Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an ...Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common digestive system cancers with high mortality rates worldwide.The main ingredients in Mu Ji Fang Granules(MJF)are alkaloids,flavonoids,and polysaccharid...BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common digestive system cancers with high mortality rates worldwide.The main ingredients in Mu Ji Fang Granules(MJF)are alkaloids,flavonoids,and polysaccharides.MJF has been used in the clinical treatment of hepatitis,cirrhosis and HCC for more than 30 years.Few previous studies have focused on the mechanism of MJF on tumor immunology in the treatment of HCC.AIM To explore the mechanism of action of MJF on tumor immunology in the treatment of HCC.METHODS The absorbable ingredients of MJF were identified using Molecule Network related to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electron Spray Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry,and hub potential anti-HCC targets were screened using network pharmacology and pathway enrichment analysis.Forty male mice were randomly divided into the Blank,Model,and MJF groups(1.8,5.4,and 10.8 g/kg/d)following 7 d of oral administration.Average body weight gain,spleen and thymus indices were calculated,tumor tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin,and Interferon gamma(IFN-γ),Tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),Interleukin-2,aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),Fas,and FasL were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay.Relevant mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl2 was evaluated by Real Time Quantitative PCR(RTqPCR)and protein expression of Transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1)and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog(SMAD)4 was assessed by Western blotting.The HepG2 cell line was treated with 10 mg/mL,20 mg/mL,30 mg/mL,40 mg/mL of MJF,and another 3 groups were treated with TGF-β1 inhibitor(LY364947)and different doses of MJF.Relevant mRNA expression of TNF-α,IFN-γ,Bax and Bcl2 was evaluated by RT-qPCR and protein expression of TGF-β1,SMAD2,p-SMAD2,SMAD4,and SMAD7 was assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS It was shown that MJF improved body weight gain and tumor inhibition rate in H22 tumorbearing mice,protected immune organs and liver function,reduced the HCC indicator AFP,affected immunity and apoptosis,and up-regulated the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway,by increasing the relative expression of TGF-β1,SMAD2,p-SMAD2 and SMAD4 and decreasing SMAD7,reducing immune factors TNF-αand IFN-γ,decreasing apoptosis cytokines Fas,FasL and Bcl2/Bax,and inhibiting the effect of LY364947 in HepG2 cells.CONCLUSION MJF inhibits HCC by activating the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway,and affecting immune and apoptotic cytokines,which may be due to MJF adjusting immune escape and apoptosis.展开更多
The formulae for parameters of a negative electron affinity semiconductor(NEAS)with large mean escape depth of secondary electrons A(NEASLD)are deduced.The methods for obtaining parameters such asλ,B,E_(pom)and the m...The formulae for parameters of a negative electron affinity semiconductor(NEAS)with large mean escape depth of secondary electrons A(NEASLD)are deduced.The methods for obtaining parameters such asλ,B,E_(pom)and the maximumδandδat 100.0 keV≥E_(po)≥1.0 keV of a NEASLD with the deduced formulae are presented(B is the probability that an internal secondary electron escapes into the vacuum upon reaching the emission surface of the emitter,δis the secondary electron yield,E_(po)is the incident energy of primary electrons and E_(pom)is the E_(po)corresponding to the maximumδ).The parameters obtained here are analyzed,and it can be concluded that several parameters of NEASLDs obtained by the methods presented here agree with those obtained by other authors.The relation between the secondary electron emission and photoemission from a NEAS with large mean escape depth of excited electrons is investigated,and it is concluded that the presented method of obtaining A is more accurate than that of obtaining the corresponding parameter for a NEAS with largeλ_(ph)(λ_(ph)being the mean escape depth of photoelectrons),and that the presented method of calculating B at E_(po)>10.0 keV is more widely applicable for obtaining the corresponding parameters for a NEAS with largeλ_(ph).展开更多
The interplay between noise and nonlinearites can lead to escape dynamics.Associated nonlinear phe-nomena have been observed in various applications ranging from climatology to biology and engineering.For reasons of c...The interplay between noise and nonlinearites can lead to escape dynamics.Associated nonlinear phe-nomena have been observed in various applications ranging from climatology to biology and engineering.For reasons of computational ease,in most studies,Gaussian white noise is used.However,this noise model is not physical due to the associated infinite energy content.Here,the authors present extensive experimental investigations and numerical simulations conducted to examine the impact of noise color on escape times in nonlinear oscillators.With a careful parameterization of the numerical simulations,the authors are able to make quantitative comparisons with experimental results.Through the experi-ments and simulations,it is illustrated that the noise color can drastically influence escape times and escape probability.展开更多
Objectives:A meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the effect of the escape room teaching method on nursing education.Methods:We searched PubMed,Medline,Web of Science,CNKI,VIP,and Wanfang databases,w...Objectives:A meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the effect of the escape room teaching method on nursing education.Methods:We searched PubMed,Medline,Web of Science,CNKI,VIP,and Wanfang databases,with a search time frame from the first day of database establishment to October 2022.Two researchers evaluated the quality of the obtained literature and extracted the data.The RevMan5.4 software was used for meta-analysis.Results:A total of 7 studies involving 1487 nursing students were included.Compared with the control group,the escape room teaching method improved the professional performance of nursing students[standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.98,95%confidence interval(CI;0.38,1.59),P<0.0001].The critical thinking ability of nursing students was enhanced[mean difference(MD)=12.64,95%CI(7.91,17.37),P<0.0001],and the investment level of nursing students in learning was improved[MD=4.18,95%CI(1.74,6.62),P<0.0001].Conclusion:The escape room teaching method can improve nursing students’professional performance,critical thinking ability,and learning engagement level.There is no significant difference in the impact of nursing teaching satisfaction,and there is still a lack of data support.This paper is limited by the quality and quantity of included literature,and more high-quality studies are still needed to further demonstrate the above conclusions.展开更多
