There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency...There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.展开更多
On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials...On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.展开更多
In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that c...In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that caused serious damage to transportation tasks through war-torn smoke,and carried out large-scale railway construction.However,in the course of operation,railway safety accidents occur frequently due to outdated equipment,low quality of staff,lack of rules and regulations,vandalism,and various natural disasters.In the face of severe conditions,the railway authorities summed up the accidents and learned the safety of the railways,so that the railway transportation industry,which started after the founding of the country,was gradually on the right track,and laid a solid foundation for the safe development of the railway industry.展开更多
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal ...In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.展开更多
During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and func...During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.展开更多
Over the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,great changes have been seen in the financial industry in terms of its nature,function,scale,structure and other features.It has experienced...Over the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,great changes have been seen in the financial industry in terms of its nature,function,scale,structure and other features.It has experienced six stages of development,namely,inception and consolidation,arduous growth,exploration and restructuring,segmentation,fictitious economy orientation,and real economy promotion and risk prevention.The tremendous success and useful experience made during this period have largely bolstered the prosperity and stability of the Chinese economy,improved Chinese people’s living standards,and exerted a profound impact on China’s economy and society.Based on its development pattern,the Chinese financial sector will expect further openingup at home and abroad and a growing capacity in serving the real economy,while new business forms and models will emerge rapidly and stronger preventive measures against financial risks will be needed.In response to the financial development in the new era,proactive and pragmatic measures need to be in place to safeguard the stable and sound development of the financial industry.展开更多
The history of the participation of People’s republic of china in international human rights affairs can be mainly divided into two phases since its founding 70 years ago,and it can be further divided into four stage...The history of the participation of People’s republic of china in international human rights affairs can be mainly divided into two phases since its founding 70 years ago,and it can be further divided into four stages with typical events after the launch of reform and opening-up.Since the adoption and implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970 s china has witnessed the active participation and fruitful achievements of china in bilateral and multilateral human rights cooperation and communication,as well as making important contributions to the international human rights cause.展开更多
During the Beiyang period of the early Republic of China,the re-trial system 覆判 referred to the practice where cases considered by the county magistrate had to be sent to the provincial high court for re-trial to en...During the Beiyang period of the early Republic of China,the re-trial system 覆判 referred to the practice where cases considered by the county magistrate had to be sent to the provincial high court for re-trial to ensure that the case facts were true,the law was correctly applied,and the penalties were appropriate.The scope of the re-trial cases continuously expanded from 1912 to 1922 and,finally,the Amendment to the Statutes on the Re-trial System in 1922 stipulated that all cases under the jurisdiction of the district courts where county magistrates tried,whether through appeal or re-trial,had to be re-tried by the high court or its branches.The adjustment of the scope of the re-trial cases was closely related to the extent to which the county magistrates'judicial discretion was restricted.During the Beiyang period,due to the failure to establish fornial courts of the first instance in counties throughout the country,the county magistrates concurrently handled judicial affairs,which inevitably caused the magistrates’judicial discretion.The re-trial system was originally designed to compensate for the drawbacks of county magistrates managing judicial affairs and to facilitate the transition within the judicial system.However,the interpretation of the role of the re-trial system should not be limited to reconciliation and adaptation of the old and new judicial systems in the Beiyang period but also to compensate for the deficiencies of county magistrates,judgments by continuously improving the re-trial procedure and to ensure the fairness of justice through restrictions on the judicial discretion of county magistrates,the enjoyment of equality of procedures,and the establishment of supervision procedures.展开更多
基金This paper is a phased achievement of Chongqing Social Science Planning project“Research on the repayment of‘Pre-war Deposits’in Chongqing Banking Industry after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War”(2020BS11)Chongqing Education Commission Project“Research on Prevention and Control of Financial Crisis in Chongqing during the Republic of China”(20SKGH111).
文摘There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.
基金Sponsored by"Project Blue"Academic Leader Fund of Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute
文摘On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.
文摘In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that caused serious damage to transportation tasks through war-torn smoke,and carried out large-scale railway construction.However,in the course of operation,railway safety accidents occur frequently due to outdated equipment,low quality of staff,lack of rules and regulations,vandalism,and various natural disasters.In the face of severe conditions,the railway authorities summed up the accidents and learned the safety of the railways,so that the railway transportation industry,which started after the founding of the country,was gradually on the right track,and laid a solid foundation for the safe development of the railway industry.
基金the staged achievement of The Project supported by the Special Foundation for High-level Scientists of Guangdong Province(Grant No.11200-52010005)The Construction Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Guangdong Province(Grant No.GD12XHQ01)
文摘In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.
基金Sponsored by Philosophical and Social Science Research Project in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province in 2015(2015sjd751)
文摘During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.
文摘Over the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,great changes have been seen in the financial industry in terms of its nature,function,scale,structure and other features.It has experienced six stages of development,namely,inception and consolidation,arduous growth,exploration and restructuring,segmentation,fictitious economy orientation,and real economy promotion and risk prevention.The tremendous success and useful experience made during this period have largely bolstered the prosperity and stability of the Chinese economy,improved Chinese people’s living standards,and exerted a profound impact on China’s economy and society.Based on its development pattern,the Chinese financial sector will expect further openingup at home and abroad and a growing capacity in serving the real economy,while new business forms and models will emerge rapidly and stronger preventive measures against financial risks will be needed.In response to the financial development in the new era,proactive and pragmatic measures need to be in place to safeguard the stable and sound development of the financial industry.
文摘The history of the participation of People’s republic of china in international human rights affairs can be mainly divided into two phases since its founding 70 years ago,and it can be further divided into four stages with typical events after the launch of reform and opening-up.Since the adoption and implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970 s china has witnessed the active participation and fruitful achievements of china in bilateral and multilateral human rights cooperation and communication,as well as making important contributions to the international human rights cause.
文摘During the Beiyang period of the early Republic of China,the re-trial system 覆判 referred to the practice where cases considered by the county magistrate had to be sent to the provincial high court for re-trial to ensure that the case facts were true,the law was correctly applied,and the penalties were appropriate.The scope of the re-trial cases continuously expanded from 1912 to 1922 and,finally,the Amendment to the Statutes on the Re-trial System in 1922 stipulated that all cases under the jurisdiction of the district courts where county magistrates tried,whether through appeal or re-trial,had to be re-tried by the high court or its branches.The adjustment of the scope of the re-trial cases was closely related to the extent to which the county magistrates'judicial discretion was restricted.During the Beiyang period,due to the failure to establish fornial courts of the first instance in counties throughout the country,the county magistrates concurrently handled judicial affairs,which inevitably caused the magistrates’judicial discretion.The re-trial system was originally designed to compensate for the drawbacks of county magistrates managing judicial affairs and to facilitate the transition within the judicial system.However,the interpretation of the role of the re-trial system should not be limited to reconciliation and adaptation of the old and new judicial systems in the Beiyang period but also to compensate for the deficiencies of county magistrates,judgments by continuously improving the re-trial procedure and to ensure the fairness of justice through restrictions on the judicial discretion of county magistrates,the enjoyment of equality of procedures,and the establishment of supervision procedures.
