When the Chinese-language The Poison of Polygamy was translated into English,some critics identified the work as picaresque.Skeptical of this conclusion,the author of this paper broadens the field of inquiry to sugges...When the Chinese-language The Poison of Polygamy was translated into English,some critics identified the work as picaresque.Skeptical of this conclusion,the author of this paper broadens the field of inquiry to suggest classification in an emigrant sensational genre.Briefly,the first two plots of the multi-strand work unfold the adventures of Chinese emigrants travelling by sea and land to Melbourne’s Gold Mountain.Interestingly,we are also afforded a glimpse of emigrant miners’cooperation regardless of race and colour when a mine disaster occurs.The work provides sharp recognition of migrants’dilemmas,such as marriage,before tackling the bigamy issue,the gender war,the fallen lifestyle of the female protagonist and so on.As the work unfolds,further shocking tales of murders and indulgence are revealed.Unlike the picareque’s episodic style,the translated Poison of Polygamy is coherent,realistic,serious and critical,and completely lacking in both sarcasm and playfulness.To investigate the appropriateness of assigning the work to the picaresque genre,the paper compares briefly with representative Spanish picaresque works such as Lazarillo and Gusman and English canonical Moll Flanders,watching carefully for commonalities.However,The Poison of Polygamy would seem to resonate more with Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret,a sensational fiction which shocked the English world in the 1860s.The contexts of both novels are close,mid-Victorian and Edwardian,where the latter is a continuation of the Victorians.The author is further enlightened by research results of literary translators who advocate that a text,once translated into a target language,becomes a canon of that culture and is cherished as such by its readers-as in the case of Shakespeare being revered as a German poet when read in translation.From this experiment the paper deems that cross-lingual comparative literature is not only possible but significant and resourceful.展开更多
Immigration-related stress is the result of an environment that imposes demands surpassing the psychological resources of those suffering from it with a destabilizing effect on their physical and psychological health....Immigration-related stress is the result of an environment that imposes demands surpassing the psychological resources of those suffering from it with a destabilizing effect on their physical and psychological health. The purpose of this study is to determine what the chronic stress levels are and their association with psychophysiological symptoms and gender in Mexican immigrants living in Edmonton, Canada. A representative random sample was made of 237 immigrants in 2012. The stress symptoms inventory was used and a multiple regression and multivariate analysis was made. Results indicated that chronic stress levels were: 14% high, 46% medium and 40% low and psychophysiological predictor symptoms were: fatigue, constipation, frequent colds, cold hands and feet and insomnia, and the female gender. Therefore one may conclude that a precise identification of the predictor symptoms of chronic stress may help promote and implement programs aimed at timely prevention of stress before they affect the health and occupational safety of Mexican immigrants living in Edmonton, Canada.展开更多
The project of ‘grain for green’, to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three ...The project of ‘grain for green’, to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three Gorges gradually. However, the de-farming of slope farmland will reduce the amount of farmland in de-farmed areas, especially in the areas with concentrated slope farmland, which would cause the problems of environmental emigration. The people who cannot regain enough farmland by relocating farmlands within village after de-farming and have to emigrate to other places are called environmental emigrants or ecological emigrants. In the research, a de-farming stress index model and an environmental emigration model are developed based on GRID data, and the potential amount of environmental emigration caused by de-farming of slope farmland in the reservoir area is simulated aided with GIS. The simulation indicates that the potential emigration amount caused by de-farming is quite large. When the de-farming stress index reaches 40%, the amount is as large as 890,000 people, which is equivalent to the emigrants caused by the submergence of the Three Gorges reservoir. So it should be considered as a big problem during the eco-environmental rehabilitation in this area. Some suggestions are raised to tackle the problem. Firstly, the emigration plan should be included in the de-farming plan. Secondly, some provinces, especially those located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, should accommodate part of the environmental emigrants.展开更多