Alice Munro is one of the famous Canadian writers and is renowned above all for the astonishing subtlety of her short stories.Her theme has often been the dilemmas of the female coming to terms with family, friends in...Alice Munro is one of the famous Canadian writers and is renowned above all for the astonishing subtlety of her short stories.Her theme has often been the dilemmas of the female coming to terms with family, friends in a small town. This paper attempts to make a brief introduction about the stories of Alice Munro's Runaway and explores the protagonist's choices in the dilemma situation, and then exposes the cruelty of reality is that they cannot get rid of the ineluctable reality of life. Escape is only a temporary action which cannot save them from endless triviality of life. What they should do is not to escape from life, but to adapt to the reality of life.展开更多
Objective:Mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL)with high heterogeneity and a high recurrence rate.How heterogenous cell populations contribute to relapse remains to be elucidated.Meth...Objective:Mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL)with high heterogeneity and a high recurrence rate.How heterogenous cell populations contribute to relapse remains to be elucidated.Methods:We performed single cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)on approximately 4,000 bone marrow cells sampled from one patient with multidrug resistant MCL.We identified 10 subpopulations comprising 4 malignant B cell subtypes,3 T cell subtypes,2 dendritic cell subtypes and 1 natural killer(NK)cell subtype.Subsequently,we identified cell markers,including a series of genes associated with immune escape and drug resistance.In addition,we explored the roles of these genes in the mechanism of immune escape and drug resistance,and we verified the expression imbalance and clinical prognostic potential by using GEO datasets including 211 MCL samples.Results:The major immune escape mechanisms of MCL included anti-perforin activity,decreased immunogenicity and direct inhibition of apoptosis and cell killing,as mediated by type I and II B cells.The drug resistance mechanisms of different cell clusters included drug metabolism,DNA damage repair,apoptosis and survival promotion.Type III B cells closely communicate with other cells.The key genes involved in the resistance mechanisms showed dysregulated expression and may have significant clinical prognostic value.Conclusion:This study investigated potential immune escape and drug resistance mechanisms in MCL.The results may guide individualized treatment and promote the development of therapeutic drugs.展开更多
Low temperature catalysts are attracting increasing attention in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH3.Mn Ox-decorated Mg Al layered double oxide(Mn/Mg Al-LDO)was synthesized via a facile fast pour assi...Low temperature catalysts are attracting increasing attention in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH3.Mn Ox-decorated Mg Al layered double oxide(Mn/Mg Al-LDO)was synthesized via a facile fast pour assisted co-precipitation(FP-CP)process.Compared to the Mn/Mg Al-LDO obtained via slow drop assisted coprecipitation(SD-CP)method,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)has excellent activity.The Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst was shown to possess a high NO conversion rate of 76%-100%from 25 to 150℃,which is much better than the control Mn/Mg Al-LDO(SD-CP)(29.4%-75.8%).In addition,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)offered an enhanced NO conversion rate of 97%and a N2selectivity of 97.3%at 100℃;the NO conversion rate was 100%and the N2selectivity was 90%at 150℃with a GHSV of 60,000 h^-1.The Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst exhibited a smaller fragment nano-sheet structure(sheet thickness of 7.23 nm).An apparent lattice disorder was observed in the HRTEM image confirming the presence of many defects.The H2-TPR curves show that the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst has abundant reducing substances.Furthermore,the enhanced surface acidity makes the NH3concentration of the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst lower than 100 ml·m^-3after the reaction from 25 to 400℃.This can effectively reduce the ammonia escape rate in the SCR reaction.Thus,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst has potential applications in stationary industrial installations for environmentally friendly ultra-low temperature SCR.展开更多
Hepatitis B represents a global health threat because its chronic course and sequelae contribute to a high morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection can be controlled by vaccines, antiviral treatment, ...Hepatitis B represents a global health threat because its chronic course and sequelae contribute to a high morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection can be controlled by vaccines, antiviral treatment, and by interrupting transmission. Rare vaccine escape mutants are serious because they eliminate vaccine protection. Here, we present a 74-year-old vaccinated patient with HBV reactivation 11 years after kidney transplantation. The patient was HBV-positive but HBs Ag-negative prior to vaccination 6 years before transplantation. The reactivated virus was HBV genotype F3 with vaccine escape mutations G145 R, P120 Q, and Q129 P. The patient was successfully treated with entecavir. The epidemiological reasons for this subgenotype, which is extremely rare in Western Europe, were unclear. This case illustrates that second-generation vaccines are not always effective in a specific group of patients.展开更多
Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B. The implementation of rigorous vaccination programs has led to an overall decrease in the prevalence of this disease worldwide but this may a...Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B. The implementation of rigorous vaccination programs has led to an overall decrease in the prevalence of this disease worldwide but this may also have led to emergence of viral mutations that can escape the protection of hepatitis B surface antibody. As this phenomenon is increasingly recognized, concern for transmission to vaccinated individuals has also been raised. Herein, we describe two cases where the suspected presence of a hepatitis B surface antigen escape mutation impacted the decision to initiate early antiviral therapy, as well as provide a brief review of these mutations. Our findings described here suggest that a lower threshold for initiating therapy in these individuals should be considered in order to reduce the risk of transmission, as vaccination does not provide protection.展开更多
