Our objectives in this paper are, first, to identify several puzzling aspects of the ＂Trilemma Argument＂ of Section 6 against the Sense Datum Theory; second, to resolve these puzzles by reconstructing the Trilemma A...Our objectives in this paper are, first, to identify several puzzling aspects of the ＂Trilemma Argument＂ of Section 6 against the Sense Datum Theory; second, to resolve these puzzles by reconstructing the Trilemma Argument; third to point to a distinction Sellars makes between two versions of the Sense Datum Theory, the ＂nominalist＂ version and the ＂realist＂ version; fourth, to reconstruct Sellars＇s arguments against both; and, finally, to fmd in an earlier paper, ＂Is There a Synthetic A Priort？＂ that his argument against the second version, assumed but not actually given in EPM, is against property realism and depends on taking language expressing propositional perception as fundamental and language expressing non-propositional perception as incomplete and derivative from the former.展开更多
William James challenged the traditions of British Empiricism （Hume） on one hand and German Idealism （Kant and Hegel） on the other. James＇ ＂Radical Empiricism＂ is a via media （＂middle road＂） between these d...William James challenged the traditions of British Empiricism （Hume） on one hand and German Idealism （Kant and Hegel） on the other. James＇ ＂Radical Empiricism＂ is a via media （＂middle road＂） between these divergent positions. His central points of contention are the ontological status of relationships and the correct analysis of experience. British Empiricism leaves us with a world of separate, particular facts, based on atomic sense impressions. Idealists, on the other hand, claim that all worldly phenomena are conjoined by one rational principle. According to James＇ account, neither side recognizes that both conjunctive and disjunctive relations are integral to experience. Furthermore, James＇ critique proved to influence A. N. Whitehead＇s philosophy of experience and orientation toward Hume and Kant. This essay situates James＇ philosophy in this polemical and historical context.展开更多
According to Claude Bernard,each of the sciences investigates different natural phenomena using experimental methods unique to that science,especially experimental medicine.However,Bernard also argued that these scien...According to Claude Bernard,each of the sciences investigates different natural phenomena using experimental methods unique to that science,especially experimental medicine.However,Bernard also argued that these sciences share a“common”experimental method that depends on both the“head”and the“hand”.What he accomplished with his common method is to combine both rationalism and empiricism-head and hand,respectively-to undergird the unity of the experimental sciences while maintaining their plurality.Bernard’s experimental method as articulated in terms of the rational head and the empirical hand metaphor is relevant today to the unity of science vs.pluralism debate,as well as to the rationalism vs.empiricism debate and to the hypothesis-driven vs.data-driven science debate-each of which is explored in turn after briefly reconstructing Bernard’s philosophy of experimental medicine.And his metaphor of head and hand provides a means for examining the natural and biomedical sciences as they evolve with regard to specialization.展开更多
Throughout his work, Lev S. Vygotsky （1896-1934） pursued the objective of reformulating psychological theory. His historical-cultural analysis of the ＂crisis in psychology＂ showed that, beyond contradictions betwe...Throughout his work, Lev S. Vygotsky （1896-1934） pursued the objective of reformulating psychological theory. His historical-cultural analysis of the ＂crisis in psychology＂ showed that, beyond contradictions between the two main methodological currents---＂objective/explanatory＂ and ＂subjective/intuitive＂--psychology is primarily influenced by its empirical-sensory foundations. This influence is actually at the origin of the disagreement since it maintains the obligation for the two currents to make reference to empirical-sensory data. Only a general model of the developing human being, assessed by its usefulness, will allow reorienting psychology towards a broader science. This would lead to a general theory of psychology, which could then facilitate the search for tools for an indirect method enabling it to go beyond empiricism.展开更多
Looking back at the history of landscape design, there are various styles and schools as well as numerous design concepts. From the perspective of philosophical epistemology, landscape design has experienced three per...Looking back at the history of landscape design, there are various styles and schools as well as numerous design concepts. From the perspective of philosophical epistemology, landscape design has experienced three periods, namely, apriorism, empiricism and transcendentalism. Combining the design phenomena in the history of garden design, this paper sorted out the evolution of landscape design in terms of methodology, epistemology and instrumentalism, in order to speculate on the macroscopic trajectory of the evolution of landscape cognitive model.展开更多
