Effect of linear chirp frequency on the process of electron–positron pairs production from vacuum is investigated by the computational quantum field theory.With appropriate chirp parameters,the number of electrons cr...Effect of linear chirp frequency on the process of electron–positron pairs production from vacuum is investigated by the computational quantum field theory.With appropriate chirp parameters,the number of electrons created under combined potential wells can be increased by two or three times.In the low frequency region,frequency modulation excites interference effect and multiphoton processes,which promotes the generation of electron–positron pairs.In the high frequency region,high frequency suppression inhibits the generation of electron–positron pairs.In addition,for a single potential well,the number of created electron–positron pairs can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude in the low frequency region.展开更多
Through the use of a reductive perturbation technique, solitary kinetic Alfvén waves(KAWs) are investigated in a low but finite b(particle-to-magnetic pressure ratio) dense electron–positron–ion plasma where el...Through the use of a reductive perturbation technique, solitary kinetic Alfvén waves(KAWs) are investigated in a low but finite b(particle-to-magnetic pressure ratio) dense electron–positron–ion plasma where electrons and positrons are degenerate. The degenerate plasma model considered here permits the existence of sub-Alfvénic compressive solitary KAWs. The influence of r(equilibrium positron-to-ion density ratio), sF(electron-to-positron Fermi temperature ratio), b and obliqueness parameter lzon various characteristics of solitary KAWs are examined through numerical plots. We have shown that there exists a critical value of lzat which a soliton width attains its maximum value which decreases with an increase in r and sF.It is also found that solitons with a higher energy propagate more obliquely in the direction of an ambient magnetic field. The results of the present investigation may be useful for understanding low frequency nonlinear electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetized electron–positron–ion plasmas in dense stars. Specifically, the relevance of our investigation to a pulsar magnetosphere is emphasized.展开更多
Enhanced electron–positron pair production by frequency chirping in one- and two-color laser pulse fields is investigated by solving the quantum Vlasov equation. A small frequency chirp shifts the momentum spectrum a...Enhanced electron–positron pair production by frequency chirping in one- and two-color laser pulse fields is investigated by solving the quantum Vlasov equation. A small frequency chirp shifts the momentum spectrum along the momentum axis. The positive and negative frequency chirp parameters play the same role in increasing the pair number density. The sign change of the frequency chirp parameter at the moment t = 0 leads the pulse shape and momentum spectrum to be symmetric, and the number density to be increased. The number density of produced pairs in the two-color pulse field is much higher than that in the one-color pulse field and the larger frequency chirp pulse field dominates more strongly. In the two-color pulse fields, the relation between the frequency ratio of two colors and the number density is not sensitive to the parameters of small frequency chirp added in either a low frequency strong field or a high frequency weak field but sensitive to the parameters of large frequency chirp added in a high frequency weak field.展开更多
The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric an...The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.展开更多
This is a rotating charge loop model of an electron which explains the electron’s de Broglie base frequency to an accuracy of over 6 decimal places. The model also predicts the magnetic moment of the electron to over...This is a rotating charge loop model of an electron which explains the electron’s de Broglie base frequency to an accuracy of over 6 decimal places. The model also predicts the magnetic moment of the electron to over 6 decimal places and helps explain the transition from a purely electromagnetic photon to a fermion state of matter. The model also explains how charge and spin are conserved in the transition. Finally, this concept might be extended to explain the muon and tau higher energy states of the electron as well.展开更多
In a previous paper [1] we established the possibility of the advantage of using the bombardment of electron-positron beams to produce commercial electrical energy. We consider the design of such a prototype reactor u...In a previous paper [1] we established the possibility of the advantage of using the bombardment of electron-positron beams to produce commercial electrical energy. We consider the design of such a prototype reactor using 100 KJ laser beams to produce electron-positron beams that are sent to the reactor to release the 100 KJ of energy in the form of Xrays, which creates the high temperature and pressure needed to ignite the deuterium-tritium pellets for the fusion reaction.展开更多
