Context/objectives: The fight against Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is a long-term undertaking, which requires available, motivated and well-managed human resources (HR). The administrative management of sk...Context/objectives: The fight against Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is a long-term undertaking, which requires available, motivated and well-managed human resources (HR). The administrative management of skills on both qualitative and quantitative levels is one of the essential functions of a health system. To better implement policies of fight against High Blood Pressure (HBP) and other chronic diseases, it is important to establish strategies to retain health personnel. This loyalty requires favorable working conditions and consideration of the contribution-reward couple. Good working conditions are likely to reduce the phenomenon of medical nomadism;conversely, poor HR management can contribute to their exodus towards exotic “green pastures”, thus leading to an additional crisis in the Cameroonian health system. The fight against HBP is a complex, multifaceted and multifactorial reality that requires appropriate management model for all types of resources mainly HR. The main objective of this research is to show the impact of poor management of human resources in Cameroon health system on medical nomadism and the ineffectiveness of the fight against High Blood Pressure. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey among five hundred (500) health facilities in the center region of Cameroon has been conducted. A stratified probabilistic technique has been used, and the number of health facilities to be surveyed has been determined using the “sample size estimation table” of Depelteau. The physical questionnaires have been printed and then distributed to data collectors. After data collection, the latter were grouped during processing in Excel sheets. The Chi-square test was used for data with a qualitative value and that of Kolmogorov-Sminorf for data with a quantitative value to assess the normality and reliability of data. The Crochach’s Alpha reliability test allowed us to have a summary of the means and variances and then to search for intragroup correlations between variables. Descriptive analysis was possible with the XLSTAT 2016 software. Results: 43.60% of Health Facilities (HF) managers were unqualified. 82.20% of HF managers have staff in a situation of professional insecurity. They are mainly contractual (49.00), decision-making agents (24.40%), casual agents (08.80). The proportion of unstable personnel is average of 22.00% and very unstable, 12.00%.展开更多
University teachers play an important role in promoting moral and political education among university students.Regular and long-term construction of teachers’morality and ethics will contribute to the success of the...University teachers play an important role in promoting moral and political education among university students.Regular and long-term construction of teachers’morality and ethics will contribute to the success of the fundamental task of cultivating talents.The present study proposes that due to the multiple identities of university teachers,it is necessary to evaluate the construction of teachers’morality and ethics in terms of what to evaluate and how to evaluate?It is expected that the attempt will provide useful guidance for the construction of university teachers’morality and ethics.展开更多
The traditional mainstream of political philosophy establishes its thoughts on the subjectivity of“I”,which also formats its ethics of justice and freedom on the ground of selfness for itself and by itself.Political...The traditional mainstream of political philosophy establishes its thoughts on the subjectivity of“I”,which also formats its ethics of justice and freedom on the ground of selfness for itself and by itself.Political philosophers also incline to generalize and neutralize in labelling persons into the abstract concepts which ignore their particularity and diversity;as a result,this led to devastative consequence politically for the other,and also jeopardized the“I”.Hence Emmanuel Levinas provides his solution to this dilemma in an attempt to put the ethics of justice on the ground of the other.Justice for the other is the starting point for the political ethics.The other is the absolute infinity which cannot be encompassed by any conceptual generalization.It is otherness of the other that actually constitutes the selfness of“I”.The freedom of the other guarantees the freedom of“I”.Human being is initially ethical being.Justice for the other is the real foundation in securing justice for“I”.This mutual horizon of the other and I has primitive implication for the genuine ethics.展开更多
This paper takes the long-term mechanism exploration of the construction of teachers’ethics in the new era under the concept of“Sanquan education,”aiming to explore how to establish a long-term mechanism of the con...This paper takes the long-term mechanism exploration of the construction of teachers’ethics in the new era under the concept of“Sanquan education,”aiming to explore how to establish a long-term mechanism of the construction to meet the needs of college education development under the background of the new era.A series of targeted measures and suggestions are put forward,including improving the system and mechanism,strengthening the education and training of teachers’ethics,and establishing the evaluation and assessment mechanism.The implementation of these measures can promote the formation of the long-term mechanism of the construction of teachers’ethics in colleges and universities,improve teachers’ethics and behavior quality,and provide strong support for the development of education in colleges and universities.展开更多
