This paper proposes a distribution locational marginal pricing(DLMP) based bi-level Stackelberg game framework between the internet service company(ISC) and distribution system operator(DSO) in the data center park. T...This paper proposes a distribution locational marginal pricing(DLMP) based bi-level Stackelberg game framework between the internet service company(ISC) and distribution system operator(DSO) in the data center park. To minimize electricity costs, the ISC at the upper level dispatches the interactive workloads(IWs) across different data center buildings spatially and schedules the battery energy storage system temporally in response to DLMP. Photovoltaic generation and static var generation provide extra active and reactive power. At the lower level, DSO calculates the DLMP by minimizing the total electricity cost under the two-part tariff policy and ensures that the distribution network is uncongested and bus voltage is within the limit. The equilibrium solution is obtained by converting the bi-level optimization into a single-level mixed-integer second-order cone programming optimization using the strong duality theorem and the binary expansion method. Case studies verify that the proposed method benefits both the DSO and ISC while preserving the privacy of the ISC. By taking into account the uncertainties in IWs and photovoltaic generation, the flexibility of distribution networks is enhanced, which further facilitates the accommodation of more demand-side resources.展开更多
Joint location and scale models of the skew-normal distribution provide useful ex- tension for joint mean and variance models of the normal distribution when the data set under consideration involves asymmetric outcom...Joint location and scale models of the skew-normal distribution provide useful ex- tension for joint mean and variance models of the normal distribution when the data set under consideration involves asymmetric outcomes. This paper focuses on the maximum likelihood estimation of joint location and scale models of the skew-normal distribution. The proposed procedure can simultaneously estimate parameters in the location model and the scale model. Simulation studies and a real example are used to illustrate the proposed methodologies.展开更多
As each cluster head(CH)sensor node is used to aggregate,fuse,and forward data from different sensor nodes in an underwater acoustic sensor network(UASN),guaranteeing the data security in a CH is very critical.In this...As each cluster head(CH)sensor node is used to aggregate,fuse,and forward data from different sensor nodes in an underwater acoustic sensor network(UASN),guaranteeing the data security in a CH is very critical.In this paper,a cooperative security monitoring mechanism aided by multiple slave cluster heads(SCHs)is proposed to keep track of the data security of a CH.By designing a low complexity“equilateral triangle algorithm(ETA)”,the optimal SCHs(named as ETA-based multiple SCHs)are selected from the candidate SCHs so as to improve the dispersion and coverage of SCHs and achieve largescale data security monitoring.In addition,by analyzing the entire monitoring process,the close form expression of the probability of the failure attack identification for the SCHs with respect to the probability of attack launched by ordinary nodes is deduced.The simulation results show that the proposed optimal ETA-based multiple SCH cooperation scheme has lower probability of the failure attack identification than that of the existing schemes.In addition,the numerical simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis results,thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.展开更多
The inherent nature of energy,i.e.,physicality,sociality and informatization,implies the inevitable and intensive interaction between energy systems and social systems.From this perspective,we define "social ener...The inherent nature of energy,i.e.,physicality,sociality and informatization,implies the inevitable and intensive interaction between energy systems and social systems.From this perspective,we define "social energy" as a complex sociotechnical system of energy systems,social systems and the derived artificial virtual systems which characterize the intense intersystem and intra-system interactions.The recent advancement in intelligent technology,including artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies,sensing and communication in Internet of Things technologies,and massive high performance computing and extreme-scale data analytics technologies,enables the possibility of substantial advancement in socio-technical system optimization,scheduling,control and management.In this paper,we provide a discussion on the nature of energy,and then propose the concept and intention of social energy systems for electrical power.A general methodology of establishing and investigating social energy is proposed,which is based on the ACP approach,i.e., "artificial systems"(A), "computational experiments"(C) and "parallel execution"(P),and parallel system methodology.A case study on the University of Denver(DU) campus grid is provided and studied to demonstrate the social energy concept.In the concluding remarks,we discuss the technical pathway,in both social and nature sciences,to social energy,and our vision on its future.展开更多
