Haze pollution is a hot research topic at present,and it is of great significance to prevent and control haze pollution.In this paper,specific causes of haze pollution in China are analyzed by literature research and ...Haze pollution is a hot research topic at present,and it is of great significance to prevent and control haze pollution.In this paper,specific causes of haze pollution in China are analyzed by literature research and summary,and impacts of economic structure,energy structure and compound factors on haze pollution are explored.Finally,the prevention and control measures of haze pollution are summarized.展开更多
Low-resistivity oil layers are often missed in logging interpretation because of their resistivity close to or below the resistivity of nearby water layers.Typical low-resistivity oil layers have been found in the pas...Low-resistivity oil layers are often missed in logging interpretation because of their resistivity close to or below the resistivity of nearby water layers.Typical low-resistivity oil layers have been found in the past few years in the Putaohua reservoir of the Puao Oilfield in the south of the Daqing placanticline by detailed exploration.Based on a study of micro-geological causes of low-resistivity oil layers,the macro-geological controlling factors were analyzed through comprehensive research of regional depositional background,geological structure,and oil-water relations combined with core,water testing,well logging,and scanning electron microscopy data.The results showed that the formation and distribution of Putaohua low-resistivity oil layers in the Puao Oilfield were controlled by depositional environment,sedimentary facies,diagenesis,motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation,and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid.The low-resistivity oil layers caused by high bound-water saturation were controlled by deposition and diagenesis,those caused by high free-water saturation were controlled by structural amplitude and motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation.Those caused by formation water with high salinity were controlled by the ancient saline water depositional environment and faulted structure and those caused by additional conductivity of shale were controlled by paleoclimate and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid.Consideration of both micro-geological causes and macro-geological controlling factors is important in identifying low-resistivity oil layers.展开更多
Landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs) play a vital role in assisting land use planning and risk mitigation. This study aims to optimize causative factors using logistic regression(LR) and an artificial neural network(AN...Landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs) play a vital role in assisting land use planning and risk mitigation. This study aims to optimize causative factors using logistic regression(LR) and an artificial neural network(ANN) to produce a LSM. The LSM is produced with 11 causative factors and then optimized using forward-stepwise LR(FSLR), ANN, and their combination(FSLR-ANN) until eight causative factors were found for each method. The ANN method produced superior validation results compared with LR. The ROC values for the training data set ranges between 0.8 and 0.9. On the other hand, validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high, ANN method was higher(92.59%) than LR(82.12%). FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors gave the best validation results with respect to area under curve(AUC) values, and validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high. In conclusion, ANN was found to be better than LR when producing LSMs. The best Optimization was combination of FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors and AUC success rate 0.847, predictive rate 0.844 and validation with landslide fall into high and very high class with 91.30%. It is an encouraging preliminary model towards a systematic introduction of FSLR-ANN model for optimization causative factors in landslide susceptibility assessment in the mountainous area of Ujung Loe Watershed.展开更多
AIM To quantify the components in biofilms and analyze the predisposing factors involved in occlusion of biliary stents. METHODS In a prospective study conducted from April 2011 to March 2014 at a tertiary care hospit...AIM To quantify the components in biofilms and analyze the predisposing factors involved in occlusion of biliary stents. METHODS In a prospective study conducted from April 2011 to March 2014 at a tertiary care hospital, all consecutive patients who required endoscopic biliary stent exchange/removal were included. Etiology of the biliary disease was diagnosed by imaging, cytology and on follow-up. Clinical details of patients with biliary stent retrieval were noted. All extracted stents were collected in sterile containers and immediatelyprocessed for quantification of biofilm proteins and polysaccharides. Molecular identification of commonly known and unknown bacteria was performed by polymerase chain reaction and density gradient gel electrophoresis methods. RESULTS Eighty one patients(41 males) with age range of 20-86 years were studied. The underlying causes for stent insertion were bile duct stones(n = 46; 56.8%) benign stricture(n = 29; 35.8%) and malignancy(n = 6; 7.4%) with cholangitis in 50(61.7%) patients. The retrieved stent sizes were 7 Fr(n = 62; 76.5%) and 10 Fr(n = 19; 23.5%) with 65 days median insertion duration. Polybacterial consortia were detected in 90.1% of the stents. The most common bacteria identified by polymerase chain reaction alone and/or sequencing were Pseudomonas(n = 38), Citrobacter(n = 23), Klebsiella(n = 22), Staphylococcus(n = 20), Serratia(n = 16), Escherichia coli(n = 14), Streptococcus(n = 13), Enterococcus(n = 13), Aeromonas(n = 12), Proteus(n = 10) and Enterobacter(n = 9). Protein concentration according to gender(0.547 ± 0.242 mg/ml vs 0.458 ± 0.259 mg/ml; P = 0.115) as well as age > 60 years