Marine oil spill emulsions are difficult to recover,and the damage to the environment is not easy to eliminate.The use of remote sensing to accurately identify oil spill emulsions is highly important for the protectio...Marine oil spill emulsions are difficult to recover,and the damage to the environment is not easy to eliminate.The use of remote sensing to accurately identify oil spill emulsions is highly important for the protection of marine environments.However,the spectrum of oil emulsions changes due to different water content.Hyperspectral remote sensing and deep learning can use spectral and spatial information to identify different types of oil emulsions.Nonetheless,hyperspectral data can also cause information redundancy,reducing classification accuracy and efficiency,and even overfitting in machine learning models.To address these problems,an oil emulsion deep-learning identification model with spatial-spectral feature fusion is established,and feature bands that can distinguish between crude oil,seawater,water-in-oil emulsion(WO),and oil-in-water emulsion(OW)are filtered based on a standard deviation threshold–mutual information method.Using oil spill airborne hyperspectral data,we conducted identification experiments on oil emulsions in different background waters and under different spatial and temporal conditions,analyzed the transferability of the model,and explored the effects of feature band selection and spectral resolution on the identification of oil emulsions.The results show the following.(1)The standard deviation–mutual information feature selection method is able to effectively extract feature bands that can distinguish between WO,OW,oil slick,and seawater.The number of bands was reduced from 224 to 134 after feature selection on the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer(AVIRIS)data and from 126 to 100 on the S185 data.(2)With feature selection,the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the training area are 91.80%and 0.86,respectively,improved by 2.62%and 0.04,and the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the migration area are 86.53%and 0.80,respectively,improved by 3.45%and 0.05.(3)The oil emulsion identification model has a certain degree of transferability and can effectively identify oil spill emulsions for AVIRIS data at different times and locations,with an overall accuracy of more than 80%,Kappa coefficient of more than 0.7,and F1 score of 0.75 or more for each category.(4)As the spectral resolution decreasing,the model yields different degrees of misclassification for areas with a mixed distribution of oil slick and seawater or mixed distribution of WO and OW.Based on the above experimental results,we demonstrate that the oil emulsion identification model with spatial–spectral feature fusion achieves a high accuracy rate in identifying oil emulsion using airborne hyperspectral data,and can be applied to images under different spatial and temporal conditions.Furthermore,we also elucidate the impact of factors such as spectral resolution and background water bodies on the identification process.These findings provide new reference for future endeavors in automated marine oil spill detection.展开更多
An improved rheo-optic in situ synchronous measurement system was employed to investigate the gelation behaviour and mechanism of waxy crude oil emulsions. By combining transmitted natural light and reflected polarize...An improved rheo-optic in situ synchronous measurement system was employed to investigate the gelation behaviour and mechanism of waxy crude oil emulsions. By combining transmitted natural light and reflected polarized light microscopy, a multiangle composite light source was built to achieve the simultaneous observation of wax crystals and emulsified water droplets, as well as their dynamic aggregation process. Main outcomes on the microscopic mechanism were obtained by developed microscopic image processing method. It was found that the microstructure of W/O waxy crude oil emulsion has the evolution of “individual structure--homogeneous aggregate structure--heterogeneous coaggregate structure--floc structure” during the static cooling, which results in the four stages during gelation process. Different from previous studies, the aggregation of emulsified water droplets was found to be more significant and contributes to the formation and development of the wax crystals-emulsified water droplets coaggregate, which plays a decisive role in the further evolution of the gelled microstructure. Time series microscopic images show the dynamic aggregation of emulsified water droplets and wax crystals. Two different aggregation behaviours between wax crystals and water droplets were observed. That wax crystals can not only embed in gaps between adjacent water droplets and enhance the structure, but also surround the outside of the water droplets and continue to grow resulting in the interconnection of different coaggregates to form a larger floc structure. In addition, correlation between viscoelasticity and microstructure evolution of waxy crude oil emulsions of different water contents was discussed. With increasing water contents, the microstructure is changed from wax crystal flocculation structure as the main skeleton and the emulsified water droplets embedded in it, into the aggregation of emulsified water droplets occupying the main position. When the number of wax crystals and water droplets reaches a certain ratio, did wax crystals form coaggregates with emulsified water droplets, and the remaining wax crystals formed an overall flocculation structure, the viscoelasticity of the waxy crude oil emulsion is the highest.展开更多
The functional fractions (acid, basic, amphoteric and neutral fractions) are isolated from the Liaohe Du-84 heavy crude oil and Shengli Gudao Kenxi heavy crude oil by ion-exchange chromatography, but the conventional...The functional fractions (acid, basic, amphoteric and neutral fractions) are isolated from the Liaohe Du-84 heavy crude oil and Shengli Gudao Kenxi heavy crude oil by ion-exchange chromatography, but the conventional fractions (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) are also isolated from the heavy crude oil. These components have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR), namely acid number, basic nitrogen number, ultimate analysis and molecular weight measurements using vapor pressure osmometry (VPO). The ion-exchange chromatography method based on separation by a functional group induces a little change on the nature of the crudes and reasonable mass balances can be easily obtained.展开更多
