The Mongolian nationality is a legendary ethnic group with a long history.In the long history process,Mongolians have developed broad,profound and gorgeous cultural patterns in many aspects,such as living,diet,clothin...The Mongolian nationality is a legendary ethnic group with a long history.In the long history process,Mongolians have developed broad,profound and gorgeous cultural patterns in many aspects,such as living,diet,clothing,language,writing,dance,art,medicine and health,which has accumulated tremendous achievements and formed its unique tradition.Traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)is one of the most important ethnic medicines with systematic theories that has been developed over thousands of years among Mongolian people.The study of TMM has the potential to aid in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases,as well as the provision of more effective medical services across the world.This paper reviews the key literature concerned with the origin and history,main theoretical philosophies and the modern research status of TMM.It provides a reference for the study of traditional medicine.展开更多
The modern history of protected area(PA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act(1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National Park was established. In the years immed...The modern history of protected area(PA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act(1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National Park was established. In the years immediately following these key events, protected area acts and regulations were strictly applied and the role of local people in managing natural resources was neglected. However with the passage of time, and with changes in the socio-political and economic characteristics of Nepal, management regimes have shifted towards a more liberal model which recognizes more clearly the contributions of people living and working within protected areas. Recently, landscape level conservation models including the designation of multiple use areas have been utilized in the development of management plans for protected areas in Nepal. Conservation agencies have attempted to tackle challenges such as land use conflict, poaching and smuggling of wildlife parts and illegal harvesting of highly valued medicinal herbs through regulation, but these efforts are not always successful. We recommend a holistic conflict resolution approach which recognizes and resolves the different needs of all stakeholders.展开更多
Hysteromyoma is a gynecological multiple benign tumor disease,but it will still affect women's physical and mental health and may become malignant tumors.Therefore,it is necessary to treat it as soon as possible.D...Hysteromyoma is a gynecological multiple benign tumor disease,but it will still affect women's physical and mental health and may become malignant tumors.Therefore,it is necessary to treat it as soon as possible.Due to the lack of safe and effective medicine treatment with low recurrence rate,surgery is still the main treatment.Surgical treatment has a long history.This article introduces the history of surgical treatment of hysteromyoma.The earliest and most widely implemented is Laparoscopic myomectomy,which began in the 1920s.With the development of science and technology,Laparoscopic myomectomy,Hysteroscopic myomectomy and Transvaginal myomectomy in the late twentieth century gradually made the treatment of hysteromyoma minimally invasive.In recent years,laparoscopic uterine vascular occlusion combined with hysteromyomectomy,uterine artery embolization and high-intensity focused ultrasound have gradually appeared,and the treatment methods of hysteromyoma are becoming more and more perfect.展开更多
Objective To study the extended clinical trial systems in the United States,the European Union and Australia,and to provide a reference for the improvement of China’s extended clinical trial system.Methods Literature...Objective To study the extended clinical trial systems in the United States,the European Union and Australia,and to provide a reference for the improvement of China’s extended clinical trial system.Methods Literature research method,risk management analysis method and comparative research were used in this paper to analyze the development history,scope of use,status quo of the extended clinical trial systems in the United States,the European Union,and Australia.Then,the current situation and shortcomings of China’s extended clinical trial system were compare with these foreign countries so as to put forward some suggestions for improvement.Results and Conclusion China should improve existing laws and regulations by establishing a fast application procedure,increasing application channels,and providing an information disclosure platform to meet the needs of patients in extended clinical trials.展开更多
This study analyses the geological characteristics and development progress of unconventional gas in China,summarizes the development theories and technologies,discusses the prospects and challenges of unconventional ...This study analyses the geological characteristics and development progress of unconventional gas in China,summarizes the development theories and technologies,discusses the prospects and challenges of unconventional gas development,and puts forward the future trends of development technologies.Various technologies of unconventional gas development are available in China.Shale gas development technologies include comprehensive geological evaluation,volume fracturing of cluster horizontal wells under complex stress conditions,and factory-like operation of horizontal wells in complex mountainous area et al.Tight gas development technologies include fluid identification and quantitative prediction,optimization of well patterns,multi-layer fracturing in vertical well,staged fracturing in horizontal well,and drainage gas recovery.Coalbed methane(CBM)development technologies include the prediction of medium-high-and medium-low-rank CBM enrichment areas,rate-variable hydraulic fracturing,and quantitative drainage recovery with five stages,three pressures,and four controls.For economic and effective development of unconventional gas,further efforts should be made.First,intensified studies should be conducted on high-precision prediction and fine characterization technologies of high-quality shale reservoirs in deep marine,continental,and transitional facies.Second,key theories and technologies such as fast drilling and completion of wells with long laterals as well as large-scale volume fracturing should be developed to improve well productivity.Third,new technologies such as multiple well-type development,fluid injection,and nano-flooding should be developed to enhance the recovery.Fourth,effort should be made to identify the accumulation mechanism and large-scale effective development technologies for CBM.Fifth,the application of large amounts of data and artificial intelligence in the entire process of unconventional gas development should be considered to reduce the development cost.展开更多
