The advent of Industry 5.0 marks a transformative era where Cyber-Physical Systems(CPSs)seamlessly integrate physical processes with advanced digital technologies.However,as industries become increasingly interconnect...The advent of Industry 5.0 marks a transformative era where Cyber-Physical Systems(CPSs)seamlessly integrate physical processes with advanced digital technologies.However,as industries become increasingly interconnected and reliant on smart digital technologies,the intersection of physical and cyber domains introduces novel security considerations,endangering the entire industrial ecosystem.The transition towards a more cooperative setting,including humans and machines in Industry 5.0,together with the growing intricacy and interconnection of CPSs,presents distinct and diverse security and privacy challenges.In this regard,this study provides a comprehensive review of security and privacy concerns pertaining to CPSs in the context of Industry 5.0.The review commences by providing an outline of the role of CPSs in Industry 5.0 and then proceeds to conduct a thorough review of the different security risks associated with CPSs in the context of Industry 5.0.Afterward,the study also presents the privacy implications inherent in these systems,particularly in light of the massive data collection and processing required.In addition,the paper delineates potential avenues for future research and provides countermeasures to surmount these challenges.Overall,the study underscores the imperative of adopting comprehensive security and privacy strategies within the context of Industry 5.0.展开更多
Mobile networks possess significant information and thus are considered a gold mine for the researcher’s community.The call detail records(CDR)of a mobile network are used to identify the network’s efficacy and the ...Mobile networks possess significant information and thus are considered a gold mine for the researcher’s community.The call detail records(CDR)of a mobile network are used to identify the network’s efficacy and the mobile user’s behavior.It is evident from the recent literature that cyber-physical systems(CPS)were used in the analytics and modeling of telecom data.In addition,CPS is used to provide valuable services in smart cities.In general,a typical telecom company hasmillions of subscribers and thus generatesmassive amounts of data.From this aspect,data storage,analysis,and processing are the key concerns.To solve these issues,herein we propose a multilevel cyber-physical social system(CPSS)for the analysis and modeling of large internet data.Our proposed multilevel system has three levels and each level has a specific functionality.Initially,raw Call Detail Data(CDR)was collected at the first level.Herein,the data preprocessing,cleaning,and error removal operations were performed.In the second level,data processing,cleaning,reduction,integration,processing,and storage were performed.Herein,suggested internet activity record measures were applied.Our proposed system initially constructs a graph and then performs network analysis.Thus proposed CPSS system accurately identifies different areas of internet peak usage in a city(Milan city).Our research is helpful for the network operators to plan effective network configuration,management,and optimization of resources.展开更多
This paper is concerned with the finite-time dissipative synchronization control problem of semi-Markov switched cyber-physical systems in the presence of packet losses, which is constructed by the Takagi–Sugeno fuzz...This paper is concerned with the finite-time dissipative synchronization control problem of semi-Markov switched cyber-physical systems in the presence of packet losses, which is constructed by the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. To save the network communication burden, a distributed dynamic event-triggered mechanism is developed to restrain the information update. Besides, random packet dropouts following the Bernoulli distribution are assumed to occur in sensor to controller channels, where the triggered control input is analyzed via an equivalent method containing a new stochastic variable. By establishing the mode-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with augmented terms, the finite-time boundness of the error system limited to strict dissipativity is studied. As a result of the help of an extended reciprocally convex matrix inequality technique, less conservative criteria in terms of linear matrix inequalities are deduced to calculate the desired control gains. Finally, two examples in regard to practical systems are provided to display the effectiveness of the proposed theory.展开更多
Cyber-Physical Systems are very vulnerable to sparse sensor attacks.But current protection mechanisms employ linear and deterministic models which cannot detect attacks precisely.Therefore,in this paper,we propose a n...Cyber-Physical Systems are very vulnerable to sparse sensor attacks.But current protection mechanisms employ linear and deterministic models which cannot detect attacks precisely.Therefore,in this paper,we propose a new non-linear generalized model to describe Cyber-Physical Systems.This model includes unknown multivariable discrete and continuous-time functions and different multiplicative noises to represent the evolution of physical processes and randomeffects in the physical and computationalworlds.Besides,the digitalization stage in hardware devices is represented too.Attackers and most critical sparse sensor attacks are described through a stochastic process.The reconstruction and protectionmechanisms are based on aweighted stochasticmodel.Error probability