The emergence of prosumers in distribution systems has enabled competitive electricity markets to transition from traditional hierarchical structures to more decentralized models such as peer-to-peer(P2P)and community...The emergence of prosumers in distribution systems has enabled competitive electricity markets to transition from traditional hierarchical structures to more decentralized models such as peer-to-peer(P2P)and community-based(CB)energy transaction markets.However,the network usage charge(NUC)that prosumers pay to the electric power utility for network services is not adjusted to suit these energy transactions,which causes a reduction in revenue streams of the utility.In this study,we propose an NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions to address holistically economic and technical issues in transactive energy markets and distribution system operations,respectively.Based on the Nash bargaining(NB)theory,we formulate an NB problem for P2P and CB transactions to solve the conflicts of interest among prosumers,where the problem is further decomposed into two convex subproblems of social welfare maximization and payment bargaining.We then build the NUC calculation model by coupling the NB model and AC optimal power flow model.We also employ the Shapley value to allocate the NUC to consumers fairly for the NUC model of CB transactions.Finally,numerical studies on IEEE 15-bus and 123-bus distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions.展开更多
The distribution and location of atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) in the cochlear stria vaseularis of normal guinea pigswere studied to find out regional regulating factors of cochlearblood flow (CBF) and productive f...The distribution and location of atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) in the cochlear stria vaseularis of normal guinea pigswere studied to find out regional regulating factors of cochlearblood flow (CBF) and productive foundation of cochlearendolymph by ABC immunocytochemistry and immunoele-ctronmicroscopy. The ANP-IR products were seen in the striavascularis of the 1-4 turns of the lateral wall of the cochlea,more markedly along its margin; and were negative in the spi-ral ligaments. Immunoelectronmicroscopically, a plenty ofsphericals of 250-350nm in diameter were noted in thecytoplasm of marginal and intermediate cells, but few in thebasal cells. The results suggest that the cochlear striavascularis had the function of secreting ANP in the guinea pig.展开更多
This paper investigates the resource optimization problem for a multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)network in which each base station(BS)is equipped with a large number of antennas and each base st...This paper investigates the resource optimization problem for a multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)network in which each base station(BS)is equipped with a large number of antennas and each base station(BS)adapts the number of antennas to the daily load profile(DLP).This paper takes into consideration user location distribution(ULD)variation and evaluates its impact on the energy efficiency of load adaptive massive MIMO system.ULD variation is modeled by dividing the cell into two coverage areas with different user densities:boundary focused(BF)and center focused(CF)ULD.All cells are assumed identical in terms of BS configurations,cell loading,and ULD variation and each BS is modeled as an M/G/m/m state dependent queue that can serve a maximum number of users at the peak load.Together with energy efficiency(EE)we analyzed deployment and spectrum efficiency in our adaptive massive MIMO system by evaluating the impact of cell size,available bandwidth,output power level of the BS,and maximum output power of the power amplifier(PA)at different cell loading.We also analyzed average energy consumption on an hourly basis per BS for the model proposed for data traffic in Europe and also the model proposed for business,residential,street,and highway areas.展开更多
This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage d...This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage distribution, but also the development of concentration characteristic of wage distribution. Gross monthly wage of Czech employees represents the variable under research. Emphasis is placed on changes in the development of wage distribution since 2009 in connection with the onset of economic recession. The economic crisis has greatly influenced the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic, wage growth virtually stopped at this time. Differences in the development of wage distribution between men and women in the Czech Republic are also under this research. Development of wage distribution has been studied by modelling the distribution. Three-parametric lognormal curves are served as a theoretical probability distribution whose parameters were estimated using the L-moment method of point estimate of parameters. Dependence of gross monthly wage on gender has been the subject of research as well. This dependence was researched using one-way analysis of variance. Forecast of wage distribution of men and women in the Czech Republic for the years 2012 and 2013 is included in this research.展开更多
Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources(DERs)introduced by different stakeholders,poses an immense challenge to power network operators.The traditional direct control of local DERs has the risk of viola...Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources(DERs)introduced by different stakeholders,poses an immense challenge to power network operators.The traditional direct control of local DERs has the risk of violating preferences and privacies of stakeholders.A promising solution for supplydemand coordination is to utilize a transactive energy(TE)based energy management method to indirectly coordinate the local DERs,which enables the distribution-level energy providers,consumers,and prosumers to trade energy with each other through a transactive energy system(TES)trading platform.This paper provides a comprehensive review of a TES and presents a detailed classification from different perspectives,including TES participants,structure,commodity,clearing method,and solution algorithm.The presented detailed component-scale classification can be used as a reference for future TES designs.Finally,two additional market tools,i.e.,penalty mechanism and loss allocation mechanism,are discussed as future focus areas,which can be seen as necessary complements to a TES for ensuring feasibility and fairness of energy trading.展开更多