Father Joseph-Adrien Lelarge de Lignac was born in Poitiers （France） in the year 1697. He died in Paris in 1762. In 1731, he was ordained priest and he became an oratorian the following year. His Letters to an Ameri...Father Joseph-Adrien Lelarge de Lignac was born in Poitiers （France） in the year 1697. He died in Paris in 1762. In 1731, he was ordained priest and he became an oratorian the following year. His Letters to an American is an attempt to refute Buffon and Condillac; this book was prepared in collaboration with Rraumur （J. Roger, P. Charbonnat）. Here, we present some elements of the correspondence between Lignac and Rraumur which show a scientific dialogue about 1736-1748 and we try to bring some foundations of the thought of Lignac to light. Between empiricism and ontology, Lignac stands up for scientific questions being subject to literal reading of the Bible. But Lignac is also the first one to perceive a way of thinking in Buffon Natural History （T. Hoquet）. According to him, the thought of Buffon is a deviation in an order of knowledge, because Natural History would especially be based on observation and experiment. So in this paper, we emphasize two original sources in the thought of Father de Lignac： Malebranche philosophy and his collaboration with Reaumur.展开更多
A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an ...A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an awareness of the epistemological framework appears to be necessary. The aim of this article is to present the main epistemological paradigms and their coherent correspondence with respective ontologies and corresponding methodologies. This article supports and describes four paradigms or epistemological traditions: logic empiricism, constructivism, conceptualism or Aristotelian tradition, and phenomenology. Understanding the diverse possible epistemologies as well as the coherence with methodologies is a necessary step for presenting well-informed research. Knowledge building requires comparison, replication, generalization or integration of results in theories, and all these processes need the critical instance of the epistemological and methodological coherence. Additionally some concrete examples of methodologies have been detailed to illustrate the diversity of available ways of knowledge building in education. The Review of Educational Theory, as a new journal that aims to create a scientific community, will increase the research quality by enhancing the epistemological and methodological awareness of their pieces of research.展开更多
The diagnosis and treatment of fever of unknown origin (FUO) are huge challenges to clinicians.Separating the etiologies of FUO into infectious and non-infectious disease is conducive to clinical physicians not only o...The diagnosis and treatment of fever of unknown origin (FUO) are huge challenges to clinicians.Separating the etiologies of FUO into infectious and non-infectious disease is conducive to clinical physicians not only on making decisions rapidly concerning the prescription of suitable antibiotics but also on further analysis of the final diagnosis.In order to develop and validate a diagnostic tool to efficiently distinguish the etiologies of adult FUO patients as infectious or non-infectious disease,FUO patients from the departments of infectious disease and internal medicine in three Chinese tertiary hospitals were enrolled retrospectively and prospectively.By using polynomial logistic regression analysis,the diagnostic formula and the associated scoring system were developed.The variables included in this diagnostic formula were from clinical evaluations and common laboratory examinations.The proposed tool could discriminate infectious and noninfectious causes of FUO with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.83,sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.75.This diagnosis tool could predict the infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO in the validation cohort with an AUC of 0.79,sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.70.The results suggested that this diagnostic tool could be a reliable tool to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO.展开更多
The present study aimed to establish a list of parameters indicative of pathogen invasion and develop a predictive model to distinguish the etiologies of fever of unknown origin (FUO) into infectious and non-infectiou...The present study aimed to establish a list of parameters indicative of pathogen invasion and develop a predictive model to distinguish the etiologies of fever of unknown origin (FUO) into infectious and non-infectious causes.From January 2014 to September 2017,431 patients with FUO were prospectively enrolled in the study population.This study established a list of 26 variables from the following 4aspects:host factors,epidemiological factors,behavioral factors,and iatrogenic factors.Predefined predicted variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis to develop a predictive model.The predictive model and the corresponding scoring system were developed using data from the confirmed diagnoses and 9 variables were eventually identified.These factors were incorporated into the predictive model.This model discriminated between infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO with an AUC of 0.72,sensitivity of 0.71, and specificity of 0.63.The predictive model and corresponding scoring system based on factors concerning pathogen invasion appear to be reliable screening tools to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO.展开更多
Necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC) is among the most common and devastating diseases encountered in premature infants, yet the true etiology continues to be poorly understood despite decades of research. Recently, gut bac...Necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC) is among the most common and devastating diseases encountered in premature infants, yet the true etiology continues to be poorly understood despite decades of research. Recently, gut bacterial dysbiosis has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of NEC. Based on this theory, several best clinical practices designed to reduce the risk of NEC have been proposed and/or implemented. This review summarizes the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses that support some of the existing clinical practices for reducing the risk of NEC in premature infants. It is evident that human milk feeding can reduce the incidence of NEC. While most of the studies demonstrated that probiotic supplementation can significantly reduce the incidence of NEC in premature infants, there are still some concerns regarding the quality, safety, optimal dosage, and treatment duration of probiotic preparations. Antibiotic prophylaxis does not reduce the incidence of NEC, and prolonged initial empirical use of antibiotics might in fact increase the risk of NEC for high-risk premature infants. Lastly, standardized feeding protocols are strongly recommended, both for prevention of postnatal growth restriction and NEC.展开更多
The estimation of chemical particles reactivity and the determination of chemical reactions direction are the actual theme in new scientific trend-Chemical Mesoscopics.Paper includes the proposal about the using the t...The estimation of chemical particles reactivity and the determination of chemical reactions direction are the actual theme in new scientific trend-Chemical Mesoscopics.Paper includes the proposal about the using the theory of free energy linear dependence from physical organic chemistry and their applications for prognosis of reactions flowing.The semi-empiric constants is given according to mesoscopic physics definitions as well as the transformed Kolmogorov-Avrami equation is discussed.It is the development of Chemical Mesoscopics for organic reactivity estimation including nanostructures reactivity.展开更多
Aim: Purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of empiric arterial embolization in order to achieve hemostasis in patients with massive hemoptysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of histories...Aim: Purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of empiric arterial embolization in order to achieve hemostasis in patients with massive hemoptysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of histories and interventional studies of 56 patients (40 male, 16 female, median age 57 years;range, 16 - 83 years) referred for endovascular treatment of massive hemoptysis over a period of 17 years. Arteries supposed to supply the bleeding bronchoalveolar sections were embolized with particles in all cases. Digital subtraction angiographical (DSA) studies were analyzed with respect to the morphology of the embolized arteries. Arteries were termed pathologic when they were either hypertrophic or supplied hypervascular lung sections as well as actively bleeding branches. Empiric embolization was defined as endovascular occlusion of arteries without visible contrast-material extravasation on DSA studies. Results: Continuing hemoptysis was encountered in one (25%) of 4 patients with active contrast extravasation and in 11 (21%) of 52 empirically embolized patients: Six (19%) of 32 patients with pathologic arteries visible on aortography, 3 (18%) of 17 with pathologic arteries visible by selective arteriography and 2 (67%) of 3 with no visible pathologic arteries. From 6 patients (11%, 5 male, 1 female) who died within 30 days after embolization, 3 suffered from tuberculosis while 3 had malignant tumors. Three had ongoing hemoptysis. One patient died of multiple organ failure caused by post-interventional paraplegia and consecutive pneumonia. Conclusion: In patients with hemoptysis, empirical embolization is effective when pathologic bronchial arteries can be identified by DSA.展开更多