There are costs for doing the right thing,but regret is not one of those costs.I learned this lesson the hard way throughout a 42-year engineering career.As a young engineer,raising a family,I was more adaptable to ma...There are costs for doing the right thing,but regret is not one of those costs.I learned this lesson the hard way throughout a 42-year engineering career.As a young engineer,raising a family,I was more adaptable to management mandates,i.e.,I was more willing to be unethical to keep my job to make money and have health insurance for my family.As I grew in age,experience,and stamina,I was less adaptable,i.e.,I was more ethical.This article tells this story through events at various times in my engineering career1.Ethics define how we do the right thing.展开更多
International relations(IR)as a discipline is currently experiencing a crisis that may be viewed as a protest against the Euro-centric theories in humanities and the Western view on global politics,some of the most vo...International relations(IR)as a discipline is currently experiencing a crisis that may be viewed as a protest against the Euro-centric theories in humanities and the Western view on global politics,some of the most vocal opponents coming from Asia,with China at its core.This paper aims to compare the principles that depict moral ethics serving as a base for political idealism in the West and the East with Kant’s views as a foundation for Western idealism and Confucius’s ethical theory as a ground for an ideal society from the Asian perspective.The comparison is conducted along the following axes:the notions of autonomy,will,and freedom,initially developed to depict an ideal world order in the Kantian view.As a result of this comparison,the common feature between the two types of ethics,namely the strive for human dignity,becomes apparent.In conclusion,the paper suggests that researchers should concentrate on common features in the two philosophies instead of juxtaposing their apparent differences,which politically reflect the opposition of individualism and collectivism.Stress on human dignity shall become a unifying factor in modern international politics instead.展开更多
It is imperative that all stakeholders within the research ecosystem take responsibility to improve research integrity and reliability of published research.Based on the unique experiences of a specialist publishing e...It is imperative that all stakeholders within the research ecosystem take responsibility to improve research integrity and reliability of published research.Based on the unique experiences of a specialist publishing ethics and research integrity team within a major publisher,this article provides insights into the observed trends of misconduct and how those have evolved over time,and addresses key actions needed to improve the interface between researchers,funders,institutions and publishers to collectively improve research integrity on a global scale.展开更多
This work is geared to carry out epistemic analysis of Kantian ethics of duty call vis-à-vis paranormal in Nigerian society among clergymen.The recent changes in Nigerian and other African countries like colonial...This work is geared to carry out epistemic analysis of Kantian ethics of duty call vis-à-vis paranormal in Nigerian society among clergymen.The recent changes in Nigerian and other African countries like colonialism that brought Western education,globalization,urbanization,and new religion(Islam and Christianity)have made it that divination in traditional African religion is no longer in vogue in this contemporary period.Divination and fortune telling have taken a new dimension in form of faith healing and miracles by some prophets and so called men of God like pastors,priests,and imam.The quest for materialism among the ministers and clerics of Islamic,Christian and traditional religion has made them abuse their religious calling for their selfish interests.This work makes use of analytic and critical methods of data analysis.This work postulates that Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call serves to provide a guiding principle to Nigeria clergymen of different religions on the need for them to carry out their religious duties out of good will.On the other hand,twisting or distorting the teachings of their religion to serve their various selfish interests contravenes Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call.Finally,they have to contribute positively to nation building by propagating or fostering the positive ideology,theories,or doctrines that will promote love and national unity in a multicultural country like Nigeria.展开更多
The subject of medical ethics is usually considered within the binary doctor-patient relationship.In the context of V.I.Vernadsky’s teaching about the Earth’s biosphere and living matter,this relationship turns into...The subject of medical ethics is usually considered within the binary doctor-patient relationship.In the context of V.I.Vernadsky’s teaching about the Earth’s biosphere and living matter,this relationship turns into a tripartite relationship.The third party is the natural environment around us,primarily the Earth’s biosphere.Thus,the problem of developing and improving medical ethics is connected with entropy-ecological issues.Against the background of this issue,the article draws attention to three issues:the issue of maintaining the chiral purity of living matter,the issue of coexistence and the fight against the world of viruses,and the issue of the danger of degradation of human intelligence under the influence of digitalization and robotization.All three questions relate to the physical and mental health of a person and correspond to what is included in the content of the concept of medical ethics.展开更多
The following contribution is the attempt to touch upon some fundamental questions for a reliable ethical diagnosis of what can be called the economic context of our epoch.For this purpose,we will consider a well-know...The following contribution is the attempt to touch upon some fundamental questions for a reliable ethical diagnosis of what can be called the economic context of our epoch.For this purpose,we will consider a well-known concept within the medieval economics in light of its modern reappropriation against the backdrop of transformative ethics:the meant concept is usury;the meant reappropriation is that of Ezra Pound.For reasons of space,the single steps will merely hint at ethical questions that require a much more careful investigation.Within these limits,the essay will therefore analyze certain traits of our current economic context while reconsidering its ethical dimension in the light of the concept of usury.The framework within which this analysis will be conducted is that of transformative ethics.展开更多