in data samples is estimated through different indicators commonly employed in non-linear dynamics(such as the Fourier transform,first-return maps,or the probability density function).A decision algorithm calculates the final reconstructed value considering the previous error probability.An experimental validation based on simulation tools and real deployments is also carried out.Both,the new technology performance and scalability are studied.Results prove that the proposed solution protects Cyber-Physical Systems against up to 92%of attacks and perturbations,with a computational delay below 2.5 s.The proposed model shows a linear complexity,as recursive or iterative structures are not employed,just algebraic and probabilistic functions.In conclusion,the new model and reconstructionmechanism can protect successfully Cyber-Physical Systems against sparse sensor attacks,even in dense or pervasive deployments and scenarios.展开更多
Cyber-physical system(CPS)is a concept that integrates every computer-driven system interacting closely with its physical environment.Internet-of-things(IoT)is a union of devices and technologies that provide universa...Cyber-physical system(CPS)is a concept that integrates every computer-driven system interacting closely with its physical environment.Internet-of-things(IoT)is a union of devices and technologies that provide universal interconnection mechanisms between the physical and digital worlds.Since the complexity level of the CPS increases,an adversary attack becomes possible in several ways.Assuring security is a vital aspect of the CPS environment.Due to the massive surge in the data size,the design of anomaly detection techniques becomes a challenging issue,and domain-specific knowledge can be applied to resolve it.This article develops an Aquila Optimizer with Parameter Tuned Machine Learning Based Anomaly Detection(AOPTML-AD)technique in the CPS environment.The presented AOPTML-AD model intends to recognize and detect abnormal behaviour in the CPS environment.The presented AOPTML-AD framework initially pre-processes the network data by converting them into a compatible format.Besides,the improved Aquila optimization algorithm-based feature selection(IAOA-FS)algorithm is designed to choose an optimal feature subset.Along with that,the chimp optimization algorithm(ChOA)with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)model can be employed to recognise anomalies in the CPS environment.The ChOA is applied for optimal adjusting of the membership function(MF)indulged in the ANFIS method.The performance validation of the AOPTML-AD algorithm is carried out using the benchmark dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the better performance of the AOPTML-AD technique compared to recent models,with an accuracy of 99.37%.展开更多
An integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)scheme for a millimeter wave(mmWave)multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)system is presented,in...An integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)scheme for a millimeter wave(mmWave)multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)system is presented,in which both the access point(AP)and the vehicle are equipped with large antenna arrays and employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures to compensate the path loss,meanwhile compromise between hardware complexity and system performance.Based on the sparse scattering nature of the mmWave channel,the received signal at the AP is organized to a four-order tensor by the introduced novel frame structure.A CANDECOMP/PARAFAC(CP)decomposition-based method is proposed for time-varying channel parameter extraction,including angles of departure/arrival(AoDs/AoAs),Doppler shift,time delay and path gain.Then leveraging the estimates of channel parameters,a nonlinear weighted least-square problem is proposed to recover the location accurately,heading and velocity of vehicles.Simulation results show that the proposed methods are effective and efficient in time-varying channel estimation and vehicle sensing in mmWave MIMOOFDM V2I systems.展开更多
With the concepts of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing gaining popularity,there is a growing notion that conventional manufacturing will witness a transition toward a new paradigm,targeting innovation,automation,be...With the concepts of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing gaining popularity,there is a growing notion that conventional manufacturing will witness a transition toward a new paradigm,targeting innovation,automation,better response to customer needs,and intelligent systems.Within this context,this review focuses on the concept of cyber–physical production system(CPPS)and presents a holistic perspective on the role of the CPPS in three key and essential drivers of this transformation:data-driven manufacturing,decentralized manufacturing,and integrated blockchains for data security.The paper aims to connect these three aspects of smart manufacturing and proposes that through the application of data-driven modeling,CPPS will aid in transforming manufacturing to become more intuitive and automated.In turn,automated manufacturing will pave the way for the decentralization of manufacturing.Layering blockchain technologies on top of CPPS will ensure the reliability and security of data sharing and integration across decentralized systems.Each of these claims is supported by relevant case studies recently published in the literature and from the industry;a brief on existing challenges and the way forward is also provided.展开更多
