The tea plant[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]is an industrial crop in China.The Anhui Province has a long history of tea cultivation and has a large resource of tea germplasm with abundant genetic diversity.To reduce t...The tea plant[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]is an industrial crop in China.The Anhui Province has a long history of tea cultivation and has a large resource of tea germplasm with abundant genetic diversity.To reduce the cost of conservation and utilization of germplasm resources,a core collection needs to be constructed.To this end,573 representative tea accessions were collected from six major tea-producing areas in Anhui Province.Based on 60 pairs of simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,phylogenetic relationships,population structure and principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)were conducted.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 573 tea individuals clustered into five groups were related to geographical location and were consistent with the results of the PCoA.Finally,we constructed a core collection consisting of 115 tea individuals,accounting for 20%of the whole collection.The 115 core collections were considered to have a 90.9%retention rate for the observed number of alleles(Na),and Shannon’s information index(I)of the core and whole collections were highly consistent.Of these,39 individuals were preserved in the Huangshan area,accounting for 33.9%of the core collection,while only 10 individuals were reserved in the Jinzhai County,accounting for 8.9%of the core set.PCoA of the accessions in the tea plant core collection exhibited a pattern nearly identical to that of the accessions in the entire collection,further supporting the broad representation of the core germplasm in Anhui Province.The results demonstrated that the core collection could represent the genetic diversity of the original collection.Our present work is valuable for the high-efficiency conservation and utilization of tea plant germplasms in Anhui Province.展开更多
Badnaviruses are serious plant pararetroviruses affecting banana and causes serious economic losses to banana production worldwide. This study aims to examine the variability of BSV and SCBV nature infecting banana in...Badnaviruses are serious plant pararetroviruses affecting banana and causes serious economic losses to banana production worldwide. This study aims to examine the variability of BSV and SCBV nature infecting banana in Burkina Faso. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used the Badna FP/RP specific primers for the RT/RNase H regions present in badnaviruses. The PCR yielded about 579 bp amplicons from banana infected by BSV and SCBV. The 38 BSV isolates recorded low nucleotide identity ranging from 58.9% - 98.1%. Based on percentage nucleotide sequence identity and phylogenetic analyse, BSV isolates were categorized into four groups: 1, 2, 3 and 4. Group 4 shared 76.9% - 100% identity with BSOL species. However, Groups 1 and 3 recorded a low identity ranging, from 76.8% - 79.2%, 68.8% - 79.7% with BSCV, and 72.8% - 79.0% between Group 2 and BSOLV. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were assigned to a potentially new BSV species. The two SCBV isolates recorded a low nucleotide identity of 68% among themselves indicating high diversity. In addition, SCBV_Cd and SCBV_CE showed high nucleotide identity 91.3% and 58.7% with SCBV_C and SCBV, when they were compared to all published SCBV genotypes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed the segregation of SCBV isolates into two genotypes, SCBV_Cd in C and SCBV_CE segregated in a new genotype namely Z. Recombination analyses showed weak signatures of recombination among some of the BSV and SCBV sequences.展开更多
This paper investigates the system outage performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)based two-way decodeand-forward(DF)relay network,where potential hardware impairments(HIs)in all tr...This paper investigates the system outage performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)based two-way decodeand-forward(DF)relay network,where potential hardware impairments(HIs)in all transceivers are considered.After harvesting energy and decoding messages simultaneously via a power splitting scheme,the energy-limited relay node forwards the decoded information to both terminals.Each terminal combines the signals from the direct and relaying links via selection combining.We derive the system outage probability under independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels.It reveals an overall system ceiling(OSC)effect,i.e.,the system falls in outage if the target rate exceeds an OSC threshold that is determined by the levels of HIs.Furthermore,we derive the diversity gain of the considered network.The result reveals that when the transmission rate is below the OSC threshold,the achieved diversity gain equals the sum of the shape parameter of the direct link and the smaller shape parameter of the terminalto-relay links;otherwise,the diversity gain is zero.This is different from the amplify-and-forward(AF)strategy,under which the relaying links have no contribution to the diversity gain.Simulation results validate the analytical results and reveal that compared with the AF strategy,the SWIPT based two-way relaying links under the DF strategy are more robust to HIs and achieve a lower system outage probability.展开更多
EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were fou...EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were found to contain 130 SSRs, with a frequency of1 SSR/3.4 kb. Dinucleotide repeat SSRs were most frequent(72.3%) with the AG/CT(43.8%)repeat motif followed by AT/AT(16.2%). Primers were successfully designed for 68SSR-containing sequences(62.0%). The 68 primers amplified 13 accessions of M. piperita and 54 produced clear amplicons of the expected size. Of these 54, 33(61%) were found to be polymorphic among M. piperita accessions, showing from 2 to 4 alleles with an average of2.33 alleles/SSR, and the polymorphic information content(PIC) value varied between 0.13 and 0.51(average 0.25). All the amplified SSRs showed transferability among four different species of Mentha, with a highest in Mentha arvensis(87.0%) and minimum in Mentha citrata(37.0%). The newly developed SSRs markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis, as they successfully differentiated among species and accessions of Mentha.展开更多
Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. ...Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. Determining the genetic diversity of S. microcarpa provides key information for germplasm evaluation and species conservation. Here we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity of eight natural populations of S. microcarpa. Leaf samples were collected from 144 individuals in 8 wild populations. The 156 bands were generated from 14 pairs of informative SSR primers, with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 45.67%. The average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were 0.1007 and 0.1658, respectively. The total genetic variation of S. microcarpa existed mainly within the eight populations, rather than among populations, and reached 86.41%. A cluster analysis showed that the eight wild populations of S. microcarpa could be classified into four groups, at a threshold of 4.0, based on an analysis of the SSR genotypes. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the phylogenetic relationships and the geographic locations of the S. microcarpa populations. In particular, populations from Fuyang, Jiande, and Lin’an in Zhejiang Province had close phylogenetic relationships and geographic distances. In addition, these three populations had the highest genetic diversity and the most individuals, suggesting that these three locations may be the S.microcarpa distribution center. This study serves as a model for studying the genetic diversity of endangered plant species.展开更多
Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an economically important crop cultivated on the terraced slopes and narrow valleys of the mountains in the south-western Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to evaluate genetic div...Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an economically important crop cultivated on the terraced slopes and narrow valleys of the mountains in the south-western Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity among nineteen coffee accessions collected from different coffee growing areas based on quantitative morphological and pomological traits. Data of 17 quantitative traits were collected and subjected to various statistical analyses. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the accessions for the majority of quantitative traits measured. A principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to determine the nature and degree of divergence among accessions. PCA showed that four principal components explained about 85.62% of the total variation. Differentiation of germplasm into different clusters was because of cumulative effects of a number of characters. Cluster and distance analysis of quantitative traits revealed the existence of five different groups. The maximum distance was seen between clusters IV and V (76.4) while the minimum was seen between I and II (16.13). Accessions like KSA6 and KSA8 from Tallen valley and KSA10 and KSA11 from Hada and Shada valleys collection are recommenced for the next breeding work as they are high yielder accessions compared to the others. However, it is suggested to complete the present results by additional assessment of the in situ collection and variety trials. These results are of great interest for future breeding programs for this species.展开更多
Inter-simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR) analysis was applied to assess the genetic diversity within and among five populations of mink from Liaoning Province. A total of 20 primers were screened, five selected primers prod...Inter-simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR) analysis was applied to assess the genetic diversity within and among five populations of mink from Liaoning Province. A total of 20 primers were screened, five selected primers produced 35 discernible bands, with 30(85.71%) being polymorphic, indicating high genetic diversity at the species level. The highest genetic diversity was observed in the brown mink population, whereas the lowest diversity was found in the standard-pitchy mink population. Based on genetic distance(1972), a dendrogram was constructed by using UPGMA algorithm, and five populations were divided into two major groups. Group I consisted of only the standard-pitchy mink population, and Group II included other four populations, in Group II, sapphire mink was close to brown mink population. The results of genetic differentiation indicated that the genetic differentiation degree between populations was lower and the genetic variation primarily came from within populations. This paper showed that ISSR technique was a reliable tool that could be used to study genetic diversity in the mink.展开更多
Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) is an indigenous and ecologically and economically important species in the Liao River area, but its identification and genetic diversity remain poorly understood. To evaluate t...Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) is an indigenous and ecologically and economically important species in the Liao River area, but its identification and genetic diversity remain poorly understood. To evaluate the germplasm resources of this species, samples were collected from these locations: four sub-populations from the Liao River area and one population from the Yangtze River area; one primer was used to distinguish between the Liao River and the Yangtze River crabs. Thirteen loci were used for crab genetic diversity analysis, and basic statistics showed that the collecting samples were purebred in the Liao River area. The average observed heterozygosity(H_0) of the Liao River population was 0.5931, and the expected heterozygosity(H_e) was 0.8064. The polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.7753, which showed that the Liao River population had high genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation index(F_(ST)) averaged 0.0342, meaning a low degree of differentiation; cluster analysis indicated that Hujia(HJ), Xinli(XL) and Chenjia(CJ) sub-populations were allocated to the same cluster, while Baqiangzi(BQZ) sub-population was isolated. In summary, these data demonstrated that the crabs in the Liao River had high genetic diversity, but low genetic differentiation. Thus, the Liao River population had the potential for breeding selection. Furthermore, this study also provided valuable genetic information for the conservation of Chinese mitten crab.展开更多
DNA sequence diversities of soil microbial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of 1 - 6 years Panax ginseng were evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Total genomic DNA of soil samples were ...DNA sequence diversities of soil microbial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of 1 - 6 years Panax ginseng were evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Total genomic DNA of soil samples were amplified by twenty-four out of two hundred random primers. The products were separated in agarose gel, and 359 and 181 reliable fragments were generated, of which, 324 and 123 were polymorphic. The gene diversity index, Shannon’s information index, and similarity coefficient were calculated, and results showed that, diversity of soil microbial community at DNA level was present. Furthermore, with the increasing of P. ginseng growing at one site, deference on soil microbial community DNA sequence between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere tend to be more and more significant. In addition, RAPD technique was proved to be an effective tool to assess the diversity of soil microbial communities. From results we deduced that, the ecological function that performed by soil microbes may changed following the change of microbial community in rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils, and finally broke the balance of soil nutrition and energy cycle, soil spatial structure, microbial ecology etc.展开更多
Genus Grateloupia is one of the most speciose genera in family Halymeniales. It is also one of the sources for natural materials, food and medicine. With different environments, Grateloupia change their morphological ...Genus Grateloupia is one of the most speciose genera in family Halymeniales. It is also one of the sources for natural materials, food and medicine. With different environments, Grateloupia change their morphological characteristics, making their morphological identification very difficult. In addition, few of the species diversity in this genus has been described before. In this study, phylogenetic analysis based on rbc L gene sequence was employed to group Grateloupia collected from three locations along Chinese coast. The microsatellites were also used to evaluate their genetic diversity. In total, the tissue parts of 6 putative species were collected from G. asiatica, G. livida, G. lanceolate, G. catenata, G. turuturu and G. filicina. In order to evaluate their genetic diversity and then conserve them better, 40 microsatellites available for Grateloupia were used to evaluate their genetic diversity, and 11 microsatellites were found to be applicable to determine the genetic diversity of G. asiatica. It was found that the genetic diversity of G. asiatica around Qingdao was very rich. We suggested that the species of genus Grateloupia should be identified based on rbc L phylogenetic analysis before the diversity evaluation with microsatellites. The microsatellites should be developed for each species of Grateloupia so that their genetic diversity can be evaluated appropriately.展开更多