The accumulation of environmental problems,but also the ever-increasing impetuosity with which they manifest,led,starting in 1970,to the need for the emergence and development of a new branch of traditional ethics.Env...The accumulation of environmental problems,but also the ever-increasing impetuosity with which they manifest,led,starting in 1970,to the need for the emergence and development of a new branch of traditional ethics.Environmental ethics is concerned with finding answers to ethical questions circumscribed to the sphere of human relations with the non-human part of nature.The new field has proven to be an active involvement factor in promoting human values that emphasize the human-environment relationship.Many environmental ethicists believe that the non-human universe has value per se.The article undertakes a theoretical approach that tries to capture the relevant aspects of the efforts by which environmental ethicists combine their activity with other entities,responsible structures,in the collective intervention approach to improve environmental problems.展开更多
As the first black women Nobel laureate,Toni Morrison has drawn great attention with her fascinating and deep-thinking novels.Her 10th novel Home vividly shows the racial suffering and the post-war trauma of black vet...As the first black women Nobel laureate,Toni Morrison has drawn great attention with her fascinating and deep-thinking novels.Her 10th novel Home vividly shows the racial suffering and the post-war trauma of black veteran Frank,who has drawn critical attention from various perspectives.However,there is hardly any scholarly focus on another major character Cee,whose experience of medical and racial discrimination actually constitutes another important clue throughout the whole story.Therefore,this paper intends to analyze Home from the perspective of ethical relationship ethics,including doctor-patient relationship,doctor-society relationship,patient-society relationship,and patient-family relationship.The analysis indicates that Home not only reveals the history of medical racial discrimination and human experiment ethics problems under the rapid development of medical technology in the 1950s,but also inspire readers’thinking on the ethical problems and ethical dilemmas in the contemporary world.展开更多
Vaccination against life-threatening infectious illnesses is an important medical contribution that saves millions of lives worldwide each year.However,vaccine development and its use often attracted significant ethic...Vaccination against life-threatening infectious illnesses is an important medical contribution that saves millions of lives worldwide each year.However,vaccine development and its use often attracted significant ethical controversies.The ethical deliberations around vaccine research and use often utilize public health ethics principles where the benefit of the community at large or the common good is considered as the goal of ethical deliberations over benefits at the individual level.A scoping review of the literature regarding mandatory COVID-19 vaccination showed that many scholars recommended such a strategy based on the harm principle,and there is not much literature regarding other ethical principles that can be utilized to promote mandatory COVID-19 vaccination.展开更多
Based on the theory of situational simulation,the article explores the approach to building the medical interpretation course from three aspects,which are the objective,design,and teaching model.The course aims to cul...Based on the theory of situational simulation,the article explores the approach to building the medical interpretation course from three aspects,which are the objective,design,and teaching model.The course aims to cultivate high-quality medical interpreting talents and enhance students’practical interpretation skills,as well as to integrate professional ethics into teaching.Thus,it is necessary for lecturers to change their teaching philosophy,apply information technology,and improve teaching design.Through rich medical interpretation course,lecturers can promote the integration of professional ethics in medical interpretation.展开更多
The novel, The Grass is Singing, written by Doris Lessing, describes the tragic life of a white woman Mary living in South Africa. The article tries to explore the factors resulting in Mary's tragedy from the pers...The novel, The Grass is Singing, written by Doris Lessing, describes the tragic life of a white woman Mary living in South Africa. The article tries to explore the factors resulting in Mary's tragedy from the perspective of interpersonal ethics so as to reveal the suppression and distortion of traditional ethics over men's spirit and Lessing's humanistic feelings.展开更多
The professionalization of translation has been discussed by many scholars in recent years,which has inspired the intense discussion of translation ethics.Drawing upon Chesterman’s models on translation ethics,this p...The professionalization of translation has been discussed by many scholars in recent years,which has inspired the intense discussion of translation ethics.Drawing upon Chesterman’s models on translation ethics,this paper intends to examine the ethical problems in MTI students’escort interpreting for Vanuatu Sport Technical Assistance Project for the Pacific Mini Games in 2017 and China-ASEAN International Capacity Cooperation Forum in 2016.The data was collected by the methods of participant observation and informal interviews in the process of the two interpreting projects,especially the six-month assistance project.The ethical problems in the escort interpreting and the reasons that caused the problems were analyzed through case study.It is found that the major ethical problems that occurred are related to the ethics of communication,the norm-based ethics,and the ethics of commitment.These ethical problems were mainly related to the student escort interpreters’language proficiency,professional qualities,and intercultural/interpersonal communication competence.Some solutions are suggested based on Chesterman’s models on translation ethics.It is hoped that the research findings can provide some references to the implementation of the similar interpreting programs in the future,and enhance interpreting teaching and training programs.展开更多