Background:Globally,there is a high demand for nurses,resulting in migration from low‑to high‑income countries.The emigration of nurses is the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another coun...Background:Globally,there is a high demand for nurses,resulting in migration from low‑to high‑income countries.The emigration of nurses is the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another country,leading to a shortage in the number of nurses in their home countries.Consequently,this study aims to assess the impact of the emigration of nurses on the health‑care delivery system in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A descriptive cross‑sectional survey was conducted with a stratified sampling technique to select 270 nurses from three selected hospitals in Benin‑city Edo state.A self‑structured questionnaire with open and Likert scale questions were used as an instrument to assess the Impact of the Emigration of nurses on the Health Care Delivery System.Data collected were analyzed using tables,percentages,means,standard deviation and t‑test.Results:The result showed a mean score of 1.59±0.92 impacts of the emigration of nurses on health‑care delivery system and identified how to reduce it.The study also showed that there is no significant difference between gender and reason for emigration among nurses(t=3.84,P≤0.001).Conclusion:The emigration of nurses is severely affecting the health care delivery system in the country.Recently,the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria gave the directive for training schools to increase their training capacity and number of students’intake to cushion the effect,and this study shows that this palliative can only be a short time measure,and however will encourage more nurses traveling abroad on the long run.Therefore,the hospital managers and government should provide a conducive working environment,better remuneration,attractive retirement benefit,and other incentives as a push in factor for nurses to stay back in their home countries.展开更多
There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focu...There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focus primarily on Jewish or Italians, but rarely address at Italian Jews as a whole, and, in their relation with Italian American and Jews. One of the reasons of this paucity of studies, might be the little number of Italian Jews who immigrated to the United States, especially in New York in the 1930s and 1940s, that drove several scholars not to pay really attention to this tiny group in ignoring their presence. Thus, this article aims to investigate through some memoirs, interviews and autobiographies the life of Italian Jews who were living in New York and the Metropolitan area during and after War World II, with particular emphasis to those who were born there in these years and their formation of an American identity. This essay will also clarify an Italian Jewish identity--which made Italian the role of memory and ＂nostalgia＂ in an Italian identity--above all Jews a unique group and a minority within a minority.展开更多
Due to recent population emigration movements,an epidemic of Chagas disease is currently menacing most developed countries.The authors report the case of a 53-year-old Brazilian woman living in Europe for the last 10 ...Due to recent population emigration movements,an epidemic of Chagas disease is currently menacing most developed countries.The authors report the case of a 53-year-old Brazilian woman living in Europe for the last 10 years who developed heart failure symptoms,having a previous symptomatic sinus node disease with a pacemaker implant at age of 40 years.The diagnosis was based on serology and myocardial biopsy and the patient was treated with nifurtimox.The authors emphasize the need of a high level of suspicion in patients with suggestive epidemiology and the needof populational screening of specific high risk groups.New treatment options are also discussed.展开更多
In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment prote...In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment protection with the consequence to worsen the marginalization of these territories. In the world, more than 50% of poverty is located in rural areas and the most incidence of it is in Sub-Saharan African countries; in Latin American nations, instead, the most percentage of poverty is located in urban areas. The aim of this research was to estimate, by a multiple regression model, in 46 countries of Africa and in 23 nations of Souther-Central America, which socio-economic variables were able to play a fundamental role on the rural population and on the development of rural areas in 2000 and 2010 using some statistical data published in the FAO Statistic book. In analysed African countries there has been an increase of people living in the rural space and a growth by 21% of agricultural Gross Domestic Product （GDP）. In Southern and Central American nations, there has been a meaningful emigration from rural territories due to an expansion of commercial flows and per capita income in rich areas, thus people have decided to move from the rural territories to the urban territories, worsening the poverty and living conditions in the countryside.展开更多
Migration is one of the most prominent phenomena in these ultimate years.It has brought some good consequences and economic development,but also a number of socio-economical and socio-political problems,such as decrea...Migration is one of the most prominent phenomena in these ultimate years.It has brought some good consequences and economic development,but also a number of socio-economical and socio-political problems,such as decreasing population in the sending countries,brain drain,labour market shortages,etc.This paper focuses on the reasons why people emigrate from their countries of origin and what effects bring their emigration to the national economy.The purpose of the paper is to explain the emigration impact on the labour market in the sending countries,the phenomenon“brain drain”and its effects,the impact of the remittances,and the importance of Diasporas and return migration for the countries of origin.展开更多