Seabed fluid escape is active in the Makran subduction zone,Arabian Sea.Based on the new highresolution 2D seismic data,acoustic blanking zones and seafloor mounds are identified.Acoustic blanking zones include three ...Seabed fluid escape is active in the Makran subduction zone,Arabian Sea.Based on the new highresolution 2D seismic data,acoustic blanking zones and seafloor mounds are identified.Acoustic blanking zones include three kinds of geometries:Bell-shaped,vertically columnar and tilted zones.The bellshaped blanking zone is characterized by weak and discontinuous reflections in the interior and upbending reflections on the top,interpreted as gas chimneys.Vertically columnar blanking zone is interpreted as side-imaged gas chimneys associated with focused fluid flow and topped by a seafloor anomaly expressed as a localized reflection discontinuity,which may together serve as a vent structure.Tilted acoustic blanking zone could be induced by accretionary thrust activity and rapid sedimentation surrounding slope.Seafloor mounds occur at the sites of bell-shaped acoustic blanking zone and may be associated with the material intrusion.Bottom simulating refectors(BSRs)are widely distributed and exhibit a series of characteristics including diminished amplitude,low continuity as well as local shoaling overlapping with these acoustic blanking zones.The large amount of gases dissociated from the gas hydrates migrated upwards and then arrived at the near-seafloor sediments,followed by the formation of the gas hydrates and hence the seafloor mound.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/prog...BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1)axis,an immune checkpoint,may lead to tumour immune escape,resulting in disease progression.The latest research shows that tumour immune escape may be caused by the upregulation of PD-L1 mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha(HIF-1α),and simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1αand PD-L1 has the potential to enhance the host’s antitumour immunity.Moreover,inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may mitigate tumour chemoresistance.Shuyu pills(SYPs)contain immunity-enhancing and antitumour components,making them a potential HCC treatment.AIM To investigate the efficacy of SYPs for HCC treatment via simultaneous HIF-1α and PD-L1 inhibition and the mechanism involved.METHODS A subcutaneous xenograft tumour model was first established in BALB/c nude mice by the subcutaneous injection of 1×107 SMMC-7721 cells.Male mice(male,5 weeks old;n=24)were then randomly divided into the following four groups(n=6):Control(0.9%normal saline),SYP(200 mg/kg),SYP+cisplatin(DDP)(200 mg/kg+5 mg/kg DDP weekly via intraperitoneal injection),and DDP(5 mg/kg cisplatin weekly via intraperitoneal injection).The dose of saline or SYPs for the indicated mouse groups was 0.2 mL/d via intragastric administration.The tumour volumes and body weights of the mice were measured every 2 d.The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment,and the xenograft tissues were excised and weighed.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of HIF-1α,PD1,PD-L1,CD4+T cells,and CD8+T cells in HCC tumours from mice.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used for real-time quantitative detection of PD-1,PD-L1,and HIF-1α mRNA expression.An immunofluorescence assay was conducted to examine the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.RESULTS Compared to mice in the control group,those in the SYP and SYP+DDP groups exhibited reduced tumour volumes and tumour weights.Moreover,the protein and mRNA expression levels of the oncogene HIF1α and that of the negative immunomodulatory factors PD-1 and PD-L1 were decreased in both the SYP and SYP+DDP groups,with the decrease effects being more prominent in the SYP+DDP group than in the SYP group(HIF-1α protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0129;control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;control vs DDP,P=0.0152,SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0448;HIF-1αmRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0009;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0192.PD-1 protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0099;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0009;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001;PD-1 mRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0002;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0003;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.PD-L1 protein:control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0040;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0010;PD-L1 mRNA:Control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0014).Additionally,the quantitative and protein expression levels of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells were simultaneously upregulated in the SYP+DDP group,whereas only the expression of CD4+T cells was upregulated in the SYP group.(CD4+T cell quantitative:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0005;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.CD4+T cell protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0033;Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;Control vs DDP,P=0.0021,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0006.Quantitative CD8+T cells:Control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0013;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0347;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0043.CD8+T cell protein:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001).Finally,expression of HIF-1αwas positively correlated with that of PD-1/PD-L1 and negatively correlated with the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.CONCLUSION SYPs inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in HCC via simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1α and PD-L1,thus inhibiting the growth of subcutaneous xenograft HCC tumours.展开更多
Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"...Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"(RFs), and they form a vital element of the immune response to virus infections. Over time, however, viruses have evolved in a variety ways so that they are able to overcome these RF defenses via mechanisms that are specific for each virus. This review provides a summary of the universal characteristics of RFs, and goes on to focus on the strategies employed by some of the most important RFs in their attempt to control human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) infection. This is followed by a discussion of the counter-restriction mechanisms evolved by viruses to circumvent the host cell's intrinsic immune defenses. RFs include nuclear proteins IFN-γ inducible protein 16(IFI16)(a Pyrin/HIN domain protein), Sp100, promyelocytic leukemia, and h Daxx; the latter three being the keys elements of nuclear domain 10(ND10). IFI16 inhibits the synthesis of virus DNA by downregulating UL54 transcription- a gene encoding a CMV DNA polymerase; in response, the virus antagonizes IFI16 via a process involving viral proteins UL97 and pp65(p UL83), which results in the mislocalizing of IFI16 into the cytoplasm. In contrast, viral regulatory proteins, including pp71 and IE1, seek to modify or disrupt the ND10 proteins and thus block or reverse their inhibitory effects upon virus replication. All in all, detailed knowledge of these HCMV counter-restriction mechanisms will be fundamental for the future development of new strategies for combating HCMV infection and for identifying novel therapeutic agents.展开更多
AIM To investigate the prevalence and virological characteristics of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV) infections in patients with hematological malignancies in South Egypt.METHODS Serum samples were collected from 165 pa...AIM To investigate the prevalence and virological characteristics of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV) infections in patients with hematological malignancies in South Egypt.METHODS Serum samples were collected from 165 patients with hematological malignancies to monitor titers of HBV DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag), and antibodies to HBV core(anti-HBc) and surface antigens. Serum samples negative for HBs Ag and positive for anti-HBc were subjected to nucleic acid extraction and HBV DNA detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequences spanning the S region were analyzed in cases with occult HBV infection. In vitro comparative study of constructed 1.24-fold wild type and S protein mutant HBV genotype D clones was further performed. RESULTS HBV DNA was detected in 23(42.6%) of 54 patients with hematological malignancies who were HBsA g negative, but anti-HBc positive, suggesting the presence of occult HBV infection. The complete HBV genome was retrieved from 6 occult HBV patients, and P120 T and S143 L were detected in 3 and 2 cases, respectively. Site directed mutagenesis was done to produce 1.24-fold genotype D clones with amino acid mutations T120 and L143. The in vitro analyses revealed that a lower level of extracellular HBsA g was detected by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay(CLEIA) with the clone containing T120 mutation, compared with the wild type or the clone with S143 L mutation despite the similar levels of extracellular and intracellular HBs Ag detected by Western blot. Southern blot experiments showed that the levels of intracellular HBV DNA were not different between these clones. CONCLUSION Occult HBV infection is common in patients with hematological malignancies and associated with P120 T and S143 L mutations. 120 T mutation impairs the detection of HBsA g by CLEIA.展开更多
Objective:Patients with cancer pain are highly dependent on morphine analgesia,but studies have shown a negative correlation between morphine demand and patient outcomes.The long-term use of morphine may result in abn...Objective:Patients with cancer pain are highly dependent on morphine analgesia,but studies have shown a negative correlation between morphine demand and patient outcomes.The long-term use of morphine may result in abnormally elevated serum morphine-3-glucuronide(M3G)levels.Hence,the effects of M3G on tumor progression are worth studying.Methods:The effects of M3G on PD-L1 expressions in human non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)cell lines were first evaluated.Activation of TLR4 downstream pathways after M3G treatment was then determined by Western blot.The effects of M3G on human cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL)cytotoxicity and INF-γrelease was also detected.Finally,the LLC murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line were used to establish a murine lung cancer model,and the effects of M3G on tumor growth and metastasis were determined.Results:M3G promoted the expressions of PD-L1 in the A549 and H1299 cell lines in a TLR4-dependent manner(P<0.05).M3G activated the PI3 K and the NFκB signaling pathways,and this effect was antagonized by a TLR4 pathway inhibitor.A PI3 K pathway inhibitor reversed the M3G-mediated PD-L1 upregulation.M3G inhibited the cytotoxicity of CTL on A549 cells and decreased the level of INF-γ.Repeated M3G intraperitoneal injections promoted LLC tumor growth and lung metastasis through the upregulation of tumor expressed PD-L1 and the reduction of CTL in the tumor microenvironment.Conclusions:M3G specifically activated TLR4 in NSCLC cells and upregulated PD-L1 expression through the PI3 K signaling pathway,thereby inhibiting CTL cytotoxicity and finally promoting tumor immune escape.展开更多
In order to research ammonia escape in CO2 absorption by ammonia scrubbing,ammonia escape was studied in CO2 absorption process using the bubbling reactor in different conditions as gas flow rate,CO2 ratio,absorbent t...In order to research ammonia escape in CO2 absorption by ammonia scrubbing,ammonia escape was studied in CO2 absorption process using the bubbling reactor in different conditions as gas flow rate,CO2 ratio,absorbent temperature and ammonia concentration and quantity of escaped ammonia was measured by chemical titration. The results indicated that,the amount of ammonia escape can be around 20% of original amount in90 min and the escaped amount will increase with the rise of gas flow rate, absorbent temperature,concentration of ammonia while decrease as CO2 ratio goes up. Through the analysis of the law of ammonia escape,at the same time,combined with ammonia escape and the influence of the relationship between the CO2 absorption efficiency,reducing ammonia escape working condition parameter optimization is given.展开更多
基金project was funded by the Foreign Youth Talent Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(QN2023014004L)to Amaël BORZÉEa grant from the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute(KEITI 2021002270001)to Yikweon JANGThe research was carried out whithin the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(theme No.124012200182-1).