and < 60 years(0.468 ± 0.295 mg/ml vs 0.386 ± 0.238 mg/ml; P = 0.205) was non-significant. However, polysaccharide concentration was significant both according to gender(0.052 ± 0.021 mg/ml vs 0.049 ± 0.016 mg/ml; P < 0.0001) and age(0.051 ± 0.026 mg/ml vs 0.038 ± 0.016 mg/ml; P < 0.011). Protein concentration in the biofilm was significantly higher(0.555 ± 0.225 mg/ml vs 0.419 ± 0.276 mg/ml; P = 0.018) in patients with cholangitis, lower(0.356 ± 0.252 mg/ml vs 0.541 ± 0.238 mg/ml; P = 0.005) in the 10 Fr group than the 7 Fr group, and significantly higher(0.609 ± 0.240 mg/ml vs 0.476 ± 0.251 mg/ml; P = 0.060) in stents of ≥ 6 mo of indwelling time. However presence/absence of cholangitis, size of stent, indication of stent insertion and indwelling time did not affect the quantity of polysaccharide concentration.CONCLUSION Plastic stents retrieved from patients with biliary tract disease showed polymicrobial organisms with higher protein content among patients with cholangitis and those with smaller diameter stents. longer indwelling duration had more biofilm formation.展开更多
The Yarlung Zangbo River basin is a spacial zone in the south of Xizang, the types, distribution and causes of desertified lands have special features. The type, area, distribution and damage of desertification land i...The Yarlung Zangbo River basin is a spacial zone in the south of Xizang, the types, distribution and causes of desertified lands have special features. The type, area, distribution and damage of desertification land in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin are firstly analysed in detail by using latest investigation information. According to the classification criteria of desertified land types and grades, the desertified land in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin can be divided into three grades and five types: fixed sand (dune) land, semi bare sand and gravel land, semi fixed sand (dune) land, base sand and gravel land, and shifting sand (dune) land. The desertified lands in the basin are mainly distributed in the wide valley floor and tributary junction area. The main factors affecting desertification are fragile eco environment, climate warming and drying and over exploitation of land resources. The man made factors leading to desertification in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin are over cutting and over grazing, dominated by over grazing.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to analyze the causes of low-temperature rain and snow disasters in 2008.[Method] Based on the basic meteorological observation data,a primary study was implemented about the severe cold air an...[Objective] The aim was to analyze the causes of low-temperature rain and snow disasters in 2008.[Method] Based on the basic meteorological observation data,a primary study was implemented about the severe cold air and frozen rain event.The importance of factors causing disaster,territory and human activity in the formation of low-temperature rain and snow disasters were expounded.[Result] The factors triggering the disasters were so strong that were rarely seen in previous (stronger than that in 1954);the specific terrain was beneficial to the occurrence of the frozen rain;the human being's action amplified the impacts of disaster events while suffering it.Furthermore,a point of view to minimize the climate disaster damage like this severe frozen rain was proposed.Improvement of forecast capability and accuracy,implementation of the demonstration about climatic feasibility,and propagation to public about the natural disaster's protection and mitigation and so on were functional aspects.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the prediction and forecast of low-temperature rain and snow disasters.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Postpartum haemorrhage ...<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Postpartum haemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs predominantly in developing countries due to poorly developed infrastructures and lack of skilled birth attendants.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family:""> </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To identify the prevalence, causes and risk factors of primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal deliveries in a referral hospital (Douala General Hospital-Cameroon).</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family:""> </span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This was a descriptive and analytical study carried in the Douala General Hospital (DGH) for which socio-demographic, clinical, obstetric and post-partum data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis and logistic regression allowed us to present and discuss our results, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">value <</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The prevalence of Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage was 1.33%. Quantification of bleeding was reported in only 13.15% of cases. The main causes were: uterine atony (36.18%), placental retention (25.65%), cervical tears (12.50%), perineal tears (10.52%) and cervico-vaginal tears (08.52%). The risk factors were: age between 19</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">35 years aOR = 4.52;95% CI = 2.65</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.98;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.021);unemployment (aOR = 4.74;95% CI = 2.91</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6.02;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.001);being multigravida (aOR = 9.21;95% CI = 6.43</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.48;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.035);history of abortion (aOR = 5.11;95% CI = 2.05</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.29;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.004);preterm delivery (aOR = 6.88;95% CI = 2.72</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">9.06;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.002);duration of labour</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">> 12 hours (aOR = 4.05;95% CI = 2.46</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.98;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.003) and macrosomia (aOR = 3.27;95% CI = 1.03</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">68;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.041).</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Primary postpartum haemorrhage remains a poorly assessed obstetric complication in the maternity ward of the Douala General Hospital (DGH);Training staff on quantifying postpartum blood loss and monitoring the second and third stages of labour can help to better manage and reduce its occurrence.</span></span></span>展开更多