In this paper,a new filtering fusion problem is studied for nonlinear cyber-physical systems under errorvariance constraints and denial-of-service attacks.To prevent data collision and reduce communication cost,the st...In this paper,a new filtering fusion problem is studied for nonlinear cyber-physical systems under errorvariance constraints and denial-of-service attacks.To prevent data collision and reduce communication cost,the stochastic communication protocol is adopted in the sensor-to-filter channels to regulate the transmission order of sensors.Each sensor is allowed to enter the network according to the transmission priority decided by a set of independent and identicallydistributed random variables.From the defenders’view,the occurrence of the denial-of-service attack is governed by the randomly Bernoulli-distributed sequence.At the local filtering stage,a set of variance-constrained local filters are designed where the upper bounds(on the filtering error covariances)are first acquired and later minimized by appropriately designing filter parameters.At the fusion stage,all local estimates and error covariances are combined to develop a variance-constrained fusion estimator under the federated fusion rule.Furthermore,the performance of the fusion estimator is examined by studying the boundedness of the fused error covariance.A simulation example is finally presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fusion estimator.展开更多
After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised...After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.展开更多
This study considers the performance impacts of false data injection attacks on the cascading failures of a power cyber-physical system,and identifies vulnerable nodes.First,considering the monitoring and control func...This study considers the performance impacts of false data injection attacks on the cascading failures of a power cyber-physical system,and identifies vulnerable nodes.First,considering the monitoring and control functions of a cyber network and power flow characteristics of a power network,a power cyber-physical system model is established.Then,the influences of a false data attack on the decision-making and control processes of the cyber network communication processes are studied,and a cascading failure analysis process is proposed for the cyber-attack environment.In addition,a vulnerability evaluation index is defined from two perspectives,i.e.,the topology integrity and power network operation characteristics.Moreover,the effectiveness of a power flow betweenness assessment for vulnerable nodes in the cyberphysical environment is verified based on comparing the node power flow betweenness and vulnerability assessment index.Finally,an IEEE14-bus power network is selected for constructing a power cyber-physical system.Simulations show that both the uplink communication channel and downlink communication channel suffer from false data attacks,which affect the ability of the cyber network to suppress the propagation of cascading failures,and expand the scale of the cascading failures.The vulnerability evaluation index is calculated for each node,so as to verify the effectiveness of identifying vulnerable nodes based on the power flow betweenness.展开更多
Secure control against cyber attacks becomes increasingly significant in cyber-physical systems(CPSs).False data injection attacks are a class of cyber attacks that aim to compromise CPS functions by injecting false d...Secure control against cyber attacks becomes increasingly significant in cyber-physical systems(CPSs).False data injection attacks are a class of cyber attacks that aim to compromise CPS functions by injecting false data such as sensor measurements and control signals.For quantified false data injection attacks,this paper establishes an effective defense framework from the energy conversion perspective.Then,we design an energy controller to dynamically adjust the system energy changes caused by unknown attacks.The designed energy controller stabilizes the attacked CPSs and ensures the dynamic performance of the system by adjusting the amount of damping injection.Moreover,with the disturbance attenuation technique,the burden of control system design is simplified because there is no need to design an attack observer.In addition,this secure control method is simple to implement because it avoids complicated mathematical operations.The effectiveness of our control method is demonstrated through an industrial CPS that controls a permanent magnet synchronous motor.展开更多
With the advent of cross-domain interconnection,large-scale sensor network systems such as smart grids,smart homes,and intelligent transportation have emerged.These complex network systems often have a CPS(Cyber-Physi...With the advent of cross-domain interconnection,large-scale sensor network systems such as smart grids,smart homes,and intelligent transportation have emerged.These complex network systems often have a CPS(Cyber-Physical System)architecture and are usually composed of multiple interdependent systems.Minimal faults between interdependent networks may cause serious cascading failures between the entire system.Therefore,in this paper,we will explore the robustness detection schemes for interdependent networks.Firstly,by calculating the largest giant connected component in the entire system,the security of interdependent network systems under different attack models is analyzed.Secondly,a comparative analysis of the cascade failure mechanism between interdependent networks under the edge enhancement strategy is carried out.Finally,the simulation results verify the impact of system reliability under different handover edge strategies and show how to choose a better handover strategy to enhance its robustness.The further research work in this paper can also help design how to reduce the interdependence between systems,thereby further optimizing the interdependent network system’s structure to provide practical support for reducing the cascading failures.In the later work,we hope to explore our proposed strategies in the network model of real-world or close to real networks.展开更多