文摘Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81874342Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,No.2020-MZLH-35.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most common digestive system cancers with high mortality rates worldwide.The main ingredients in Mu Ji Fang Granules(MJF)are alkaloids,flavonoids,and polysaccharides.MJF has been used in the clinical treatment of hepatitis,cirrhosis and HCC for more than 30 years.Few previous studies have focused on the mechanism of MJF on tumor immunology in the treatment of HCC.AIM To explore the mechanism of action of MJF on tumor immunology in the treatment of HCC.METHODS The absorbable ingredients of MJF were identified using Molecule Network related to High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electron Spray Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry,and hub potential anti-HCC targets were screened using network pharmacology and pathway enrichment analysis.Forty male mice were randomly divided into the Blank,Model,and MJF groups(1.8,5.4,and 10.8 g/kg/d)following 7 d of oral administration.Average body weight gain,spleen and thymus indices were calculated,tumor tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin,and Interferon gamma(IFN-γ),Tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),Interleukin-2,aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),Fas,and FasL were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay.Relevant mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl2 was evaluated by Real Time Quantitative PCR(RTqPCR)and protein expression of Transforming growth factorβ1(TGF-β1)and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog(SMAD)4 was assessed by Western blotting.The HepG2 cell line was treated with 10 mg/mL,20 mg/mL,30 mg/mL,40 mg/mL of MJF,and another 3 groups were treated with TGF-β1 inhibitor(LY364947)and different doses of MJF.Relevant mRNA expression of TNF-α,IFN-γ,Bax and Bcl2 was evaluated by RT-qPCR and protein expression of TGF-β1,SMAD2,p-SMAD2,SMAD4,and SMAD7 was assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS It was shown that MJF improved body weight gain and tumor inhibition rate in H22 tumorbearing mice,protected immune organs and liver function,reduced the HCC indicator AFP,affected immunity and apoptosis,and up-regulated the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway,by increasing the relative expression of TGF-β1,SMAD2,p-SMAD2 and SMAD4 and decreasing SMAD7,reducing immune factors TNF-αand IFN-γ,decreasing apoptosis cytokines Fas,FasL and Bcl2/Bax,and inhibiting the effect of LY364947 in HepG2 cells.CONCLUSION MJF inhibits HCC by activating the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway,and affecting immune and apoptotic cytokines,which may be due to MJF adjusting immune escape and apoptosis.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11873013)。
文摘The formulae for parameters of a negative electron affinity semiconductor(NEAS)with large mean escape depth of secondary electrons A(NEASLD)are deduced.The methods for obtaining parameters such asλ,B,E_(pom)and the maximumδandδat 100.0 keV≥E_(po)≥1.0 keV of a NEASLD with the deduced formulae are presented(B is the probability that an internal secondary electron escapes into the vacuum upon reaching the emission surface of the emitter,δis the secondary electron yield,E_(po)is the incident energy of primary electrons and E_(pom)is the E_(po)corresponding to the maximumδ).The parameters obtained here are analyzed,and it can be concluded that several parameters of NEASLDs obtained by the methods presented here agree with those obtained by other authors.The relation between the secondary electron emission and photoemission from a NEAS with large mean escape depth of excited electrons is investigated,and it is concluded that the presented method of obtaining A is more accurate than that of obtaining the corresponding parameter for a NEAS with largeλ_(ph)(λ_(ph)being the mean escape depth of photoelectrons),and that the presented method of calculating B at E_(po)>10.0 keV is more widely applicable for obtaining the corresponding parameters for a NEAS with largeλ_(ph).
基金CMMI 1760366 and the as-sociated data science supplementsA preliminary report of this work has been presented and discussed at the ASME 2022 Inter-national Design Engineering Technical Conference&Computer and Information in Engineering conference(IDETC/CIE 2022)。
文摘The interplay between noise and nonlinearites can lead to escape dynamics.Associated nonlinear phe-nomena have been observed in various applications ranging from climatology to biology and engineering.For reasons of computational ease,in most studies,Gaussian white noise is used.However,this noise model is not physical due to the associated infinite energy content.Here,the authors present extensive experimental investigations and numerical simulations conducted to examine the impact of noise color on escape times in nonlinear oscillators.With a careful parameterization of the numerical simulations,the authors are able to make quantitative comparisons with experimental results.Through the experi-ments and simulations,it is illustrated that the noise color can drastically influence escape times and escape probability.
文摘Objectives:A meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the effect of the escape room teaching method on nursing education.Methods:We searched PubMed,Medline,Web of Science,CNKI,VIP,and Wanfang databases,with a search time frame from the first day of database establishment to October 2022.Two researchers evaluated the quality of the obtained literature and extracted the data.The RevMan5.4 software was used for meta-analysis.Results:A total of 7 studies involving 1487 nursing students were included.Compared with the control group,the escape room teaching method improved the professional performance of nursing students[standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.98,95%confidence interval(CI;0.38,1.59),P<0.0001].The critical thinking ability of nursing students was enhanced[mean difference(MD)=12.64,95%CI(7.91,17.37),P<0.0001],and the investment level of nursing students in learning was improved[MD=4.18,95%CI(1.74,6.62),P<0.0001].Conclusion:The escape room teaching method can improve nursing students’professional performance,critical thinking ability,and learning engagement level.There is no significant difference in the impact of nursing teaching satisfaction,and there is still a lack of data support.This paper is limited by the quality and quantity of included literature,and more high-quality studies are still needed to further demonstrate the above conclusions.