We measured the water content （0.01% 0.25% w/w） in crude oil emulsions using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS）. To improve the precision and range of the measurements, we used 1 and 10 mm thick quartz c...We measured the water content （0.01% 0.25% w/w） in crude oil emulsions using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS）. To improve the precision and range of the measurements, we used 1 and 10 mm thick quartz cells. The experiments were performed at 20 ℃ and the THz wave was transmitted vertically to the samples and detected on the other side. The experimental results suggest linear relation for the THz absorption coefficient and the water content of the crude oil emulsions in the observed range. The linear dependence facilitates high-precision measurements of the water content of crude oil. This suggests the potential of THz-TDS in determining the water concentration in crude oil and borehole fluid identification.展开更多
A silicone oil emulsion with 60% of solid content was prepared with methyl silicone oil used as the main material by means of the emulsifier-in-oil method.The influence of emulsification conditions on the droplet diam...A silicone oil emulsion with 60% of solid content was prepared with methyl silicone oil used as the main material by means of the emulsifier-in-oil method.The influence of emulsification conditions on the droplet diameter of silicone oil emulsion was discussed.The experimental results showed that the emulsification method,including the quantity of the emulsifier,the time and temperature of emulsification,the emulsifying water dosage,and the stirring speed,had significant impact on the droplet size.The optimal conditions were identified to achieve a smallest droplet diameter of the emulsion at an emulsifier dosage of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 70 ℃,an emulsification time of 30 min,and a stirring speed of 1100 r/min,with water added in two portions at a ratio of 1:1.The high-solid content silicone oil emulsion with a mean droplet diameter of 2.731 μm was prepared under these conditions that could ensure absence of stratification and floating oil under centrifuging at a speed of 3000 r/min for 30 min.展开更多
The effect of silica nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of water-in-heavy oil emulsions has been investigated.Enhanced oil recovery methods for heavy oil production(most especially,thermal fluid injectio...The effect of silica nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of water-in-heavy oil emulsions has been investigated.Enhanced oil recovery methods for heavy oil production(most especially,thermal fluid injection)usually result in the formation of water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion.In reality,the emulsion produced also contains some fine solid mineral particles such as silica,which,depending on its quantity,may alter the viscosity and/or rheological properties of the fluid.A series of binary-component emulsions were separately prepared by dispersing silica nanoparticles[phase fraction,βs,=0.5%–5.75%(wt/v)]in heavy oil(S/O suspension)and by dispersing water[water cut,θw=10%–53%(v/v)]in heavy oil(W/O emulsion).Ternary-component emulsions comprising heavy oil,water droplets and suspended silica nanoparticles(S/W/O)were also prepared with similar ranges ofθw andβs.The viscosity was measured at different shear rates(5.1–1021.4 s-1)and temperatures(30–70°C).Both binary-component and ternary-component emulsion systems were observed to exhibit nonNewtonian shear thinning behaviour.The viscosity of the heavy oil and W/O emulsions increased in the presence of silica nanoparticles.The effect was,however,less signifi cant belowβs=2%(wt/v).Moreover,a generalized correlation has been proposed to predict the viscosity of both binary-component and ternary-component emulsions.展开更多
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion （Omegaven） on systemic inflammatory response syndrome （SIRS） during the initial stage of severe acute panc...The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion （Omegaven） on systemic inflammatory response syndrome （SIRS） during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）. In a prospective, randomized and controlled trial, 60 patients with SAP were randomized either to treat with conventional therapy （Con group, n=30） or conventional therapy plus intravenous supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion 0.2 g/kg every day （FO group, n=30）. The effects were analyzed by the SIRS-related indexes. The results showed that APACHE-Ⅱ scores in FO group were significantly lower, and the gap increased much farther after the 4th day than those in Con group （P〈0.05）. Fluid equilibrium time became shorter markedly in FO group than in Con group （5.1±2.2 days vs 8.4±2.3 days）. In FO group, SIRS scores were markedly decreased and the SIRS state vanished after the 4th day; Plasma level of TNF-α was significantly reduced, while IL-10 decreased markedly, most prominently between the 4th and 7th day, and the ratio of IL-10/TNF-α raised as compared with Con group （P〈0.05）. During the initial stage of SAP, parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion could efficiently lower the magnitude and persistence time of the SIRS, markedly retrieve the unbalance of the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, improve severe condition of illness and may provide a new way to regulate the SIRS.展开更多
Polyethylene glycol(PEG) membranes with different molecular mass cut-offs were used to treat oil/water emulsion, and the effects of experimental conditions including pressure, temperature and different opera- ting mod...Polyethylene glycol(PEG) membranes with different molecular mass cut-offs were used to treat oil/water emulsion, and the effects of experimental conditions including pressure, temperature and different opera- ting modes on permeate flux and removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD_ Cr) were studied. The results show that the permeate flux of ultrafiltration membrane is influenced by pressure and temperature; practical pressure is chosen to be 0.30.7MPa for the PEG with molecular mass cut-offs of 8000 and 0.71.0 MPa for the PEG with molecular mass cut-offs of 2500; and the practical temperature is chosen to be 2532℃. Different operating modes of ultrafiltration also influence the permeate flux and removal rate of COD_ Cr. The ultrafiltration membrane of intermittent cross-flow operating mode is easier to be influenced by blocky polarization and contamination than that of sequential cross-flow operating mode. Removal rate of COD_ Cr in intermittent cross-flow and sequential cross-flow condition can be maintained at about 93%.展开更多
