The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly use...The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.展开更多
The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it...The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it has been reported that these are sensitive to the environmental conditions. For this reason, biopesticides products have been formulated based on secondary metabolites, recently. These biomolecules participate as biological control agent, such as: cyclic depsipeptides, amino acids, polyketides, polyphenols and terpenoids, affecting their morphology, life cycle and insect behavior. The use of secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi opens the possibility of application in a more efficient way for the control of agricultural pests in a compatible with the environment and human health;therefore, it is important to know, analyzing the type of molecules, their effects, and their different methods of application.展开更多
Background The emergence of pink bollworm(PBW),Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae),in cotton due to Bt resistance and concealed feeding habit has created a need for alternative,eco-friendly,and...Background The emergence of pink bollworm(PBW),Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae),in cotton due to Bt resistance and concealed feeding habit has created a need for alternative,eco-friendly,and cost-effective control methods.This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy and reproductive potential of two native strains of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs),Heterorhabditis indica,namely CICR-HI-CL and CICR-HI-MN,against PBW larvae and pupae under in-vitro conditions.Results The larval assay revealed that strain CICR-HI-CL exhibited higher potency than strain CICR-HI-MN against 2nd,3rd,and 4thinstar larvae,with median lethal dose(LD50)values of 5.45,4.45,and 4.60 infective juveniles(IJs)per larva,respectively.In case of pupal bioassay,both EPN strains demonstrated greater virulence when applied directly(LD50values:29.65 and 73.88 IJs per pupa for strains CICR-HI-CL and CICR-HI-MN,respectively)compared to soil application(147.84 and 272.38 IJs per pupa).Both EPN strains successfully penetrated and reproduced on 4thinstar larvae,resulting in maximum production of 19.28 and 20.85 lakh IJs per larva in the next generation when inoculated at 30 IJs per larva.Conclusion The present study has generated useful information on the virulence and reproductive potential of two strains of EPN H.indica(CICR-HI-CL and CICR-HI-MN)against PBW,a dreaded pest of cotton.Higher virulence and reproductive potential of EPN strains demonstrated their ability to multiply,sustain and perpetuate on larval and pupal stages of PBW.The knowledge generated will help formulate effective management strategies for PBW with the inclusion of EPN as a potential biological control candidate.The soil-dwelling life stages viz.,last instar hibernating larvae and pupae of PBW can be the ideal weak links to make a successful use of H.indica for sustainable management of PBW in the cotton ecosystem.However,before taking these EPN strains to field for managing PBW,detailed studies investigating their biocontrol potential against PBW under field conditions are needed.展开更多
Laboratory and field experiments were performed to evaluate the pathogenicity of an isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to the two sympatrically occurring weevil species, Cylas formicarius an...Laboratory and field experiments were performed to evaluate the pathogenicity of an isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to the two sympatrically occurring weevil species, Cylas formicarius and Euscepes postfasciatus. In the laboratory bioassays, suspension of conidia, ≥10<sup>6</sup> CFU/mL, caused mortalities > 80% on adults of both weevils in seven days after inoculation. It took longer time 20 days for grain formulation of the isolate adhered on rice grains of ≥5 g/m<sup>2</sup> (10<sup>7</sup> CFU/g) to attain similar mortalities of E. postfasciatus, but no evident mortality was obtained in C. formicarius. The grain formulation was thus less effective on C. formicarius than the suspension. Field trials were carried out over two years from 2013 to 2014, in which adults of E. postfasciatus were released two times during the field experiments for enhancement of damage on plants by this weevil, whereas the other weevil species was left to naturally invade the experimental plots by flying. The results of the experiments revealed in both years that two applications of the isolate in grain formulation, equivalent to 50 kg/hectare, sprayed manually over the ground surface reduced the infestation of plants and tuber damage by weevils of both species as much as the conventional chemical insecticide applications. The occurrences of weevils at harvest were not significantly different among treatments. The potential and possible uses of the fungus are discussed for the management of these two weevil species.展开更多
Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:Accordi...Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.展开更多
The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the f...The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC_(50) values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.展开更多
Direct treatment of predators with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) at different concentrations revealed that some species, like <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i>, were fo...Direct treatment of predators with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) at different concentrations revealed that some species, like <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i>, were found to have detrimental effects on all developmental stages of some predator species. Other species, like <i>Numoraea rileyi</i> and <i>Paecilomycis fumosorosius</i>, showed little or no effect on treated predators. Adult predators were found to avoid feeding on fungi-infected prey. EPF could be isolated from hibernating or field-collected coccinellids. Some studies indicated that combining a fungus with a predator could increase the rate of insect control in the field. As for parasitoids, this review indicates that the developmental stages of the egg parasitoids can develop successfully in host eggs treated with fungi. However, fungus-infected hosts negatively impact the development of larval parasitoids inside such hosts and this impact depends on the species and concentration of the fungus as well as the time between infection and parasitism. Some parasitoid females can discriminate between fungus-infected and uninfected hosts and do not parasitize the infected hosts. With appropriate timing, the parasitoids or predators could be combined with fungi for the biological control of insects in the field.展开更多