文摘Alice Munro is one of the famous Canadian writers and is renowned above all for the astonishing subtlety of her short stories.Her theme has often been the dilemmas of the female coming to terms with family, friends in a small town. This paper attempts to make a brief introduction about the stories of Alice Munro's Runaway and explores the protagonist's choices in the dilemma situation, and then exposes the cruelty of reality is that they cannot get rid of the ineluctable reality of life. Escape is only a temporary action which cannot save them from endless triviality of life. What they should do is not to escape from life, but to adapt to the reality of life.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81873450)the Open Research Fund from Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine,Beijing Tongren Hospital,Beihang University&Capital Medical University(Grant No.BHTR-KFJJ-202009)The authors thank Life-Ontology Biological Technology Co.,Ltd for assistance with bioinfbrmatics analysis.
文摘Objective:Mantle cell lymphoma(MCL)is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL)with high heterogeneity and a high recurrence rate.How heterogenous cell populations contribute to relapse remains to be elucidated.Methods:We performed single cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)on approximately 4,000 bone marrow cells sampled from one patient with multidrug resistant MCL.We identified 10 subpopulations comprising 4 malignant B cell subtypes,3 T cell subtypes,2 dendritic cell subtypes and 1 natural killer(NK)cell subtype.Subsequently,we identified cell markers,including a series of genes associated with immune escape and drug resistance.In addition,we explored the roles of these genes in the mechanism of immune escape and drug resistance,and we verified the expression imbalance and clinical prognostic potential by using GEO datasets including 211 MCL samples.Results:The major immune escape mechanisms of MCL included anti-perforin activity,decreased immunogenicity and direct inhibition of apoptosis and cell killing,as mediated by type I and II B cells.The drug resistance mechanisms of different cell clusters included drug metabolism,DNA damage repair,apoptosis and survival promotion.Type III B cells closely communicate with other cells.The key genes involved in the resistance mechanisms showed dysregulated expression and may have significant clinical prognostic value.Conclusion:This study investigated potential immune escape and drug resistance mechanisms in MCL.The results may guide individualized treatment and promote the development of therapeutic drugs.
基金supported by Science and Technology Innovation Talents Program of Bingtuan(No.2019CB025)Major Scientific and Technological Project of Bingtuan(No.2018AA002)。
文摘Low temperature catalysts are attracting increasing attention in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of NO with NH3.Mn Ox-decorated Mg Al layered double oxide(Mn/Mg Al-LDO)was synthesized via a facile fast pour assisted co-precipitation(FP-CP)process.Compared to the Mn/Mg Al-LDO obtained via slow drop assisted coprecipitation(SD-CP)method,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)has excellent activity.The Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst was shown to possess a high NO conversion rate of 76%-100%from 25 to 150℃,which is much better than the control Mn/Mg Al-LDO(SD-CP)(29.4%-75.8%).In addition,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)offered an enhanced NO conversion rate of 97%and a N2selectivity of 97.3%at 100℃;the NO conversion rate was 100%and the N2selectivity was 90%at 150℃with a GHSV of 60,000 h^-1.The Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst exhibited a smaller fragment nano-sheet structure(sheet thickness of 7.23 nm).An apparent lattice disorder was observed in the HRTEM image confirming the presence of many defects.The H2-TPR curves show that the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst has abundant reducing substances.Furthermore,the enhanced surface acidity makes the NH3concentration of the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst lower than 100 ml·m^-3after the reaction from 25 to 400℃.This can effectively reduce the ammonia escape rate in the SCR reaction.Thus,the Mn/Mg Al-LDO(FP-CP)catalyst has potential applications in stationary industrial installations for environmentally friendly ultra-low temperature SCR.
文摘Hepatitis B represents a global health threat because its chronic course and sequelae contribute to a high morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection can be controlled by vaccines, antiviral treatment, and by interrupting transmission. Rare vaccine escape mutants are serious because they eliminate vaccine protection. Here, we present a 74-year-old vaccinated patient with HBV reactivation 11 years after kidney transplantation. The patient was HBV-positive but HBs Ag-negative prior to vaccination 6 years before transplantation. The reactivated virus was HBV genotype F3 with vaccine escape mutations G145 R, P120 Q, and Q129 P. The patient was successfully treated with entecavir. The epidemiological reasons for this subgenotype, which is extremely rare in Western Europe, were unclear. This case illustrates that second-generation vaccines are not always effective in a specific group of patients.
文摘Approximately 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B. The implementation of rigorous vaccination programs has led to an overall decrease in the prevalence of this disease worldwide but this may also have led to emergence of viral mutations that can escape the protection of hepatitis B surface antibody. As this phenomenon is increasingly recognized, concern for transmission to vaccinated individuals has also been raised. Herein, we describe two cases where the suspected presence of a hepatitis B surface antigen escape mutation impacted the decision to initiate early antiviral therapy, as well as provide a brief review of these mutations. Our findings described here suggest that a lower threshold for initiating therapy in these individuals should be considered in order to reduce the risk of transmission, as vaccination does not provide protection.
基金This work was financially supported by the Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(MMRKF201810)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41606077)This work was also financially supported by the China Geological Survey(DD20190582,DD20191009,DD20160214).