In the works of two young women from Morocco, themes of identity, belonging, class, race, gender, changing customs and language, and literary references abound. Since both writers are relative newcomers to their liter...In the works of two young women from Morocco, themes of identity, belonging, class, race, gender, changing customs and language, and literary references abound. Since both writers are relative newcomers to their literary scenes, the only bibliography available consists of brief reviews. The author hopes to give their work a wider audience so that divulgation will lead to more criticism and the attention they deserve. The literary references in these two writers are very indicative of their adopted cultures： Najat El Hachmi＇s favorites are mostly Catalan writers, while Laila Lalami speaks of American authors who lived in Morocco, and both mention traditional Arabic literature. The work of both these writers is greatly enriched, if sometimes painfully, by their absorption into multiple cultures and identities.展开更多
The phenomenon of recent emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is quite fresh but intense. The emigration literary culture which is formed in this exile is not very abundant, but with distinct trends between certificat...The phenomenon of recent emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is quite fresh but intense. The emigration literary culture which is formed in this exile is not very abundant, but with distinct trends between certificating and documenting the experiences of immigrants. Reportages play an important role, including A Sud di Lampedusa. Cinque anni di viaggi sulle rotte dei migranti by Stefano Liberti, A Lampedusa. Affari, malaffari, rivolta e sconfitta dell＇isola che voleva diventare la porta d＇Europa, a book written by Italian journalists Fabio Sanfilippo and Alice Scialoja, and a diary La scelta di Catia written by Catia Pellegrino. In addition, many materials （including journalistic materials） confirm the existence of a preliminary reconnaissance, however, requires further research. Italian documentaries, personal opinions and comments that go far beyond literature in the strict sense complement the panorama of contemporary emigration which comes from Africa and the Near East. However, they allow us to understand better the area of psychosocial determinants of individual migration decisions and specificity of the migrants＇ experience, including the experience of the community. How do human solidarity and effectiveness work in the process of the emigration on the European continent？ An analysis of the phenomenon of the emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is inextricably linked with the questions about the confrontation and integration, about the literature which is created in this community and the impact political correctness has on its shape, as well as about the new model of immigrant/the African/the European.展开更多
Objective:Despite the decrease in the number of foreign visitors and residents in Japan due to the coronavirus disease 2019,a resurgence is remarkable from 2022.However,Japan's medical support system for foreign p...Objective:Despite the decrease in the number of foreign visitors and residents in Japan due to the coronavirus disease 2019,a resurgence is remarkable from 2022.However,Japan's medical support system for foreign patients,especially residents,is inadequate,with language barriers potentially causing health disparities.Comprehensive interpretation and translation services are challenging,but“plain Japanese”may be a viable alternative for foreign patients with basic Japanese language skills.This study explores the application and obstacles of plain Japanese in the medical sector.Methods:A literature review was performed across these databases:Web of Science,PubMed,Google Scholar,Scopus,CINAHL Plus,Springer Link and Ichushi-Web(Japanese medical literature).The search covered themes related to healthcare,care for foreign patients,and scholarly articles,and was conducted in July 2023.Results:The study incorporated five papers.Each paper emphasized the language barriers foreign residents in Japan face when accessing healthcare,highlighting the critical role and necessity of plain Japanese in medical environments.Most of the reports focused on the challenges of delivering medical care to foreign patients and the training of healthcare professionals in using plain Japanese for communication.Conclusion:The knowledge and application of plain Japanese among healthcare professionals are inadequate,and literature also remains scarce.With the increasing number of foreign residents in Japan,the establishment of a healthcare system that effectively uses plain Japanese is essential.However,plain Japanese may not be the optimal linguistic assistance in certain situations,thus it is imperative to encourage more research and reports on healthcare services using plain Japanese.展开更多