This article defines and defends"the practical historical approach",a long-established approach to history which prizes the critical treatment of sources and,above all else,the presentation and assessment of...This article defines and defends"the practical historical approach",a long-established approach to history which prizes the critical treatment of sources and,above all else,the presentation and assessment of accurate information about the past.This approach appreciates the value of historical fact in its own right,not just when it furnishes an opportunity to build theories or to prove points.The article does not aim to make a theoretical case for empiricist history,arguing instead that the old philosophy-driven debates about empiricism have little bearing on the practice of historical research and writing.It prefers to make a practical defence of certain critical methods and habits of thought which are now sometimes dismissed as old-fashioned.It draws on a series of historians'handbooks dating from 1889 to 1980,in which the methods and principles of the practical approach were worked out and refined,and it identifies the main principles and techniques of this approach,many of which derive from the German“scientific"historical tradition,and which furnish historians with a powerful apparatus for critically analyzing sources.The article also has a polemical angle,arguing that the practical historical approach could profitably be taught more consciously inuniversities.展开更多
Charles Morris constructs his semiotics on the basis of scientific empiricism. The latter is the combination of three schools of thought, namely, formalism, empiricism and pragmatism. The former similarly consists of ...Charles Morris constructs his semiotics on the basis of scientific empiricism. The latter is the combination of three schools of thought, namely, formalism, empiricism and pragmatism. The former similarly consists of three parts, i.e., syntactics, semantics and pragmatics. The three philosophical schools of thought contribute to the three major components of Morris' s semiotics.展开更多
In this paper I examine the contribution of feelings to the reader's literary understanding,focussing on aspects of response that have been studied through the use of empirical methods.I first provide a review of ...In this paper I examine the contribution of feelings to the reader's literary understanding,focussing on aspects of response that have been studied through the use of empirical methods.I first provide a review of several components of feeling that have been found of importance in literary reading.I then focus on the role of feelings at several different levels.At the level of the stylistics of the text I consider studies of response to foregrounding and phonetic iconicity.At an intermediate level I look at a study of how feelings help to characterize episodes in narrative.Lastly I present a study at the largest scale(comprising a whole short story) of the role of feeling in elaborating an unreliable narrator,working largely through the comments of one reader.As a whole,the paper offers evidence for the range and variety of literary phenomena that draw on the capacities of feeling.展开更多
导言罗森茨威格(Franz Rosenzweig)与列维纳斯(Emmanuel Levinas)是现代犹太神哲学的两个重要人物。列维纳斯在哲学与神学许多思想主题上深受罗森茨威格的影响,最为突出的一点是"反抗总体"(opposition to the idea of totali...导言罗森茨威格(Franz Rosenzweig)与列维纳斯(Emmanuel Levinas)是现代犹太神哲学的两个重要人物。列维纳斯在哲学与神学许多思想主题上深受罗森茨威格的影响,最为突出的一点是"反抗总体"(opposition to the idea of totality)。列维纳斯多次在其著作和访谈中明确罗森茨威格在这个主题上给予的贡献,①并在三篇文章中专门介绍和解读罗森茨威格,反复强调罗森茨威格在反抗总体上对自己的影响。展开更多
To the Editor: Sepsis and septic shock are a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and induce significant morbidity and mortality.[1,2] Early propitiate antibiotics administration is significantly asso...To the Editor: Sepsis and septic shock are a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and induce significant morbidity and mortality.[1,2] Early propitiate antibiotics administration is significantly associated with improved survival in sepsis and septic shock[3,4] which is recommended by the international guidelines.[5] However, the compliance to sepsis protocols remains very low.[6] Nurses, who play a vital role in carrying out physician orders, are likely associated with the compliance to empiric antibiotic administration. Phua et al[7] showed that nurses occupy an essential and conscious position as brokers of doctors’ antibiotic decisions. In addition, other studies also demonstrated that nurse-led protocols were an effective, safe, and sustainable method for achieving early antibiotic administration in patients with suspected febrile neutropenia.[8] Therefore, we performed a retrospective cohort study to confirm the effect of nursing staff capacity on the compliance of nurses to empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with septic shock.展开更多
文摘Our objectives in this paper are, first, to identify several puzzling aspects of the ＂Trilemma Argument＂ of Section 6 against the Sense Datum Theory; second, to resolve these puzzles by reconstructing the Trilemma Argument; third to point to a distinction Sellars makes between two versions of the Sense Datum Theory, the ＂nominalist＂ version and the ＂realist＂ version; fourth, to reconstruct Sellars＇s arguments against both; and, finally, to fmd in an earlier paper, ＂Is There a Synthetic A Priort？＂ that his argument against the second version, assumed but not actually given in EPM, is against property realism and depends on taking language expressing propositional perception as fundamental and language expressing non-propositional perception as incomplete and derivative from the former.