Handan is an important node in the development of modern industrial cities in China.In this paper,the four stages of modern industrial development in Handan were studied according to the timeline,and the important nod...Handan is an important node in the development of modern industrial cities in China.In this paper,the four stages of modern industrial development in Handan were studied according to the timeline,and the important nodes in the transformation of industrial industry types in Handan were analyzed;the development process of modern industry in Handan was discussed,and the present situation of Handan industry was summarized;active exploration was made for the sustainable development of existing industrial buildings in Handan,so as to provide some references for the development of contemporary industry in Handan.展开更多
Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi J...Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.展开更多
Plain Language has made a great difference nowadays. As it turns out, Plain Language works effectively to express clearly, concisely and systematically. However, it is necessary for contemporary practitioners to revie...Plain Language has made a great difference nowadays. As it turns out, Plain Language works effectively to express clearly, concisely and systematically. However, it is necessary for contemporary practitioners to review the origin and development of Plain Language Movement and to examine whether it has thoroughly implemented Plain Language policies in every federal document. Examining a contemporary federal document against the Guidelines for Document Designers reveals existing problems for further development.展开更多
Objective To introduce the background and development of post-abortion services such as contraceptive counseling at home and abroad,and its important role for women so as to provide a reference for the further popular...Objective To introduce the background and development of post-abortion services such as contraceptive counseling at home and abroad,and its important role for women so as to provide a reference for the further popularization of this service in China.Methods Chinese and English databases such as CNKI,WanFang Database,VIP,PubMed,and Web of Science were searched to find relevant studies on the implementation of post-abortion service,including post-abortion family planning and post-abortion contraceptive counseling in China.And then the literature on the implementation effect of post-abortion contraceptive counseling and related services was reviewed in China.Results and Conclusion The post-abortion contraceptive counseling service can effectively improve the reproductive health of the patients with induced abortion and the level of knowledge about contraception and birth control,so as to change the contraceptive behavior and adverse psychological state of the patients.Besides.it can guide patients to use more long-term and effective contraceptive measures,thereby reducing the occurrence of unintended pregnancy and repeated abortion.Standardized contraceptive counseling and related services can also improve patient satisfaction.According to the development and implementation effect of post-abortion service and post-abortion contraceptive counseling at home and abroad,it is necessary to further promote post-abortion contraceptive counseling service in the future.Much consideration should be given to carrying out a health technical assessment of the standardized post-abortion contraceptive counseling service as well as its implementation costs.Therefore,medical institutions will have a reference to carry out standardized post-abortion contraceptive counseling service.展开更多
This paper focuses on the development of information and communication technology(ICT)in education,its impact on teaching and learning,as well as the factors that sustain change in education.Since the rise of e-learni...This paper focuses on the development of information and communication technology(ICT)in education,its impact on teaching and learning,as well as the factors that sustain change in education.Since the rise of e-learning in the 1990s,ICT has evolved rapidly in the field of education.Furthermore,ICT is seen as a catalyst for change in education,and its impact on both,students and teachers should not be understated.In addition,the sustenance of these positive changes brought about by ICT should also garner attention.This paper consequently focuses on an overview of the evolution of ICT in the field of education in the last decade or so,its impact on the changes in teaching and learning,as well as the factors that sustain the changes.Through a study of prior literature and reports,the results found that ICT has had a different focus and predicted direction each year from 2009 to the present,as well as significant effects on the content,approach,time,and place of teaching,administration,research process,and roles of teachers and students.Additional factors that influence educational change include funding,equipment software,and personnel expertise.Therefore,this article provides referenceable evidence for further ICT applications in education.展开更多