Nonlinear interaction of laser and electron–positron–ion plasmas is investigated by invoking the variational principle and numerical simulation, in terms of a nonlinear Schr o¨dinger equation with inhomogeneiti...Nonlinear interaction of laser and electron–positron–ion plasmas is investigated by invoking the variational principle and numerical simulation, in terms of a nonlinear Schr o¨dinger equation with inhomogeneities effect. It is shown that the plasma inhomogeneity has great influence on the laser beam dynamics. The laser beam can be self-trapped, focused, or defocused depending on the inhomogeneity character. The linearly decreasing axial plasma density makes the laser beam defocus, while the linearly increasing axial plasma density results in self-trapping of the beam. The self-focusing of the trapped beam is found in a high-density region. For the Gaussian types of density distribution, the beam field submits nonlinearly oscillating regime. The results provide an efficient way to manipulate the dynamics of laser beam propagating in plasma.展开更多
Based on the quantum Vlasov equation,the effect of frequency chirp on electron–positron pair production is investigated.The cycle parameter,which characterizes the laser field cycle degree within the pulse,is also co...Based on the quantum Vlasov equation,the effect of frequency chirp on electron–positron pair production is investigated.The cycle parameter,which characterizes the laser field cycle degree within the pulse,is also considered.In both supercycle and subcycle laser pulses the frequency chirp can greatly enhance the momentum distribution function of created pairs and the pair number density.The pair number density created by a supercycle laser pulse is larger than that by a subcycle pulse under the same laser frequency and chirping.There exists an optimal cycle parameter corresponding to the maximum value of the created pair number density for different chirp rates.It is found that the pair number density is sensitive/insensitive to chirping rate when the cycle parameter lies below/above the optimal one.展开更多
The general dispersion of tearing modes due to the effects of electron inertia and resistivity in pair plasmas is derived analytically,and is discussed in two cases:△'■1 and△'■1,where△'is the instabil...The general dispersion of tearing modes due to the effects of electron inertia and resistivity in pair plasmas is derived analytically,and is discussed in two cases:△'■1 and△'■1,where△'is the instability criterion of the tearing mode.It is found that the conditions under which either resistivity or electron inertia dominates depend strongly on the limit of A'considered.展开更多
The propagation characteristics of nonlinear ion–acoustic(IA) solitary waves(SWs) are studied in thermal electron–positron–ion plasma considering the effect of relativistic positron beam. Starting from a set of flu...The propagation characteristics of nonlinear ion–acoustic(IA) solitary waves(SWs) are studied in thermal electron–positron–ion plasma considering the effect of relativistic positron beam. Starting from a set of fluid equations and using the reductive perturbation technique, we derive a Korteweg–de Vries(KdV) equation which governs the evolution of weakly nonlinear IA SWs in relativistic beam driven plasmas. The properties of the IA soliton are studied, and it is shown that the presence of relativistic positron beam significantly modifies the characteristics of IA solitons.展开更多
Ion-acoustic solitary (IAS) waves in electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma have been of interest to many researchers probably due to their relevance in understanding the Universe. However, the study of non-linear ion-a...Ion-acoustic solitary (IAS) waves in electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma have been of interest to many researchers probably due to their relevance in understanding the Universe. However, the study of non-linear ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma with non-thermal electrons has not been adequately studied. A theoretical investigation on non-linear IAS waves in e-p-i plasma comprising of warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and electrons that are kappa distributed, and Boltzman distributed positron is presented here using the Sagdeev potential technique. It was found that existence domains of finite amplitude IAS waves were confined within the limits of minimum and maximum Mach numbers with varying k values. For lower values of k, the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased as the width decreased, while for high values, the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structure increased.展开更多
We make a gradient correction to a new local density approximation form of positron–electron correlation. The positron lifetimes and affinities are then probed by using these two approximation forms based on three el...We make a gradient correction to a new local density approximation form of positron–electron correlation. The positron lifetimes and affinities are then probed by using these two approximation forms based on three electronic-structure calculation methods, including the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave(FLAPW) plus local orbitals approach,the atomic superposition(ATSUP) approach, and the projector augmented wave(PAW) approach. The differences between calculated lifetimes using the FLAPW and ATSUP methods are clearly interpreted in the view of positron and electron transfers. We further find that a well-implemented PAW method can give near-perfect agreement on both the positron lifetimes and affinities with the FLAPW method, and the competitiveness of the ATSUP method against the FLAPW/PAW method is reduced within the best calculations. By comparing with the experimental data, the new introduced gradient corrected correlation form is proved to be competitive for positron lifetime and affinity calculations.展开更多