The poplar and willow weevil,Crypto rhynchus lapathi L.,a major universally destructive wood-boring insect has become one of the important quarantine pests that is extremely destructive to forestry development and nee...The poplar and willow weevil,Crypto rhynchus lapathi L.,a major universally destructive wood-boring insect has become one of the important quarantine pests that is extremely destructive to forestry development and needs to be controlled.Entomopathogenic fungi(EPF) are considered safe and friendly for humans and the environment and play important roles in controlling insect pest populations.In this study,the screening of entomopathogenic fungi for control of C.lapathi is reported through the evaluation of virulence of four fungal Beauveria bassiana(CFCC81428,CFCC83116,CFCC83486,CFCC87297)strains,one B.brongniartii(CFCC83487) strain and one Metarhizium anisopliae(CFCC88953) strain.The virulence of the different strains was appraised by correct mortality rate,cumulative mortality rate,median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) and median lethal time(LT_(50)).B.bassiana strains CFCC81428 and CFCC83116 were the most virulent among the six strains with a mortality up to 100%,and the LT_(50) were 2.7 and 3.1 days.Five conidia concentrations of three strains(CFCC81428,CFCC83116 and CFCC87298) that caused high virulence was screened for dose-relationship.Their effect on controlling C.lapathi larvae were also determined under field condition by brushing conidia suspensions on C.lapathi larvae infested in a poplar trunk.The cumulative rate in the field was lower than those obtained from the laboratory,but the order of the virulence of different strains did not change.Mortality in all three strains occurred at their highest concentration(1.0 × 10^(8) conidia mL^(-1)).Under field conditions,the CFCC81428 strain was the most effective,causing mortalities of 80.3% and 75.2%in two plots in Beipiao and Lindian counties,respectively,followed by CFCC83116(69.1%,66.6%) and CFCC87298(60.7%,59.3%).Based on our results,the B.bassiana strain CFCC81428 has the potential as a biological insecticide to control C.lapathi larvae.展开更多
<span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">The objective of this review article is to clarify the different interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, as bio-control agents, against oth...<span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">The objective of this review article is to clarify the different interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, as bio-control agents, against other bio-control agents (parasitoids and predators) proposed by the researchers. Thus, it gives clear information concerning the potential of combining them as a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against insect pests. Some laboratory studies showed that the treatment of predacious insects by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) at different concentrations can infect and kill the treated larva, nymphs and adults of predators. The percentages of mortality were found to be high (up to 100%), moderate (15%</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">-</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">35%) or low (3%</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">-</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">7%). Other studies revealed the resistant of treated predators to nematode-infection. Some predators that were offered infected prey avoid feeding on such prey and, in contrast, the soil predators (ants and mites) consumed the offered cadavers as well as the infective juvenile of the nematodes and did not show any detrimental effects. Mostly, parasitoids cannot complete their development inside or on nematode-infected hosts if parasitism occurs before or early after infection. The parasitoid females may avoid laying eggs in the infected hosts or cannot discriminate between healthy and infected hosts. A field study demonstrated that applying EPNs combined with the predator, </span><i style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">Labidura riparia</i><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> significantly reduced the population of the target pest compared to the nematode or the predator alone. Also, two field experiments indicated that the combination of parasitoids and nematodes can be successful for insect pest management.</span>展开更多
The present review article demonstrates laboratory and field evaluations of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs)against different developmental stages of fruit flies.The virulence of the EPNs differed clearly even on the ...The present review article demonstrates laboratory and field evaluations of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs)against different developmental stages of fruit flies.The virulence of the EPNs differed clearly even on the same insect species and/or by the same nematode species.Such differences might be attributed to some reasons such as the method of treatment as well as the concentrations of the tested nematodes.Fruit flies are among the most important insect pests infesting vegetables and fruits causing considerable losses in the yields worldwide.In laboratory studies,the tested nematodes proved to be highly virulent to larvae as percentage of mortality may reach 100%.As for treated pupae,at different ages,the results are variable and controversially;some studies revealed their moderate or high susceptibility to nematode infection and others indicated low susceptibility or resistance to infection.Treated adults,or those emerged from treated larvae or pupae,are also susceptible to infection.In semi-field and field trials,EPNs proved to be successful for reducing the populations of some fruit flies with up to 85%at concentrations not less than 100 infective juveniles(IJs)/cm^2 of soil.However,the field applications of commercial EPNs have been recommended to be 2.5-5 x 10^9 IJs/ha(25-50 IJs/cm^2 of soil).展开更多
Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections,which complicates biocontrol efforts.However,the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of te...Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections,which complicates biocontrol efforts.However,the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of termites are still unclear.Our study shows that workers of Coptotermes formosanus exposed to the conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae exhibited a significantly higher frequency and longer duration of allogrooming behaviors compared with untreated termites.Volatile compounds in the cuticle of control termites and termites previously exposed to a suspension of M.anisopliae conidia were analyzed and compared using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Our results showed that the amount of ergosterol differed between the fungus-exposed and control termites.Choice tests showed that termites significantly preferred to stay on filter paper treated with ergosterol(0.05,0.1,or 1.0 mg/mL)compared with control filter paper.In addition,termites exposed to ergosterol followed by M.anisopliae conidia were allogroomed at a significantly higher frequency and for a longer duration than termites exposed to alcohol(the solvent used with the ergosterol in the ergosterol trials)alone followed by M.anisopliae conidia.These results showed that ergosterol may enhance the allogrooming behavior of termites in the presence of entomopathogenic fungi.展开更多
The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolate...The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.展开更多