Mongolian medicine(MM)is an important part of Mongolian culture.Exploration of MM can play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and can help provide better health care globally.In this ar...Mongolian medicine(MM)is an important part of Mongolian culture.Exploration of MM can play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and can help provide better health care globally.In this article,we gave a brief introduction to the origin and development of MM,the theoretical system of MM,the principles of Mongolian materia medica formula,the modern research on Mongolian materia medica and the quality control of Mongolian materia medica.The present situation and outlook of MM were also discussed.展开更多
Because typhoons are one of the most major natural disasters in the southeastern coastal areas of China,great attention has been paid to the prevention and mitigation of the disasters caused by typhoons.Over the past ...Because typhoons are one of the most major natural disasters in the southeastern coastal areas of China,great attention has been paid to the prevention and mitigation of the disasters caused by typhoons.Over the past century,significant progress has been made in typhoon-related scientific research and operational work in China,including the construction of a network of typhoon monitoring stations,the establishment of forecasting operation systems,early warning and prevention of typhoon-related disasters,and the research of basic theories of typhoon behaviors and key forecasting technologies.This paper briefly reviews the milestones in the development history of typhoon research in China over the past century and a half in order to commemorate the predecessors,especially those who made historical contributions to the advancement of typhoon research since the economic and cultural reforms known as the"Opening of China",who provided historical references which enabled China to become an international leader in the field of typhoon science and technology.展开更多
1outline Launched in 2016 with a focus on the key technologies relatedtohigh-speed magnetic levitation,China's 600 km/h high-speed maglev train project has provided a number of engineering breakthroughs.Focusing o...1outline Launched in 2016 with a focus on the key technologies relatedtohigh-speed magnetic levitation,China's 600 km/h high-speed maglev train project has provided a number of engineering breakthroughs.Focusing on the development process of China's high-speed maglev system,this paper provides a description ofits development history,the innovations achieved,and the capabilities formed throughout the project.The paper commences by introducing the performance and technical innovation of thehigh-speedmaglevsystem interms of aerodynamic design,system dynamics,system energy consumption,vibration and noise reduction,and electromagnetic compatibility,among others.展开更多
Purpose:China has a long history of private school education.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,nongovernmental education(private school education)once disappeared from Chinese society until its rev...Purpose:China has a long history of private school education.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,nongovernmental education(private school education)once disappeared from Chinese society until its revival following the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.With its development of more than four decades,nongovernmental education has become an important part of China’s educational system and is vigorously promoting the modernization progress of Chinese education.Design/Approach/Methods:Being different from the overseas private school education,which is mostly funded by donations,China’s nongovernmental education sector has operated on the basis of private capital investments and contributions,with the organizers(contributors)typically expecting economic returns.Marked by the introduction of regulations and policies for nongovernmental education around the year of 2016,China’s nongovernmental education sector officially entered a new era of registration,support,and regulation by category.Findings:The macroscopic policies of China’s nongovernmental education in new era present the following new characters:(Ⅰ)Emphasizing education provision as a public interest and comprehensively strengthening private school leadership;(Ⅱ)managing negative lists and broadening the means by which social forces participate in operating schools;(Ⅲ)implementing preferential policies for private schools through categories based on the principle of being fair but different;(Ⅳ)supporting the development of private schools with the goal of improving education quality;(Ⅴ)standardizing private schools’operating practices in order to promote healthy and orderly development.Originality/Value:The implementing of the new policies on nongovernmental education shall have significant impact on the development and reform of China’s nongovernmental education in the future:(1)The rapid development of nonprofit private schools due to government support;(2)for-profit private schools may face polarization in a fiercely competitive market environment;(3)heavy burden of categorizing and transferring existing stock of schools due to various historical and realistic constraints.展开更多
The origin of neurosurgery dates back to the end of the 19 th century. Many prominent and pioneering neurosurgeons contributed substantially to the development of skull base neurosurgery. In the naked eye era, Harvey ...The origin of neurosurgery dates back to the end of the 19 th century. Many prominent and pioneering neurosurgeons contributed substantially to the development of skull base neurosurgery. In the naked eye era, Harvey Cushing promoted the delicate and meticulous surgical techniques, and significantly decreased the surgical mortality. In the 1960 s, the operative microscope was introduced to the neurosurgery. Neurosurgeons represented by Yasargil took full advantage of this technology and pushed skull base neurosurgery into a new era. Transnasal transsphenoidal approach has long been used to resect pituitary tumor. The use of endoscope expands the transnasal exposure from the crista galli to C-2. The endoscopic approach may represent a paradigm shift,perhaps equivalent to the introduction of the microscope, in approaching various skull base lesions.展开更多
基金supported by Central Government Guided Local Scientific and Technological Development Project(No.2021ZY0015)Science and Technology Young Talents Development Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(No.NJYT22048).