基金supported in part by the 2021 Graduate Research and Innovation Program of Jiangsu,China (No.KYCX21_0473)the China Scholarship Council (CSC) Program (No.202106710110)。
文摘This paper proposes a distribution locational marginal pricing(DLMP) based bi-level Stackelberg game framework between the internet service company(ISC) and distribution system operator(DSO) in the data center park. To minimize electricity costs, the ISC at the upper level dispatches the interactive workloads(IWs) across different data center buildings spatially and schedules the battery energy storage system temporally in response to DLMP. Photovoltaic generation and static var generation provide extra active and reactive power. At the lower level, DSO calculates the DLMP by minimizing the total electricity cost under the two-part tariff policy and ensures that the distribution network is uncongested and bus voltage is within the limit. The equilibrium solution is obtained by converting the bi-level optimization into a single-level mixed-integer second-order cone programming optimization using the strong duality theorem and the binary expansion method. Case studies verify that the proposed method benefits both the DSO and ISC while preserving the privacy of the ISC. By taking into account the uncertainties in IWs and photovoltaic generation, the flexibility of distribution networks is enhanced, which further facilitates the accommodation of more demand-side resources.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11261025,11201412)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2011FB016)the Program for Middle-aged Backbone Teacher,Yunnan University
文摘Joint location and scale models of the skew-normal distribution provide useful ex- tension for joint mean and variance models of the normal distribution when the data set under consideration involves asymmetric outcomes. This paper focuses on the maximum likelihood estimation of joint location and scale models of the skew-normal distribution. The proposed procedure can simultaneously estimate parameters in the location model and the scale model. Simulation studies and a real example are used to illustrate the proposed methodologies.
基金supported in part by the Joint Fund of Science and Technology Department of Liaoning Province and State Key Laboratory of Robotics,China under Grant 2021-KF-22-08in part by the Basic Research Program of Science and Technology of Shenzhen,China under Grant JCYJ20190809161805508in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62271423 and Grant 41976178.
文摘As each cluster head(CH)sensor node is used to aggregate,fuse,and forward data from different sensor nodes in an underwater acoustic sensor network(UASN),guaranteeing the data security in a CH is very critical.In this paper,a cooperative security monitoring mechanism aided by multiple slave cluster heads(SCHs)is proposed to keep track of the data security of a CH.By designing a low complexity“equilateral triangle algorithm(ETA)”,the optimal SCHs(named as ETA-based multiple SCHs)are selected from the candidate SCHs so as to improve the dispersion and coverage of SCHs and achieve largescale data security monitoring.In addition,by analyzing the entire monitoring process,the close form expression of the probability of the failure attack identification for the SCHs with respect to the probability of attack launched by ordinary nodes is deduced.The simulation results show that the proposed optimal ETA-based multiple SCH cooperation scheme has lower probability of the failure attack identification than that of the existing schemes.In addition,the numerical simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis results,thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
文摘The inherent nature of energy,i.e.,physicality,sociality and informatization,implies the inevitable and intensive interaction between energy systems and social systems.From this perspective,we define "social energy" as a complex sociotechnical system of energy systems,social systems and the derived artificial virtual systems which characterize the intense intersystem and intra-system interactions.The recent advancement in intelligent technology,including artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies,sensing and communication in Internet of Things technologies,and massive high performance computing and extreme-scale data analytics technologies,enables the possibility of substantial advancement in socio-technical system optimization,scheduling,control and management.In this paper,we provide a discussion on the nature of energy,and then propose the concept and intention of social energy systems for electrical power.A general methodology of establishing and investigating social energy is proposed,which is based on the ACP approach,i.e., "artificial systems"(A), "computational experiments"(C) and "parallel execution"(P),and parallel system methodology.A case study on the University of Denver(DU) campus grid is provided and studied to demonstrate the social energy concept.In the concluding remarks,we discuss the technical pathway,in both social and nature sciences,to social energy,and our vision on its future.