The reasons of angular photon distribution occurrence at electron-positron annihilation are considered. It is shown that angular photon distribution is consequence of Doppler’s effect in the reference frame of the el...The reasons of angular photon distribution occurrence at electron-positron annihilation are considered. It is shown that angular photon distribution is consequence of Doppler’s effect in the reference frame of the electron and positron mass center. In the reference frame bound with moving electron the angular photon distribution is absent. But it is replaced by the Doppler’s shift of photons frequencies. The received results are applied to the analysis of a positron-emission tomograph work.展开更多
Using in CPT a P and T violations we show that the equation of the positron is exactly the same as the one of the electron, on the condition that both the sign of the charge and the electromagnetic potential are chang...Using in CPT a P and T violations we show that the equation of the positron is exactly the same as the one of the electron, on the condition that both the sign of the charge and the electromagnetic potential are changed. As a consequence the velocities are both in direction to the future and the masses are both positive and, in similar experiences, the behaviours of the two particles are the same. These theoretical results are in quite agreements with the experiments of the LEP.展开更多
We calculate the canonical angular momentum of a free electron, positron and gamma photon. We show that for any particle with charge q the canonical angular momentum (J<sub>c</sub>) is written as the summa...We calculate the canonical angular momentum of a free electron, positron and gamma photon. We show that for any particle with charge q the canonical angular momentum (J<sub>c</sub>) is written as the summation of the kinetic angular momentum (J<sub>kin</sub>) and the intrinsic quantum flux dependent terms. In terms of the z-components this can be written as . For a free electron (e<sup>-</sup>) and a positron (e<sup>+</sup>) depending on the spin orientation we find that:;;and respectively. Similarly for a gamma (γ) photon, propagating in z direction with an angular frequency ω, the canonical angular momentum is found to be: , here the (+) and (-) signs stand for the right and left hand circular helicity respectively.展开更多
The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has...The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.展开更多
This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant <em>G</em>, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Struc...This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant <em>G</em>, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Structure into examination. In the empty space, couples of virtual positron electrons dematerialize, giving virtual photon origin. They, at their time, will become electrons, positrons and so on. These transformations are made keeping the board of their “amount of movement” and when they meet the matter, these couples come, reissued depending on the field and on the matter mass. The matter is the change of the trend of their gyromagnetic movement relationship which puts under pressure. In presence of two masses, this gyromagnetic movement relationship is already partially oriented towards the other mass. From here a force is established between these two masses that give as calculated constant equal to 6.678532. This value of <em>G</em>, obtained leaving from the charge and the electron mass, is very near the experimental values estimated in these last decades regard the value of the gravitational constant of <em>G</em>.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11635003,11025524,11161130520,11875007,and 12047513)the Reform and Development Project of Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Grant Nos.13001-2110 and 13001-2114)。
文摘Effect of linear chirp frequency on the process of electron–positron pairs production from vacuum is investigated by the computational quantum field theory.With appropriate chirp parameters,the number of electrons created under combined potential wells can be increased by two or three times.In the low frequency region,frequency modulation excites interference effect and multiphoton processes,which promotes the generation of electron–positron pairs.In the high frequency region,high frequency suppression inhibits the generation of electron–positron pairs.In addition,for a single potential well,the number of created electron–positron pairs can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude in the low frequency region.