文摘The Mongolian nationality is a legendary ethnic group with a long history.In the long history process,Mongolians have developed broad,profound and gorgeous cultural patterns in many aspects,such as living,diet,clothing,language,writing,dance,art,medicine and health,which has accumulated tremendous achievements and formed its unique tradition.Traditional Mongolian medicine(TMM)is one of the most important ethnic medicines with systematic theories that has been developed over thousands of years among Mongolian people.The study of TMM has the potential to aid in the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases,as well as the provision of more effective medical services across the world.This paper reviews the key literature concerned with the origin and history,main theoretical philosophies and the modern research status of TMM.It provides a reference for the study of traditional medicine.
文摘The modern history of protected area(PA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act(1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National Park was established. In the years immediately following these key events, protected area acts and regulations were strictly applied and the role of local people in managing natural resources was neglected. However with the passage of time, and with changes in the socio-political and economic characteristics of Nepal, management regimes have shifted towards a more liberal model which recognizes more clearly the contributions of people living and working within protected areas. Recently, landscape level conservation models including the designation of multiple use areas have been utilized in the development of management plans for protected areas in Nepal. Conservation agencies have attempted to tackle challenges such as land use conflict, poaching and smuggling of wildlife parts and illegal harvesting of highly valued medicinal herbs through regulation, but these efforts are not always successful. We recommend a holistic conflict resolution approach which recognizes and resolves the different needs of all stakeholders.
文摘Hysteromyoma is a gynecological multiple benign tumor disease,but it will still affect women's physical and mental health and may become malignant tumors.Therefore,it is necessary to treat it as soon as possible.Due to the lack of safe and effective medicine treatment with low recurrence rate,surgery is still the main treatment.Surgical treatment has a long history.This article introduces the history of surgical treatment of hysteromyoma.The earliest and most widely implemented is Laparoscopic myomectomy,which began in the 1920s.With the development of science and technology,Laparoscopic myomectomy,Hysteroscopic myomectomy and Transvaginal myomectomy in the late twentieth century gradually made the treatment of hysteromyoma minimally invasive.In recent years,laparoscopic uterine vascular occlusion combined with hysteromyomectomy,uterine artery embolization and high-intensity focused ultrasound have gradually appeared,and the treatment methods of hysteromyoma are becoming more and more perfect.
文摘Objective To study the extended clinical trial systems in the United States,the European Union and Australia,and to provide a reference for the improvement of China’s extended clinical trial system.Methods Literature research method,risk management analysis method and comparative research were used in this paper to analyze the development history,scope of use,status quo of the extended clinical trial systems in the United States,the European Union,and Australia.Then,the current situation and shortcomings of China’s extended clinical trial system were compare with these foreign countries so as to put forward some suggestions for improvement.Results and Conclusion China should improve existing laws and regulations by establishing a fast application procedure,increasing application channels,and providing an information disclosure platform to meet the needs of patients in extended clinical trials.