The effect of ultraviolet radiation on entomopathogenic fungi can be very prejudicial for causing damage to the conidia. Formulations can help protecting these fungal structures against radiation. The objective of thi...The effect of ultraviolet radiation on entomopathogenic fungi can be very prejudicial for causing damage to the conidia. Formulations can help protecting these fungal structures against radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on pure and encapsulated conidia <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and <i>Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato</i>, and to evaluate their pathogenicity on the sugarcane borer, <i>Diatraea saccharalis</i>. The pure conidia and the sodium alginate capsules containing the fungi were submitted to the ultraviolet radiation in different temperatures and exposure times. On the pure conidia, the radiation had a deleterious effect after 5 minutes of exposure, going from 94% to 52% germination for <i>B. bassiana</i> and from 96% to 54% for <i>M. anisopliae</i>. The alginate formulation protected the <i>B. bassiana</i> conidia against the radiation in all times they were evaluated (15 minutes to 48 hours), because, even after exposure, the fungi remained viable. The dry encapsulated conidia <i>B. bassiana</i> caused 79.6% mortality of the studied pest and the <i>M. anisopliae</i> caused only 10%.展开更多
Background:For controlling the resistance to insects,in particular carpophagous and phyllophagous caterpillars,using chemical pesticides has led to contamination of cotton area in Benin.Facing this problem,alternative...Background:For controlling the resistance to insects,in particular carpophagous and phyllophagous caterpillars,using chemical pesticides has led to contamination of cotton area in Benin.Facing this problem,alternative methods including the use of entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticide could be a sound measure to preserve the environment,biodiversity and ensure good quality of crops.Previous studies have revealed the insecticidal potential of the entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana on some insect pest species.However,little is known about its effectiveness on cotton Lepidopteran pests.This review is done to learn more about B.bassina for its application in controlling cotton insect pests,especially Lepidopteran species.Main body:Different sections of the current review deal with the related description and action modes of B.bassiana against insects,multi-trophic interactions between B.bassiana and plants,arthropods,soil and other microbes,and biological control programs including B.bassiana during last decade.Advantages and constraints in applying B.bassiana and challenges in commercialization of B.bassiana-based biopesticide have been addressed.In this review,emphasis is put on the application methods and targeted insects in various studies with regard to their applicability in cotton.Conclusion:This review helps us to identify the knowledge gaps related to application of B.bassiana on cotton pest in general and especially in Lepidopteran species in Benin.This work should be supported by complementary laboratory bioassays,station and/or fields experiments for effective management of cotton Lepidopteran pests in Benin.展开更多
The effect of ultraviolet radiation on entomopathogenic fungi can be very prejudicial for causing damage to the conidia. Formulations can help protecting these fungal structures against radiation. The objective of thi...The effect of ultraviolet radiation on entomopathogenic fungi can be very prejudicial for causing damage to the conidia. Formulations can help protecting these fungal structures against radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on pure and encapsulated conidia Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato, and to evaluate their pathogenicity on the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. The pure conidia and the sodium alginate capsules containing the fungi were submitted to the ultraviolet radiation in different temperatures and exposure times. On the pure conidia, the radiation had a deleterious effect after 5 minutes of exposure, going from 94% to 52% germination for B. bassiana and from 96% to 54% for M. anisopliae. The alginate formulation protected the B. bassiana conidia against the radiation in all times they were evaluated (15 minutes to 48 hours), because, even after exposure, the fungi remained viable. The dry encapsulated conidia B. bassiana caused 79.6% mortality of the studied pest and the M. anisopliae caused only 10%.展开更多
Cordyceps is treasured entomopathogenic fungi that have been used as antitumor,immunomodulating,antioxidant,and pro-sexual agent.Cordyceps,also called DongChongXiaCao in Chinese,Yartsa Gunbu(Tibetan),means winter worm...Cordyceps is treasured entomopathogenic fungi that have been used as antitumor,immunomodulating,antioxidant,and pro-sexual agent.Cordyceps,also called DongChongXiaCao in Chinese,Yartsa Gunbu(Tibetan),means winter worm-summer grass.Natural Cordyceps sinensis with parasitic hosts is difficult to be collected and the recent findings on its potential pharmacological functions,resulted in skyrocketing prices.Therefore,finding a mass-production method or an alternative for C.sinensis products is a top-priority task.In this review,we describe current status of Cordyceps research and its recent developments in Taiwan.The content and pharmacological activities of four major industrial species of Cordyceps(C.sinensis,Cordyceps militaris,Cordyceps cicadae and Cordyceps sobolifera)used in Taiwan,were reviewed.Moreover,we highlighted the effect of using different methods of fermentation and production on the morphology and chemical content of Cordyceps sp.Finally,we summarized the bottle-necks and challenges facing Cordyceps research as well as we proposed future road map for Cordyceps industry in Taiwan.展开更多
The last volcanic eruption of the Puyehue-Cordon-Caulle Volcanic Complex in the Andes cordillera of western South America, occurring on 4 June 2011, ejected pyroclastic materials that were accumulated in a wide region...The last volcanic eruption of the Puyehue-Cordon-Caulle Volcanic Complex in the Andes cordillera of western South America, occurring on 4 June 2011, ejected pyroclastic materials that were accumulated in a wide region of the northern Patagonia (Argentina), affecting the environment and health of residents within the area. The aim of this work was to evaluate the practicability of using this waste material as a lowcost carrier for mycopesticide formulations. Beauveria bassiana is a recognized fungal agent for arthropod biologic control. Lengthy storage is critical for the development of mycoinsecticide formulations. Accordingly, the search for adequate materials to improve the shelf life of biocontrol products becomes desirable. First, several analytical techniques were employed to characterize the pyroclast physicochemically;then the viability of the fungal conidia was evaluated after an 18-month storage in the volcanic material. Finally, the pathogenicity of the conidia after that prolonged maintenance in the vehicle was assessed on the beetle Alphitobius diaperinus, an insect pest in poultry houses that causes major economic losses. The results from those bioassays proved auspicious for the eventual utilization of the pyroclast as a bioinsecticide carrier especially since the formulation had proven to be stable for at least 18 months under a wide range of environmental conditions. The constant moisture in a closed environment within a 5°C - 40°C temperature range insures a viable state during storage. The results indicate that what would otherwise be volcanic waste may be utilized as an efficient, abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally innocuous carrier of entomopathogenic fungi.展开更多
Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, are able to control various insect pests. These fungi attack the integument of the host using an enzymatic complex. Among the enzymes found in this complex, chit...Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, are able to control various insect pests. These fungi attack the integument of the host using an enzymatic complex. Among the enzymes found in this complex, chitinase is an important component. However, the relation between the chitinase production and the virulence from different M. anisopliae strains has not been analyzed. In this manuscript it is presented the chitinase production by four M. anisopliae strains with different potential of virulence in Solid-State Fermentation using silkworm chrysalis as substrate. The higher chitinase level was obtained with the strain IBCB 360 (7.14 U/g of substrate) with potential virulence of 68% on Diatrea saccharalis. The enzyme production was optimized for all strains using a factorial planning (CCRD) considering the cultivation time and medium humidity as independent variables. The maximal production of chitinase was obtained at a range from 8 to 12-days old cultures and from 45% to 62% of moisture according to the surface response plot, with high R2 value. The enzyme production by the strain IBCB 167 was increased two-folds under optimized conditions, while for the strains IBCB 360 and 425 the chitinase production was increased four-folds and nine-folds for the strain IBCB 384.展开更多
Chemical pesticides tend to accumulate in soil, resulting in human and environmental health risks. Hence, alternative methodologies involving chemical pesticides are beneficial for the control of agricultural pests. &...Chemical pesticides tend to accumulate in soil, resulting in human and environmental health risks. Hence, alternative methodologies involving chemical pesticides are beneficial for the control of agricultural pests. </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Metarhizium anisopliae</i></span></i> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is an entomopathogenic fungus that acts on different developmental stages of pest insects such as <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Diatraea saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, a holometabolic lepidopteran with high potential for infestation in sugarcane crops. The present study evaluated the biocontrol effect of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. anisopliae</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> isolates MT and E9 on <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">D. saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> eggs at different ages by investigating the external and internal morphological alterations in treated eggs. Conidial suspensions of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. anisopliae</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> isolated from MT and E9 at concentrations of 10<sup></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></sup> conidia/mL were applied to eggs of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">D. saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aged 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. The eggs were observed every 24 h during development (0 h to 144 h). Samples were collected for observational, histological, and ultrastructural analyses. We found that the MT isolate caused 100% inviability of eggs aged 0 - 72 h, 144 h after the bioassays, while the effect of the E9 isolate varied between 49.40% and 93.75%. Melanization was observed on the periphery of the eggs 24 h after the bioassays. Fungal hyphae developed 48 h after bioassays, crossed the egg chorion, and dispersed through the yolk region, inhibiting embryonic development. After 72 h, hyphae and conidiophores were observed on the eggs, which persisted for 144 h. In sum, <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. anisopliae</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> MT isolate can be used as a biological controller for <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">D. saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> eggs.展开更多
The Japanese pine sawyer,Monochamus saltuarius,as a beetle vector of Bur-saphelenchus xylophilus(pine wood nematode),is an economically important forest pest in Eurasia.To feed on the phloem and xylem of conifers,M.sa...The Japanese pine sawyer,Monochamus saltuarius,as a beetle vector of Bur-saphelenchus xylophilus(pine wood nematode),is an economically important forest pest in Eurasia.To feed on the phloem and xylem of conifers,M.saltuarius needs to overcome various stress factors,including coping with entomopathogenic bacteria and also various plant secondary compounds(PSCs).As an important adaptation strategy to colonize host trees,M.saltuarius deposit eggs in oviposition pits to shield their progeny.These pits har-bor bacterial communities that are involved in the host adaptation of M.saltuarius to the conifers.However,the composition,origin,and functions of these oviposition pit bacteria are rarely understood.In this study,we investigated the bacterial community associated with M.saltuarius oviposition pits and their ability to degrade PSCs.Results showed that the bacterial community structure of M.saltuarius oviposition pits significantly differed from that of uninfected phloem.Also,the oviposition pit bacteria were predicted to be enriched in PSC degradation pathways.The microbial community also harbored a lethal strain of Serratia,which was significantly inhibited.Meanwhile,metatranscriptome anal-ysis indicated that genes involved in PSCs degradation were expressed complementarily among the microbial communities of oviposition pits and secretions.In vitro degrada-tion showed that bacteria cultured from oviposition pits degraded more monoterpenes and flavonoids than bacteria cultured from uninfected phloem isolates.Disinfection of ovipo-sition pits increased the mortality of newly hatched larvae and resulted in a significant decrease in body weight in the early stages.Overall,our results reveal that M.saltuarius construct oviposition pits that harbor a diverse microbial community,with stronger PSCs degradation abilities and a low abundance of entomopathogenic bacteria,resulting in the increased fitness of newly hatched larvae.展开更多
基金funded by grants from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou,China(202002020029)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(2019B020217003)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD02003)the National Key Technology Support Program of China(201303019-02)。
文摘The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.
