A series of saline soil-related problems,including salt expansion and collapse,frost heave and thaw settlement,threaten the safety of the road traffic and the built infrastructure in cold regions.This article presents...A series of saline soil-related problems,including salt expansion and collapse,frost heave and thaw settlement,threaten the safety of the road traffic and the built infrastructure in cold regions.This article presents a comprehensive review of the physical and mechanical properties,salt migration mechanisms of saline soil in cold environment,and the countermeasures in practice.It is organized as follows:(1)The basic physical characteristics;(2)The strength criteria and constitutive models;(3)Water and salt migration characteristics and mechanisms;and(4)Countermeasures of frost heave and salt expansion.The review provides a holistic perspective for recent progress in the strength characteristics,mechanisms of frost heave and salt expansion,engineering countermeasures of saline soil in cold regions.Future research is proposed on issues such as the effects of salt erosion on concrete and salt corrosion of metal under the joint action of evaporation and freeze-thaw cycles.展开更多
The hydrotreater system heat exchanger is one of the main pieces of heat exchange equipment in petrochemical enterprises.In recent years,oil resources have shown a deterioration trend of high sulfur and high acid cont...The hydrotreater system heat exchanger is one of the main pieces of heat exchange equipment in petrochemical enterprises.In recent years,oil resources have shown a deterioration trend of high sulfur and high acid content,with corrosion risk being prominent in oil processing.Taking the multi-medium flow corrosion risk of the hydrotreater heat exchanger pipeline in a petrochemical enterprise as the research object,based on the parameter characteristics of corrosive NH_(3) and HCl media under a high-temperature and high-pressure environment,the ammonium salt crystallization and deposition mechanism under multi-phase flow is revealed.The thermodynamic equilibrium curve is modified based on the thermodynamic principle and fugacity coefficient variation,and the prediction model of ammonium chloride crystallization in hydrotreater heat exchanger under high temperature and high pressure is constructed according to the modification.This study uses the mixture model,the flow-thermal coupling method,and the discrete phase model method to carry out the numerical simulation of multiphase flow and the numerical prediction of particle distribution characteristics in the heat exchanger pipeline of the hydrotreater heat exchange equipment,so as to realize the quantitative prediction of the particle crystallization deposition distribution in the pipeline.The results show that with the decrease of temperature,the crystallization occurs first on both sides of the center of the tube bundle,and more crystallization occurs in the lower half of the U-shaped tube,which may seriously lead to problems such as pipe blockage and under-deposit corrosion.展开更多
The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temper...The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temperature is chosen as the key decision variable of NH4 Cl deposition-induced corrosion through in-depth mechanism research and experimental analysis.The functional link neural network(FLNN)is adopted as the basic algorithm for modeling because of its advantages in dealing with non-linear problems and its fast-computational ability.A hybrid FLNN attached to a small norm is built to improve the generalization performance of the model.Then,the trained model is used to predict the NH4 Cl salt crystallization temperature in the air cooler of a sour water stripper plant.Experimental results show the proposed improved FLNN algorithm can achieve better generalization performance than the PLS,the back propagation neural network,and the conventional FLNN models.展开更多
In order to optimize the atmospheric tower overhead low-temperature system,the physical parameters,multiphase composition,aqueous dew point temperature,and ammonium salt crystallization temperature are simulated with ...In order to optimize the atmospheric tower overhead low-temperature system,the physical parameters,multiphase composition,aqueous dew point temperature,and ammonium salt crystallization temperature are simulated with process simulation software.The temperature distribution in overhead heat exchanger is calculated by heat transfer calculation.The special parts with elbows near the inlet and outlet of heat exchanger are studied by fluid field analysis.Results indicate that under current operating conditions,the aqueous dew point temperature and initial crystallization temperature of NH4Cl are 91°C and 128°C,respectively.Ammonium salt appears in the distillation tower and liquid water occurs in heat exchanger tubes,in which the dew point induced corrosion is the most direct factor for heat exchanger corrosion.In the heat exchanger,condensate water appearing in the area 2.7 meters away from the bundle inlet can give rise to corrosion risk under the moist NH4Cl and high concentration of acidic solution circumstance.For the pipes and elbows located near the inlet and the outlet of heat exchanger,the flow field presents an unsymmetrical distribution.High risk areas are mainly concentrated on the external bend of elbows where the liquid water concentration is higher.The coupling of simulation methods established thereby is approved as an effective way to evaluate the corrosion risk in the atmospheric column overhead system and can provide a scientific basis for corrosion control.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC0809605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230630,41601074)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDY-SSW-DQC015)Science and Technology Plan Project of Tibet(XZ201801-GB-07).