文摘Seabed fluid escape is active in the Makran subduction zone,Arabian Sea.Based on the new highresolution 2D seismic data,acoustic blanking zones and seafloor mounds are identified.Acoustic blanking zones include three kinds of geometries:Bell-shaped,vertically columnar and tilted zones.The bellshaped blanking zone is characterized by weak and discontinuous reflections in the interior and upbending reflections on the top,interpreted as gas chimneys.Vertically columnar blanking zone is interpreted as side-imaged gas chimneys associated with focused fluid flow and topped by a seafloor anomaly expressed as a localized reflection discontinuity,which may together serve as a vent structure.Tilted acoustic blanking zone could be induced by accretionary thrust activity and rapid sedimentation surrounding slope.Seafloor mounds occur at the sites of bell-shaped acoustic blanking zone and may be associated with the material intrusion.Bottom simulating refectors(BSRs)are widely distributed and exhibit a series of characteristics including diminished amplitude,low continuity as well as local shoaling overlapping with these acoustic blanking zones.The large amount of gases dissociated from the gas hydrates migrated upwards and then arrived at the near-seafloor sediments,followed by the formation of the gas hydrates and hence the seafloor mound.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U20A20408,and No.82074450Special Natural Science Fund for the Construction of an Innovative Province in Hunan Province,No.S2020JJMSXM1250+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2020JJ4066Hunan Province"domestic first-class cultivation discipline"Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western medicine open fund project,No.2018ZXYJH28 and No.2020ZXYJH35.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is characterized by dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the development of chemoresistance.Specifically,expression of the programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1)axis,an immune checkpoint,may lead to tumour immune escape,resulting in disease progression.The latest research shows that tumour immune escape may be caused by the upregulation of PD-L1 mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha(HIF-1α),and simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1αand PD-L1 has the potential to enhance the host’s antitumour immunity.Moreover,inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis may mitigate tumour chemoresistance.Shuyu pills(SYPs)contain immunity-enhancing and antitumour components,making them a potential HCC treatment.AIM To investigate the efficacy of SYPs for HCC treatment via simultaneous HIF-1α and PD-L1 inhibition and the mechanism involved.METHODS A subcutaneous xenograft tumour model was first established in BALB/c nude mice by the subcutaneous injection of 1×107 SMMC-7721 cells.Male mice(male,5 weeks old;n=24)were then randomly divided into the following four groups(n=6):Control(0.9%normal saline),SYP(200 mg/kg),SYP+cisplatin(DDP)(200 mg/kg+5 mg/kg DDP weekly via intraperitoneal injection),and DDP(5 mg/kg cisplatin weekly via intraperitoneal injection).The dose of saline or SYPs for the indicated mouse groups was 0.2 mL/d via intragastric administration.The tumour volumes and body weights of the mice were measured every 2 d.The mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation after 14 d of continuous treatment,and the xenograft tissues were excised and weighed.Western blot assays were used to measure the protein expression of HIF-1α,PD1,PD-L1,CD4+T cells,and CD8+T cells in HCC tumours from mice.Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used for real-time quantitative detection of PD-1,PD-L1,and HIF-1α mRNA expression.An immunofluorescence assay was conducted to examine the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.RESULTS Compared to mice in the control group,those in the SYP and SYP+DDP groups exhibited reduced tumour volumes and tumour weights.Moreover,the protein and mRNA expression levels of the oncogene HIF1α and that of the negative immunomodulatory factors PD-1 and PD-L1 were decreased in both the SYP and SYP+DDP groups,with the decrease effects being more prominent in the SYP+DDP group than in the SYP group(HIF-1α protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0129;control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;control vs DDP,P=0.0152,SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0448;HIF-1αmRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0009;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0192.PD-1 protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0099;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0009;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001;PD-1 mRNA:control vs SYP,P=0.0002;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P=0.0003,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0003;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.PD-L1 protein:control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0040;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0010;PD-L1 mRNA:Control vs SYP,P<0.0001;control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;control vs DDP,P<0.0001,SPY vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0014).Additionally,the quantitative and protein expression levels of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells were simultaneously upregulated in the SYP+DDP group,whereas only the expression of CD4+T cells was upregulated in the SYP group.(CD4+T cell quantitative:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0005;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0002.CD4+T cell protein:Control vs SYP,P=0.0033;Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;Control vs DDP,P=0.0021,SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0004;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0006.Quantitative CD8+T cells:Control vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0013;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P=0.0347;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P=0.0043.CD8+T cell protein:Control vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP vs SYP+DDP,P<0.0001;SYP+DDP vs DDP,P<0.0001).Finally,expression of HIF-1αwas positively correlated with that of PD-1/PD-L1 and negatively correlated with the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells.CONCLUSION SYPs inhibit immune escape and enhance chemosensitization in HCC via simultaneous inhibition of HIF-1α and PD-L1,thus inhibiting the growth of subcutaneous xenograft HCC tumours.