This paper designs a decentralized resilient H_(∞)load frequency control(LFC)scheme for multi-area cyber-physical power systems(CPPSs).Under the network-based control framework,the sampled measurements are transmitte...This paper designs a decentralized resilient H_(∞)load frequency control(LFC)scheme for multi-area cyber-physical power systems(CPPSs).Under the network-based control framework,the sampled measurements are transmitted through the communication networks,which may be attacked by energylimited denial-of-service(DoS)attacks with a characterization of the maximum count of continuous data losses(resilience index).Each area is controlled in a decentralized mode,and the impacts on one area from other areas via their interconnections are regarded as the additional load disturbance of this area.Then,the closed-loop LFC system of each area under DoS attacks is modeled as an aperiodic sampled-data control system with external disturbances.Under this modeling,a decentralized resilient H_(∞)scheme is presented to design the state-feedback controllers with guaranteed H∞performance and resilience index based on a novel transmission interval-dependent loop functional method.When given the controllers,the proposed scheme can obtain a less conservative H_(∞)performance and resilience index that the LFC system can tolerate.The effectiveness of the proposed LFC scheme is evaluated on a one-area CPPS and two three-area CPPSs under DoS attacks.展开更多
This study deals with reliable control problems in data-driven cyber-physical systems(CPSs) with intermittent communication faults, where the faults may be caused by bad or broken communication devices and/or cyber at...This study deals with reliable control problems in data-driven cyber-physical systems(CPSs) with intermittent communication faults, where the faults may be caused by bad or broken communication devices and/or cyber attackers. To solve them, a watermark-based anomaly detector is proposed, where the faults are divided to be either detectable or undetectable.Secondly, the fault's intermittent characteristic is described by the average dwell-time(ADT)-like concept, and then the reliable control issues, under the undetectable faults to the detector, are converted into stabilization issues of switched systems. Furthermore,based on the identifier-critic-structure learning algorithm, a datadriven switched controller with a prescribed-performance-based switching law is proposed, and by the ADT approach, a tolerated fault set is given. Additionally, it is shown that the presented switching laws can improve the system performance degradation in asynchronous intervals, where the degradation is caused by the fault-maker-triggered switching rule, which is unknown for CPS operators. Finally, an illustrative example validates the proposed method.展开更多
Cyber-Physical Systems, or Smart-Embedded Systems, are co-engineered for the integration of physical, computational and networking resources. These resources are used to develop an efficient base for enhancing the qua...Cyber-Physical Systems, or Smart-Embedded Systems, are co-engineered for the integration of physical, computational and networking resources. These resources are used to develop an efficient base for enhancing the quality of services in all areas of life and achieving a classier lifestyle in terms of a required service’s functionality and timing. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) complement the need to have smart products (e.g., homes, hospitals, airports, cities). In other words, regulate the three kinds of resources available: physical, computational, and networking. This regulation supports communication and interaction between the human word and digital word to find the required intelligence in all scopes of life, including Telecommunication, Power Generation and Distribution, and Manufacturing. Data Security is among the most important issues to be considered in recent technologies. Because Cyber-Physical Systems consist of interacting complex components and middle-ware, they face real challenges in being secure against cyber-attacks while functioning efficiently and without affecting or degrading their performance. This study gives a detailed description of CPSs, their challenges (including cyber-security attacks), characteristics, and related technologies. We also focus on the tradeoff between security and performance in CPS, and we present the most common Side Channel Attacks on the implementations of cryptographic algorithms (symmetric: AES and asymmetric: RSA) with the countermeasures against these attacks.展开更多