The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the deductive model of ethical applications,which is based on normative ethical theories like deontology and consequentialism,and to show why a number of models ...The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the deductive model of ethical applications,which is based on normative ethical theories like deontology and consequentialism,and to show why a number of models have failed to furnish appropriate resolutions to practical moral problems.Here,for the deductive model,I want to call it a“Linear Mechanical Model”because the basic assumption of this model is that if a normative theory is sacrosanct,then the case is as it is.The conclusion derived from the case will also be correct,true and acceptable.However,traditional ethicists used to apply their ethical theories,but they did not know which moral theory was effective on the ground level of reality.The study will show readers how ethical theories are in conflict with each other in the case of euthanasia.In more precise words,“which ethical theories are said to be applied,meta-ethical or normative,or both for the resolution of ethical problems?If normative theories are said to be applied,how the application can take place when it is contrary to our experience,that(then)in a situation of moral crises,no one really applies a theory?”For that,my argument is the linear model has failed because it is rigid,often ignores the agents’intrinsic values,and has no space to amend it,no matter how bizarre the consequence is.Its alternative is the Inductive model.For that,the paper will take three moral principles(autonomy,beneficence including maleficence,and justice)of Beauchamp&Childress.This suggests us for resolving value-laden moral problems,we should consider some steps such as a)recognising moral issues to start with;b)developing the moral imagination;c)sharpening analytical/critical skills;d)testing out disagreements;e)effecting decisions and behavior;and f)implementation,closure,and process are of vital importance,in other words,it starts with the free and informed consensus of all interested parties,but this model also has been failed because the model could not give a systematic organization to their way of resolution.Here,my argument is that the inductive model provides resolution of the practical problem but ignores what is ethically obligatory,permissible,or wrong in that situation,and there are no appropriate suggestions in the case of a moral crisis.展开更多
On the basis of clarifying the teachers'Ethics internalization theory,this paper analyzes the typical dilemma in teachers'Ethics internalization.To resolve these problems,this paper construct an overall framew...On the basis of clarifying the teachers'Ethics internalization theory,this paper analyzes the typical dilemma in teachers'Ethics internalization.To resolve these problems,this paper construct an overall framework,including security mechanism,normative mechanism,education mechanism,evaluation mechanism and supervision mechanism,which the external conditions are used to constantly strengthen the moral needs of the subject,then enhance the consciousness of moral internalization,improve the effectiveness of teachers'moral construction.展开更多
The HIV pandemic seems to be fading to some degree—but there are regional exceptions. The current liberal prevention strategy with programs aimed at risk reduction interventions in particular for sexual behavior and ...The HIV pandemic seems to be fading to some degree—but there are regional exceptions. The current liberal prevention strategy with programs aimed at risk reduction interventions in particular for sexual behavior and injecting drug use has been expanded by antiretroviral treatment approaches. It was expected to keep the prevalence of infectious individuals below a certain threshold to curb self-sustaining chains of HIV infections. The introduction of biomedical approaches by ART/HAART with regard to practicing risk reduction behavior has been received as an exemption of responsibility by certain populations who are defined as “at-risk” population. Certain parts of the hard-to-reach, high-risk population have returned to unsafe sex practices leading to careless behavior which in turn has promoted the spread of HIV. This is supported by modern trends in risk societies where with regard to HIV basic principles of ethics and tenets of the Human Rights like “don’t harm other people” have lost any normative power. In addition, with the support of NGOs, legal norms such as protecting the “bodily integrity of individuals” have been ignored, allowing the “passing of HIV to partners” to become socially acceptable behavior. As a whole, in defiance of the endeavors of prevention applied so far, certain societies are exposed to an ongoing spread of HIV.展开更多