We investigated the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype using 19 Y-SNPs in Han Chinese populations from 22 provinces of China. Our data indicate distinctive patterns of Y chromosome between southern and northern Ha...We investigated the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype using 19 Y-SNPs in Han Chinese populations from 22 provinces of China. Our data indicate distinctive patterns of Y chromosome between southern and northern Han Chinese populations. The southern populations are much more polymorphic than northern populations. The latter has only a subset of the southern haplotypes. This result confirms the genetic difference observed between southern and northern ethnic populations in East Asia. It supports the hypothesis that the first settlement of modern hu-mans of African origin occurred in the southern part of East Asia during the last Ice Age, and a northward migration led to the peopling of northern China.展开更多
Dispersal is a central aspect of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of species. Predicting how species will respond to changing environmental conditions requires understanding factors that produce variation in d...Dispersal is a central aspect of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of species. Predicting how species will respond to changing environmental conditions requires understanding factors that produce variation in dispersal. We explore one source of variation, differences between sexes within a spatial population network. Here, we compare the dispersal patterns of male and female Parnassius smintheus among 18 subpopulations over 8 years using the Virtual Migration Model. Estimated dispersal parameters differed between males and females, particularly with respect to movement through meadow and forest matrix habitat. The estimated dispersal distances of males through forest were much less than for females. Observations of female movement showed that, unlike males, females do not avoid forest nor does forest exert an edge effect. We explored whether further forest encroachment in this system would have different effects for males and females by fitting mean parameter estimates to the landscape configuration seen in 1993 and 2012. Despite differences in their dispersal due presumably to both habitat and physiological differences, males and females are predicted to respond in similar ways to reduced meadow area and increased forest isolation.展开更多
Most demographic studies focus on numerical changes that occur within populations across years.However,typically studies at an interannual scale do not provide information on the particular times of the year(particu&#...Most demographic studies focus on numerical changes that occur within populations across years.However,typically studies at an interannual scale do not provide information on the particular times of the year(particular months or seasons)when rates of survival,recruitment,or migration increase or decrease due to physiological,behavioral or ecological processes.These monthly or seasonal changes in demographic parameters may lead to substantial variations in population abundance.In this study,we collected capture-mark-recapture data on 3 species of lizards of the genus Sceloporus(Sceloporus torquatus,Sceloporus grammicus and Sceloporus megalepidurus)found in ecologically similar habitats to examine potential changes in demographic rates among 3 different climatic seasons:rainy,cold-dry and warm-dry seasons.We tested different hypotheses about the effect of these seasons on survival,recruitment of new adults,and temporary emigration.We found that during the season with severe thermal constraints,the cold-dry season,survival of S.torquatus decreased markedly.We also detected a considerable increase in the recruitment rate of S.grammicus during the rainy season,when these lizards are establishing territories and finding mates.In contrast,we found no evidence of intra-annual changes in the rate of temporary emigration.In addition,we calculated abundance and population growth rates for each species and for each season.Our study represents a significant contribution to the understanding of intra-annual demographic variation in lizards.展开更多
After the October Revolution, those against the Bolshevik regime started to leave Russia, including Russian aristocrats, officials, capitalists and intellectuals. Some of them were exiled to the cities of China. Among...After the October Revolution, those against the Bolshevik regime started to leave Russia, including Russian aristocrats, officials, capitalists and intellectuals. Some of them were exiled to the cities of China. Among them, Shanghai was the largest after Harbin Russian overseas center. Russian emigres in Shanghai managed to create their own cultural life, and some of them were even engaged in literary creation. Thus, Russian emigre literature came into being in Shanghai. In order to have a more comprehensive grasp of Shanghai Russian literature, this thesis provides a general introduction about newspapers, periodicals, publishing houses, art and literary groups, main writers and creation themes of overseas Russians in Shanghai.展开更多