文摘Through the use of a reductive perturbation technique, solitary kinetic Alfvén waves(KAWs) are investigated in a low but finite b(particle-to-magnetic pressure ratio) dense electron–positron–ion plasma where electrons and positrons are degenerate. The degenerate plasma model considered here permits the existence of sub-Alfvénic compressive solitary KAWs. The influence of r(equilibrium positron-to-ion density ratio), sF(electron-to-positron Fermi temperature ratio), b and obliqueness parameter lzon various characteristics of solitary KAWs are examined through numerical plots. We have shown that there exists a critical value of lzat which a soliton width attains its maximum value which decreases with an increase in r and sF.It is also found that solitons with a higher energy propagate more obliquely in the direction of an ambient magnetic field. The results of the present investigation may be useful for understanding low frequency nonlinear electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetized electron–positron–ion plasmas in dense stars. Specifically, the relevance of our investigation to a pulsar magnetosphere is emphasized.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11475026 and 11175023)
文摘Enhanced electron–positron pair production by frequency chirping in one- and two-color laser pulse fields is investigated by solving the quantum Vlasov equation. A small frequency chirp shifts the momentum spectrum along the momentum axis. The positive and negative frequency chirp parameters play the same role in increasing the pair number density. The sign change of the frequency chirp parameter at the moment t = 0 leads the pulse shape and momentum spectrum to be symmetric, and the number density to be increased. The number density of produced pairs in the two-color pulse field is much higher than that in the one-color pulse field and the larger frequency chirp pulse field dominates more strongly. In the two-color pulse fields, the relation between the frequency ratio of two colors and the number density is not sensitive to the parameters of small frequency chirp added in either a low frequency strong field or a high frequency weak field but sensitive to the parameters of large frequency chirp added in a high frequency weak field.
文摘The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.
文摘This is a rotating charge loop model of an electron which explains the electron’s de Broglie base frequency to an accuracy of over 6 decimal places. The model also predicts the magnetic moment of the electron to over 6 decimal places and helps explain the transition from a purely electromagnetic photon to a fermion state of matter. The model also explains how charge and spin are conserved in the transition. Finally, this concept might be extended to explain the muon and tau higher energy states of the electron as well.
文摘In a previous paper [1] we established the possibility of the advantage of using the bombardment of electron-positron beams to produce commercial electrical energy. We consider the design of such a prototype reactor using 100 KJ laser beams to produce electron-positron beams that are sent to the reactor to release the 100 KJ of energy in the form of Xrays, which creates the high temperature and pressure needed to ignite the deuterium-tritium pellets for the fusion reaction.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11274255 and 11305132)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20136203110001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.2011GS04358)the Creation of Science and Technology of Northwest Normal University,China(Grant Nos.NWNU-KJCXGC-03-48 and NWNU-LKQN-12-12)
文摘Nonlinear interaction of laser and electron–positron–ion plasmas is investigated by invoking the variational principle and numerical simulation, in terms of a nonlinear Schr o¨dinger equation with inhomogeneities effect. It is shown that the plasma inhomogeneity has great influence on the laser beam dynamics. The laser beam can be self-trapped, focused, or defocused depending on the inhomogeneity character. The linearly decreasing axial plasma density makes the laser beam defocus, while the linearly increasing axial plasma density results in self-trapping of the beam. The self-focusing of the trapped beam is found in a high-density region. For the Gaussian types of density distribution, the beam field submits nonlinearly oscillating regime. The results provide an efficient way to manipulate the dynamics of laser beam propagating in plasma.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11175023)partially by the Open Fund of National Laboratory of Science and Technology on Computational Physics at Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics in Beijing
文摘Based on the quantum Vlasov equation,the effect of frequency chirp on electron–positron pair production is investigated.The cycle parameter,which characterizes the laser field cycle degree within the pulse,is also considered.In both supercycle and subcycle laser pulses the frequency chirp can greatly enhance the momentum distribution function of created pairs and the pair number density.The pair number density created by a supercycle laser pulse is larger than that by a subcycle pulse under the same laser frequency and chirping.There exists an optimal cycle parameter corresponding to the maximum value of the created pair number density for different chirp rates.It is found that the pair number density is sensitive/insensitive to chirping rate when the cycle parameter lies below/above the optimal one.
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science ProgramNational Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.2014GB106004, 2013GB111000,11375189,11075161 and 11275260the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS
文摘The general dispersion of tearing modes due to the effects of electron inertia and resistivity in pair plasmas is derived analytically,and is discussed in two cases:△'■1 and△'■1,where△'is the instability criterion of the tearing mode.It is found that the conditions under which either resistivity or electron inertia dominates depend strongly on the limit of A'considered.