The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the c...The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water in crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning electron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.展开更多
A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space b...A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space between the two plates is rather narrow to improve the collisions between oil droplets and the plate surface.Oil droplets have an affinity for the plate surface and thus are captured,and then coalesce onto the surface.The droplet size distribution of the residual emulsion resulted from the separation process is remarkably changed.The oil layer on the plate weakens the further separation of oil droplets from the emulsion.Three types of plate materials,polypropylene(PP),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and nylon 66,were used.It is found that PP is the best in terms of the oil separation efficiency and nylon 66 is the poorest.The interaction between droplets in the emulsion and plate surface is indicated by the spreading coefficient of oil droplet on the plate in aqueous environment,and the influences of formed oil layer and plate material on the separation efficiency are discussed.展开更多
The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemica...The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are analyzed. The effects of several factors on the interfacial tension are investigated, which are the fraction concentration in oil phase, the ratio of oil component, the salts dissolved in the water phase and the pH value. The interfacial tension decreases rapidly as the concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases, showing a higher interfacial activity of the fraction. The interfacial tension changes, as the amount of absorption or the state of the fractions in the interface changes resulting from different ratios of oil, different kinds or concentrations of salts in water, and different pH values. It is concluded that the interfacial tension changes regularly, corresponding to the regular molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.展开更多
Enormous demands on the separation of oil/water(O/W)emulsions in various industries,such as petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical industries,are looking for high performance and energy-efficient separation methods.Cer...Enormous demands on the separation of oil/water(O/W)emulsions in various industries,such as petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical industries,are looking for high performance and energy-efficient separation methods.Ceramic membranes have been used to deal with O/W emulsions,for its outstanding characteristics of easy-operation,high-flux,and long-term stability.However,membrane fouling is still a challenge in the industrial application of ceramic membranes.Herein,antifouling ceramic membranes were fabricated by grafting zwitterions on the membrane surface via an environment-friendly two-step grafting method,which improves the antifouling property and permeability.Successful grafting of such zwitterion on the ceramic surface was assessed by the combination of FTIR and XPS characterization.More importantly,the hydration can be formed by electrostatic interactions layer on the modified membrane,which was confirmed by TGA characterization.The antifouling performance of prepared zwitterionic ceramic membranes in the separation of O/W emulsions was systematically tested.The results suggested that zwitterion can significantly improve the flux of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane,and can also improve antifouling property dramatically by reducing the irreversible fouling in the separation of O/W emulsions.Therefore,zwitterionic ceramic membranes hold promising potentials as an antifouling,highly efficient and green method in the practical purification of the O/W emulsions.展开更多
Alkaline-surfactant-polymer （ASP） flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery in Daqing Oilfield, northeast China has been successful, but there are new problems in the treatment ...Alkaline-surfactant-polymer （ASP） flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery in Daqing Oilfield, northeast China has been successful, but there are new problems in the treatment of produced crude. The alkali added forms stable water-in-crude oil emulsion, hence de-emulsification process is necessary to separate oil and water. The problems in enhanced oil recovery with ASP flooding were investigated in laboratory by using fractions of Daqing crude oil. The oil was separated into aliphatics, aromatics, resin and asphaltene fractions. These fractions were then mixed with an additive-free jet fuel to form model oils. The interfacial properties, such as interfacial tension and interracial pressure of the systems were also measured, which together with the molecular parameters of the fractions were all used to investigate the problems in the enhanced oil recovery. In our work, it was found that sodium hydroxide solution reacts with the acidic hydrogen in the fractions of crude oil and forms soap-like interfacially active components, which accumulate at the crude oil-water interface.展开更多
The clearwater obtained from stabilized oily wastewater has become a worldwide challenge.Nowdays,the area of oil/water emulsion separation materials have accomplished great progress,but still faces the enormous proble...The clearwater obtained from stabilized oily wastewater has become a worldwide challenge.Nowdays,the area of oil/water emulsion separation materials have accomplished great progress,but still faces the enormous problems of low flux,poor stability,and pollution resistance.Nanocelluloses(cellulose nanocrystals(CNC))with the advantages of hydrophilicity,ecofriendliness,and regeneration are ideal materials for the construction of separation membranes.In this paper,a flexible,antifouling,and durable nanocellulose-based membrane functionalized by block copolymer(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(N,Ndimethylaminoethyl methacrylate))is prepared via chemical modification and self-assembly,showing high separation efficiency(above 99.6%)for stabilized oil-in-water emulsions,excellent anti-fouling and cycling stability,high-temperature resistance,and acid and alkali resistance.More importantly,the composite membrane has ultra-high flux in separating oil-in-water emulsions(29,003 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1))and oil/water mixture(51,444 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1)),which ensures high separation efficiency.With its durability,easy scale-up,and green regeneration,we envision this biomass-derived membrane will be an alternative to the existing commercial filter membrane in environmental remediation.展开更多