文摘This study analyses the geological characteristics and development progress of unconventional gas in China,summarizes the development theories and technologies,discusses the prospects and challenges of unconventional gas development,and puts forward the future trends of development technologies.Various technologies of unconventional gas development are available in China.Shale gas development technologies include comprehensive geological evaluation,volume fracturing of cluster horizontal wells under complex stress conditions,and factory-like operation of horizontal wells in complex mountainous area et al.Tight gas development technologies include fluid identification and quantitative prediction,optimization of well patterns,multi-layer fracturing in vertical well,staged fracturing in horizontal well,and drainage gas recovery.Coalbed methane(CBM)development technologies include the prediction of medium-high-and medium-low-rank CBM enrichment areas,rate-variable hydraulic fracturing,and quantitative drainage recovery with five stages,three pressures,and four controls.For economic and effective development of unconventional gas,further efforts should be made.First,intensified studies should be conducted on high-precision prediction and fine characterization technologies of high-quality shale reservoirs in deep marine,continental,and transitional facies.Second,key theories and technologies such as fast drilling and completion of wells with long laterals as well as large-scale volume fracturing should be developed to improve well productivity.Third,new technologies such as multiple well-type development,fluid injection,and nano-flooding should be developed to enhance the recovery.Fourth,effort should be made to identify the accumulation mechanism and large-scale effective development technologies for CBM.Fifth,the application of large amounts of data and artificial intelligence in the entire process of unconventional gas development should be considered to reduce the development cost.
文摘Handan is an important node in the development of modern industrial cities in China.In this paper,the four stages of modern industrial development in Handan were studied according to the timeline,and the important nodes in the transformation of industrial industry types in Handan were analyzed;the development process of modern industry in Handan was discussed,and the present situation of Handan industry was summarized;active exploration was made for the sustainable development of existing industrial buildings in Handan,so as to provide some references for the development of contemporary industry in Handan.
文摘Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.
文摘Plain Language has made a great difference nowadays. As it turns out, Plain Language works effectively to express clearly, concisely and systematically. However, it is necessary for contemporary practitioners to review the origin and development of Plain Language Movement and to examine whether it has thoroughly implemented Plain Language policies in every federal document. Examining a contemporary federal document against the Guidelines for Document Designers reveals existing problems for further development.
文摘Objective To introduce the background and development of post-abortion services such as contraceptive counseling at home and abroad,and its important role for women so as to provide a reference for the further popularization of this service in China.Methods Chinese and English databases such as CNKI,WanFang Database,VIP,PubMed,and Web of Science were searched to find relevant studies on the implementation of post-abortion service,including post-abortion family planning and post-abortion contraceptive counseling in China.And then the literature on the implementation effect of post-abortion contraceptive counseling and related services was reviewed in China.Results and Conclusion The post-abortion contraceptive counseling service can effectively improve the reproductive health of the patients with induced abortion and the level of knowledge about contraception and birth control,so as to change the contraceptive behavior and adverse psychological state of the patients.Besides.it can guide patients to use more long-term and effective contraceptive measures,thereby reducing the occurrence of unintended pregnancy and repeated abortion.Standardized contraceptive counseling and related services can also improve patient satisfaction.According to the development and implementation effect of post-abortion service and post-abortion contraceptive counseling at home and abroad,it is necessary to further promote post-abortion contraceptive counseling service in the future.Much consideration should be given to carrying out a health technical assessment of the standardized post-abortion contraceptive counseling service as well as its implementation costs.Therefore,medical institutions will have a reference to carry out standardized post-abortion contraceptive counseling service.
文摘This paper focuses on the development of information and communication technology(ICT)in education,its impact on teaching and learning,as well as the factors that sustain change in education.Since the rise of e-learning in the 1990s,ICT has evolved rapidly in the field of education.Furthermore,ICT is seen as a catalyst for change in education,and its impact on both,students and teachers should not be understated.In addition,the sustenance of these positive changes brought about by ICT should also garner attention.This paper consequently focuses on an overview of the evolution of ICT in the field of education in the last decade or so,its impact on the changes in teaching and learning,as well as the factors that sustain the changes.Through a study of prior literature and reports,the results found that ICT has had a different focus and predicted direction each year from 2009 to the present,as well as significant effects on the content,approach,time,and place of teaching,administration,research process,and roles of teachers and students.Additional factors that influence educational change include funding,equipment software,and personnel expertise.Therefore,this article provides referenceable evidence for further ICT applications in education.