With the development of information and communication technology and the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT)era,cyber-physical system(CPS)is becoming the trend of products or systems.The deep integration and real-ti...With the development of information and communication technology and the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT)era,cyber-physical system(CPS)is becoming the trend of products or systems.The deep integration and real-time interaction between the physical world and the virtual world expand system functions.Although there are some CPS implementation guidelines,the virtual world is still relatively abstract compared to the concrete physical world that can be touched through the IoT.Besides that,human is a non-negligible CPS endogenous interactive intelligent component.In this paper,we propose a triple human-digital twin architecture,where the physical objects and the digital twins that are the projections of the physical entities establish the cornerstone of human functioning together.And the hierarchically distributed digital twins grow dynamically with the physical entities along the lifecycle.Furthermore,the interaction and collaboration among the physical objects,the digital twins,and the humans in their respective worlds(the expected world,the interpreted world,and the physical world)integrate the full value chain of the products in anticipation of seamless synergy.Finally,we present a power management digital companion platform for the lunar probe to demonstrate the efficacy of the architecture.展开更多
文摘The advent of Industry 5.0 marks a transformative era where Cyber-Physical Systems(CPSs)seamlessly integrate physical processes with advanced digital technologies.However,as industries become increasingly interconnected and reliant on smart digital technologies,the intersection of physical and cyber domains introduces novel security considerations,endangering the entire industrial ecosystem.The transition towards a more cooperative setting,including humans and machines in Industry 5.0,together with the growing intricacy and interconnection of CPSs,presents distinct and diverse security and privacy challenges.In this regard,this study provides a comprehensive review of security and privacy concerns pertaining to CPSs in the context of Industry 5.0.The review commences by providing an outline of the role of CPSs in Industry 5.0 and then proceeds to conduct a thorough review of the different security risks associated with CPSs in the context of Industry 5.0.Afterward,the study also presents the privacy implications inherent in these systems,particularly in light of the massive data collection and processing required.In addition,the paper delineates potential avenues for future research and provides countermeasures to surmount these challenges.Overall,the study underscores the imperative of adopting comprehensive security and privacy strategies within the context of Industry 5.0.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493).
文摘Mobile networks possess significant information and thus are considered a gold mine for the researcher’s community.The call detail records(CDR)of a mobile network are used to identify the network’s efficacy and the mobile user’s behavior.It is evident from the recent literature that cyber-physical systems(CPS)were used in the analytics and modeling of telecom data.In addition,CPS is used to provide valuable services in smart cities.In general,a typical telecom company hasmillions of subscribers and thus generatesmassive amounts of data.From this aspect,data storage,analysis,and processing are the key concerns.To solve these issues,herein we propose a multilevel cyber-physical social system(CPSS)for the analysis and modeling of large internet data.Our proposed multilevel system has three levels and each level has a specific functionality.Initially,raw Call Detail Data(CDR)was collected at the first level.Herein,the data preprocessing,cleaning,and error removal operations were performed.In the second level,data processing,cleaning,reduction,integration,processing,and storage were performed.Herein,suggested internet activity record measures were applied.Our proposed system initially constructs a graph and then performs network analysis.Thus proposed CPSS system accurately identifies different areas of internet peak usage in a city(Milan city).Our research is helpful for the network operators to plan effective network configuration,management,and optimization of resources.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62263005)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2020GXNSFDA238029)+2 种基金Laboratory of AI and Information Processing (Hechi University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2022GXZDSY004)Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (Grant No. YCSW2023298)Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education (Grant Nos. 2022YCXS149 and 2022YCXS155)。
文摘This paper is concerned with the finite-time dissipative synchronization control problem of semi-Markov switched cyber-physical systems in the presence of packet losses, which is constructed by the Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. To save the network communication burden, a distributed dynamic event-triggered mechanism is developed to restrain the information update. Besides, random packet dropouts following the Bernoulli distribution are assumed to occur in sensor to controller channels, where the triggered control input is analyzed via an equivalent method containing a new stochastic variable. By establishing the mode-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with augmented terms, the finite-time boundness of the error system limited to strict dissipativity is studied. As a result of the help of an extended reciprocally convex matrix inequality technique, less conservative criteria in terms of linear matrix inequalities are deduced to calculate the desired control gains. Finally, two examples in regard to practical systems are provided to display the effectiveness of the proposed theory.
基金supported by Comunidad de Madrid within the framework of the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad Politécnica de Madrid to encourage research by young doctors(PRINCE).