<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><strong>:</strong...<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><strong>:</strong> Maternal mortality is a robust indicator of human development. Most of it occurs in developing countries.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Objectives</span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: This study aims to determine the factors associated with maternal mortality in </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Gynecology</span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> and Obstetrics Department of Borgou Departmental University Hospital Center (CHUD-B).</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Study method</span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: Our study took place at Gynecology and Obstetrics Department in Borgou Departmental University Hospital Center. This was a descriptive and analytical case-control study, covering a period of 7 years from January 1, </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">2012</span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> to December 31, 2018.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Results</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: Two hundred and twelve patients have been recruited consisting of 106 deceased women and 106 controls. The intra-hospital mortality ratio was 1100 deaths per 100,000 live births (LB). The mean age of deceased women was 27.06 ± 6.45 years with the extremes of 15 and 45 years. Direct obstetric causes were the most frequent causes of maternal death. They were dominated by immediate postpartum hemorrhage (32.93%), followed by High Blood Pressure (26.83%) and infections (17.07%). The general condition of patients on admission (p-0.000) and inadequate management (p-0.001) w</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">as</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> associated with maternal mortality.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Conclusion</span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Patients</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">’</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> general condition on admission and inadequate management </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">w</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">as</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> factors associated with maternal mortality.</span></span></span>展开更多
The stress response theory is a relatively new concept about the cause of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISHL). A number of possible etiologies have been proposed in the literature, as discussed in this ...The stress response theory is a relatively new concept about the cause of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISHL). A number of possible etiologies have been proposed in the literature, as discussed in this paper, but each proposed etiology has been both supported and refuted in the literature. However, the stress response theory can integrate hypotheses that have been advocated so far. The word "stress" refers to a constellation of physical and psychological stimuli including systemic viral and bacterial illness, systemic inflammatory disorders, and physical, mental or metabolic stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated adverse effects of systemic stress on health. Stress causes changes in the immune system and cytokine network through activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Several types of catecholamine and cytokine receptors are in the cochlea cells other than capillary cells, and then they can respond to systemic stressors. However, there are few studies examining how systemic stress is associated with cochlear dysfunction. The stress response theory addresses this question. In the theory, a variety of stressors and risk factors contribute to the onset of ISHL in varying degrees. The lateral wall of the cochlea has very unique responses to systemic stressors. It plays a critical role in causing ISHL. Systemic stressors converge at the lateral wall and trigger pathological activation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, a transcriptional factor known as a stress sensor. This activation enhances local expression of genes associated with immune and inflammatory system, resulting in cochlear dysfunction. We review the original stress response theory advocated by Adams et al and the integrative stress response theory that integrates our knowledge about the etiologies of ISHL so far.展开更多
基金Supported by Jiaozuo Municipal Government Bidding Project(JZZ201911Z)Public Safety Project of Henan Polytechnic University(660113/016/004)Annual Project of Henan Polytechnic University(SKND2019-19)
文摘Haze pollution is a hot research topic at present,and it is of great significance to prevent and control haze pollution.In this paper,specific causes of haze pollution in China are analyzed by literature research and summary,and impacts of economic structure,energy structure and compound factors on haze pollution are explored.Finally,the prevention and control measures of haze pollution are summarized.