The chemical compositions of tea(Camellia sinensis)are affected by numerous factors,such as cultivar,climate,leaf position,and cultivation pattern.However,under the same conditions,the chemical compositions are mainly...The chemical compositions of tea(Camellia sinensis)are affected by numerous factors,such as cultivar,climate,leaf position,and cultivation pattern.However,under the same conditions,the chemical compositions are mainly determined by varieties.Therefore,we investigated the genetic diversity of chemical compositions of tea tree resources in China to screen excellent germplasm resources.Three chemical compositions index(including chlorophyll index,flavonoid index,and anthocyanin index)and the nitrogen balance index of tea leaves were measured in 102 tea germplasms planted in Chinese Tea Plants Improved Variety Germplasm Resources Nursery(CTPIVGRN)by Dualex on April 152019.Results showed that the chlorophyll,flavonoid,and anthocyanin contents and the nitrogen balance index significantly differed between the 102 tea germplasms.The genetic diversity index values were 2.005,2.246,1.599,and 1.838,and the average genetic diversity was 1.922.The 102 tea germplasms can be divided into four categories by cluster analysis under the genetic distance threshold of 11.These results suggest that the genetic diversity of tea germplasm resources in China is rich.This study’s results can serve as a basis for the diversified development and utilization of tea plant.展开更多
In order to detect the genetic relationship of different Cotoneaster schantungensis natural populations, 16 samples were selected for genetic diversity analysis based on SRAP markers. Twelve pairs primers were selecte...In order to detect the genetic relationship of different Cotoneaster schantungensis natural populations, 16 samples were selected for genetic diversity analysis based on SRAP markers. Twelve pairs primers were selected out, 93 bands were amplified, of which 91 bands (97.85%) were polymorphic. At species level, the average value of Nei’s genetic diversity (H) was 0.2213, Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.3596, whereas at population level, they were 0.1955, 0.3121, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 75.27%. The genetic differentiation coefficient in populations (Gst) was 0.0788, gene flow Nm was 5.8467, indicating that there was 7.88% of the variation among populations and 92.12% of the variance within populations and the variation within populations was relatively high. These results indicate that C. schantungensis has high genetic diversity and low differentiation among populations. Although most Cotoneaster species are apomictic, C. schantungensis, however, may be an exception.展开更多
Milling and appearance quality are important contributors to rice grain quality.Abundant genetic diversity and a suitable environment are crucial for rice improvement.In this study,we investigated the milling and appe...Milling and appearance quality are important contributors to rice grain quality.Abundant genetic diversity and a suitable environment are crucial for rice improvement.In this study,we investigated the milling and appearance quality-related traits in a panel of 200 japonica rice cultivars selected from Liaoning,Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeast China.Pedigree assessment and genetic diversity analysis indicated that cultivars from Jilin harbored the highest genetic diversity among the three geographic regions.An evaluation of grain quality indicated that cultivars from Liaoning showed superior milling quality,whereas cultivars from Heilongjiang tended to exhibit superior appearance quality.Single-and multi-locus genome-wide association studies(GWAS)were conducted to identify loci associated with milling and appearance quality-related traits.Ninety-nine significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were detected.Three common SNPs were detected using the mixed linear model(MLM),mrMLM,and FASTmrMLM methods.Linkage disequilibrium decay was estimated and indicated three candidate regions(qBRR-1,qBRR-9 and qDEC-3)for further candidate gene analysis.More than 300 genes were located in these candidate regions.Gene Ontology(GO)analysis was performed to discover the potential candidate genes.Genetic diversity analysis of the candidate regions revealed that qBRR-9 may have been subject to strong selection during breeding.These results provide information that will be valuable for the improvement of grain quality in rice breeding.展开更多
The exploration of genetically variable accessions is the key source of germplasm conservation and potential breeding material for the future. The more diverse group of cultivars provides an ample opportunity to breed...The exploration of genetically variable accessions is the key source of germplasm conservation and potential breeding material for the future. The more diverse group of cultivars provides an ample opportunity to breeders for releasing new and superior varieties, considering their quality traits for direct commercial utilization. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of Cicer arietinum 70 accessions from Pakistan and USA using morphological traits, seed protein and molecular markers. Based on four morphological traits, the average coefficient of variation was calculated as 56.8% with significant correlation among yield traits. The analysis revealed that the accessions 1898, 2819, 3022, 3037, 3040, 3043, 3054, 3059 and 3063 were best in performance with a total of 12% environmental error. The cluster analysis based on protein data revealed 50% genetic diversity among accessions. The clustering pattern did not show any grouping that could be attributed to either the geographic distribution or the field performance. For molecular characterization of germplasm 5 PCR based RAPD primers, OPA4, OPA9, OPG13, UBC181 and UBC733b used were found to be polymorphic with 37% genetic diversity among local and exotic accessions. Whereas, 3 SSR primers viz., CaSTMS2, Ca- STMS15 and CaSTMS21 scored the genetic variability up to 55% by cluster analysis through UPGMA percent disagreement. The primers, TA72 and TA130 were linked with yield related traits, indicated highest dissimilarity index value (0.69) and notable variation in the identified promising lines. The Morphometric, Biochemical and Molecular markers reported here, are helpful to assess the extent of genetic diversity among Chickpea accessions and can be used to identify the unreported cultivars with desirable quantitative traits for improving Chickpea yield in Pakistan. Based on the study, the accessions 3043 and 3054 have been recommended to the breeders for their future use in multiplication and screening against various diseases.展开更多
Taking 65 cherry tomato core germplasms as experimental materials,the genetic diversity of seven agronomic traits were analyzed.The correlation between any two of the seven agronomic traits and the genetic relationshi...Taking 65 cherry tomato core germplasms as experimental materials,the genetic diversity of seven agronomic traits were analyzed.The correlation between any two of the seven agronomic traits and the genetic relationships of these germplasms were analyzed based on genotypic values.The genetic diversity indices of the seven agronomic traits were 4.15,4.13,4.16,4.13,4.13,4.13 and 4.01,respectively,showing that the cherry tomato core collection had abundant genetic diversity.The correlation analysis between traits based on genotype effect values showed that leaf length was significantly correlated with leaf width with the correlation coefficient of 0.56.The fruit width was significantly correlated with fruit length with the correlation coefficient of 0.52.The flesh thickness was significantly correlated with fruit length and fruit width with the correlation coefficients of 0.49 and 0.39,respectively.The single fruit weight was significantly correlated with fruit length,fruit width and flesh thickness with the correlation coefficients of 0.44,0.61 and 0.62,respectively.When the genetic distances between core germplasms of cherry tomato were calculated based on the phenotypic values,65 core germplasms of cherry tomato were divided into three groups with the rescaled distance of 10.When the genetic distances between core germplasms of cherry tomato were calculated based on the genotypic values,the 65 core germplasms of cherry tomato were divided into four groups with the rescaled distance of 10.Comparing the 2 clustering results,it could find that genotypic value-based clustering analysis could better clarify the genetic relationship between core germplasms.This study could provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of cherry tomato core germplasms.展开更多