文摘A series of saline soil-related problems,including salt expansion and collapse,frost heave and thaw settlement,threaten the safety of the road traffic and the built infrastructure in cold regions.This article presents a comprehensive review of the physical and mechanical properties,salt migration mechanisms of saline soil in cold environment,and the countermeasures in practice.It is organized as follows:(1)The basic physical characteristics;(2)The strength criteria and constitutive models;(3)Water and salt migration characteristics and mechanisms;and(4)Countermeasures of frost heave and salt expansion.The review provides a holistic perspective for recent progress in the strength characteristics,mechanisms of frost heave and salt expansion,engineering countermeasures of saline soil in cold regions.Future research is proposed on issues such as the effects of salt erosion on concrete and salt corrosion of metal under the joint action of evaporation and freeze-thaw cycles.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52176048,No.U1909216,No.51876194)the General Scientific Research Projects of the Department of Education of Zhejiang Province(No.Y202147969)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2022C01115).
文摘The hydrotreater system heat exchanger is one of the main pieces of heat exchange equipment in petrochemical enterprises.In recent years,oil resources have shown a deterioration trend of high sulfur and high acid content,with corrosion risk being prominent in oil processing.Taking the multi-medium flow corrosion risk of the hydrotreater heat exchanger pipeline in a petrochemical enterprise as the research object,based on the parameter characteristics of corrosive NH_(3) and HCl media under a high-temperature and high-pressure environment,the ammonium salt crystallization and deposition mechanism under multi-phase flow is revealed.The thermodynamic equilibrium curve is modified based on the thermodynamic principle and fugacity coefficient variation,and the prediction model of ammonium chloride crystallization in hydrotreater heat exchanger under high temperature and high pressure is constructed according to the modification.This study uses the mixture model,the flow-thermal coupling method,and the discrete phase model method to carry out the numerical simulation of multiphase flow and the numerical prediction of particle distribution characteristics in the heat exchanger pipeline of the hydrotreater heat exchange equipment,so as to realize the quantitative prediction of the particle crystallization deposition distribution in the pipeline.The results show that with the decrease of temperature,the crystallization occurs first on both sides of the center of the tube bundle,and more crystallization occurs in the lower half of the U-shaped tube,which may seriously lead to problems such as pipe blockage and under-deposit corrosion.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51876194,U1909216)the China Petrochemical Corporation Research Project(318023-2)the Zhejiang Public Welfare Technology Research Project(LGG20F030007)。
文摘The air cooler is an important equipment in the petroleum refining industry.Ammonium chloride(NH4 Cl)deposition-induced corrosion is one of its main failure forms.In this study,the ammonium salt crystallization temperature is chosen as the key decision variable of NH4 Cl deposition-induced corrosion through in-depth mechanism research and experimental analysis.The functional link neural network(FLNN)is adopted as the basic algorithm for modeling because of its advantages in dealing with non-linear problems and its fast-computational ability.A hybrid FLNN attached to a small norm is built to improve the generalization performance of the model.Then,the trained model is used to predict the NH4 Cl salt crystallization temperature in the air cooler of a sour water stripper plant.Experimental results show the proposed improved FLNN algorithm can achieve better generalization performance than the PLS,the back propagation neural network,and the conventional FLNN models.
基金This research was financially supported by the scientific research project through the SINOPEC Science and Technology Division(Contract No.318021-8).
文摘In order to optimize the atmospheric tower overhead low-temperature system,the physical parameters,multiphase composition,aqueous dew point temperature,and ammonium salt crystallization temperature are simulated with process simulation software.The temperature distribution in overhead heat exchanger is calculated by heat transfer calculation.The special parts with elbows near the inlet and outlet of heat exchanger are studied by fluid field analysis.Results indicate that under current operating conditions,the aqueous dew point temperature and initial crystallization temperature of NH4Cl are 91°C and 128°C,respectively.Ammonium salt appears in the distillation tower and liquid water occurs in heat exchanger tubes,in which the dew point induced corrosion is the most direct factor for heat exchanger corrosion.In the heat exchanger,condensate water appearing in the area 2.7 meters away from the bundle inlet can give rise to corrosion risk under the moist NH4Cl and high concentration of acidic solution circumstance.For the pipes and elbows located near the inlet and the outlet of heat exchanger,the flow field presents an unsymmetrical distribution.High risk areas are mainly concentrated on the external bend of elbows where the liquid water concentration is higher.The coupling of simulation methods established thereby is approved as an effective way to evaluate the corrosion risk in the atmospheric column overhead system and can provide a scientific basis for corrosion control.