文摘William James challenged the traditions of British Empiricism （Hume） on one hand and German Idealism （Kant and Hegel） on the other. James＇ ＂Radical Empiricism＂ is a via media （＂middle road＂） between these divergent positions. His central points of contention are the ontological status of relationships and the correct analysis of experience. British Empiricism leaves us with a world of separate, particular facts, based on atomic sense impressions. Idealists, on the other hand, claim that all worldly phenomena are conjoined by one rational principle. According to James＇ account, neither side recognizes that both conjunctive and disjunctive relations are integral to experience. Furthermore, James＇ critique proved to influence A. N. Whitehead＇s philosophy of experience and orientation toward Hume and Kant. This essay situates James＇ philosophy in this polemical and historical context.
文摘According to Claude Bernard,each of the sciences investigates different natural phenomena using experimental methods unique to that science,especially experimental medicine.However,Bernard also argued that these sciences share a“common”experimental method that depends on both the“head”and the“hand”.What he accomplished with his common method is to combine both rationalism and empiricism-head and hand,respectively-to undergird the unity of the experimental sciences while maintaining their plurality.Bernard’s experimental method as articulated in terms of the rational head and the empirical hand metaphor is relevant today to the unity of science vs.pluralism debate,as well as to the rationalism vs.empiricism debate and to the hypothesis-driven vs.data-driven science debate-each of which is explored in turn after briefly reconstructing Bernard’s philosophy of experimental medicine.And his metaphor of head and hand provides a means for examining the natural and biomedical sciences as they evolve with regard to specialization.
文摘Throughout his work, Lev S. Vygotsky （1896-1934） pursued the objective of reformulating psychological theory. His historical-cultural analysis of the ＂crisis in psychology＂ showed that, beyond contradictions between the two main methodological currents---＂objective/explanatory＂ and ＂subjective/intuitive＂--psychology is primarily influenced by its empirical-sensory foundations. This influence is actually at the origin of the disagreement since it maintains the obligation for the two currents to make reference to empirical-sensory data. Only a general model of the developing human being, assessed by its usefulness, will allow reorienting psychology towards a broader science. This would lead to a general theory of psychology, which could then facilitate the search for tools for an indirect method enabling it to go beyond empiricism.
文摘Looking back at the history of landscape design, there are various styles and schools as well as numerous design concepts. From the perspective of philosophical epistemology, landscape design has experienced three periods, namely, apriorism, empiricism and transcendentalism. Combining the design phenomena in the history of garden design, this paper sorted out the evolution of landscape design in terms of methodology, epistemology and instrumentalism, in order to speculate on the macroscopic trajectory of the evolution of landscape cognitive model.
文摘Father Joseph-Adrien Lelarge de Lignac was born in Poitiers （France） in the year 1697. He died in Paris in 1762. In 1731, he was ordained priest and he became an oratorian the following year. His Letters to an American is an attempt to refute Buffon and Condillac; this book was prepared in collaboration with Rraumur （J. Roger, P. Charbonnat）. Here, we present some elements of the correspondence between Lignac and Rraumur which show a scientific dialogue about 1736-1748 and we try to bring some foundations of the thought of Lignac to light. Between empiricism and ontology, Lignac stands up for scientific questions being subject to literal reading of the Bible. But Lignac is also the first one to perceive a way of thinking in Buffon Natural History （T. Hoquet）. According to him, the thought of Buffon is a deviation in an order of knowledge, because Natural History would especially be based on observation and experiment. So in this paper, we emphasize two original sources in the thought of Father de Lignac： Malebranche philosophy and his collaboration with Reaumur.
文摘A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an awareness of the epistemological framework appears to be necessary. The aim of this article is to present the main epistemological paradigms and their coherent correspondence with respective ontologies and corresponding methodologies. This article supports and describes four paradigms or epistemological traditions: logic empiricism, constructivism, conceptualism or Aristotelian tradition, and phenomenology. Understanding the diverse possible epistemologies as well as the coherence with methodologies is a necessary step for presenting well-informed research. Knowledge building requires comparison, replication, generalization or integration of results in theories, and all these processes need the critical instance of the epistemological and methodological coherence. Additionally some concrete examples of methodologies have been detailed to illustrate the diversity of available ways of knowledge building in education. The Review of Educational Theory, as a new journal that aims to create a scientific community, will increase the research quality by enhancing the epistemological and methodological awareness of their pieces of research.