Diversity analysis among 23 rice varieties including 16 non-basmati scented accessions,5 basmati accessions and 2 non-scented accessions was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequenc...Diversity analysis among 23 rice varieties including 16 non-basmati scented accessions,5 basmati accessions and 2 non-scented accessions was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) marker systems.The varieties analyzed by 11 RAPD and 8 ISSR primers yielded an average of 65% and 80% polymorphism,respectively.The average number of polymorphic bands generated per RAPD primer was 6 and per ISSR primer was 5.87.RAPD and ISSR data analysis individually could not segregate basmati and non-basmati scented rice accessions.However,the analysis using a combined data could group basmati and non-basmati scented rice accessions separately.The bands present specifically among three accessions of non-basmati scented rice were also identified.The study revealed a high genetic diversity among non-basmati scented rice accessions.展开更多
Myostatin(MSTN)gene negatively controls skeletal muscle development and growth,variations of which play an important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in mammals.However,study on genetic polymorphism of...Myostatin(MSTN)gene negatively controls skeletal muscle development and growth,variations of which play an important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in mammals.However,study on genetic polymorphism of MSTN gene in donkey is limited.In this study,we screened the single nucleotide polymorphsims(SNPs)of MSTN gene in 13 Chinese donkey breeds.Four novel SNPs(g.229T>C,g.872A>G,g.2014G>A,and g.2395C>G)were detected and genotyped by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)methods.Six haplotypes(H1–H6)were analyzed,which indicated abundant haplotype diversities in Chinese donkeys.The haplotype H1 was the most dominant and ancient in all breeds.Xinjiang donkey displayed the highest haplotype diversity.The Neighbour-Joining(NJ)tree of MSTN gene among different species was constructed.The clustering result of nine species was consistent with the fact of species differentiation.Our results will provide a reliable theoretical basis for the preservation,exploration and utilization of Chinese donkey genetic resources.展开更多
The species composition and succession discipline after eruption of volcanoes in Wudalianchi Nature Reserve, China, including new volcanoes, such as Huoshao and Laohei Mountains, and old volcanoes, such as East Jiaode...The species composition and succession discipline after eruption of volcanoes in Wudalianchi Nature Reserve, China, including new volcanoes, such as Huoshao and Laohei Mountains, and old volcanoes, such as East Jiaodebu, Wohu and North Gelaqiu Mountains, in different historical periods were investigated by adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time. The species composition, community characteristics and diversity analysis in the remains of volcanic lava flow at various stages were analyzed. The results showed that 192 types of vascular plants that belonged to 50 families and 126 genera in the survey areas existed in the restoration process of primary succession. At the same time, the agglomeration process of plant community succession and the diversity of dominant community were investigated, and the changes in plant diversity at different succession stages were calculated using Margalef, Simpson, Shannon–Wiener, Pielou, Jaccard and Cody indices.展开更多
Microsatellite markers have been increasingly used in genetic studies on fishery species because of their high applicability in selective breeding programs. Here we reported the development of microsatellite markers a...Microsatellite markers have been increasingly used in genetic studies on fishery species because of their high applicability in selective breeding programs. Here we reported the development of microsatellite markers and their utilization in mud carp (Cirrhina molitorella). An (CA)15 enriched library has been constructed for mud carp, using the magnetic beads enrichment procedure. Sequence analysis of 60 randomly picked positive colonies indicate that 56 (93.3%) of the colonies contain microsatellites. Microsatellite polymorphism was as-sessed using 10 mud carp individuals, and 12 microsatellite loci turned out to be polymorphic. We utilized these loci to study the genetic diversity of a wild population (WM) and a cultured population (CM) of the mud carp. A total of 109 alleles were detected with an average of 9.08 alleles per locus. The mean value of the observed heterozygosity of WM and CM was 0.6361 and 0.6417, respectively, and sig-nificant decrease of genetic diversity in CM was not observed. The genetic distance between the two populations was 0.1546 and the value of GST was 0.0473. This showed that there existed a slight genetic differentiation between WM and CM.展开更多
Eight microsatellite markers were used to analyze genetic diversity, level of inbreeding, and effective population size of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) during stock en...Eight microsatellite markers were used to analyze genetic diversity, level of inbreeding, and effective population size of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) during stock enhancement in the Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 254 and 238 alleles were identified in the spawner and recaptured populations, respectively, and the numbers of alleles(N_a) were 8–63 and 6–60, respectively. The numbers of effective alleles(N_e) were 2.52–21.60 and 2.67–20.72, respectively. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.529 to 0.952. The observed heterozygosity(H_o) values(0.638–0.910 and 0.712–0.927) were lower than the expected heterozygosity(H_e) values(0.603–0.954 and 0.625–0.952), which indicated that the two populations possessed a rich genetic diversity. In 16 tests(2 populations×8 loci), 13 tests deviated from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium. F_(is) values were positive at seven loci and the inbreeding coefficients(F) of the two populations estimated by trio ML were 13.234% and 11.603%, suggesting that there was a relatively high degree of inbreeding. A certain level of inbreeding depression had occurred in the Chinese shrimp population. F_(st) values ranged from 0 to 0.059, with a mean of 0.028, displaying a low level of genetic differentiation in the two populations. Effective population sizes(3 060.2 and 3 842.8) were higher than the minimum number suggested for retaining the evolutionary potential to adapt to new environmental conditions. For enhancement activity in 2014,the ideal number of captured shrimp spawners should have ranged from 7 686 to 19 214 to maintain genetic diversity and effective population size. Further strategies to adjust the balance of economic cost, fishing effort and ideal number of shrimp spawners to maintain a satisfactory effective population size for ensuring the sustainability of Chinese shrimp are proposed.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Major Science and Technology of Anhui Province,China(202003a06020021)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1200200,2021YFD1200203)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2045)the Base of Introducing Talents for Tea Plant Biology and Quality Chemistry(D20026)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(2108085QC121).