基金supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation Project(No.40173023)
文摘Low-resistivity oil layers are often missed in logging interpretation because of their resistivity close to or below the resistivity of nearby water layers.Typical low-resistivity oil layers have been found in the past few years in the Putaohua reservoir of the Puao Oilfield in the south of the Daqing placanticline by detailed exploration.Based on a study of micro-geological causes of low-resistivity oil layers,the macro-geological controlling factors were analyzed through comprehensive research of regional depositional background,geological structure,and oil-water relations combined with core,water testing,well logging,and scanning electron microscopy data.The results showed that the formation and distribution of Putaohua low-resistivity oil layers in the Puao Oilfield were controlled by depositional environment,sedimentary facies,diagenesis,motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation,and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid.The low-resistivity oil layers caused by high bound-water saturation were controlled by deposition and diagenesis,those caused by high free-water saturation were controlled by structural amplitude and motive power of hydrocarbon accumulation.Those caused by formation water with high salinity were controlled by the ancient saline water depositional environment and faulted structure and those caused by additional conductivity of shale were controlled by paleoclimate and acidity and alkalinity of reservoir liquid.Consideration of both micro-geological causes and macro-geological controlling factors is important in identifying low-resistivity oil layers.
文摘Landslide susceptibility maps(LSMs) play a vital role in assisting land use planning and risk mitigation. This study aims to optimize causative factors using logistic regression(LR) and an artificial neural network(ANN) to produce a LSM. The LSM is produced with 11 causative factors and then optimized using forward-stepwise LR(FSLR), ANN, and their combination(FSLR-ANN) until eight causative factors were found for each method. The ANN method produced superior validation results compared with LR. The ROC values for the training data set ranges between 0.8 and 0.9. On the other hand, validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high, ANN method was higher(92.59%) than LR(82.12%). FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors gave the best validation results with respect to area under curve(AUC) values, and validation with the percentage of landslide fall into LSM class high and very high. In conclusion, ANN was found to be better than LR when producing LSMs. The best Optimization was combination of FSLR-ANN with nine causative factors and AUC success rate 0.847, predictive rate 0.844 and validation with landslide fall into high and very high class with 91.30%. It is an encouraging preliminary model towards a systematic introduction of FSLR-ANN model for optimization causative factors in landslide susceptibility assessment in the mountainous area of Ujung Loe Watershed.