基金Supported by Italian Ministry of Education,University and Research--MIUR(PRIN 2012)to S.Landolfo(2012SNMJRL)and V.Dell’Oste(20127MFYBR)University of Turin,Research Funding 2014 to S.Landolfo,M.De Andrea,and V.Dell’OsteRegione Piemonte to S.Landolfo(PAR-FCS 2007/2013)
文摘Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"(RFs), and they form a vital element of the immune response to virus infections. Over time, however, viruses have evolved in a variety ways so that they are able to overcome these RF defenses via mechanisms that are specific for each virus. This review provides a summary of the universal characteristics of RFs, and goes on to focus on the strategies employed by some of the most important RFs in their attempt to control human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) infection. This is followed by a discussion of the counter-restriction mechanisms evolved by viruses to circumvent the host cell's intrinsic immune defenses. RFs include nuclear proteins IFN-γ inducible protein 16(IFI16)(a Pyrin/HIN domain protein), Sp100, promyelocytic leukemia, and h Daxx; the latter three being the keys elements of nuclear domain 10(ND10). IFI16 inhibits the synthesis of virus DNA by downregulating UL54 transcription- a gene encoding a CMV DNA polymerase; in response, the virus antagonizes IFI16 via a process involving viral proteins UL97 and pp65(p UL83), which results in the mislocalizing of IFI16 into the cytoplasm. In contrast, viral regulatory proteins, including pp71 and IE1, seek to modify or disrupt the ND10 proteins and thus block or reverse their inhibitory effects upon virus replication. All in all, detailed knowledge of these HCMV counter-restriction mechanisms will be fundamental for the future development of new strategies for combating HCMV infection and for identifying novel therapeutic agents.
基金Supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,No.15H05289
文摘AIM To investigate the prevalence and virological characteristics of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV) infections in patients with hematological malignancies in South Egypt.METHODS Serum samples were collected from 165 patients with hematological malignancies to monitor titers of HBV DNA, hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag), and antibodies to HBV core(anti-HBc) and surface antigens. Serum samples negative for HBs Ag and positive for anti-HBc were subjected to nucleic acid extraction and HBV DNA detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequences spanning the S region were analyzed in cases with occult HBV infection. In vitro comparative study of constructed 1.24-fold wild type and S protein mutant HBV genotype D clones was further performed. RESULTS HBV DNA was detected in 23(42.6%) of 54 patients with hematological malignancies who were HBsA g negative, but anti-HBc positive, suggesting the presence of occult HBV infection. The complete HBV genome was retrieved from 6 occult HBV patients, and P120 T and S143 L were detected in 3 and 2 cases, respectively. Site directed mutagenesis was done to produce 1.24-fold genotype D clones with amino acid mutations T120 and L143. The in vitro analyses revealed that a lower level of extracellular HBsA g was detected by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay(CLEIA) with the clone containing T120 mutation, compared with the wild type or the clone with S143 L mutation despite the similar levels of extracellular and intracellular HBs Ag detected by Western blot. Southern blot experiments showed that the levels of intracellular HBV DNA were not different between these clones. CONCLUSION Occult HBV infection is common in patients with hematological malignancies and associated with P120 T and S143 L mutations. 120 T mutation impairs the detection of HBsA g by CLEIA.
基金supported by the Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education,Tianjin,China(Grant No.2017KJ200)。
文摘Objective:Patients with cancer pain are highly dependent on morphine analgesia,but studies have shown a negative correlation between morphine demand and patient outcomes.The long-term use of morphine may result in abnormally elevated serum morphine-3-glucuronide(M3G)levels.Hence,the effects of M3G on tumor progression are worth studying.Methods:The effects of M3G on PD-L1 expressions in human non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)cell lines were first evaluated.Activation of TLR4 downstream pathways after M3G treatment was then determined by Western blot.The effects of M3G on human cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL)cytotoxicity and INF-γrelease was also detected.Finally,the LLC murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line were used to establish a murine lung cancer model,and the effects of M3G on tumor growth and metastasis were determined.Results:M3G promoted the expressions of PD-L1 in the A549 and H1299 cell lines in a TLR4-dependent manner(P<0.05).M3G activated the PI3 K and the NFκB signaling pathways,and this effect was antagonized by a TLR4 pathway inhibitor.A PI3 K pathway inhibitor reversed the M3G-mediated PD-L1 upregulation.M3G inhibited the cytotoxicity of CTL on A549 cells and decreased the level of INF-γ.Repeated M3G intraperitoneal injections promoted LLC tumor growth and lung metastasis through the upregulation of tumor expressed PD-L1 and the reduction of CTL in the tumor microenvironment.Conclusions:M3G specifically activated TLR4 in NSCLC cells and upregulated PD-L1 expression through the PI3 K signaling pathway,thereby inhibiting CTL cytotoxicity and finally promoting tumor immune escape.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program(International Science and Technology Cooperation Program)(Grant No.2010DFA24580-502)
文摘In order to research ammonia escape in CO2 absorption by ammonia scrubbing,ammonia escape was studied in CO2 absorption process using the bubbling reactor in different conditions as gas flow rate,CO2 ratio,absorbent temperature and ammonia concentration and quantity of escaped ammonia was measured by chemical titration. The results indicated that,the amount of ammonia escape can be around 20% of original amount in90 min and the escaped amount will increase with the rise of gas flow rate, absorbent temperature,concentration of ammonia while decrease as CO2 ratio goes up. Through the analysis of the law of ammonia escape,at the same time,combined with ammonia escape and the influence of the relationship between the CO2 absorption efficiency,reducing ammonia escape working condition parameter optimization is given.