We report the use of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)multiband persistent luminescent nanoparticles,which can simultaneously emit red(610 nm),near-infrared(893 nm),and short-wave infrared(1040 nm)photoluminescence and persistent lum...We report the use of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)multiband persistent luminescent nanoparticles,which can simultaneously emit red(610 nm),near-infrared(893 nm),and short-wave infrared(1040 nm)photoluminescence and persistent luminescence,as the tracer nanoagents for water tracer sensing.By using a spectrofluorometer,an Si charge-coupled device(CCD)camera and an InGaAs array camera as the detection tools,we evaluated the sensing capabilities of the three emission bands of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)nanoparticles in brine water solutions and crude oil/brine water emulsions in both photoluminescence mode and persistent luminescence mode.Among these different detection combinations,the persistent luminescence-based Si CCD camera imaging exhibits the best sensing performance with the detection limits being at a single-digit ppb level for the 610 and 893 nm bands and about 100–200 ppb for the 1040 nm band in both water solutions and crude oil/water emulsions,while the photoluminescencebased Si CCD camera imaging has a much higher detection limit of~10 ppm in water solutions and of~200 ppm in oil/water emulsions.The persistent luminescence-based InGaAs array camera imaging to the 1040 nm band has the worst performance with the detection limits higher than 200 ppm for both solutions.The sensing performances of the spectrofluorometer to photoluminescence signals and persistent luminescence signals in the two solutions are about the same,with the detection limits being around 100–200 ppm.展开更多
With the increasing demand of recycling disposal of industrial wastewater,oil-in-water(O/W)emulsion has been paid much attention in recent years owing to its high oil con-tent.However,due to the presence of surfactant...With the increasing demand of recycling disposal of industrial wastewater,oil-in-water(O/W)emulsion has been paid much attention in recent years owing to its high oil con-tent.However,due to the presence of surfactant and salt,the emulsion was usually stable with complex physicochemical interfacial properties leading to increased processing diffi-culty.Herein,a novel flow-through electrode-based demulsification reactor(FEDR)was well designed for the treatment of saline O/W emulsion.In contrast to 53.7%for electrical demul-sification only and 80.3%for filtration only,the COD removal efficiency increased to 92.8%under FEDR system.Moreover,the pore size of electrode and the applied voltage were two key factors that governed the FEDR demulsification performance.By observing the mor-phology of oil droplets deposited layer after different operation conditions and the behavior of oil droplets at the electrode surface under different voltage conditions,the mechanism was proposed that the oil droplets first accumulated on the surface of flow-through elec-trode by sieving effect,subsequently the gathered oil droplets could further coalesce with the promoting effect of the anode,leading to a high-performing demulsification.This study offers an attractive option of using flow-through electrode to accomplish the oil recovery with simultaneous water purification.展开更多
Objective： The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of nutritional therapy with Kabiven PI and w-3 fish oil fat emulsion on advanced stage of malignant tumor, Methods： One hundred and fifity-seven pat...Objective： The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of nutritional therapy with Kabiven PI and w-3 fish oil fat emulsion on advanced stage of malignant tumor, Methods： One hundred and fifity-seven patients with advanced stage of malignant tumor were performed parenteral nutrition and enteral nutritional adjunctive therapy with Kabiven PI and w-3 fish oil fat emulsion （according to the amount to heat of 20 kcal/kg a day and the nitrogen of 7g/m2.SA）. Results： The ECOG ≥ 3 of 103 cases, therapy interval 2-3 weeks, declined 1 score. 28 were performed with chemotherapeutics under nutritional therapy 2-4 periodical. 25 of 26 died were dead for cancer cachexia and multiple organ failure. Survival time was 2-7 months, No serious complications occurred in all patients, Conclusion： The symptom and quality of life of advanced stage of malignant tumor were obviously improve by nutritional therapy. The opportunity for therapy tumor was offered. It is a important method on combined therapy of malignant tumor.展开更多
Most of the studies regarding the formation and stability of emulsions focus on the conditioning and management of crude oil on surface facilities.Since a great deal of the crude oil produced is in the form of stable ...Most of the studies regarding the formation and stability of emulsions focus on the conditioning and management of crude oil on surface facilities.Since a great deal of the crude oil produced is in the form of stable emulsions,it is often claimed that these emulsions are formed through chokes and other flow constrictions in oil field equipment.However,emulsions are produced in wells,which not only lack these constrictions but also are produced at low flow rates,demonstrating the fact that emulsions can be formed within the well itself.The present work reviews the literature regarding the formation and properties of heavy and extra-heavy oil emulsions in naturally fractured porous media due to the current relevance that these types of crude oil exploitation take,satisfying the hydrocarbon energy demand.Moreover,emulsions have received more attention recently since they can be formed in-situ and improve oil recovery.To understand the flow mechanics of emulsions in porous media,different models to describe their transportation are presented.Finally,the formation of emulsions in the reservoir for enhanced oil recovery purposes,including the use of nanoparticlestabilized emulsions is discussed.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 61890964 and 42206177the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.U1906217.
