模型构建与早期预警系统的开发应用也迫在眉睫.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92044302)the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant Nos.2020YFA0607801,2022YFE0106500)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab).
文摘Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)and 0.14 Pg CO_(2)equivalent of other greenhouse gases(GHG)including CH4 and N_(2)O as of 31 August.The wildfire-related GHG emissions constituted more than doubled Canada’s planned cumulative anthropogenic emissions reductions in 10 years,which represents a significant challenge to climate mitigation efforts.The model simulations showed that the Canadian wildfires impacted not only the local air quality but also that of most areas in the northern hemisphere due to long-range transport,causing severe PM_(2.5)pollution in the northeastern United States and increasing daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in northwestern China by up to 2μg m-3.The observed maximum daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in New York City reached 148.3μg m-3,which was their worst air quality in more than 50 years,nearly 10 times that of the air quality guideline(i.e.,15μg m-3)issued by the World Health Organization(WHO).Aside from the direct emissions from forest fires,the peat fires beneath the surface might smolder for several months or even longer and release substantial amounts of CO_(2).The substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from forest and peat fires might contribute to the positive feedback to the climate,potentially accelerating global warming.To better understand the comprehensive environmental effects of wildfires and their interactions with the climate system,more detailed research based on advanced observations and Earth System Models is essential.
文摘Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <span>throughout the world and it is likely to grow to meet continued and growing transport needs in both developed and developing countries. However, global emissions from maritime shipping ha</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">ve</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> increased considerably, causing depletion of the ozone layer and most importantly posing threat to lives and coastal environment through air pollution. This study investigated the constituents of ambient air in Onne port’s environment in Rivers State of Nigeria. Six air pollutants (O<sub>3</sub> CO, NO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>) were critically monitored with hand-held mobile Aeroqual gas monitors, series 500, at strategic locations within the port’s environment and Eleme Junction (</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">the </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">control). We found that mean concentration</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> (μg·m<sup>3</sup>) of the following pollutants: O<sub>3</sub> (71.776 ± 0.726), CO, (19.145 ± </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">0.275) NO<sub>2</sub> (28.145 ± 0.965) and SO<sub>2</sub> (36.913 ± 0.378) were significantly high. The particulates (PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>) also showed higher mean concentrations of 48.400 ± 0.197 and 29.676 ± 0.352 respectively. The observed values were found<span> to be significantly higher</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">than those observed in the control group and also exceeded the safe permissible limits for gaseous pollutants when compared to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards. This exceedance raises questions on Nigeria’s commitments to implementations of (Annex VI) International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (MARPOL</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> 73/78</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "="">) from Ships. Again, the findings portend ecological hazards to residents, flora and fauna as elevated levels of these gaseous pollutants have been associated with chronic respiratory diseases. The policy implications of the findings were discussed.</span></span></span>