文摘The tea plant[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]is an industrial crop in China.The Anhui Province has a long history of tea cultivation and has a large resource of tea germplasm with abundant genetic diversity.To reduce the cost of conservation and utilization of germplasm resources,a core collection needs to be constructed.To this end,573 representative tea accessions were collected from six major tea-producing areas in Anhui Province.Based on 60 pairs of simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,phylogenetic relationships,population structure and principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)were conducted.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 573 tea individuals clustered into five groups were related to geographical location and were consistent with the results of the PCoA.Finally,we constructed a core collection consisting of 115 tea individuals,accounting for 20%of the whole collection.The 115 core collections were considered to have a 90.9%retention rate for the observed number of alleles(Na),and Shannon’s information index(I)of the core and whole collections were highly consistent.Of these,39 individuals were preserved in the Huangshan area,accounting for 33.9%of the core collection,while only 10 individuals were reserved in the Jinzhai County,accounting for 8.9%of the core set.PCoA of the accessions in the tea plant core collection exhibited a pattern nearly identical to that of the accessions in the entire collection,further supporting the broad representation of the core germplasm in Anhui Province.The results demonstrated that the core collection could represent the genetic diversity of the original collection.Our present work is valuable for the high-efficiency conservation and utilization of tea plant germplasms in Anhui Province.
文摘Badnaviruses are serious plant pararetroviruses affecting banana and causes serious economic losses to banana production worldwide. This study aims to examine the variability of BSV and SCBV nature infecting banana in Burkina Faso. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used the Badna FP/RP specific primers for the RT/RNase H regions present in badnaviruses. The PCR yielded about 579 bp amplicons from banana infected by BSV and SCBV. The 38 BSV isolates recorded low nucleotide identity ranging from 58.9% - 98.1%. Based on percentage nucleotide sequence identity and phylogenetic analyse, BSV isolates were categorized into four groups: 1, 2, 3 and 4. Group 4 shared 76.9% - 100% identity with BSOL species. However, Groups 1 and 3 recorded a low identity ranging, from 76.8% - 79.2%, 68.8% - 79.7% with BSCV, and 72.8% - 79.0% between Group 2 and BSOLV. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were assigned to a potentially new BSV species. The two SCBV isolates recorded a low nucleotide identity of 68% among themselves indicating high diversity. In addition, SCBV_Cd and SCBV_CE showed high nucleotide identity 91.3% and 58.7% with SCBV_C and SCBV, when they were compared to all published SCBV genotypes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed the segregation of SCBV isolates into two genotypes, SCBV_Cd in C and SCBV_CE segregated in a new genotype namely Z. Recombination analyses showed weak signatures of recombination among some of the BSV and SCBV sequences.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62201451in part by the Young Talent fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi under Grant 20210121+1 种基金in part by the Shaanxi provincial special fund for Technological innovation guidance(2022CGBX-29)in part by BUPT Excellent Ph.D.Students Foundation under Grant CX2022106.
文摘This paper investigates the system outage performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)based two-way decodeand-forward(DF)relay network,where potential hardware impairments(HIs)in all transceivers are considered.After harvesting energy and decoding messages simultaneously via a power splitting scheme,the energy-limited relay node forwards the decoded information to both terminals.Each terminal combines the signals from the direct and relaying links via selection combining.We derive the system outage probability under independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels.It reveals an overall system ceiling(OSC)effect,i.e.,the system falls in outage if the target rate exceeds an OSC threshold that is determined by the levels of HIs.Furthermore,we derive the diversity gain of the considered network.The result reveals that when the transmission rate is below the OSC threshold,the achieved diversity gain equals the sum of the shape parameter of the direct link and the smaller shape parameter of the terminalto-relay links;otherwise,the diversity gain is zero.This is different from the amplify-and-forward(AF)strategy,under which the relaying links have no contribution to the diversity gain.Simulation results validate the analytical results and reveal that compared with the AF strategy,the SWIPT based two-way relaying links under the DF strategy are more robust to HIs and achieve a lower system outage probability.
文摘EST sequences of Mentha piperita available in the public domain(NCBI) were exploited to develop SSR markers. A total of 1316 ESTs were assembled into 155 contigs and 653 singletons and of these, 110 sequences were found to contain 130 SSRs, with a frequency of1 SSR/3.4 kb. Dinucleotide repeat SSRs were most frequent(72.3%) with the AG/CT(43.8%)repeat motif followed by AT/AT(16.2%). Primers were successfully designed for 68SSR-containing sequences(62.0%). The 68 primers amplified 13 accessions of M. piperita and 54 produced clear amplicons of the expected size. Of these 54, 33(61%) were found to be polymorphic among M. piperita accessions, showing from 2 to 4 alleles with an average of2.33 alleles/SSR, and the polymorphic information content(PIC) value varied between 0.13 and 0.51(average 0.25). All the amplified SSRs showed transferability among four different species of Mentha, with a highest in Mentha arvensis(87.0%) and minimum in Mentha citrata(37.0%). The newly developed SSRs markers were found to be useful for diversity analysis, as they successfully differentiated among species and accessions of Mentha.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(LY13C160007)the Graduate Special Fund Innovative Projects of Jiangxi Province(YC2014-B035)+2 种基金Talent start research projects of Jiyang college of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University(JY2018RC0X)the University Teachers’ Professional Development Project of Zhejiang Province(FX2015050)the Experiment Program of Forest Resources Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province(2014088)
文摘Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. Determining the genetic diversity of S. microcarpa provides key information for germplasm evaluation and species conservation. Here we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity of eight natural populations of S. microcarpa. Leaf samples were collected from 144 individuals in 8 wild populations. The 156 bands were generated from 14 pairs of informative SSR primers, with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 45.67%. The average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were 0.1007 and 0.1658, respectively. The total genetic variation of S. microcarpa existed mainly within the eight populations, rather than among populations, and reached 86.41%. A cluster analysis showed that the eight wild populations of S. microcarpa could be classified into four groups, at a threshold of 4.0, based on an analysis of the SSR genotypes. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the phylogenetic relationships and the geographic locations of the S. microcarpa populations. In particular, populations from Fuyang, Jiande, and Lin’an in Zhejiang Province had close phylogenetic relationships and geographic distances. In addition, these three populations had the highest genetic diversity and the most individuals, suggesting that these three locations may be the S.microcarpa distribution center. This study serves as a model for studying the genetic diversity of endangered plant species.