文摘The diagnosis and treatment of fever of unknown origin (FUO) are huge challenges to clinicians.Separating the etiologies of FUO into infectious and non-infectious disease is conducive to clinical physicians not only on making decisions rapidly concerning the prescription of suitable antibiotics but also on further analysis of the final diagnosis.In order to develop and validate a diagnostic tool to efficiently distinguish the etiologies of adult FUO patients as infectious or non-infectious disease,FUO patients from the departments of infectious disease and internal medicine in three Chinese tertiary hospitals were enrolled retrospectively and prospectively.By using polynomial logistic regression analysis,the diagnostic formula and the associated scoring system were developed.The variables included in this diagnostic formula were from clinical evaluations and common laboratory examinations.The proposed tool could discriminate infectious and noninfectious causes of FUO with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.83,sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.75.This diagnosis tool could predict the infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO in the validation cohort with an AUC of 0.79,sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.70.The results suggested that this diagnostic tool could be a reliable tool to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO.
文摘The present study aimed to establish a list of parameters indicative of pathogen invasion and develop a predictive model to distinguish the etiologies of fever of unknown origin (FUO) into infectious and non-infectious causes.From January 2014 to September 2017,431 patients with FUO were prospectively enrolled in the study population.This study established a list of 26 variables from the following 4aspects:host factors,epidemiological factors,behavioral factors,and iatrogenic factors.Predefined predicted variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis to develop a predictive model.The predictive model and the corresponding scoring system were developed using data from the confirmed diagnoses and 9 variables were eventually identified.These factors were incorporated into the predictive model.This model discriminated between infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO with an AUC of 0.72,sensitivity of 0.71, and specificity of 0.63.The predictive model and corresponding scoring system based on factors concerning pathogen invasion appear to be reliable screening tools to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious causes of FUO.
文摘Necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC) is among the most common and devastating diseases encountered in premature infants, yet the true etiology continues to be poorly understood despite decades of research. Recently, gut bacterial dysbiosis has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of NEC. Based on this theory, several best clinical practices designed to reduce the risk of NEC have been proposed and/or implemented. This review summarizes the results of recent clinical trials and meta-analyses that support some of the existing clinical practices for reducing the risk of NEC in premature infants. It is evident that human milk feeding can reduce the incidence of NEC. While most of the studies demonstrated that probiotic supplementation can significantly reduce the incidence of NEC in premature infants, there are still some concerns regarding the quality, safety, optimal dosage, and treatment duration of probiotic preparations. Antibiotic prophylaxis does not reduce the incidence of NEC, and prolonged initial empirical use of antibiotics might in fact increase the risk of NEC for high-risk premature infants. Lastly, standardized feeding protocols are strongly recommended, both for prevention of postnatal growth restriction and NEC.
文摘The estimation of chemical particles reactivity and the determination of chemical reactions direction are the actual theme in new scientific trend-Chemical Mesoscopics.Paper includes the proposal about the using the theory of free energy linear dependence from physical organic chemistry and their applications for prognosis of reactions flowing.The semi-empiric constants is given according to mesoscopic physics definitions as well as the transformed Kolmogorov-Avrami equation is discussed.It is the development of Chemical Mesoscopics for organic reactivity estimation including nanostructures reactivity.