基金National Key R&D Program:Intergovernmental Cooperation in International Science and Technology Innovation(No.2021YFE011169)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81573535)+2 种基金National major science and technology project of‘‘Major New Drug Innovation”(No.20152X09501005)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.7202109)2019‘‘Double First-class”Construction special project of Universities directly under undergraduate administration in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mongolian Medicine research and innovation team construction project(No.190302)。
文摘Mongolian medicine(MM)is an important part of Mongolian culture.Exploration of MM can play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and can help provide better health care globally.In this article,we gave a brief introduction to the origin and development of MM,the theoretical system of MM,the principles of Mongolian materia medica formula,the modern research on Mongolian materia medica and the quality control of Mongolian materia medica.The present situation and outlook of MM were also discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1506400)the Projects of International Cooperation (Grant No. IPOVAI-04-05)
文摘Because typhoons are one of the most major natural disasters in the southeastern coastal areas of China,great attention has been paid to the prevention and mitigation of the disasters caused by typhoons.Over the past century,significant progress has been made in typhoon-related scientific research and operational work in China,including the construction of a network of typhoon monitoring stations,the establishment of forecasting operation systems,early warning and prevention of typhoon-related disasters,and the research of basic theories of typhoon behaviors and key forecasting technologies.This paper briefly reviews the milestones in the development history of typhoon research in China over the past century and a half in order to commemorate the predecessors,especially those who made historical contributions to the advancement of typhoon research since the economic and cultural reforms known as the"Opening of China",who provided historical references which enabled China to become an international leader in the field of typhoon science and technology.
文摘1outline Launched in 2016 with a focus on the key technologies relatedtohigh-speed magnetic levitation,China's 600 km/h high-speed maglev train project has provided a number of engineering breakthroughs.Focusing on the development process of China's high-speed maglev system,this paper provides a description ofits development history,the innovations achieved,and the capabilities formed throughout the project.The paper commences by introducing the performance and technical innovation of thehigh-speedmaglevsystem interms of aerodynamic design,system dynamics,system energy consumption,vibration and noise reduction,and electromagnetic compatibility,among others.
文摘Purpose:China has a long history of private school education.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,nongovernmental education(private school education)once disappeared from Chinese society until its revival following the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.With its development of more than four decades,nongovernmental education has become an important part of China’s educational system and is vigorously promoting the modernization progress of Chinese education.Design/Approach/Methods:Being different from the overseas private school education,which is mostly funded by donations,China’s nongovernmental education sector has operated on the basis of private capital investments and contributions,with the organizers(contributors)typically expecting economic returns.Marked by the introduction of regulations and policies for nongovernmental education around the year of 2016,China’s nongovernmental education sector officially entered a new era of registration,support,and regulation by category.Findings:The macroscopic policies of China’s nongovernmental education in new era present the following new characters:(Ⅰ)Emphasizing education provision as a public interest and comprehensively strengthening private school leadership;(Ⅱ)managing negative lists and broadening the means by which social forces participate in operating schools;(Ⅲ)implementing preferential policies for private schools through categories based on the principle of being fair but different;(Ⅳ)supporting the development of private schools with the goal of improving education quality;(Ⅴ)standardizing private schools’operating practices in order to promote healthy and orderly development.Originality/Value:The implementing of the new policies on nongovernmental education shall have significant impact on the development and reform of China’s nongovernmental education in the future:(1)The rapid development of nonprofit private schools due to government support;(2)for-profit private schools may face polarization in a fiercely competitive market environment;(3)heavy burden of categorizing and transferring existing stock of schools due to various historical and realistic constraints.
文摘The origin of neurosurgery dates back to the end of the 19 th century. Many prominent and pioneering neurosurgeons contributed substantially to the development of skull base neurosurgery. In the naked eye era, Harvey Cushing promoted the delicate and meticulous surgical techniques, and significantly decreased the surgical mortality. In the 1960 s, the operative microscope was introduced to the neurosurgery. Neurosurgeons represented by Yasargil took full advantage of this technology and pushed skull base neurosurgery into a new era. Transnasal transsphenoidal approach has long been used to resect pituitary tumor. The use of endoscope expands the transnasal exposure from the crista galli to C-2. The endoscopic approach may represent a paradigm shift,perhaps equivalent to the introduction of the microscope, in approaching various skull base lesions.