The objectives of this article are as follows: 1) to propose a university research ethics system framework, 2) to provide a brief anatomy of the Meru University of Science and Technology (MUST) Institutional Research ...The objectives of this article are as follows: 1) to propose a university research ethics system framework, 2) to provide a brief anatomy of the Meru University of Science and Technology (MUST) Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (MIRERC), 3) to perform a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of MIRERC, and 4) to make recommendations for improving its performance. The 13-member multi-disciplinary MIRERC was established in April 2017 to provide effective ethical oversight of research undertaken by the University’s scholarly community. Strengths of the MUST research ethics review system include a functional MIRERC, a pertinent national law and ethical guidelines, an Innovation and Enterprise Centre that could house a dedicated MIRERC Secretariat, and a supportive University Management Board. The weaknesses include lack of graduate schools to assure scientific rigor of proposals before submission to the MIRERC, lack of research ethics training in most school’s curricula, absence of a dedicated MIRERC Secretariat, undergraduate research proposals being not ethically reviewed, dearth of faculty trained in research ethics, and lack of an operating budget for MIRERC work. The opportunities include existence of about 22 accredited Institutional Research Ethics Review Committees (IRERC) in Kenya, existence of international standards and operational guidance for ethics review, availability of guidelines and codes of best ethical practices in research, existence of a free automated platform called Research for Health Innovation Organizer (RHInnO) Ethics for managing the ethics review process, and availability of external resources for strengthening IRERCs. In order to improve the performance and sustainability of the MUST research ethics system, there is need to include research ethics training in all undergraduate and post-graduate curricula, create a dynamic database of potential research ethics reviewers, allocate a percentage of the annual MUST research budget for MIRERC operations, charge a graduated fee for proposal ethics review, require all students’ and faculties’ internal and external research proposals be cleared by the MIRERC, and use the RHInnO Ethics platform to manage the ethics review process.展开更多
文摘Context/objectives: The fight against Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is a long-term undertaking, which requires available, motivated and well-managed human resources (HR). The administrative management of skills on both qualitative and quantitative levels is one of the essential functions of a health system. To better implement policies of fight against High Blood Pressure (HBP) and other chronic diseases, it is important to establish strategies to retain health personnel. This loyalty requires favorable working conditions and consideration of the contribution-reward couple. Good working conditions are likely to reduce the phenomenon of medical nomadism;conversely, poor HR management can contribute to their exodus towards exotic “green pastures”, thus leading to an additional crisis in the Cameroonian health system. The fight against HBP is a complex, multifaceted and multifactorial reality that requires appropriate management model for all types of resources mainly HR. The main objective of this research is to show the impact of poor management of human resources in Cameroon health system on medical nomadism and the ineffectiveness of the fight against High Blood Pressure. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey among five hundred (500) health facilities in the center region of Cameroon has been conducted. A stratified probabilistic technique has been used, and the number of health facilities to be surveyed has been determined using the “sample size estimation table” of Depelteau. The physical questionnaires have been printed and then distributed to data collectors. After data collection, the latter were grouped during processing in Excel sheets. The Chi-square test was used for data with a qualitative value and that of Kolmogorov-Sminorf for data with a quantitative value to assess the normality and reliability of data. The Crochach’s Alpha reliability test allowed us to have a summary of the means and variances and then to search for intragroup correlations between variables. Descriptive analysis was possible with the XLSTAT 2016 software. Results: 43.60% of Health Facilities (HF) managers were unqualified. 82.20% of HF managers have staff in a situation of professional insecurity. They are mainly contractual (49.00), decision-making agents (24.40%), casual agents (08.80). The proportion of unstable personnel is average of 22.00% and very unstable, 12.00%.
文摘University teachers play an important role in promoting moral and political education among university students.Regular and long-term construction of teachers’morality and ethics will contribute to the success of the fundamental task of cultivating talents.The present study proposes that due to the multiple identities of university teachers,it is necessary to evaluate the construction of teachers’morality and ethics in terms of what to evaluate and how to evaluate?It is expected that the attempt will provide useful guidance for the construction of university teachers’morality and ethics.
文摘The traditional mainstream of political philosophy establishes its thoughts on the subjectivity of“I”,which also formats its ethics of justice and freedom on the ground of selfness for itself and by itself.Political philosophers also incline to generalize and neutralize in labelling persons into the abstract concepts which ignore their particularity and diversity;as a result,this led to devastative consequence politically for the other,and also jeopardized the“I”.Hence Emmanuel Levinas provides his solution to this dilemma in an attempt to put the ethics of justice on the ground of the other.Justice for the other is the starting point for the political ethics.The other is the absolute infinity which cannot be encompassed by any conceptual generalization.It is otherness of the other that actually constitutes the selfness of“I”.The freedom of the other guarantees the freedom of“I”.Human being is initially ethical being.Justice for the other is the real foundation in securing justice for“I”.This mutual horizon of the other and I has primitive implication for the genuine ethics.