文摘Aim: Purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of empiric arterial embolization in order to achieve hemostasis in patients with massive hemoptysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of histories and interventional studies of 56 patients (40 male, 16 female, median age 57 years;range, 16 - 83 years) referred for endovascular treatment of massive hemoptysis over a period of 17 years. Arteries supposed to supply the bleeding bronchoalveolar sections were embolized with particles in all cases. Digital subtraction angiographical (DSA) studies were analyzed with respect to the morphology of the embolized arteries. Arteries were termed pathologic when they were either hypertrophic or supplied hypervascular lung sections as well as actively bleeding branches. Empiric embolization was defined as endovascular occlusion of arteries without visible contrast-material extravasation on DSA studies. Results: Continuing hemoptysis was encountered in one (25%) of 4 patients with active contrast extravasation and in 11 (21%) of 52 empirically embolized patients: Six (19%) of 32 patients with pathologic arteries visible on aortography, 3 (18%) of 17 with pathologic arteries visible by selective arteriography and 2 (67%) of 3 with no visible pathologic arteries. From 6 patients (11%, 5 male, 1 female) who died within 30 days after embolization, 3 suffered from tuberculosis while 3 had malignant tumors. Three had ongoing hemoptysis. One patient died of multiple organ failure caused by post-interventional paraplegia and consecutive pneumonia. Conclusion: In patients with hemoptysis, empirical embolization is effective when pathologic bronchial arteries can be identified by DSA.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.003024).
文摘This article defines and defends"the practical historical approach",a long-established approach to history which prizes the critical treatment of sources and,above all else,the presentation and assessment of accurate information about the past.This approach appreciates the value of historical fact in its own right,not just when it furnishes an opportunity to build theories or to prove points.The article does not aim to make a theoretical case for empiricist history,arguing instead that the old philosophy-driven debates about empiricism have little bearing on the practice of historical research and writing.It prefers to make a practical defence of certain critical methods and habits of thought which are now sometimes dismissed as old-fashioned.It draws on a series of historians'handbooks dating from 1889 to 1980,in which the methods and principles of the practical approach were worked out and refined,and it identifies the main principles and techniques of this approach,many of which derive from the German“scientific"historical tradition,and which furnish historians with a powerful apparatus for critically analyzing sources.The article also has a polemical angle,arguing that the practical historical approach could profitably be taught more consciously inuniversities.
文摘Charles Morris constructs his semiotics on the basis of scientific empiricism. The latter is the combination of three schools of thought, namely, formalism, empiricism and pragmatism. The former similarly consists of three parts, i.e., syntactics, semantics and pragmatics. The three philosophical schools of thought contribute to the three major components of Morris' s semiotics.
文摘In this paper I examine the contribution of feelings to the reader's literary understanding,focussing on aspects of response that have been studied through the use of empirical methods.I first provide a review of several components of feeling that have been found of importance in literary reading.I then focus on the role of feelings at several different levels.At the level of the stylistics of the text I consider studies of response to foregrounding and phonetic iconicity.At an intermediate level I look at a study of how feelings help to characterize episodes in narrative.Lastly I present a study at the largest scale(comprising a whole short story) of the role of feeling in elaborating an unreliable narrator,working largely through the comments of one reader.As a whole,the paper offers evidence for the range and variety of literary phenomena that draw on the capacities of feeling.
文摘导言罗森茨威格(Franz Rosenzweig)与列维纳斯(Emmanuel Levinas)是现代犹太神哲学的两个重要人物。列维纳斯在哲学与神学许多思想主题上深受罗森茨威格的影响,最为突出的一点是"反抗总体"(opposition to the idea of totality)。列维纳斯多次在其著作和访谈中明确罗森茨威格在这个主题上给予的贡献,①并在三篇文章中专门介绍和解读罗森茨威格,反复强调罗森茨威格在反抗总体上对自己的影响。
基金grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20161433)Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (No.ZDXKA2016025)Jiangsu Provincial Medical Talent (No.ZDRCA2016082).
文摘To the Editor: Sepsis and septic shock are a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and induce significant morbidity and mortality.[1,2] Early propitiate antibiotics administration is significantly associated with improved survival in sepsis and septic shock[3,4] which is recommended by the international guidelines.[5] However, the compliance to sepsis protocols remains very low.[6] Nurses, who play a vital role in carrying out physician orders, are likely associated with the compliance to empiric antibiotic administration. Phua et al[7] showed that nurses occupy an essential and conscious position as brokers of doctors’ antibiotic decisions. In addition, other studies also demonstrated that nurse-led protocols were an effective, safe, and sustainable method for achieving early antibiotic administration in patients with suspected febrile neutropenia.[8] Therefore, we performed a retrospective cohort study to confirm the effect of nursing staff capacity on the compliance of nurses to empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with septic shock.