基金support from UGC-SAP (DRS, Phase Ⅲ) with Sanction order No. F.510/3/DRS-Ⅲ/2015(SAPI)UGC-MRP with F. No. 43-539/2014 (SR)FD Diary No.3668
文摘The propagation characteristics of nonlinear ion–acoustic(IA) solitary waves(SWs) are studied in thermal electron–positron–ion plasma considering the effect of relativistic positron beam. Starting from a set of fluid equations and using the reductive perturbation technique, we derive a Korteweg–de Vries(KdV) equation which governs the evolution of weakly nonlinear IA SWs in relativistic beam driven plasmas. The properties of the IA soliton are studied, and it is shown that the presence of relativistic positron beam significantly modifies the characteristics of IA solitons.
文摘Ion-acoustic solitary (IAS) waves in electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasma have been of interest to many researchers probably due to their relevance in understanding the Universe. However, the study of non-linear ion-acoustic waves in e-p-i plasma with non-thermal electrons has not been adequately studied. A theoretical investigation on non-linear IAS waves in e-p-i plasma comprising of warm inertial adiabatic fluid ions and electrons that are kappa distributed, and Boltzman distributed positron is presented here using the Sagdeev potential technique. It was found that existence domains of finite amplitude IAS waves were confined within the limits of minimum and maximum Mach numbers with varying k values. For lower values of k, the amplitude of the solitary electrostatic potential structures increased as the width decreased, while for high values, the potential amplitude decreased as the width of the solitary structure increased.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11175171 and 11105139)
文摘We make a gradient correction to a new local density approximation form of positron–electron correlation. The positron lifetimes and affinities are then probed by using these two approximation forms based on three electronic-structure calculation methods, including the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave(FLAPW) plus local orbitals approach,the atomic superposition(ATSUP) approach, and the projector augmented wave(PAW) approach. The differences between calculated lifetimes using the FLAPW and ATSUP methods are clearly interpreted in the view of positron and electron transfers. We further find that a well-implemented PAW method can give near-perfect agreement on both the positron lifetimes and affinities with the FLAPW method, and the competitiveness of the ATSUP method against the FLAPW/PAW method is reduced within the best calculations. By comparing with the experimental data, the new introduced gradient corrected correlation form is proved to be competitive for positron lifetime and affinity calculations.
文摘The reasons of angular photon distribution occurrence at electron-positron annihilation are considered. It is shown that angular photon distribution is consequence of Doppler’s effect in the reference frame of the electron and positron mass center. In the reference frame bound with moving electron the angular photon distribution is absent. But it is replaced by the Doppler’s shift of photons frequencies. The received results are applied to the analysis of a positron-emission tomograph work.
文摘Using in CPT a P and T violations we show that the equation of the positron is exactly the same as the one of the electron, on the condition that both the sign of the charge and the electromagnetic potential are changed. As a consequence the velocities are both in direction to the future and the masses are both positive and, in similar experiences, the behaviours of the two particles are the same. These theoretical results are in quite agreements with the experiments of the LEP.
文摘We calculate the canonical angular momentum of a free electron, positron and gamma photon. We show that for any particle with charge q the canonical angular momentum (J<sub>c</sub>) is written as the summation of the kinetic angular momentum (J<sub>kin</sub>) and the intrinsic quantum flux dependent terms. In terms of the z-components this can be written as . For a free electron (e<sup>-</sup>) and a positron (e<sup>+</sup>) depending on the spin orientation we find that:;;and respectively. Similarly for a gamma (γ) photon, propagating in z direction with an angular frequency ω, the canonical angular momentum is found to be: , here the (+) and (-) signs stand for the right and left hand circular helicity respectively.
文摘The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.
文摘This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant <em>G</em>, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Structure into examination. In the empty space, couples of virtual positron electrons dematerialize, giving virtual photon origin. They, at their time, will become electrons, positrons and so on. These transformations are made keeping the board of their “amount of movement” and when they meet the matter, these couples come, reissued depending on the field and on the matter mass. The matter is the change of the trend of their gyromagnetic movement relationship which puts under pressure. In presence of two masses, this gyromagnetic movement relationship is already partially oriented towards the other mass. From here a force is established between these two masses that give as calculated constant equal to 6.678532. This value of <em>G</em>, obtained leaving from the charge and the electron mass, is very near the experimental values estimated in these last decades regard the value of the gravitational constant of <em>G</em>.