文摘Marine oil spill emulsions are difficult to recover,and the damage to the environment is not easy to eliminate.The use of remote sensing to accurately identify oil spill emulsions is highly important for the protection of marine environments.However,the spectrum of oil emulsions changes due to different water content.Hyperspectral remote sensing and deep learning can use spectral and spatial information to identify different types of oil emulsions.Nonetheless,hyperspectral data can also cause information redundancy,reducing classification accuracy and efficiency,and even overfitting in machine learning models.To address these problems,an oil emulsion deep-learning identification model with spatial-spectral feature fusion is established,and feature bands that can distinguish between crude oil,seawater,water-in-oil emulsion(WO),and oil-in-water emulsion(OW)are filtered based on a standard deviation threshold–mutual information method.Using oil spill airborne hyperspectral data,we conducted identification experiments on oil emulsions in different background waters and under different spatial and temporal conditions,analyzed the transferability of the model,and explored the effects of feature band selection and spectral resolution on the identification of oil emulsions.The results show the following.(1)The standard deviation–mutual information feature selection method is able to effectively extract feature bands that can distinguish between WO,OW,oil slick,and seawater.The number of bands was reduced from 224 to 134 after feature selection on the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer(AVIRIS)data and from 126 to 100 on the S185 data.(2)With feature selection,the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the training area are 91.80%and 0.86,respectively,improved by 2.62%and 0.04,and the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the migration area are 86.53%and 0.80,respectively,improved by 3.45%and 0.05.(3)The oil emulsion identification model has a certain degree of transferability and can effectively identify oil spill emulsions for AVIRIS data at different times and locations,with an overall accuracy of more than 80%,Kappa coefficient of more than 0.7,and F1 score of 0.75 or more for each category.(4)As the spectral resolution decreasing,the model yields different degrees of misclassification for areas with a mixed distribution of oil slick and seawater or mixed distribution of WO and OW.Based on the above experimental results,we demonstrate that the oil emulsion identification model with spatial–spectral feature fusion achieves a high accuracy rate in identifying oil emulsion using airborne hyperspectral data,and can be applied to images under different spatial and temporal conditions.Furthermore,we also elucidate the impact of factors such as spectral resolution and background water bodies on the identification process.These findings provide new reference for future endeavors in automated marine oil spill detection.
文摘An improved rheo-optic in situ synchronous measurement system was employed to investigate the gelation behaviour and mechanism of waxy crude oil emulsions. By combining transmitted natural light and reflected polarized light microscopy, a multiangle composite light source was built to achieve the simultaneous observation of wax crystals and emulsified water droplets, as well as their dynamic aggregation process. Main outcomes on the microscopic mechanism were obtained by developed microscopic image processing method. It was found that the microstructure of W/O waxy crude oil emulsion has the evolution of “individual structure--homogeneous aggregate structure--heterogeneous coaggregate structure--floc structure” during the static cooling, which results in the four stages during gelation process. Different from previous studies, the aggregation of emulsified water droplets was found to be more significant and contributes to the formation and development of the wax crystals-emulsified water droplets coaggregate, which plays a decisive role in the further evolution of the gelled microstructure. Time series microscopic images show the dynamic aggregation of emulsified water droplets and wax crystals. Two different aggregation behaviours between wax crystals and water droplets were observed. That wax crystals can not only embed in gaps between adjacent water droplets and enhance the structure, but also surround the outside of the water droplets and continue to grow resulting in the interconnection of different coaggregates to form a larger floc structure. In addition, correlation between viscoelasticity and microstructure evolution of waxy crude oil emulsions of different water contents was discussed. With increasing water contents, the microstructure is changed from wax crystal flocculation structure as the main skeleton and the emulsified water droplets embedded in it, into the aggregation of emulsified water droplets occupying the main position. When the number of wax crystals and water droplets reaches a certain ratio, did wax crystals form coaggregates with emulsified water droplets, and the remaining wax crystals formed an overall flocculation structure, the viscoelasticity of the waxy crude oil emulsion is the highest.
文摘The functional fractions (acid, basic, amphoteric and neutral fractions) are isolated from the Liaohe Du-84 heavy crude oil and Shengli Gudao Kenxi heavy crude oil by ion-exchange chromatography, but the conventional fractions (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) are also isolated from the heavy crude oil. These components have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (FT-IR), namely acid number, basic nitrogen number, ultimate analysis and molecular weight measurements using vapor pressure osmometry (VPO). The ion-exchange chromatography method based on separation by a functional group induces a little change on the nature of the crudes and reasonable mass balances can be easily obtained.