文摘Cyber-Physical Systems are very vulnerable to sparse sensor attacks.But current protection mechanisms employ linear and deterministic models which cannot detect attacks precisely.Therefore,in this paper,we propose a new non-linear generalized model to describe Cyber-Physical Systems.This model includes unknown multivariable discrete and continuous-time functions and different multiplicative noises to represent the evolution of physical processes and randomeffects in the physical and computationalworlds.Besides,the digitalization stage in hardware devices is represented too.Attackers and most critical sparse sensor attacks are described through a stochastic process.The reconstruction and protectionmechanisms are based on aweighted stochasticmodel.Error probability in data samples is estimated through different indicators commonly employed in non-linear dynamics(such as the Fourier transform,first-return maps,or the probability density function).A decision algorithm calculates the final reconstructed value considering the previous error probability.An experimental validation based on simulation tools and real deployments is also carried out.Both,the new technology performance and scalability are studied.Results prove that the proposed solution protects Cyber-Physical Systems against up to 92%of attacks and perturbations,with a computational delay below 2.5 s.The proposed model shows a linear complexity,as recursive or iterative structures are not employed,just algebraic and probabilistic functions.In conclusion,the new model and reconstructionmechanism can protect successfully Cyber-Physical Systems against sparse sensor attacks,even in dense or pervasive deployments and scenarios.
文摘Cyber-physical system(CPS)is a concept that integrates every computer-driven system interacting closely with its physical environment.Internet-of-things(IoT)is a union of devices and technologies that provide universal interconnection mechanisms between the physical and digital worlds.Since the complexity level of the CPS increases,an adversary attack becomes possible in several ways.Assuring security is a vital aspect of the CPS environment.Due to the massive surge in the data size,the design of anomaly detection techniques becomes a challenging issue,and domain-specific knowledge can be applied to resolve it.This article develops an Aquila Optimizer with Parameter Tuned Machine Learning Based Anomaly Detection(AOPTML-AD)technique in the CPS environment.The presented AOPTML-AD model intends to recognize and detect abnormal behaviour in the CPS environment.The presented AOPTML-AD framework initially pre-processes the network data by converting them into a compatible format.Besides,the improved Aquila optimization algorithm-based feature selection(IAOA-FS)algorithm is designed to choose an optimal feature subset.Along with that,the chimp optimization algorithm(ChOA)with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)model can be employed to recognise anomalies in the CPS environment.The ChOA is applied for optimal adjusting of the membership function(MF)indulged in the ANFIS method.The performance validation of the AOPTML-AD algorithm is carried out using the benchmark dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the better performance of the AOPTML-AD technique compared to recent models,with an accuracy of 99.37%.
文摘An integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)scheme for a millimeter wave(mmWave)multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM)Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)system is presented,in which both the access point(AP)and the vehicle are equipped with large antenna arrays and employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures to compensate the path loss,meanwhile compromise between hardware complexity and system performance.Based on the sparse scattering nature of the mmWave channel,the received signal at the AP is organized to a four-order tensor by the introduced novel frame structure.A CANDECOMP/PARAFAC(CP)decomposition-based method is proposed for time-varying channel parameter extraction,including angles of departure/arrival(AoDs/AoAs),Doppler shift,time delay and path gain.Then leveraging the estimates of channel parameters,a nonlinear weighted least-square problem is proposed to recover the location accurately,heading and velocity of vehicles.Simulation results show that the proposed methods are effective and efficient in time-varying channel estimation and vehicle sensing in mmWave MIMOOFDM V2I systems.
文摘With the concepts of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing gaining popularity,there is a growing notion that conventional manufacturing will witness a transition toward a new paradigm,targeting innovation,automation,better response to customer needs,and intelligent systems.Within this context,this review focuses on the concept of cyber–physical production system(CPPS)and presents a holistic perspective on the role of the CPPS in three key and essential drivers of this transformation:data-driven manufacturing,decentralized manufacturing,and integrated blockchains for data security.The paper aims to connect these three aspects of smart manufacturing and proposes that through the application of data-driven modeling,CPPS will aid in transforming manufacturing to become more intuitive and automated.In turn,automated manufacturing will pave the way for the decentralization of manufacturing.Layering blockchain technologies on top of CPPS will ensure the reliability and security of data sharing and integration across decentralized systems.Each of these claims is supported by relevant case studies recently published in the literature and from the industry;a brief on existing challenges and the way forward is also provided.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173068,61803074,61703245,61973102,U2030205,61903065,61671109,U1830207,U1830133)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M643441,2017M623005)+1 种基金the Royal Society of UKthe Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany。
文摘In this paper,a new filtering fusion problem is studied for nonlinear cyber-physical systems under errorvariance constraints and denial-of-service attacks.To prevent data collision and reduce communication cost,the stochastic communication protocol is adopted in the sensor-to-filter channels to regulate the transmission order of sensors.Each sensor is allowed to enter the network according to the transmission priority decided by a set of independent and identicallydistributed random variables.From the defenders’view,the occurrence of the denial-of-service attack is governed by the randomly Bernoulli-distributed sequence.At the local filtering stage,a set of variance-constrained local filters are designed where the upper bounds(on the filtering error covariances)are first acquired and later minimized by appropriately designing filter parameters.At the fusion stage,all local estimates and error covariances are combined to develop a variance-constrained fusion estimator under the federated fusion rule.Furthermore,the performance of the fusion estimator is examined by studying the boundedness of the fused error covariance.A simulation example is finally presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fusion estimator.