基金Central University of Finance and Economics Theoretical Research Project on Party Building and Ideological and Political Work(Project number:DJW23002)。
文摘This paper takes the long-term mechanism exploration of the construction of teachers’ethics in the new era under the concept of“Sanquan education,”aiming to explore how to establish a long-term mechanism of the construction to meet the needs of college education development under the background of the new era.A series of targeted measures and suggestions are put forward,including improving the system and mechanism,strengthening the education and training of teachers’ethics,and establishing the evaluation and assessment mechanism.The implementation of these measures can promote the formation of the long-term mechanism of the construction of teachers’ethics in colleges and universities,improve teachers’ethics and behavior quality,and provide strong support for the development of education in colleges and universities.
文摘There are costs for doing the right thing,but regret is not one of those costs.I learned this lesson the hard way throughout a 42-year engineering career.As a young engineer,raising a family,I was more adaptable to management mandates,i.e.,I was more willing to be unethical to keep my job to make money and have health insurance for my family.As I grew in age,experience,and stamina,I was less adaptable,i.e.,I was more ethical.This article tells this story through events at various times in my engineering career1.Ethics define how we do the right thing.
文摘International relations(IR)as a discipline is currently experiencing a crisis that may be viewed as a protest against the Euro-centric theories in humanities and the Western view on global politics,some of the most vocal opponents coming from Asia,with China at its core.This paper aims to compare the principles that depict moral ethics serving as a base for political idealism in the West and the East with Kant’s views as a foundation for Western idealism and Confucius’s ethical theory as a ground for an ideal society from the Asian perspective.The comparison is conducted along the following axes:the notions of autonomy,will,and freedom,initially developed to depict an ideal world order in the Kantian view.As a result of this comparison,the common feature between the two types of ethics,namely the strive for human dignity,becomes apparent.In conclusion,the paper suggests that researchers should concentrate on common features in the two philosophies instead of juxtaposing their apparent differences,which politically reflect the opposition of individualism and collectivism.Stress on human dignity shall become a unifying factor in modern international politics instead.
文摘It is imperative that all stakeholders within the research ecosystem take responsibility to improve research integrity and reliability of published research.Based on the unique experiences of a specialist publishing ethics and research integrity team within a major publisher,this article provides insights into the observed trends of misconduct and how those have evolved over time,and addresses key actions needed to improve the interface between researchers,funders,institutions and publishers to collectively improve research integrity on a global scale.
文摘This work is geared to carry out epistemic analysis of Kantian ethics of duty call vis-à-vis paranormal in Nigerian society among clergymen.The recent changes in Nigerian and other African countries like colonialism that brought Western education,globalization,urbanization,and new religion(Islam and Christianity)have made it that divination in traditional African religion is no longer in vogue in this contemporary period.Divination and fortune telling have taken a new dimension in form of faith healing and miracles by some prophets and so called men of God like pastors,priests,and imam.The quest for materialism among the ministers and clerics of Islamic,Christian and traditional religion has made them abuse their religious calling for their selfish interests.This work makes use of analytic and critical methods of data analysis.This work postulates that Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call serves to provide a guiding principle to Nigeria clergymen of different religions on the need for them to carry out their religious duties out of good will.On the other hand,twisting or distorting the teachings of their religion to serve their various selfish interests contravenes Immanuel Kant’s ethics of duty call.Finally,they have to contribute positively to nation building by propagating or fostering the positive ideology,theories,or doctrines that will promote love and national unity in a multicultural country like Nigeria.
文摘The subject of medical ethics is usually considered within the binary doctor-patient relationship.In the context of V.I.Vernadsky’s teaching about the Earth’s biosphere and living matter,this relationship turns into a tripartite relationship.The third party is the natural environment around us,primarily the Earth’s biosphere.Thus,the problem of developing and improving medical ethics is connected with entropy-ecological issues.Against the background of this issue,the article draws attention to three issues:the issue of maintaining the chiral purity of living matter,the issue of coexistence and the fight against the world of viruses,and the issue of the danger of degradation of human intelligence under the influence of digitalization and robotization.All three questions relate to the physical and mental health of a person and correspond to what is included in the content of the concept of medical ethics.
文摘The following contribution is the attempt to touch upon some fundamental questions for a reliable ethical diagnosis of what can be called the economic context of our epoch.For this purpose,we will consider a well-known concept within the medieval economics in light of its modern reappropriation against the backdrop of transformative ethics:the meant concept is usury;the meant reappropriation is that of Ezra Pound.For reasons of space,the single steps will merely hint at ethical questions that require a much more careful investigation.Within these limits,the essay will therefore analyze certain traits of our current economic context while reconsidering its ethical dimension in the light of the concept of usury.The framework within which this analysis will be conducted is that of transformative ethics.