Based on communications presented at the international symposium‘West of Japan/East of Europe’,hosted by the Department of Architecture at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University in concomitance with the exhibit...Based on communications presented at the international symposium‘West of Japan/East of Europe’,hosted by the Department of Architecture at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University in concomitance with the exhibition‘Bruno Taut’s Hyuga Villa in Atami,Japan’,this text discusses the question of cultural translation in architecture departing from the example of Hyuga Villa,realised by Taut in 1936.Despite the inherently immobile status of architecture,architectural ideas travel widely,as well as their conceivers,the architects.The cultural passage implicit to translation is never flawless,though.Hyuga Villa offers a good case in point,since it was conceived by an architect who had only a partial grasp of local culture and who tried to integrate elements of both Western and Japanese design.But what are the implications of‘translating’architecture?Can we translate not only words but also images,details,building conventions,even aesthetic sensitivities?And is everything translatable?Applied to an artifact recognised today as an important testimony to the encounter between Western and Eastern design cultures,these questions relate to issues that are central to the debate on both architectural history and built heritage,proposing an alternative approach in terms of method and scope.展开更多
文摘When the Chinese-language The Poison of Polygamy was translated into English,some critics identified the work as picaresque.Skeptical of this conclusion,the author of this paper broadens the field of inquiry to suggest classification in an emigrant sensational genre.Briefly,the first two plots of the multi-strand work unfold the adventures of Chinese emigrants travelling by sea and land to Melbourne’s Gold Mountain.Interestingly,we are also afforded a glimpse of emigrant miners’cooperation regardless of race and colour when a mine disaster occurs.The work provides sharp recognition of migrants’dilemmas,such as marriage,before tackling the bigamy issue,the gender war,the fallen lifestyle of the female protagonist and so on.As the work unfolds,further shocking tales of murders and indulgence are revealed.Unlike the picareque’s episodic style,the translated Poison of Polygamy is coherent,realistic,serious and critical,and completely lacking in both sarcasm and playfulness.To investigate the appropriateness of assigning the work to the picaresque genre,the paper compares briefly with representative Spanish picaresque works such as Lazarillo and Gusman and English canonical Moll Flanders,watching carefully for commonalities.However,The Poison of Polygamy would seem to resonate more with Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret,a sensational fiction which shocked the English world in the 1860s.The contexts of both novels are close,mid-Victorian and Edwardian,where the latter is a continuation of the Victorians.The author is further enlightened by research results of literary translators who advocate that a text,once translated into a target language,becomes a canon of that culture and is cherished as such by its readers-as in the case of Shakespeare being revered as a German poet when read in translation.From this experiment the paper deems that cross-lingual comparative literature is not only possible but significant and resourceful.
文摘Immigration-related stress is the result of an environment that imposes demands surpassing the psychological resources of those suffering from it with a destabilizing effect on their physical and psychological health. The purpose of this study is to determine what the chronic stress levels are and their association with psychophysiological symptoms and gender in Mexican immigrants living in Edmonton, Canada. A representative random sample was made of 237 immigrants in 2012. The stress symptoms inventory was used and a multiple regression and multivariate analysis was made. Results indicated that chronic stress levels were: 14% high, 46% medium and 40% low and psychophysiological predictor symptoms were: fatigue, constipation, frequent colds, cold hands and feet and insomnia, and the female gender. Therefore one may conclude that a precise identification of the predictor symptoms of chronic stress may help promote and implement programs aimed at timely prevention of stress before they affect the health and occupational safety of Mexican immigrants living in Edmonton, Canada.
基金The Knowledge Innovation Project of Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research of CAS, No. CXIOG-B00-04 The Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No. KZCX2-307-5.
文摘The project of ‘grain for green’, to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three Gorges gradually. However, the de-farming of slope farmland will reduce the amount of farmland in de-farmed areas, especially in the areas with concentrated slope farmland, which would cause the problems of environmental emigration. The people who cannot regain enough farmland by relocating farmlands within village after de-farming and have to emigrate to other places are called environmental emigrants or ecological emigrants. In the research, a de-farming stress index model and an environmental emigration model are developed based on GRID data, and the potential amount of environmental emigration caused by de-farming of slope farmland in the reservoir area is simulated aided with GIS. The simulation indicates that the potential emigration amount caused by de-farming is quite large. When the de-farming stress index reaches 40%, the amount is as large as 890,000 people, which is equivalent to the emigrants caused by the submergence of the Three Gorges reservoir. So it should be considered as a big problem during the eco-environmental rehabilitation in this area. Some suggestions are raised to tackle the problem. Firstly, the emigration plan should be included in the de-farming plan. Secondly, some provinces, especially those located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, should accommodate part of the environmental emigrants.