基金Supported by Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi,India,No.5/4/3-4/10-NCD-Ⅱ
文摘AIM To quantify the components in biofilms and analyze the predisposing factors involved in occlusion of biliary stents. METHODS In a prospective study conducted from April 2011 to March 2014 at a tertiary care hospital, all consecutive patients who required endoscopic biliary stent exchange/removal were included. Etiology of the biliary disease was diagnosed by imaging, cytology and on follow-up. Clinical details of patients with biliary stent retrieval were noted. All extracted stents were collected in sterile containers and immediatelyprocessed for quantification of biofilm proteins and polysaccharides. Molecular identification of commonly known and unknown bacteria was performed by polymerase chain reaction and density gradient gel electrophoresis methods. RESULTS Eighty one patients(41 males) with age range of 20-86 years were studied. The underlying causes for stent insertion were bile duct stones(n = 46; 56.8%) benign stricture(n = 29; 35.8%) and malignancy(n = 6; 7.4%) with cholangitis in 50(61.7%) patients. The retrieved stent sizes were 7 Fr(n = 62; 76.5%) and 10 Fr(n = 19; 23.5%) with 65 days median insertion duration. Polybacterial consortia were detected in 90.1% of the stents. The most common bacteria identified by polymerase chain reaction alone and/or sequencing were Pseudomonas(n = 38), Citrobacter(n = 23), Klebsiella(n = 22), Staphylococcus(n = 20), Serratia(n = 16), Escherichia coli(n = 14), Streptococcus(n = 13), Enterococcus(n = 13), Aeromonas(n = 12), Proteus(n = 10) and Enterobacter(n = 9). Protein concentration according to gender(0.547 ± 0.242 mg/ml vs 0.458 ± 0.259 mg/ml; P = 0.115) as well as age > 60 years and < 60 years(0.468 ± 0.295 mg/ml vs 0.386 ± 0.238 mg/ml; P = 0.205) was non-significant. However, polysaccharide concentration was significant both according to gender(0.052 ± 0.021 mg/ml vs 0.049 ± 0.016 mg/ml; P < 0.0001) and age(0.051 ± 0.026 mg/ml vs 0.038 ± 0.016 mg/ml; P < 0.011). Protein concentration in the biofilm was significantly higher(0.555 ± 0.225 mg/ml vs 0.419 ± 0.276 mg/ml; P = 0.018) in patients with cholangitis, lower(0.356 ± 0.252 mg/ml vs 0.541 ± 0.238 mg/ml; P = 0.005) in the 10 Fr group than the 7 Fr group, and significantly higher(0.609 ± 0.240 mg/ml vs 0.476 ± 0.251 mg/ml; P = 0.060) in stents of ≥ 6 mo of indwelling time. However presence/absence of cholangitis, size of stent, indication of stent insertion and indwelling time did not affect the quantity of polysaccharide concentration.CONCLUSION Plastic stents retrieved from patients with biliary tract disease showed polymicrobial organisms with higher protein content among patients with cholangitis and those with smaller diameter stents. longer indwelling duration had more biofilm formation.
文摘The Yarlung Zangbo River basin is a spacial zone in the south of Xizang, the types, distribution and causes of desertified lands have special features. The type, area, distribution and damage of desertification land in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin are firstly analysed in detail by using latest investigation information. According to the classification criteria of desertified land types and grades, the desertified land in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin can be divided into three grades and five types: fixed sand (dune) land, semi bare sand and gravel land, semi fixed sand (dune) land, base sand and gravel land, and shifting sand (dune) land. The desertified lands in the basin are mainly distributed in the wide valley floor and tributary junction area. The main factors affecting desertification are fragile eco environment, climate warming and drying and over exploitation of land resources. The man made factors leading to desertification in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin are over cutting and over grazing, dominated by over grazing.
基金Supported by Chinese Meteorological Bureau Business Program in 2009 " National Meteorological Disaster Risk Zone"Hunan Province Meteorological Bureau Key Science and Research Program (200801)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to analyze the causes of low-temperature rain and snow disasters in 2008.[Method] Based on the basic meteorological observation data,a primary study was implemented about the severe cold air and frozen rain event.The importance of factors causing disaster,territory and human activity in the formation of low-temperature rain and snow disasters were expounded.[Result] The factors triggering the disasters were so strong that were rarely seen in previous (stronger than that in 1954);the specific terrain was beneficial to the occurrence of the frozen rain;the human being's action amplified the impacts of disaster events while suffering it.Furthermore,a point of view to minimize the climate disaster damage like this severe frozen rain was proposed.Improvement of forecast capability and accuracy,implementation of the demonstration about climatic feasibility,and propagation to public about the natural disaster's protection and mitigation and so on were functional aspects.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the prediction and forecast of low-temperature rain and snow disasters.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Postpartum haemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs predominantly in developing countries due to poorly developed infrastructures and lack of skilled birth attendants.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family:""> </span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">To identify the prevalence, causes and risk factors of primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal deliveries in a referral hospital (Douala General Hospital-Cameroon).