文摘The accumulation of environmental problems,but also the ever-increasing impetuosity with which they manifest,led,starting in 1970,to the need for the emergence and development of a new branch of traditional ethics.Environmental ethics is concerned with finding answers to ethical questions circumscribed to the sphere of human relations with the non-human part of nature.The new field has proven to be an active involvement factor in promoting human values that emphasize the human-environment relationship.Many environmental ethicists believe that the non-human universe has value per se.The article undertakes a theoretical approach that tries to capture the relevant aspects of the efforts by which environmental ethicists combine their activity with other entities,responsible structures,in the collective intervention approach to improve environmental problems.
基金This paper is funded by key project of China National Social Science Fund(Project Number:19AWW007).
文摘As the first black women Nobel laureate,Toni Morrison has drawn great attention with her fascinating and deep-thinking novels.Her 10th novel Home vividly shows the racial suffering and the post-war trauma of black veteran Frank,who has drawn critical attention from various perspectives.However,there is hardly any scholarly focus on another major character Cee,whose experience of medical and racial discrimination actually constitutes another important clue throughout the whole story.Therefore,this paper intends to analyze Home from the perspective of ethical relationship ethics,including doctor-patient relationship,doctor-society relationship,patient-society relationship,and patient-family relationship.The analysis indicates that Home not only reveals the history of medical racial discrimination and human experiment ethics problems under the rapid development of medical technology in the 1950s,but also inspire readers’thinking on the ethical problems and ethical dilemmas in the contemporary world.
文摘Vaccination against life-threatening infectious illnesses is an important medical contribution that saves millions of lives worldwide each year.However,vaccine development and its use often attracted significant ethical controversies.The ethical deliberations around vaccine research and use often utilize public health ethics principles where the benefit of the community at large or the common good is considered as the goal of ethical deliberations over benefits at the individual level.A scoping review of the literature regarding mandatory COVID-19 vaccination showed that many scholars recommended such a strategy based on the harm principle,and there is not much literature regarding other ethical principles that can be utilized to promote mandatory COVID-19 vaccination.
基金“Research on Foreign Language Ability and Skill Training of Medical SCI Thesis Writing Under the Background of Building First-Class Universities and Disciplines of the World”(Project number:2017JAG156)“Feasibility Exploration and Practice of English Major Students as Standardized Patients for International Students of Clinical Medicine Teaching”(Project number:2019JAG147)“An Exploration on Building Innovative Teaching PTR Model(Practice-Teaching-Research)of Medical Interpreting in Medical Schools Based on Cognitive Interpreting”(Project number:XWK2023008)。
文摘Based on the theory of situational simulation,the article explores the approach to building the medical interpretation course from three aspects,which are the objective,design,and teaching model.The course aims to cultivate high-quality medical interpreting talents and enhance students’practical interpretation skills,as well as to integrate professional ethics into teaching.Thus,it is necessary for lecturers to change their teaching philosophy,apply information technology,and improve teaching design.Through rich medical interpretation course,lecturers can promote the integration of professional ethics in medical interpretation.
文摘The novel, The Grass is Singing, written by Doris Lessing, describes the tragic life of a white woman Mary living in South Africa. The article tries to explore the factors resulting in Mary's tragedy from the perspective of interpersonal ethics so as to reveal the suppression and distortion of traditional ethics over men's spirit and Lessing's humanistic feelings.
文摘The professionalization of translation has been discussed by many scholars in recent years,which has inspired the intense discussion of translation ethics.Drawing upon Chesterman’s models on translation ethics,this paper intends to examine the ethical problems in MTI students’escort interpreting for Vanuatu Sport Technical Assistance Project for the Pacific Mini Games in 2017 and China-ASEAN International Capacity Cooperation Forum in 2016.The data was collected by the methods of participant observation and informal interviews in the process of the two interpreting projects,especially the six-month assistance project.The ethical problems in the escort interpreting and the reasons that caused the problems were analyzed through case study.It is found that the major ethical problems that occurred are related to the ethics of communication,the norm-based ethics,and the ethics of commitment.These ethical problems were mainly related to the student escort interpreters’language proficiency,professional qualities,and intercultural/interpersonal communication competence.Some solutions are suggested based on Chesterman’s models on translation ethics.It is hoped that the research findings can provide some references to the implementation of the similar interpreting programs in the future,and enhance interpreting teaching and training programs.