文摘Background:Globally,there is a high demand for nurses,resulting in migration from low‑to high‑income countries.The emigration of nurses is the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another country,leading to a shortage in the number of nurses in their home countries.Consequently,this study aims to assess the impact of the emigration of nurses on the health‑care delivery system in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A descriptive cross‑sectional survey was conducted with a stratified sampling technique to select 270 nurses from three selected hospitals in Benin‑city Edo state.A self‑structured questionnaire with open and Likert scale questions were used as an instrument to assess the Impact of the Emigration of nurses on the Health Care Delivery System.Data collected were analyzed using tables,percentages,means,standard deviation and t‑test.Results:The result showed a mean score of 1.59±0.92 impacts of the emigration of nurses on health‑care delivery system and identified how to reduce it.The study also showed that there is no significant difference between gender and reason for emigration among nurses(t=3.84,P≤0.001).Conclusion:The emigration of nurses is severely affecting the health care delivery system in the country.Recently,the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria gave the directive for training schools to increase their training capacity and number of students’intake to cushion the effect,and this study shows that this palliative can only be a short time measure,and however will encourage more nurses traveling abroad on the long run.Therefore,the hospital managers and government should provide a conducive working environment,better remuneration,attractive retirement benefit,and other incentives as a push in factor for nurses to stay back in their home countries.
文摘There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focus primarily on Jewish or Italians, but rarely address at Italian Jews as a whole, and, in their relation with Italian American and Jews. One of the reasons of this paucity of studies, might be the little number of Italian Jews who immigrated to the United States, especially in New York in the 1930s and 1940s, that drove several scholars not to pay really attention to this tiny group in ignoring their presence. Thus, this article aims to investigate through some memoirs, interviews and autobiographies the life of Italian Jews who were living in New York and the Metropolitan area during and after War World II, with particular emphasis to those who were born there in these years and their formation of an American identity. This essay will also clarify an Italian Jewish identity--which made Italian the role of memory and ＂nostalgia＂ in an Italian identity--above all Jews a unique group and a minority within a minority.
文摘Due to recent population emigration movements,an epidemic of Chagas disease is currently menacing most developed countries.The authors report the case of a 53-year-old Brazilian woman living in Europe for the last 10 years who developed heart failure symptoms,having a previous symptomatic sinus node disease with a pacemaker implant at age of 40 years.The diagnosis was based on serology and myocardial biopsy and the patient was treated with nifurtimox.The authors emphasize the need of a high level of suspicion in patients with suggestive epidemiology and the needof populational screening of specific high risk groups.New treatment options are also discussed.
文摘In developing countries, the emigration from rural territories to urban areas has brought about some negative impacts strictly associated to a lack of services a drop of ecological sustainability and environment protection with the consequence to worsen the marginalization of these territories. In the world, more than 50% of poverty is located in rural areas and the most incidence of it is in Sub-Saharan African countries; in Latin American nations, instead, the most percentage of poverty is located in urban areas. The aim of this research was to estimate, by a multiple regression model, in 46 countries of Africa and in 23 nations of Souther-Central America, which socio-economic variables were able to play a fundamental role on the rural population and on the development of rural areas in 2000 and 2010 using some statistical data published in the FAO Statistic book. In analysed African countries there has been an increase of people living in the rural space and a growth by 21% of agricultural Gross Domestic Product （GDP）. In Southern and Central American nations, there has been a meaningful emigration from rural territories due to an expansion of commercial flows and per capita income in rich areas, thus people have decided to move from the rural territories to the urban territories, worsening the poverty and living conditions in the countryside.