基金supported in part by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources(No.LAPS22015)in part by Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds(No.22YF1429500)。
文摘The emergence of prosumers in distribution systems has enabled competitive electricity markets to transition from traditional hierarchical structures to more decentralized models such as peer-to-peer(P2P)and community-based(CB)energy transaction markets.However,the network usage charge(NUC)that prosumers pay to the electric power utility for network services is not adjusted to suit these energy transactions,which causes a reduction in revenue streams of the utility.In this study,we propose an NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions to address holistically economic and technical issues in transactive energy markets and distribution system operations,respectively.Based on the Nash bargaining(NB)theory,we formulate an NB problem for P2P and CB transactions to solve the conflicts of interest among prosumers,where the problem is further decomposed into two convex subproblems of social welfare maximization and payment bargaining.We then build the NUC calculation model by coupling the NB model and AC optimal power flow model.We also employ the Shapley value to allocate the NUC to consumers fairly for the NUC model of CB transactions.Finally,numerical studies on IEEE 15-bus and 123-bus distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed NUC calculation method for P2P and CB transactions.
文摘The distribution and location of atrial natriuretic peptides(ANP) in the cochlear stria vaseularis of normal guinea pigswere studied to find out regional regulating factors of cochlearblood flow (CBF) and productive foundation of cochlearendolymph by ABC immunocytochemistry and immunoele-ctronmicroscopy. The ANP-IR products were seen in the striavascularis of the 1-4 turns of the lateral wall of the cochlea,more markedly along its margin; and were negative in the spi-ral ligaments. Immunoelectronmicroscopically, a plenty ofsphericals of 250-350nm in diameter were noted in thecytoplasm of marginal and intermediate cells, but few in thebasal cells. The results suggest that the cochlear striavascularis had the function of secreting ANP in the guinea pig.
文摘This paper investigates the resource optimization problem for a multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)network in which each base station(BS)is equipped with a large number of antennas and each base station(BS)adapts the number of antennas to the daily load profile(DLP).This paper takes into consideration user location distribution(ULD)variation and evaluates its impact on the energy efficiency of load adaptive massive MIMO system.ULD variation is modeled by dividing the cell into two coverage areas with different user densities:boundary focused(BF)and center focused(CF)ULD.All cells are assumed identical in terms of BS configurations,cell loading,and ULD variation and each BS is modeled as an M/G/m/m state dependent queue that can serve a maximum number of users at the peak load.Together with energy efficiency(EE)we analyzed deployment and spectrum efficiency in our adaptive massive MIMO system by evaluating the impact of cell size,available bandwidth,output power level of the BS,and maximum output power of the power amplifier(PA)at different cell loading.We also analyzed average energy consumption on an hourly basis per BS for the model proposed for data traffic in Europe and also the model proposed for business,residential,street,and highway areas.
文摘This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage distribution, but also the development of concentration characteristic of wage distribution. Gross monthly wage of Czech employees represents the variable under research. Emphasis is placed on changes in the development of wage distribution since 2009 in connection with the onset of economic recession. The economic crisis has greatly influenced the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic, wage growth virtually stopped at this time. Differences in the development of wage distribution between men and women in the Czech Republic are also under this research. Development of wage distribution has been studied by modelling the distribution. Three-parametric lognormal curves are served as a theoretical probability distribution whose parameters were estimated using the L-moment method of point estimate of parameters. Dependence of gross monthly wage on gender has been the subject of research as well. This dependence was researched using one-way analysis of variance. Forecast of wage distribution of men and women in the Czech Republic for the years 2012 and 2013 is included in this research.
基金This work is supported by the National Research Foundation of Singapore,and the Energy Market Authority,under the Exploiting Distributed Generation(EDGE)Programme and administrated by the EDGE Programme Office(EDGE Programme Award No.EDGEGC2018-003).
文摘Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources(DERs)introduced by different stakeholders,poses an immense challenge to power network operators.The traditional direct control of local DERs has the risk of violating preferences and privacies of stakeholders.A promising solution for supplydemand coordination is to utilize a transactive energy(TE)based energy management method to indirectly coordinate the local DERs,which enables the distribution-level energy providers,consumers,and prosumers to trade energy with each other through a transactive energy system(TES)trading platform.This paper provides a comprehensive review of a TES and presents a detailed classification from different perspectives,including TES participants,structure,commodity,clearing method,and solution algorithm.The presented detailed component-scale classification can be used as a reference for future TES designs.Finally,two additional market tools,i.e.,penalty mechanism and loss allocation mechanism,are discussed as future focus areas,which can be seen as necessary complements to a TES for ensuring feasibility and fairness of energy trading.