文摘After a brief emphasis about the interconnected world, including Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems, the increasing importance of the decision-making by autonomous, quasi-autonomous, and autonomic systems is emphasised. Promising roles of computational understanding, computational awareness, and computational wisdom for better autonomous decision-making are outlined. The contributions of simulation-based approaches are listed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61873057)the Education Department of Jilin Province(JJKH20200118KJ).
文摘This study considers the performance impacts of false data injection attacks on the cascading failures of a power cyber-physical system,and identifies vulnerable nodes.First,considering the monitoring and control functions of a cyber network and power flow characteristics of a power network,a power cyber-physical system model is established.Then,the influences of a false data attack on the decision-making and control processes of the cyber network communication processes are studied,and a cascading failure analysis process is proposed for the cyber-attack environment.In addition,a vulnerability evaluation index is defined from two perspectives,i.e.,the topology integrity and power network operation characteristics.Moreover,the effectiveness of a power flow betweenness assessment for vulnerable nodes in the cyberphysical environment is verified based on comparing the node power flow betweenness and vulnerability assessment index.Finally,an IEEE14-bus power network is selected for constructing a power cyber-physical system.Simulations show that both the uplink communication channel and downlink communication channel suffer from false data attacks,which affect the ability of the cyber network to suppress the propagation of cascading failures,and expand the scale of the cascading failures.The vulnerability evaluation index is calculated for each node,so as to verify the effectiveness of identifying vulnerable nodes based on the power flow betweenness.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China(61873103,61433006)。
文摘Secure control against cyber attacks becomes increasingly significant in cyber-physical systems(CPSs).False data injection attacks are a class of cyber attacks that aim to compromise CPS functions by injecting false data such as sensor measurements and control signals.For quantified false data injection attacks,this paper establishes an effective defense framework from the energy conversion perspective.Then,we design an energy controller to dynamically adjust the system energy changes caused by unknown attacks.The designed energy controller stabilizes the attacked CPSs and ensures the dynamic performance of the system by adjusting the amount of damping injection.Moreover,with the disturbance attenuation technique,the burden of control system design is simplified because there is no need to design an attack observer.In addition,this secure control method is simple to implement because it avoids complicated mathematical operations.The effectiveness of our control method is demonstrated through an industrial CPS that controls a permanent magnet synchronous motor.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.62072412,No.61902359,No.61702148No.61672468 part by the Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security under grant AGK2018001.
文摘With the advent of cross-domain interconnection,large-scale sensor network systems such as smart grids,smart homes,and intelligent transportation have emerged.These complex network systems often have a CPS(Cyber-Physical System)architecture and are usually composed of multiple interdependent systems.Minimal faults between interdependent networks may cause serious cascading failures between the entire system.Therefore,in this paper,we will explore the robustness detection schemes for interdependent networks.Firstly,by calculating the largest giant connected component in the entire system,the security of interdependent network systems under different attack models is analyzed.Secondly,a comparative analysis of the cascade failure mechanism between interdependent networks under the edge enhancement strategy is carried out.Finally,the simulation results verify the impact of system reliability under different handover edge strategies and show how to choose a better handover strategy to enhance its robustness.The further research work in this paper can also help design how to reduce the interdependence between systems,thereby further optimizing the interdependent network system’s structure to provide practical support for reducing the cascading failures.In the later work,we hope to explore our proposed strategies in the network model of real-world or close to real networks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(NNSF)of China(62003037,61873303)。
文摘This paper designs a decentralized resilient H_(∞)load frequency control(LFC)scheme for multi-area cyber-physical power systems(CPPSs).Under the network-based control framework,the sampled measurements are transmitted through the communication networks,which may be attacked by energylimited denial-of-service(DoS)attacks with a characterization of the maximum count of continuous data losses(resilience index).Each area is controlled in a decentralized mode,and the impacts on one area from other areas via their interconnections are regarded as the additional load disturbance of this area.Then,the closed-loop LFC system of each area under DoS attacks is modeled as an aperiodic sampled-data control system with external disturbances.Under this modeling,a decentralized resilient H_(∞)scheme is presented to design the state-feedback controllers with guaranteed H∞performance and resilience index based on a novel transmission interval-dependent loop functional method.When given the controllers,the proposed scheme can obtain a less conservative H_(∞)performance and resilience index that the LFC system can tolerate.The effectiveness of the proposed LFC scheme is evaluated on a one-area CPPS and two three-area CPPSs under DoS attacks.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61221003,61174127,61573245,61273181,61503247,61301223)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(15QA1402300,14511107903)