基金sponsored jointly by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2013CB328706)the Special-funded Program on National Key Scientific Instruments and Equipment Development(No.2012YQ140005)+1 种基金the Beijing National Science Foundation(No.4122064)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum(Beijing)(No.QZDX-2010-01 and KYJJ2012-06-27)
文摘We measured the water content （0.01% 0.25% w/w） in crude oil emulsions using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS）. To improve the precision and range of the measurements, we used 1 and 10 mm thick quartz cells. The experiments were performed at 20 ℃ and the THz wave was transmitted vertically to the samples and detected on the other side. The experimental results suggest linear relation for the THz absorption coefficient and the water content of the crude oil emulsions in the observed range. The linear dependence facilitates high-precision measurements of the water content of crude oil. This suggests the potential of THz-TDS in determining the water concentration in crude oil and borehole fluid identification.
文摘A silicone oil emulsion with 60% of solid content was prepared with methyl silicone oil used as the main material by means of the emulsifier-in-oil method.The influence of emulsification conditions on the droplet diameter of silicone oil emulsion was discussed.The experimental results showed that the emulsification method,including the quantity of the emulsifier,the time and temperature of emulsification,the emulsifying water dosage,and the stirring speed,had significant impact on the droplet size.The optimal conditions were identified to achieve a smallest droplet diameter of the emulsion at an emulsifier dosage of 6%,an emulsification temperature of 70 ℃,an emulsification time of 30 min,and a stirring speed of 1100 r/min,with water added in two portions at a ratio of 1:1.The high-solid content silicone oil emulsion with a mean droplet diameter of 2.731 μm was prepared under these conditions that could ensure absence of stratification and floating oil under centrifuging at a speed of 3000 r/min for 30 min.
文摘The effect of silica nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of water-in-heavy oil emulsions has been investigated.Enhanced oil recovery methods for heavy oil production(most especially,thermal fluid injection)usually result in the formation of water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion.In reality,the emulsion produced also contains some fine solid mineral particles such as silica,which,depending on its quantity,may alter the viscosity and/or rheological properties of the fluid.A series of binary-component emulsions were separately prepared by dispersing silica nanoparticles[phase fraction,βs,=0.5%–5.75%(wt/v)]in heavy oil(S/O suspension)and by dispersing water[water cut,θw=10%–53%(v/v)]in heavy oil(W/O emulsion).Ternary-component emulsions comprising heavy oil,water droplets and suspended silica nanoparticles(S/W/O)were also prepared with similar ranges ofθw andβs.The viscosity was measured at different shear rates(5.1–1021.4 s-1)and temperatures(30–70°C).Both binary-component and ternary-component emulsion systems were observed to exhibit nonNewtonian shear thinning behaviour.The viscosity of the heavy oil and W/O emulsions increased in the presence of silica nanoparticles.The effect was,however,less signifi cant belowβs=2%(wt/v).Moreover,a generalized correlation has been proposed to predict the viscosity of both binary-component and ternary-component emulsions.
文摘The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion （Omegaven） on systemic inflammatory response syndrome （SIRS） during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）. In a prospective, randomized and controlled trial, 60 patients with SAP were randomized either to treat with conventional therapy （Con group, n=30） or conventional therapy plus intravenous supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion 0.2 g/kg every day （FO group, n=30）. The effects were analyzed by the SIRS-related indexes. The results showed that APACHE-Ⅱ scores in FO group were significantly lower, and the gap increased much farther after the 4th day than those in Con group （P〈0.05）. Fluid equilibrium time became shorter markedly in FO group than in Con group （5.1±2.2 days vs 8.4±2.3 days）. In FO group, SIRS scores were markedly decreased and the SIRS state vanished after the 4th day; Plasma level of TNF-α was significantly reduced, while IL-10 decreased markedly, most prominently between the 4th and 7th day, and the ratio of IL-10/TNF-α raised as compared with Con group （P〈0.05）. During the initial stage of SAP, parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion could efficiently lower the magnitude and persistence time of the SIRS, markedly retrieve the unbalance of the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, improve severe condition of illness and may provide a new way to regulate the SIRS.
文摘Polyethylene glycol(PEG) membranes with different molecular mass cut-offs were used to treat oil/water emulsion, and the effects of experimental conditions including pressure, temperature and different opera- ting modes on permeate flux and removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD_ Cr) were studied. The results show that the permeate flux of ultrafiltration membrane is influenced by pressure and temperature; practical pressure is chosen to be 0.30.7MPa for the PEG with molecular mass cut-offs of 8000 and 0.71.0 MPa for the PEG with molecular mass cut-offs of 2500; and the practical temperature is chosen to be 2532℃. Different operating modes of ultrafiltration also influence the permeate flux and removal rate of COD_ Cr. The ultrafiltration membrane of intermittent cross-flow operating mode is easier to be influenced by blocky polarization and contamination than that of sequential cross-flow operating mode. Removal rate of COD_ Cr in intermittent cross-flow and sequential cross-flow condition can be maintained at about 93%.