文摘Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an economically important crop cultivated on the terraced slopes and narrow valleys of the mountains in the south-western Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity among nineteen coffee accessions collected from different coffee growing areas based on quantitative morphological and pomological traits. Data of 17 quantitative traits were collected and subjected to various statistical analyses. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the accessions for the majority of quantitative traits measured. A principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to determine the nature and degree of divergence among accessions. PCA showed that four principal components explained about 85.62% of the total variation. Differentiation of germplasm into different clusters was because of cumulative effects of a number of characters. Cluster and distance analysis of quantitative traits revealed the existence of five different groups. The maximum distance was seen between clusters IV and V (76.4) while the minimum was seen between I and II (16.13). Accessions like KSA6 and KSA8 from Tallen valley and KSA10 and KSA11 from Hada and Shada valleys collection are recommenced for the next breeding work as they are high yielder accessions compared to the others. However, it is suggested to complete the present results by additional assessment of the in situ collection and variety trials. These results are of great interest for future breeding programs for this species.
文摘Inter-simple Sequence Repeat(ISSR) analysis was applied to assess the genetic diversity within and among five populations of mink from Liaoning Province. A total of 20 primers were screened, five selected primers produced 35 discernible bands, with 30(85.71%) being polymorphic, indicating high genetic diversity at the species level. The highest genetic diversity was observed in the brown mink population, whereas the lowest diversity was found in the standard-pitchy mink population. Based on genetic distance(1972), a dendrogram was constructed by using UPGMA algorithm, and five populations were divided into two major groups. Group I consisted of only the standard-pitchy mink population, and Group II included other four populations, in Group II, sapphire mink was close to brown mink population. The results of genetic differentiation indicated that the genetic differentiation degree between populations was lower and the genetic variation primarily came from within populations. This paper showed that ISSR technique was a reliable tool that could be used to study genetic diversity in the mink.
基金Supported by Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding,Ministry of Agriculture,Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences(FBB2016-01)
文摘Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) is an indigenous and ecologically and economically important species in the Liao River area, but its identification and genetic diversity remain poorly understood. To evaluate the germplasm resources of this species, samples were collected from these locations: four sub-populations from the Liao River area and one population from the Yangtze River area; one primer was used to distinguish between the Liao River and the Yangtze River crabs. Thirteen loci were used for crab genetic diversity analysis, and basic statistics showed that the collecting samples were purebred in the Liao River area. The average observed heterozygosity(H_0) of the Liao River population was 0.5931, and the expected heterozygosity(H_e) was 0.8064. The polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.7753, which showed that the Liao River population had high genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation index(F_(ST)) averaged 0.0342, meaning a low degree of differentiation; cluster analysis indicated that Hujia(HJ), Xinli(XL) and Chenjia(CJ) sub-populations were allocated to the same cluster, while Baqiangzi(BQZ) sub-population was isolated. In summary, these data demonstrated that the crabs in the Liao River had high genetic diversity, but low genetic differentiation. Thus, the Liao River population had the potential for breeding selection. Furthermore, this study also provided valuable genetic information for the conservation of Chinese mitten crab.
文摘DNA sequence diversities of soil microbial communities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of 1 - 6 years Panax ginseng were evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Total genomic DNA of soil samples were amplified by twenty-four out of two hundred random primers. The products were separated in agarose gel, and 359 and 181 reliable fragments were generated, of which, 324 and 123 were polymorphic. The gene diversity index, Shannon’s information index, and similarity coefficient were calculated, and results showed that, diversity of soil microbial community at DNA level was present. Furthermore, with the increasing of P. ginseng growing at one site, deference on soil microbial community DNA sequence between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere tend to be more and more significant. In addition, RAPD technique was proved to be an effective tool to assess the diversity of soil microbial communities. From results we deduced that, the ecological function that performed by soil microbes may changed following the change of microbial community in rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils, and finally broke the balance of soil nutrition and energy cycle, soil spatial structure, microbial ecology etc.
基金supported by the Marine Industry Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects(No.201205024)
文摘Genus Grateloupia is one of the most speciose genera in family Halymeniales. It is also one of the sources for natural materials, food and medicine. With different environments, Grateloupia change their morphological characteristics, making their morphological identification very difficult. In addition, few of the species diversity in this genus has been described before. In this study, phylogenetic analysis based on rbc L gene sequence was employed to group Grateloupia collected from three locations along Chinese coast. The microsatellites were also used to evaluate their genetic diversity. In total, the tissue parts of 6 putative species were collected from G. asiatica, G. livida, G. lanceolate, G. catenata, G. turuturu and G. filicina. In order to evaluate their genetic diversity and then conserve them better, 40 microsatellites available for Grateloupia were used to evaluate their genetic diversity, and 11 microsatellites were found to be applicable to determine the genetic diversity of G. asiatica. It was found that the genetic diversity of G. asiatica around Qingdao was very rich. We suggested that the species of genus Grateloupia should be identified based on rbc L phylogenetic analysis before the diversity evaluation with microsatellites. The microsatellites should be developed for each species of Grateloupia so that their genetic diversity can be evaluated appropriately.