文摘Migration is one of the most prominent phenomena in these ultimate years.It has brought some good consequences and economic development,but also a number of socio-economical and socio-political problems,such as decreasing population in the sending countries,brain drain,labour market shortages,etc.This paper focuses on the reasons why people emigrate from their countries of origin and what effects bring their emigration to the national economy.The purpose of the paper is to explain the emigration impact on the labour market in the sending countries,the phenomenon“brain drain”and its effects,the impact of the remittances,and the importance of Diasporas and return migration for the countries of origin.
文摘In the works of two young women from Morocco, themes of identity, belonging, class, race, gender, changing customs and language, and literary references abound. Since both writers are relative newcomers to their literary scenes, the only bibliography available consists of brief reviews. The author hopes to give their work a wider audience so that divulgation will lead to more criticism and the attention they deserve. The literary references in these two writers are very indicative of their adopted cultures： Najat El Hachmi＇s favorites are mostly Catalan writers, while Laila Lalami speaks of American authors who lived in Morocco, and both mention traditional Arabic literature. The work of both these writers is greatly enriched, if sometimes painfully, by their absorption into multiple cultures and identities.
文摘The phenomenon of recent emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is quite fresh but intense. The emigration literary culture which is formed in this exile is not very abundant, but with distinct trends between certificating and documenting the experiences of immigrants. Reportages play an important role, including A Sud di Lampedusa. Cinque anni di viaggi sulle rotte dei migranti by Stefano Liberti, A Lampedusa. Affari, malaffari, rivolta e sconfitta dell＇isola che voleva diventare la porta d＇Europa, a book written by Italian journalists Fabio Sanfilippo and Alice Scialoja, and a diary La scelta di Catia written by Catia Pellegrino. In addition, many materials （including journalistic materials） confirm the existence of a preliminary reconnaissance, however, requires further research. Italian documentaries, personal opinions and comments that go far beyond literature in the strict sense complement the panorama of contemporary emigration which comes from Africa and the Near East. However, they allow us to understand better the area of psychosocial determinants of individual migration decisions and specificity of the migrants＇ experience, including the experience of the community. How do human solidarity and effectiveness work in the process of the emigration on the European continent？ An analysis of the phenomenon of the emigration on the Apennine Peninsula is inextricably linked with the questions about the confrontation and integration, about the literature which is created in this community and the impact political correctness has on its shape, as well as about the new model of immigrant/the African/the European.
文摘Objective:Despite the decrease in the number of foreign visitors and residents in Japan due to the coronavirus disease 2019,a resurgence is remarkable from 2022.However,Japan's medical support system for foreign patients,especially residents,is inadequate,with language barriers potentially causing health disparities.Comprehensive interpretation and translation services are challenging,but“plain Japanese”may be a viable alternative for foreign patients with basic Japanese language skills.This study explores the application and obstacles of plain Japanese in the medical sector.Methods:A literature review was performed across these databases:Web of Science,PubMed,Google Scholar,Scopus,CINAHL Plus,Springer Link and Ichushi-Web(Japanese medical literature).The search covered themes related to healthcare,care for foreign patients,and scholarly articles,and was conducted in July 2023.Results:The study incorporated five papers.Each paper emphasized the language barriers foreign residents in Japan face when accessing healthcare,highlighting the critical role and necessity of plain Japanese in medical environments.Most of the reports focused on the challenges of delivering medical care to foreign patients and the training of healthcare professionals in using plain Japanese for communication.Conclusion:The knowledge and application of plain Japanese among healthcare professionals are inadequate,and literature also remains scarce.With the increasing number of foreign residents in Japan,the establishment of a healthcare system that effectively uses plain Japanese is essential.However,plain Japanese may not be the optimal linguistic assistance in certain situations,thus it is imperative to encourage more research and reports on healthcare services using plain Japanese.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 39993420).
文摘We investigated the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype using 19 Y-SNPs in Han Chinese populations from 22 provinces of China. Our data indicate distinctive patterns of Y chromosome between southern and northern Han Chinese populations. The southern populations are much more polymorphic than northern populations. The latter has only a subset of the southern haplotypes. This result confirms the genetic difference observed between southern and northern ethnic populations in East Asia. It supports the hypothesis that the first settlement of modern hu-mans of African origin occurred in the southern part of East Asia during the last Ice Age, and a northward migration led to the peopling of northern China.