文摘The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water in crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning electron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.
基金Supported by the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of national support (2007BAI26B03-04)
文摘A miniature process for separating the oil phase from dilute oil/water emulsion is developed.This process applies a confined space apparatus,which is a thin flow channel made of two parallel plastic plates.The space between the two plates is rather narrow to improve the collisions between oil droplets and the plate surface.Oil droplets have an affinity for the plate surface and thus are captured,and then coalesce onto the surface.The droplet size distribution of the residual emulsion resulted from the separation process is remarkably changed.The oil layer on the plate weakens the further separation of oil droplets from the emulsion.Three types of plate materials,polypropylene(PP),polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and nylon 66,were used.It is found that PP is the best in terms of the oil separation efficiency and nylon 66 is the poorest.The interaction between droplets in the emulsion and plate surface is indicated by the spreading coefficient of oil droplet on the plate in aqueous environment,and the influences of formed oil layer and plate material on the separation efficiency are discussed.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research Programme (No.973-G1999022505),University of Petroleum Basic Research Fund(No.ZX9904)
文摘The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are analyzed. The effects of several factors on the interfacial tension are investigated, which are the fraction concentration in oil phase, the ratio of oil component, the salts dissolved in the water phase and the pH value. The interfacial tension decreases rapidly as the concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases, showing a higher interfacial activity of the fraction. The interfacial tension changes, as the amount of absorption or the state of the fractions in the interface changes resulting from different ratios of oil, different kinds or concentrations of salts in water, and different pH values. It is concluded that the interfacial tension changes regularly, corresponding to the regular molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21921006, 21706115)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0403702)+1 种基金the Project for Marine Science and Technology Innovation of Jiangsu Province (HY2018-10)Jiangsu Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (201810291044Z)
文摘Enormous demands on the separation of oil/water(O/W)emulsions in various industries,such as petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical industries,are looking for high performance and energy-efficient separation methods.Ceramic membranes have been used to deal with O/W emulsions,for its outstanding characteristics of easy-operation,high-flux,and long-term stability.However,membrane fouling is still a challenge in the industrial application of ceramic membranes.Herein,antifouling ceramic membranes were fabricated by grafting zwitterions on the membrane surface via an environment-friendly two-step grafting method,which improves the antifouling property and permeability.Successful grafting of such zwitterion on the ceramic surface was assessed by the combination of FTIR and XPS characterization.More importantly,the hydration can be formed by electrostatic interactions layer on the modified membrane,which was confirmed by TGA characterization.The antifouling performance of prepared zwitterionic ceramic membranes in the separation of O/W emulsions was systematically tested.The results suggested that zwitterion can significantly improve the flux of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane,and can also improve antifouling property dramatically by reducing the irreversible fouling in the separation of O/W emulsions.Therefore,zwitterionic ceramic membranes hold promising potentials as an antifouling,highly efficient and green method in the practical purification of the O/W emulsions.
文摘Alkaline-surfactant-polymer （ASP） flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery in Daqing Oilfield, northeast China has been successful, but there are new problems in the treatment of produced crude. The alkali added forms stable water-in-crude oil emulsion, hence de-emulsification process is necessary to separate oil and water. The problems in enhanced oil recovery with ASP flooding were investigated in laboratory by using fractions of Daqing crude oil. The oil was separated into aliphatics, aromatics, resin and asphaltene fractions. These fractions were then mixed with an additive-free jet fuel to form model oils. The interfacial properties, such as interfacial tension and interracial pressure of the systems were also measured, which together with the molecular parameters of the fractions were all used to investigate the problems in the enhanced oil recovery. In our work, it was found that sodium hydroxide solution reacts with the acidic hydrogen in the fractions of crude oil and forms soap-like interfacially active components, which accumulate at the crude oil-water interface.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22108125,21971113,and 22175094)Independent Innovation of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province(Nos.CX(21)3166,and CX(21)3163)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210627)Doctor Project of Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Jiangsu Province(No.JSSCBS20210549)Nanjing Science&Technology Innovation Project for Personnel Studying Abroad and Research Start-up Funding of Nanjing Forestry University(No.163020259)Q.C.Z.appreciates the funding support from City University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study,City University of Hong Kong.