基金funded by supporting Project No.Qian ke he[2020]1Y71PhD Fund Project No.Zunshi 138[2019]22+2 种基金Education Department of Guizhou Province Scientific Research Project No.Qianjiaohe KY word 2017-023Zunyi City Science and Technology Bureau Project(Zunshike rencai 2020-2Zunshikehe HZ word 2020-15).
文摘The chemical compositions of tea(Camellia sinensis)are affected by numerous factors,such as cultivar,climate,leaf position,and cultivation pattern.However,under the same conditions,the chemical compositions are mainly determined by varieties.Therefore,we investigated the genetic diversity of chemical compositions of tea tree resources in China to screen excellent germplasm resources.Three chemical compositions index(including chlorophyll index,flavonoid index,and anthocyanin index)and the nitrogen balance index of tea leaves were measured in 102 tea germplasms planted in Chinese Tea Plants Improved Variety Germplasm Resources Nursery(CTPIVGRN)by Dualex on April 152019.Results showed that the chlorophyll,flavonoid,and anthocyanin contents and the nitrogen balance index significantly differed between the 102 tea germplasms.The genetic diversity index values were 2.005,2.246,1.599,and 1.838,and the average genetic diversity was 1.922.The 102 tea germplasms can be divided into four categories by cluster analysis under the genetic distance threshold of 11.These results suggest that the genetic diversity of tea germplasm resources in China is rich.This study’s results can serve as a basis for the diversified development and utilization of tea plant.
文摘In order to detect the genetic relationship of different Cotoneaster schantungensis natural populations, 16 samples were selected for genetic diversity analysis based on SRAP markers. Twelve pairs primers were selected out, 93 bands were amplified, of which 91 bands (97.85%) were polymorphic. At species level, the average value of Nei’s genetic diversity (H) was 0.2213, Shannon’s information index (I) was 0.3596, whereas at population level, they were 0.1955, 0.3121, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 75.27%. The genetic differentiation coefficient in populations (Gst) was 0.0788, gene flow Nm was 5.8467, indicating that there was 7.88% of the variation among populations and 92.12% of the variance within populations and the variation within populations was relatively high. These results indicate that C. schantungensis has high genetic diversity and low differentiation among populations. Although most Cotoneaster species are apomictic, C. schantungensis, however, may be an exception.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100902–07)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,China(CPSIBRF-CNRRI-202101)the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAASASTIP-201X-CNRRI)
文摘Milling and appearance quality are important contributors to rice grain quality.Abundant genetic diversity and a suitable environment are crucial for rice improvement.In this study,we investigated the milling and appearance quality-related traits in a panel of 200 japonica rice cultivars selected from Liaoning,Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in Northeast China.Pedigree assessment and genetic diversity analysis indicated that cultivars from Jilin harbored the highest genetic diversity among the three geographic regions.An evaluation of grain quality indicated that cultivars from Liaoning showed superior milling quality,whereas cultivars from Heilongjiang tended to exhibit superior appearance quality.Single-and multi-locus genome-wide association studies(GWAS)were conducted to identify loci associated with milling and appearance quality-related traits.Ninety-nine significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were detected.Three common SNPs were detected using the mixed linear model(MLM),mrMLM,and FASTmrMLM methods.Linkage disequilibrium decay was estimated and indicated three candidate regions(qBRR-1,qBRR-9 and qDEC-3)for further candidate gene analysis.More than 300 genes were located in these candidate regions.Gene Ontology(GO)analysis was performed to discover the potential candidate genes.Genetic diversity analysis of the candidate regions revealed that qBRR-9 may have been subject to strong selection during breeding.These results provide information that will be valuable for the improvement of grain quality in rice breeding.
文摘The exploration of genetically variable accessions is the key source of germplasm conservation and potential breeding material for the future. The more diverse group of cultivars provides an ample opportunity to breeders for releasing new and superior varieties, considering their quality traits for direct commercial utilization. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity of Cicer arietinum 70 accessions from Pakistan and USA using morphological traits, seed protein and molecular markers. Based on four morphological traits, the average coefficient of variation was calculated as 56.8% with significant correlation among yield traits. The analysis revealed that the accessions 1898, 2819, 3022, 3037, 3040, 3043, 3054, 3059 and 3063 were best in performance with a total of 12% environmental error. The cluster analysis based on protein data revealed 50% genetic diversity among accessions. The clustering pattern did not show any grouping that could be attributed to either the geographic distribution or the field performance. For molecular characterization of germplasm 5 PCR based RAPD primers, OPA4, OPA9, OPG13, UBC181 and UBC733b used were found to be polymorphic with 37% genetic diversity among local and exotic accessions. Whereas, 3 SSR primers viz., CaSTMS2, Ca- STMS15 and CaSTMS21 scored the genetic variability up to 55% by cluster analysis through UPGMA percent disagreement. The primers, TA72 and TA130 were linked with yield related traits, indicated highest dissimilarity index value (0.69) and notable variation in the identified promising lines. The Morphometric, Biochemical and Molecular markers reported here, are helpful to assess the extent of genetic diversity among Chickpea accessions and can be used to identify the unreported cultivars with desirable quantitative traits for improving Chickpea yield in Pakistan. Based on the study, the accessions 3043 and 3054 have been recommended to the breeders for their future use in multiplication and screening against various diseases.