文摘The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it has been reported that these are sensitive to the environmental conditions. For this reason, biopesticides products have been formulated based on secondary metabolites, recently. These biomolecules participate as biological control agent, such as: cyclic depsipeptides, amino acids, polyketides, polyphenols and terpenoids, affecting their morphology, life cycle and insect behavior. The use of secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi opens the possibility of application in a more efficient way for the control of agricultural pests in a compatible with the environment and human health;therefore, it is important to know, analyzing the type of molecules, their effects, and their different methods of application.
基金the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,New Delhi for the grant in aid through ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research,Nagpur Institutional Project。
文摘Background The emergence of pink bollworm(PBW),Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae),in cotton due to Bt resistance and concealed feeding habit has created a need for alternative,eco-friendly,and cost-effective control methods.This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy and reproductive potential of two native strains of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs),Heterorhabditis indica,namely CICR-HI-CL and CICR-HI-MN,against PBW larvae and pupae under in-vitro conditions.Results The larval assay revealed that strain CICR-HI-CL exhibited higher potency than strain CICR-HI-MN against 2nd,3rd,and 4thinstar larvae,with median lethal dose(LD50)values of 5.45,4.45,and 4.60 infective juveniles(IJs)per larva,respectively.In case of pupal bioassay,both EPN strains demonstrated greater virulence when applied directly(LD50values:29.65 and 73.88 IJs per pupa for strains CICR-HI-CL and CICR-HI-MN,respectively)compared to soil application(147.84 and 272.38 IJs per pupa).Both EPN strains successfully penetrated and reproduced on 4thinstar larvae,resulting in maximum production of 19.28 and 20.85 lakh IJs per larva in the next generation when inoculated at 30 IJs per larva.Conclusion The present study has generated useful information on the virulence and reproductive potential of two strains of EPN H.indica(CICR-HI-CL and CICR-HI-MN)against PBW,a dreaded pest of cotton.Higher virulence and reproductive potential of EPN strains demonstrated their ability to multiply,sustain and perpetuate on larval and pupal stages of PBW.The knowledge generated will help formulate effective management strategies for PBW with the inclusion of EPN as a potential biological control candidate.The soil-dwelling life stages viz.,last instar hibernating larvae and pupae of PBW can be the ideal weak links to make a successful use of H.indica for sustainable management of PBW in the cotton ecosystem.However,before taking these EPN strains to field for managing PBW,detailed studies investigating their biocontrol potential against PBW under field conditions are needed.
文摘Laboratory and field experiments were performed to evaluate the pathogenicity of an isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to the two sympatrically occurring weevil species, Cylas formicarius and Euscepes postfasciatus. In the laboratory bioassays, suspension of conidia, ≥10<sup>6</sup> CFU/mL, caused mortalities > 80% on adults of both weevils in seven days after inoculation. It took longer time 20 days for grain formulation of the isolate adhered on rice grains of ≥5 g/m<sup>2</sup> (10<sup>7</sup> CFU/g) to attain similar mortalities of E. postfasciatus, but no evident mortality was obtained in C. formicarius. The grain formulation was thus less effective on C. formicarius than the suspension. Field trials were carried out over two years from 2013 to 2014, in which adults of E. postfasciatus were released two times during the field experiments for enhancement of damage on plants by this weevil, whereas the other weevil species was left to naturally invade the experimental plots by flying. The results of the experiments revealed in both years that two applications of the isolate in grain formulation, equivalent to 50 kg/hectare, sprayed manually over the ground surface reduced the infestation of plants and tuber damage by weevils of both species as much as the conventional chemical insecticide applications. The occurrences of weevils at harvest were not significantly different among treatments. The potential and possible uses of the fungus are discussed for the management of these two weevil species.
文摘Objective:To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhixium anisopliae(M.anisopliae) in the local environment,and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan.Methods:According to the standard procedure,M.anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection.Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy.Results:The results indicated that M.anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC,value 1.09×10~5 and LC_(50) value 1.90×10^(13) while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population.Conclusions:Taking long time to kill 50%population when compare with the synthetic insecticides,is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.
基金funded by Research University Grant Scheme (RUGS) provided by Universiti Putra Malaysia
文摘The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC_(50) values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.