文摘The primary aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the deductive model of ethical applications,which is based on normative ethical theories like deontology and consequentialism,and to show why a number of models have failed to furnish appropriate resolutions to practical moral problems.Here,for the deductive model,I want to call it a“Linear Mechanical Model”because the basic assumption of this model is that if a normative theory is sacrosanct,then the case is as it is.The conclusion derived from the case will also be correct,true and acceptable.However,traditional ethicists used to apply their ethical theories,but they did not know which moral theory was effective on the ground level of reality.The study will show readers how ethical theories are in conflict with each other in the case of euthanasia.In more precise words,“which ethical theories are said to be applied,meta-ethical or normative,or both for the resolution of ethical problems?If normative theories are said to be applied,how the application can take place when it is contrary to our experience,that(then)in a situation of moral crises,no one really applies a theory?”For that,my argument is the linear model has failed because it is rigid,often ignores the agents’intrinsic values,and has no space to amend it,no matter how bizarre the consequence is.Its alternative is the Inductive model.For that,the paper will take three moral principles(autonomy,beneficence including maleficence,and justice)of Beauchamp&Childress.This suggests us for resolving value-laden moral problems,we should consider some steps such as a)recognising moral issues to start with;b)developing the moral imagination;c)sharpening analytical/critical skills;d)testing out disagreements;e)effecting decisions and behavior;and f)implementation,closure,and process are of vital importance,in other words,it starts with the free and informed consensus of all interested parties,but this model also has been failed because the model could not give a systematic organization to their way of resolution.Here,my argument is that the inductive model provides resolution of the practical problem but ignores what is ethically obligatory,permissible,or wrong in that situation,and there are no appropriate suggestions in the case of a moral crisis.
文摘On the basis of clarifying the teachers'Ethics internalization theory,this paper analyzes the typical dilemma in teachers'Ethics internalization.To resolve these problems,this paper construct an overall framework,including security mechanism,normative mechanism,education mechanism,evaluation mechanism and supervision mechanism,which the external conditions are used to constantly strengthen the moral needs of the subject,then enhance the consciousness of moral internalization,improve the effectiveness of teachers'moral construction.
文摘The HIV pandemic seems to be fading to some degree—but there are regional exceptions. The current liberal prevention strategy with programs aimed at risk reduction interventions in particular for sexual behavior and injecting drug use has been expanded by antiretroviral treatment approaches. It was expected to keep the prevalence of infectious individuals below a certain threshold to curb self-sustaining chains of HIV infections. The introduction of biomedical approaches by ART/HAART with regard to practicing risk reduction behavior has been received as an exemption of responsibility by certain populations who are defined as “at-risk” population. Certain parts of the hard-to-reach, high-risk population have returned to unsafe sex practices leading to careless behavior which in turn has promoted the spread of HIV. This is supported by modern trends in risk societies where with regard to HIV basic principles of ethics and tenets of the Human Rights like “don’t harm other people” have lost any normative power. In addition, with the support of NGOs, legal norms such as protecting the “bodily integrity of individuals” have been ignored, allowing the “passing of HIV to partners” to become socially acceptable behavior. As a whole, in defiance of the endeavors of prevention applied so far, certain societies are exposed to an ongoing spread of HIV.
文摘The objectives of this article are as follows: 1) to propose a university research ethics system framework, 2) to provide a brief anatomy of the Meru University of Science and Technology (MUST) Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (MIRERC), 3) to perform a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of MIRERC, and 4) to make recommendations for improving its performance. The 13-member multi-disciplinary MIRERC was established in April 2017 to provide effective ethical oversight of research undertaken by the University’s scholarly community. Strengths of the MUST research ethics review system include a functional MIRERC, a pertinent national law and ethical guidelines, an Innovation and Enterprise Centre that could house a dedicated MIRERC Secretariat, and a supportive University Management Board. The weaknesses include lack of graduate schools to assure scientific rigor of proposals before submission to the MIRERC, lack of research ethics training in most school’s curricula, absence of a dedicated MIRERC Secretariat, undergraduate research proposals being not ethically reviewed, dearth of faculty trained in research ethics, and lack of an operating budget for MIRERC work. The opportunities include existence of about 22 accredited Institutional Research Ethics Review Committees (IRERC) in Kenya, existence of international standards and operational guidance for ethics review, availability of guidelines and codes of best ethical practices in research, existence of a free automated platform called Research for Health Innovation Organizer (RHInnO) Ethics for managing the ethics review process, and availability of external resources for strengthening IRERCs. In order to improve the performance and sustainability of the MUST research ethics system, there is need to include research ethics training in all undergraduate and post-graduate curricula, create a dynamic database of potential research ethics reviewers, allocate a percentage of the annual MUST research budget for MIRERC operations, charge a graduated fee for proposal ethics review, require all students’ and faculties’ internal and external research proposals be cleared by the MIRERC, and use the RHInnO Ethics platform to manage the ethics review process.