基金Supported by Hainan Provincial Science and Technology Project(ZDYF2018035)
文摘Taking 65 cherry tomato core germplasms as experimental materials,the genetic diversity of seven agronomic traits were analyzed.The correlation between any two of the seven agronomic traits and the genetic relationships of these germplasms were analyzed based on genotypic values.The genetic diversity indices of the seven agronomic traits were 4.15,4.13,4.16,4.13,4.13,4.13 and 4.01,respectively,showing that the cherry tomato core collection had abundant genetic diversity.The correlation analysis between traits based on genotype effect values showed that leaf length was significantly correlated with leaf width with the correlation coefficient of 0.56.The fruit width was significantly correlated with fruit length with the correlation coefficient of 0.52.The flesh thickness was significantly correlated with fruit length and fruit width with the correlation coefficients of 0.49 and 0.39,respectively.The single fruit weight was significantly correlated with fruit length,fruit width and flesh thickness with the correlation coefficients of 0.44,0.61 and 0.62,respectively.When the genetic distances between core germplasms of cherry tomato were calculated based on the phenotypic values,65 core germplasms of cherry tomato were divided into three groups with the rescaled distance of 10.When the genetic distances between core germplasms of cherry tomato were calculated based on the genotypic values,the 65 core germplasms of cherry tomato were divided into four groups with the rescaled distance of 10.Comparing the 2 clustering results,it could find that genotypic value-based clustering analysis could better clarify the genetic relationship between core germplasms.This study could provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of cherry tomato core germplasms.
文摘Diversity analysis among 23 rice varieties including 16 non-basmati scented accessions,5 basmati accessions and 2 non-scented accessions was performed by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) marker systems.The varieties analyzed by 11 RAPD and 8 ISSR primers yielded an average of 65% and 80% polymorphism,respectively.The average number of polymorphic bands generated per RAPD primer was 6 and per ISSR primer was 5.87.RAPD and ISSR data analysis individually could not segregate basmati and non-basmati scented rice accessions.However,the analysis using a combined data could group basmati and non-basmati scented rice accessions separately.The bands present specifically among three accessions of non-basmati scented rice were also identified.The study revealed a high genetic diversity among non-basmati scented rice accessions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31072001, 31272399, 81270439)
文摘Myostatin(MSTN)gene negatively controls skeletal muscle development and growth,variations of which play an important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in mammals.However,study on genetic polymorphism of MSTN gene in donkey is limited.In this study,we screened the single nucleotide polymorphsims(SNPs)of MSTN gene in 13 Chinese donkey breeds.Four novel SNPs(g.229T>C,g.872A>G,g.2014G>A,and g.2395C>G)were detected and genotyped by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)methods.Six haplotypes(H1–H6)were analyzed,which indicated abundant haplotype diversities in Chinese donkeys.The haplotype H1 was the most dominant and ancient in all breeds.Xinjiang donkey displayed the highest haplotype diversity.The Neighbour-Joining(NJ)tree of MSTN gene among different species was constructed.The clustering result of nine species was consistent with the fact of species differentiation.Our results will provide a reliable theoretical basis for the preservation,exploration and utilization of Chinese donkey genetic resources.
基金Supported by Guidance of HAS(STXB-02)the Basic Financial Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(STJB16-02)
文摘The species composition and succession discipline after eruption of volcanoes in Wudalianchi Nature Reserve, China, including new volcanoes, such as Huoshao and Laohei Mountains, and old volcanoes, such as East Jiaodebu, Wohu and North Gelaqiu Mountains, in different historical periods were investigated by adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time. The species composition, community characteristics and diversity analysis in the remains of volcanic lava flow at various stages were analyzed. The results showed that 192 types of vascular plants that belonged to 50 families and 126 genera in the survey areas existed in the restoration process of primary succession. At the same time, the agglomeration process of plant community succession and the diversity of dominant community were investigated, and the changes in plant diversity at different succession stages were calculated using Margalef, Simpson, Shannon–Wiener, Pielou, Jaccard and Cody indices.
文摘Microsatellite markers have been increasingly used in genetic studies on fishery species because of their high applicability in selective breeding programs. Here we reported the development of microsatellite markers and their utilization in mud carp (Cirrhina molitorella). An (CA)15 enriched library has been constructed for mud carp, using the magnetic beads enrichment procedure. Sequence analysis of 60 randomly picked positive colonies indicate that 56 (93.3%) of the colonies contain microsatellites. Microsatellite polymorphism was as-sessed using 10 mud carp individuals, and 12 microsatellite loci turned out to be polymorphic. We utilized these loci to study the genetic diversity of a wild population (WM) and a cultured population (CM) of the mud carp. A total of 109 alleles were detected with an average of 9.08 alleles per locus. The mean value of the observed heterozygosity of WM and CM was 0.6361 and 0.6417, respectively, and sig-nificant decrease of genetic diversity in CM was not observed. The genetic distance between the two populations was 0.1546 and the value of GST was 0.0473. This showed that there existed a slight genetic differentiation between WM and CM.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)Adaptive Response of Fishery Species to Environmental Changes and Their Effects on Population Dynamics under contract No.2015CB453303the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China under contract No.2013DFA31410
文摘Eight microsatellite markers were used to analyze genetic diversity, level of inbreeding, and effective population size of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) during stock enhancement in the Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 254 and 238 alleles were identified in the spawner and recaptured populations, respectively, and the numbers of alleles(N_a) were 8–63 and 6–60, respectively. The numbers of effective alleles(N_e) were 2.52–21.60 and 2.67–20.72, respectively. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.529 to 0.952. The observed heterozygosity(H_o) values(0.638–0.910 and 0.712–0.927) were lower than the expected heterozygosity(H_e) values(0.603–0.954 and 0.625–0.952), which indicated that the two populations possessed a rich genetic diversity. In 16 tests(2 populations×8 loci), 13 tests deviated from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium. F_(is) values were positive at seven loci and the inbreeding coefficients(F) of the two populations estimated by trio ML were 13.234% and 11.603%, suggesting that there was a relatively high degree of inbreeding. A certain level of inbreeding depression had occurred in the Chinese shrimp population. F_(st) values ranged from 0 to 0.059, with a mean of 0.028, displaying a low level of genetic differentiation in the two populations. Effective population sizes(3 060.2 and 3 842.8) were higher than the minimum number suggested for retaining the evolutionary potential to adapt to new environmental conditions. For enhancement activity in 2014,the ideal number of captured shrimp spawners should have ranged from 7 686 to 19 214 to maintain genetic diversity and effective population size. Further strategies to adjust the balance of economic cost, fishing effort and ideal number of shrimp spawners to maintain a satisfactory effective population size for ensuring the sustainability of Chinese shrimp are proposed.