文摘Direct treatment of predators with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) at different concentrations revealed that some species, like <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i>, were found to have detrimental effects on all developmental stages of some predator species. Other species, like <i>Numoraea rileyi</i> and <i>Paecilomycis fumosorosius</i>, showed little or no effect on treated predators. Adult predators were found to avoid feeding on fungi-infected prey. EPF could be isolated from hibernating or field-collected coccinellids. Some studies indicated that combining a fungus with a predator could increase the rate of insect control in the field. As for parasitoids, this review indicates that the developmental stages of the egg parasitoids can develop successfully in host eggs treated with fungi. However, fungus-infected hosts negatively impact the development of larval parasitoids inside such hosts and this impact depends on the species and concentration of the fungus as well as the time between infection and parasitism. Some parasitoid females can discriminate between fungus-infected and uninfected hosts and do not parasitize the infected hosts. With appropriate timing, the parasitoids or predators could be combined with fungi for the biological control of insects in the field.
基金The work was supported by the“Applied Technology Research and Development Project of Heilongjiang Province(GA20B401-2)”the Central University Basic Research Business Expenses Special Fund Project(2572018BA06).
文摘The poplar and willow weevil,Crypto rhynchus lapathi L.,a major universally destructive wood-boring insect has become one of the important quarantine pests that is extremely destructive to forestry development and needs to be controlled.Entomopathogenic fungi(EPF) are considered safe and friendly for humans and the environment and play important roles in controlling insect pest populations.In this study,the screening of entomopathogenic fungi for control of C.lapathi is reported through the evaluation of virulence of four fungal Beauveria bassiana(CFCC81428,CFCC83116,CFCC83486,CFCC87297)strains,one B.brongniartii(CFCC83487) strain and one Metarhizium anisopliae(CFCC88953) strain.The virulence of the different strains was appraised by correct mortality rate,cumulative mortality rate,median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) and median lethal time(LT_(50)).B.bassiana strains CFCC81428 and CFCC83116 were the most virulent among the six strains with a mortality up to 100%,and the LT_(50) were 2.7 and 3.1 days.Five conidia concentrations of three strains(CFCC81428,CFCC83116 and CFCC87298) that caused high virulence was screened for dose-relationship.Their effect on controlling C.lapathi larvae were also determined under field condition by brushing conidia suspensions on C.lapathi larvae infested in a poplar trunk.The cumulative rate in the field was lower than those obtained from the laboratory,but the order of the virulence of different strains did not change.Mortality in all three strains occurred at their highest concentration(1.0 × 10^(8) conidia mL^(-1)).Under field conditions,the CFCC81428 strain was the most effective,causing mortalities of 80.3% and 75.2%in two plots in Beipiao and Lindian counties,respectively,followed by CFCC83116(69.1%,66.6%) and CFCC87298(60.7%,59.3%).Based on our results,the B.bassiana strain CFCC81428 has the potential as a biological insecticide to control C.lapathi larvae.
文摘<span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">The objective of this review article is to clarify the different interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, as bio-control agents, against other bio-control agents (parasitoids and predators) proposed by the researchers. Thus, it gives clear information concerning the potential of combining them as a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against insect pests. Some laboratory studies showed that the treatment of predacious insects by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) at different concentrations can infect and kill the treated larva, nymphs and adults of predators. The percentages of mortality were found to be high (up to 100%), moderate (15%</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">-</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">35%) or low (3%</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">-</span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> </span><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">7%). Other studies revealed the resistant of treated predators to nematode-infection. Some predators that were offered infected prey avoid feeding on such prey and, in contrast, the soil predators (ants and mites) consumed the offered cadavers as well as the infective juvenile of the nematodes and did not show any detrimental effects. Mostly, parasitoids cannot complete their development inside or on nematode-infected hosts if parasitism occurs before or early after infection. The parasitoid females may avoid laying eggs in the infected hosts or cannot discriminate between healthy and infected hosts. A field study demonstrated that applying EPNs combined with the predator, </span><i style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;">Labidura riparia</i><span style="text-align:justify;white-space:normal;"> significantly reduced the population of the target pest compared to the nematode or the predator alone. Also, two field experiments indicated that the combination of parasitoids and nematodes can be successful for insect pest management.</span>
文摘The present review article demonstrates laboratory and field evaluations of entomopathogenic nematodes(EPNs)against different developmental stages of fruit flies.The virulence of the EPNs differed clearly even on the same insect species and/or by the same nematode species.Such differences might be attributed to some reasons such as the method of treatment as well as the concentrations of the tested nematodes.Fruit flies are among the most important insect pests infesting vegetables and fruits causing considerable losses in the yields worldwide.In laboratory studies,the tested nematodes proved to be highly virulent to larvae as percentage of mortality may reach 100%.As for treated pupae,at different ages,the results are variable and controversially;some studies revealed their moderate or high susceptibility to nematode infection and others indicated low susceptibility or resistance to infection.Treated adults,or those emerged from treated larvae or pupae,are also susceptible to infection.In semi-field and field trials,EPNs proved to be successful for reducing the populations of some fruit flies with up to 85%at concentrations not less than 100 infective juveniles(IJs)/cm^2 of soil.However,the field applications of commercial EPNs have been recommended to be 2.5-5 x 10^9 IJs/ha(25-50 IJs/cm^2 of soil).