文摘The clearwater obtained from stabilized oily wastewater has become a worldwide challenge.Nowdays,the area of oil/water emulsion separation materials have accomplished great progress,but still faces the enormous problems of low flux,poor stability,and pollution resistance.Nanocelluloses(cellulose nanocrystals(CNC))with the advantages of hydrophilicity,ecofriendliness,and regeneration are ideal materials for the construction of separation membranes.In this paper,a flexible,antifouling,and durable nanocellulose-based membrane functionalized by block copolymer(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(N,Ndimethylaminoethyl methacrylate))is prepared via chemical modification and self-assembly,showing high separation efficiency(above 99.6%)for stabilized oil-in-water emulsions,excellent anti-fouling and cycling stability,high-temperature resistance,and acid and alkali resistance.More importantly,the composite membrane has ultra-high flux in separating oil-in-water emulsions(29,003 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1))and oil/water mixture(51,444 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1)),which ensures high separation efficiency.With its durability,easy scale-up,and green regeneration,we envision this biomass-derived membrane will be an alternative to the existing commercial filter membrane in environmental remediation.
基金supported by the College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.
文摘We report the use of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)multiband persistent luminescent nanoparticles,which can simultaneously emit red(610 nm),near-infrared(893 nm),and short-wave infrared(1040 nm)photoluminescence and persistent luminescence,as the tracer nanoagents for water tracer sensing.By using a spectrofluorometer,an Si charge-coupled device(CCD)camera and an InGaAs array camera as the detection tools,we evaluated the sensing capabilities of the three emission bands of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)nanoparticles in brine water solutions and crude oil/brine water emulsions in both photoluminescence mode and persistent luminescence mode.Among these different detection combinations,the persistent luminescence-based Si CCD camera imaging exhibits the best sensing performance with the detection limits being at a single-digit ppb level for the 610 and 893 nm bands and about 100–200 ppb for the 1040 nm band in both water solutions and crude oil/water emulsions,while the photoluminescencebased Si CCD camera imaging has a much higher detection limit of~10 ppm in water solutions and of~200 ppm in oil/water emulsions.The persistent luminescence-based InGaAs array camera imaging to the 1040 nm band has the worst performance with the detection limits higher than 200 ppm for both solutions.The sensing performances of the spectrofluorometer to photoluminescence signals and persistent luminescence signals in the two solutions are about the same,with the detection limits being around 100–200 ppm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22022606 and 52221004).
文摘With the increasing demand of recycling disposal of industrial wastewater,oil-in-water(O/W)emulsion has been paid much attention in recent years owing to its high oil con-tent.However,due to the presence of surfactant and salt,the emulsion was usually stable with complex physicochemical interfacial properties leading to increased processing diffi-culty.Herein,a novel flow-through electrode-based demulsification reactor(FEDR)was well designed for the treatment of saline O/W emulsion.In contrast to 53.7%for electrical demul-sification only and 80.3%for filtration only,the COD removal efficiency increased to 92.8%under FEDR system.Moreover,the pore size of electrode and the applied voltage were two key factors that governed the FEDR demulsification performance.By observing the mor-phology of oil droplets deposited layer after different operation conditions and the behavior of oil droplets at the electrode surface under different voltage conditions,the mechanism was proposed that the oil droplets first accumulated on the surface of flow-through elec-trode by sieving effect,subsequently the gathered oil droplets could further coalesce with the promoting effect of the anode,leading to a high-performing demulsification.This study offers an attractive option of using flow-through electrode to accomplish the oil recovery with simultaneous water purification.
文摘Objective： The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of nutritional therapy with Kabiven PI and w-3 fish oil fat emulsion on advanced stage of malignant tumor, Methods： One hundred and fifity-seven patients with advanced stage of malignant tumor were performed parenteral nutrition and enteral nutritional adjunctive therapy with Kabiven PI and w-3 fish oil fat emulsion （according to the amount to heat of 20 kcal/kg a day and the nitrogen of 7g/m2.SA）. Results： The ECOG ≥ 3 of 103 cases, therapy interval 2-3 weeks, declined 1 score. 28 were performed with chemotherapeutics under nutritional therapy 2-4 periodical. 25 of 26 died were dead for cancer cachexia and multiple organ failure. Survival time was 2-7 months, No serious complications occurred in all patients, Conclusion： The symptom and quality of life of advanced stage of malignant tumor were obviously improve by nutritional therapy. The opportunity for therapy tumor was offered. It is a important method on combined therapy of malignant tumor.
基金The authors thank funding from PAPIIT TA100917 and CONACYT 280816
文摘Most of the studies regarding the formation and stability of emulsions focus on the conditioning and management of crude oil on surface facilities.Since a great deal of the crude oil produced is in the form of stable emulsions,it is often claimed that these emulsions are formed through chokes and other flow constrictions in oil field equipment.However,emulsions are produced in wells,which not only lack these constrictions but also are produced at low flow rates,demonstrating the fact that emulsions can be formed within the well itself.The present work reviews the literature regarding the formation and properties of heavy and extra-heavy oil emulsions in naturally fractured porous media due to the current relevance that these types of crude oil exploitation take,satisfying the hydrocarbon energy demand.Moreover,emulsions have received more attention recently since they can be formed in-situ and improve oil recovery.To understand the flow mechanics of emulsions in porous media,different models to describe their transportation are presented.Finally,the formation of emulsions in the reservoir for enhanced oil recovery purposes,including the use of nanoparticlestabilized emulsions is discussed.