文摘Dispersal is a central aspect of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of species. Predicting how species will respond to changing environmental conditions requires understanding factors that produce variation in dispersal. We explore one source of variation, differences between sexes within a spatial population network. Here, we compare the dispersal patterns of male and female Parnassius smintheus among 18 subpopulations over 8 years using the Virtual Migration Model. Estimated dispersal parameters differed between males and females, particularly with respect to movement through meadow and forest matrix habitat. The estimated dispersal distances of males through forest were much less than for females. Observations of female movement showed that, unlike males, females do not avoid forest nor does forest exert an edge effect. We explored whether further forest encroachment in this system would have different effects for males and females by fitting mean parameter estimates to the landscape configuration seen in 1993 and 2012. Despite differences in their dispersal due presumably to both habitat and physiological differences, males and females are predicted to respond in similar ways to reduced meadow area and increased forest isolation.
基金Fieldwork was conducted with permission from Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Recursos Naturales-México(SGPA/DGVS/11338/15)We also thank JoséManuel Tivo Guzmán,Othón Cervantes Sánchez and the Comisión Nacional del Agua(CONAGUA)for providing climatic information.The first author is grateful to the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México for continued academic support and to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACyT)for the scholarship received(779026).
文摘Most demographic studies focus on numerical changes that occur within populations across years.However,typically studies at an interannual scale do not provide information on the particular times of the year(particular months or seasons)when rates of survival,recruitment,or migration increase or decrease due to physiological,behavioral or ecological processes.These monthly or seasonal changes in demographic parameters may lead to substantial variations in population abundance.In this study,we collected capture-mark-recapture data on 3 species of lizards of the genus Sceloporus(Sceloporus torquatus,Sceloporus grammicus and Sceloporus megalepidurus)found in ecologically similar habitats to examine potential changes in demographic rates among 3 different climatic seasons:rainy,cold-dry and warm-dry seasons.We tested different hypotheses about the effect of these seasons on survival,recruitment of new adults,and temporary emigration.We found that during the season with severe thermal constraints,the cold-dry season,survival of S.torquatus decreased markedly.We also detected a considerable increase in the recruitment rate of S.grammicus during the rainy season,when these lizards are establishing territories and finding mates.In contrast,we found no evidence of intra-annual changes in the rate of temporary emigration.In addition,we calculated abundance and population growth rates for each species and for each season.Our study represents a significant contribution to the understanding of intra-annual demographic variation in lizards.
文摘After the October Revolution, those against the Bolshevik regime started to leave Russia, including Russian aristocrats, officials, capitalists and intellectuals. Some of them were exiled to the cities of China. Among them, Shanghai was the largest after Harbin Russian overseas center. Russian emigres in Shanghai managed to create their own cultural life, and some of them were even engaged in literary creation. Thus, Russian emigre literature came into being in Shanghai. In order to have a more comprehensive grasp of Shanghai Russian literature, this thesis provides a general introduction about newspapers, periodicals, publishing houses, art and literary groups, main writers and creation themes of overseas Russians in Shanghai.
文摘Based on communications presented at the international symposium‘West of Japan/East of Europe’,hosted by the Department of Architecture at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University in concomitance with the exhibition‘Bruno Taut’s Hyuga Villa in Atami,Japan’,this text discusses the question of cultural translation in architecture departing from the example of Hyuga Villa,realised by Taut in 1936.Despite the inherently immobile status of architecture,architectural ideas travel widely,as well as their conceivers,the architects.The cultural passage implicit to translation is never flawless,though.Hyuga Villa offers a good case in point,since it was conceived by an architect who had only a partial grasp of local culture and who tried to integrate elements of both Western and Japanese design.But what are the implications of‘translating’architecture?Can we translate not only words but also images,details,building conventions,even aesthetic sensitivities?And is everything translatable?Applied to an artifact recognised today as an important testimony to the encounter between Western and Eastern design cultures,these questions relate to issues that are central to the debate on both architectural history and built heritage,proposing an alternative approach in terms of method and scope.