基金supported by the GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2020GDASYL-20200103091)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515110416)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou(202102021018)Science and Technology Planning Key Project of Guangzhou(201904020002)。
文摘Termites have physiological and behavioral immunities that make them highly resistant to pathogen infections,which complicates biocontrol efforts.However,the stimuli that trigger the pathogen-avoidance behaviors of termites are still unclear.Our study shows that workers of Coptotermes formosanus exposed to the conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae exhibited a significantly higher frequency and longer duration of allogrooming behaviors compared with untreated termites.Volatile compounds in the cuticle of control termites and termites previously exposed to a suspension of M.anisopliae conidia were analyzed and compared using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS).Our results showed that the amount of ergosterol differed between the fungus-exposed and control termites.Choice tests showed that termites significantly preferred to stay on filter paper treated with ergosterol(0.05,0.1,or 1.0 mg/mL)compared with control filter paper.In addition,termites exposed to ergosterol followed by M.anisopliae conidia were allogroomed at a significantly higher frequency and for a longer duration than termites exposed to alcohol(the solvent used with the ergosterol in the ergosterol trials)alone followed by M.anisopliae conidia.These results showed that ergosterol may enhance the allogrooming behavior of termites in the presence of entomopathogenic fungi.
文摘The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.
文摘The effect of ultraviolet radiation on entomopathogenic fungi can be very prejudicial for causing damage to the conidia. Formulations can help protecting these fungal structures against radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on pure and encapsulated conidia <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and <i>Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato</i>, and to evaluate their pathogenicity on the sugarcane borer, <i>Diatraea saccharalis</i>. The pure conidia and the sodium alginate capsules containing the fungi were submitted to the ultraviolet radiation in different temperatures and exposure times. On the pure conidia, the radiation had a deleterious effect after 5 minutes of exposure, going from 94% to 52% germination for <i>B. bassiana</i> and from 96% to 54% for <i>M. anisopliae</i>. The alginate formulation protected the <i>B. bassiana</i> conidia against the radiation in all times they were evaluated (15 minutes to 48 hours), because, even after exposure, the fungi remained viable. The dry encapsulated conidia <i>B. bassiana</i> caused 79.6% mortality of the studied pest and the <i>M. anisopliae</i> caused only 10%.
文摘Background:For controlling the resistance to insects,in particular carpophagous and phyllophagous caterpillars,using chemical pesticides has led to contamination of cotton area in Benin.Facing this problem,alternative methods including the use of entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticide could be a sound measure to preserve the environment,biodiversity and ensure good quality of crops.Previous studies have revealed the insecticidal potential of the entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana on some insect pest species.However,little is known about its effectiveness on cotton Lepidopteran pests.This review is done to learn more about B.bassina for its application in controlling cotton insect pests,especially Lepidopteran species.Main body:Different sections of the current review deal with the related description and action modes of B.bassiana against insects,multi-trophic interactions between B.bassiana and plants,arthropods,soil and other microbes,and biological control programs including B.bassiana during last decade.Advantages and constraints in applying B.bassiana and challenges in commercialization of B.bassiana-based biopesticide have been addressed.In this review,emphasis is put on the application methods and targeted insects in various studies with regard to their applicability in cotton.Conclusion:This review helps us to identify the knowledge gaps related to application of B.bassiana on cotton pest in general and especially in Lepidopteran species in Benin.This work should be supported by complementary laboratory bioassays,station and/or fields experiments for effective management of cotton Lepidopteran pests in Benin.
文摘The effect of ultraviolet radiation on entomopathogenic fungi can be very prejudicial for causing damage to the conidia. Formulations can help protecting these fungal structures against radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on pure and encapsulated conidia Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato, and to evaluate their pathogenicity on the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. The pure conidia and the sodium alginate capsules containing the fungi were submitted to the ultraviolet radiation in different temperatures and exposure times. On the pure conidia, the radiation had a deleterious effect after 5 minutes of exposure, going from 94% to 52% germination for B. bassiana and from 96% to 54% for M. anisopliae. The alginate formulation protected the B. bassiana conidia against the radiation in all times they were evaluated (15 minutes to 48 hours), because, even after exposure, the fungi remained viable. The dry encapsulated conidia B. bassiana caused 79.6% mortality of the studied pest and the M. anisopliae caused only 10%.
文摘Cordyceps is treasured entomopathogenic fungi that have been used as antitumor,immunomodulating,antioxidant,and pro-sexual agent.Cordyceps,also called DongChongXiaCao in Chinese,Yartsa Gunbu(Tibetan),means winter worm-summer grass.Natural Cordyceps sinensis with parasitic hosts is difficult to be collected and the recent findings on its potential pharmacological functions,resulted in skyrocketing prices.Therefore,finding a mass-production method or an alternative for C.sinensis products is a top-priority task.In this review,we describe current status of Cordyceps research and its recent developments in Taiwan.The content and pharmacological activities of four major industrial species of Cordyceps(C.sinensis,Cordyceps militaris,Cordyceps cicadae and Cordyceps sobolifera)used in Taiwan,were reviewed.Moreover,we highlighted the effect of using different methods of fermentation and production on the morphology and chemical content of Cordyceps sp.Finally,we summarized the bottle-necks and challenges facing Cordyceps research as well as we proposed future road map for Cordyceps industry in Taiwan.