</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family:""> </span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This was a descriptive and analytical study carried in the Douala General Hospital (DGH) for which socio-demographic, clinical, obstetric and post-partum data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis and logistic regression allowed us to present and discuss our results, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">value <</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The prevalence of Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage was 1.33%. Quantification of bleeding was reported in only 13.15% of cases. The main causes were: uterine atony (36.18%), placental retention (25.65%), cervical tears (12.50%), perineal tears (10.52%) and cervico-vaginal tears (08.52%). The risk factors were: age between 19</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">35 years aOR = 4.52;95% CI = 2.65</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.98;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.021);unemployment (aOR = 4.74;95% CI = 2.91</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6.02;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.001);being multigravida (aOR = 9.21;95% CI = 6.43</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">12.48;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.035);history of abortion (aOR = 5.11;95% CI = 2.05</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.29;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.004);preterm delivery (aOR = 6.88;95% CI = 2.72</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">9.06;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.002);duration of labour</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">> 12 hours (aOR = 4.05;95% CI = 2.46</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7.98;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.003) and macrosomia (aOR = 3.27;95% CI = 1.03</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">5</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">68;</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.041).</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Primary postpartum haemorrhage remains a poorly assessed obstetric complication in the maternity ward of the Douala General Hospital (DGH);Training staff on quantifying postpartum blood loss and monitoring the second and third stages of labour can help to better manage and reduce its occurrence.</span></span></span>
文摘<strong>Introduction</strong><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><strong>:</strong> Maternal mortality is a robust indicator of human development. Most of it occurs in developing countries.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Objectives</span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: This study aims to determine the factors associated with maternal mortality in </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Gynecology</span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> and Obstetrics Department of Borgou Departmental University Hospital Center (CHUD-B).</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Study method</span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: Our study took place at Gynecology and Obstetrics Department in Borgou Departmental University Hospital Center. This was a descriptive and analytical case-control study, covering a period of 7 years from January 1, </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">2012</span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> to December 31, 2018.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Results</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: Two hundred and twelve patients have been recruited consisting of 106 deceased women and 106 controls. The intra-hospital mortality ratio was 1100 deaths per 100,000 live births (LB). The mean age of deceased women was 27.06 ± 6.45 years with the extremes of 15 and 45 years. Direct obstetric causes were the most frequent causes of maternal death. They were dominated by immediate postpartum hemorrhage (32.93%), followed by High Blood Pressure (26.83%) and infections (17.07%). The general condition of patients on admission (p-0.000) and inadequate management (p-0.001) w</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">as</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> associated with maternal mortality.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><b><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Conclusion</span></b></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">: </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">Patients</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">’</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> general condition on admission and inadequate management </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">w</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;">as</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"> factors associated with maternal mortality.</span></span></span>
基金Supported by A grant from the Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare and a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists
文摘The stress response theory is a relatively new concept about the cause of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISHL). A number of possible etiologies have been proposed in the literature, as discussed in this paper, but each proposed etiology has been both supported and refuted in the literature. However, the stress response theory can integrate hypotheses that have been advocated so far. The word "stress" refers to a constellation of physical and psychological stimuli including systemic viral and bacterial illness, systemic inflammatory disorders, and physical, mental or metabolic stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated adverse effects of systemic stress on health. Stress causes changes in the immune system and cytokine network through activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Several types of catecholamine and cytokine receptors are in the cochlea cells other than capillary cells, and then they can respond to systemic stressors. However, there are few studies examining how systemic stress is associated with cochlear dysfunction. The stress response theory addresses this question. In the theory, a variety of stressors and risk factors contribute to the onset of ISHL in varying degrees. The lateral wall of the cochlea has very unique responses to systemic stressors. It plays a critical role in causing ISHL. Systemic stressors converge at the lateral wall and trigger pathological activation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, a transcriptional factor known as a stress sensor. This activation enhances local expression of genes associated with immune and inflammatory system, resulting in cochlear dysfunction. We review the original stress response theory advocated by Adams et al and the integrative stress response theory that integrates our knowledge about the etiologies of ISHL so far.