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61873056,61473068,61273148,61621004,61420106016)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China(N170405004,N182608004)the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries in China(2013ZCX01)。
文摘This study deals with reliable control problems in data-driven cyber-physical systems(CPSs) with intermittent communication faults, where the faults may be caused by bad or broken communication devices and/or cyber attackers. To solve them, a watermark-based anomaly detector is proposed, where the faults are divided to be either detectable or undetectable.Secondly, the fault's intermittent characteristic is described by the average dwell-time(ADT)-like concept, and then the reliable control issues, under the undetectable faults to the detector, are converted into stabilization issues of switched systems. Furthermore,based on the identifier-critic-structure learning algorithm, a datadriven switched controller with a prescribed-performance-based switching law is proposed, and by the ADT approach, a tolerated fault set is given. Additionally, it is shown that the presented switching laws can improve the system performance degradation in asynchronous intervals, where the degradation is caused by the fault-maker-triggered switching rule, which is unknown for CPS operators. Finally, an illustrative example validates the proposed method.
文摘Cyber-Physical Systems, or Smart-Embedded Systems, are co-engineered for the integration of physical, computational and networking resources. These resources are used to develop an efficient base for enhancing the quality of services in all areas of life and achieving a classier lifestyle in terms of a required service’s functionality and timing. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) complement the need to have smart products (e.g., homes, hospitals, airports, cities). In other words, regulate the three kinds of resources available: physical, computational, and networking. This regulation supports communication and interaction between the human word and digital word to find the required intelligence in all scopes of life, including Telecommunication, Power Generation and Distribution, and Manufacturing. Data Security is among the most important issues to be considered in recent technologies. Because Cyber-Physical Systems consist of interacting complex components and middle-ware, they face real challenges in being secure against cyber-attacks while functioning efficiently and without affecting or degrading their performance. This study gives a detailed description of CPSs, their challenges (including cyber-security attacks), characteristics, and related technologies. We also focus on the tradeoff between security and performance in CPS, and we present the most common Side Channel Attacks on the implementations of cryptographic algorithms (symmetric: AES and asymmetric: RSA) with the countermeasures against these attacks.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61233004,61221003,61374109,61104091,61304078,61473184)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2013CB035500)+2 种基金the International Cooperation Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(12230709600)the Higher Education Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of China(20120073130006,20110073110018)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2013M540364)
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61304263,61233007)the Cross-disciplinary Collaborative Teams Program for Science,Technology and Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Network and System Technologies for Security Monitoring and Information Interaction in Smart Arid
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China[Grant No.2018YFB1700905]National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China[Grant No.JCKY2018203A001].
文摘With the development of information and communication technology and the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT)era,cyber-physical system(CPS)is becoming the trend of products or systems.The deep integration and real-time interaction between the physical world and the virtual world expand system functions.Although there are some CPS implementation guidelines,the virtual world is still relatively abstract compared to the concrete physical world that can be touched through the IoT.Besides that,human is a non-negligible CPS endogenous interactive intelligent component.In this paper,we propose a triple human-digital twin architecture,where the physical objects and the digital twins that are the projections of the physical entities establish the cornerstone of human functioning together.And the hierarchically distributed digital twins grow dynamically with the physical entities along the lifecycle.Furthermore,the interaction and collaboration among the physical objects,the digital twins,and the humans in their respective worlds(the expected world,the interpreted world,and the physical world)integrate the full value chain of the products in anticipation of seamless synergy.Finally,we present a power management digital companion platform for the lunar probe to demonstrate the efficacy of the architecture.