文摘The last volcanic eruption of the Puyehue-Cordon-Caulle Volcanic Complex in the Andes cordillera of western South America, occurring on 4 June 2011, ejected pyroclastic materials that were accumulated in a wide region of the northern Patagonia (Argentina), affecting the environment and health of residents within the area. The aim of this work was to evaluate the practicability of using this waste material as a lowcost carrier for mycopesticide formulations. Beauveria bassiana is a recognized fungal agent for arthropod biologic control. Lengthy storage is critical for the development of mycoinsecticide formulations. Accordingly, the search for adequate materials to improve the shelf life of biocontrol products becomes desirable. First, several analytical techniques were employed to characterize the pyroclast physicochemically;then the viability of the fungal conidia was evaluated after an 18-month storage in the volcanic material. Finally, the pathogenicity of the conidia after that prolonged maintenance in the vehicle was assessed on the beetle Alphitobius diaperinus, an insect pest in poultry houses that causes major economic losses. The results from those bioassays proved auspicious for the eventual utilization of the pyroclast as a bioinsecticide carrier especially since the formulation had proven to be stable for at least 18 months under a wide range of environmental conditions. The constant moisture in a closed environment within a 5°C - 40°C temperature range insures a viable state during storage. The results indicate that what would otherwise be volcanic waste may be utilized as an efficient, abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally innocuous carrier of entomopathogenic fungi.
基金supported by Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo(FAPESP)and Coor-denadoria de Apoio ao Ensino Superior(CAPES).
文摘Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, are able to control various insect pests. These fungi attack the integument of the host using an enzymatic complex. Among the enzymes found in this complex, chitinase is an important component. However, the relation between the chitinase production and the virulence from different M. anisopliae strains has not been analyzed. In this manuscript it is presented the chitinase production by four M. anisopliae strains with different potential of virulence in Solid-State Fermentation using silkworm chrysalis as substrate. The higher chitinase level was obtained with the strain IBCB 360 (7.14 U/g of substrate) with potential virulence of 68% on Diatrea saccharalis. The enzyme production was optimized for all strains using a factorial planning (CCRD) considering the cultivation time and medium humidity as independent variables. The maximal production of chitinase was obtained at a range from 8 to 12-days old cultures and from 45% to 62% of moisture according to the surface response plot, with high R2 value. The enzyme production by the strain IBCB 167 was increased two-folds under optimized conditions, while for the strains IBCB 360 and 425 the chitinase production was increased four-folds and nine-folds for the strain IBCB 384.
文摘Chemical pesticides tend to accumulate in soil, resulting in human and environmental health risks. Hence, alternative methodologies involving chemical pesticides are beneficial for the control of agricultural pests. </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Metarhizium anisopliae</i></span></i> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is an entomopathogenic fungus that acts on different developmental stages of pest insects such as <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Diatraea saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, a holometabolic lepidopteran with high potential for infestation in sugarcane crops. The present study evaluated the biocontrol effect of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. anisopliae</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> isolates MT and E9 on <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">D. saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> eggs at different ages by investigating the external and internal morphological alterations in treated eggs. Conidial suspensions of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. anisopliae</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> isolated from MT and E9 at concentrations of 10<sup></span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></sup> conidia/mL were applied to eggs of <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">D. saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aged 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. The eggs were observed every 24 h during development (0 h to 144 h). Samples were collected for observational, histological, and ultrastructural analyses. We found that the MT isolate caused 100% inviability of eggs aged 0 - 72 h, 144 h after the bioassays, while the effect of the E9 isolate varied between 49.40% and 93.75%. Melanization was observed on the periphery of the eggs 24 h after the bioassays. Fungal hyphae developed 48 h after bioassays, crossed the egg chorion, and dispersed through the yolk region, inhibiting embryonic development. After 72 h, hyphae and conidiophores were observed on the eggs, which persisted for 144 h. In sum, <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">M. anisopliae</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> MT isolate can be used as a biological controller for <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">D. saccharalis</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> eggs.
基金supported jointly by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1400900)Beijing's Science and Technology Planning Project"Z201100008020001."。
文摘The Japanese pine sawyer,Monochamus saltuarius,as a beetle vector of Bur-saphelenchus xylophilus(pine wood nematode),is an economically important forest pest in Eurasia.To feed on the phloem and xylem of conifers,M.saltuarius needs to overcome various stress factors,including coping with entomopathogenic bacteria and also various plant secondary compounds(PSCs).As an important adaptation strategy to colonize host trees,M.saltuarius deposit eggs in oviposition pits to shield their progeny.These pits har-bor bacterial communities that are involved in the host adaptation of M.saltuarius to the conifers.However,the composition,origin,and functions of these oviposition pit bacteria are rarely understood.In this study,we investigated the bacterial community associated with M.saltuarius oviposition pits and their ability to degrade PSCs.Results showed that the bacterial community structure of M.saltuarius oviposition pits significantly differed from that of uninfected phloem.Also,the oviposition pit bacteria were predicted to be enriched in PSC degradation pathways.The microbial community also harbored a lethal strain of Serratia,which was significantly inhibited.Meanwhile,metatranscriptome anal-ysis indicated that genes involved in PSCs degradation were expressed complementarily among the microbial communities of oviposition pits and secretions.In vitro degrada-tion showed that bacteria cultured from oviposition pits degraded more monoterpenes and flavonoids than bacteria cultured from uninfected phloem isolates.Disinfection of ovipo-sition pits increased the mortality of newly hatched larvae and resulted in a significant decrease in body weight in the early stages.Overall,our results reveal that M.saltuarius construct oviposition pits that harbor a diverse microbial community,with stronger PSCs degradation abilities and a low abundance of entomopathogenic bacteria,resulting in the increased fitness of newly hatched larvae.
