Carbazole is an irreplaceable basic organic chemical raw material and intermediate in industry.The separation of carbazole from anthracene oil by environmental benign solvents is important but still a challenge in che...Carbazole is an irreplaceable basic organic chemical raw material and intermediate in industry.The separation of carbazole from anthracene oil by environmental benign solvents is important but still a challenge in chemical engineering.Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a sustainable green separation solvent have been proposed for the separation of carbazole from model anthracene oil.In this research,three quaternary ammonium-based DESs were prepared using ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donor and tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC),tetrabutylammonium bromide or choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptors.To explore their extraction performance of carbazole,the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) model was used to predict the activity coefficient at infinite dilution (γ^(∞)) of carbazole in DESs,and the result indicated TBAC:EG (1:2) had the stronger extraction ability for carbazole due to the higher capacity at infinite dilution (C^(∞)) value.Then,the separation performance of these three DESs was evaluated by experiments,and the experimental results were in good agreement with the COSMO-RS prediction results.The TBAC:EG (1:2) was determined as the most promising solvent.Additionally,the extraction conditions of TBAC:EG (1:2) were optimized,and the extraction efficiency,distribution coefficient and selectivity of carbazole could reach up to 85.74%,30.18 and 66.10%,respectively.Moreover,the TBAC:EG (1:2) could be recycled by using environmentally friendly water as antisolvent.In addition,the separation performance of TBAC:EG (1:2) was also evaluated by real crude anthracene,the carbazole was obtained with purity and yield of 85.32%,60.27%,respectively.Lastly,the extraction mechanism was elucidated byσ-profiles and interaction energy analysis.Theoretical calculation results showed that the main driving force for the extraction process was the hydrogen bonding ((N–H...Cl) and van der Waals interactions (C–H...O and C–H...π),which corresponding to the blue and green isosurfaces in IGMH analysis.This work presented a novel method for separating carbazole from crude anthracene oil,and will provide an important reference for the separation of other high value-added products from coal tar.展开更多
Corn as one of the world's major food crops,its by-product corn cob is also rich in resources.However,the unreasonable utilization of corn cob often causes the environmental pollution,waste of resources and other ...Corn as one of the world's major food crops,its by-product corn cob is also rich in resources.However,the unreasonable utilization of corn cob often causes the environmental pollution,waste of resources and other problems.As one of the most abundant polymers in nature,xylan is widely used in food,medicine,materials and other fields.Corn cob is rich in xylan,which is an ideal raw material for extracting xylan.However,the intractable lignin is covalently linked to xylan,which increases the difficulty of xylan extraction.It has been reported that the deep eutectic solvent(DES)could preferentially dissolve lignin in biomass,thereby dissolving the xylan.Then,the xylan in the extract was separated by ethanol precipitation method.The xylan precipitate was obtained after centrifugation,while the supernatant was retained.The components of the supernatant after ethanol precipitation were separated by the rotary evaporator.The ethanol,water and DES were collected for the subsequent extraction of corn cob xylan.In this study,a novel way was provided for the green production of corn cob xylan.The DES was used to extract xylan from corn cob which was used as the raw material.The effects of solid-liquid ratio,reaction time,reaction temperature and water content of DES on the extraction rate of corn cob xylan were investigated by the single factor test.Furthermore,the orthogonal test was designed to optimize the xylan extraction process.The structure of corn cob xylan was analyzed and verified.The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions of corn cob xylan were as follows:the ratio of corn cob to DES was 1:15(g:mL),the extraction time was 3 h,the extraction temperature was 60℃,and the water content of DES was 70%.Under these conditions,the extraction rate of xylan was 16.46%.The extracted corn cob xylan was distinctive triple helix of polysaccharide,which was similar to the structure of commercially available xylan.Xylan was effectively and workably extracted from corn cob by the DES method.This study provided a new approach for high value conversion of corn cob and the clean production of xylan.展开更多
As the demand for sustainable energy sources continues to rise,the need for efficient and reliable energy storage systems becomes crucial.In order to effectively store and distribute renewable energy,new and innovativ...As the demand for sustainable energy sources continues to rise,the need for efficient and reliable energy storage systems becomes crucial.In order to effectively store and distribute renewable energy,new and innovative solutions must be explored.This review examines the deep eutectic solvents(DESs)as a green,safe,and affordable solution for the electrochemical energy storage and conversion field,offering tremendous opportunities and a promising future.DESs are a class of environment-friendly solvents known for their low toxicity and unique properties,such as their good conductivity,high thermal stability,and nonflammability.This review explores the fundamentals,preparations,and various interactions that often predominate in the formation of DESs,the properties of DESs,and how DESs are better than traditional solvents involving cost-ineffective and unsafe organic electrolytes and ionic liquids as well as inefficient aqueous systems due to low energy density for electrochemical energy storage applications.Then,a particular focus is placed on the various electrochemical applications of DESs,including their role in the electrolytes in batteries/supercapacitors,electropolishing and electrodeposition of metals,synthesis of electrode materials,recycling of electrodes,and their potential for use in CO_(2)capture.The review concludes by exploring the challenges,research gaps,and future potential of DESs in electrochemical applications,providing a comprehensive overview,and highlighting key considerations for their design and use.展开更多
Levulinic acid(LA)is one of the top-12 most promising biomass-based platform chemicals,which has a wide range of applications in a variety of fields.However,separation and purification of LA from aqueous solution or a...Levulinic acid(LA)is one of the top-12 most promising biomass-based platform chemicals,which has a wide range of applications in a variety of fields.However,separation and purification of LA from aqueous solution or actual hydrolysate continues to be a challenge.Among various downstream separation technologies,liquid-liquid extraction is a low-cost,effective,and simple process to separate LA.The key breakthrough lies in the development of extractants with high extraction efficiency,good hydrophobicity,and low cost.In this work,three hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents(DESs)based on tri-n-octylamine(TOA)as hydrogen bond acceptor(HBA)and alcohols(butanol,2-octanol,and menthol)as hydrogen bond donors(HBDs)were developed to extract LA from aqueous solution.The molar ratios of HBD and HBA,extraction temperature,contact time,solution pH,and initial LA concentration,DES/water volume ratios were systematically investigated.Compared with 2-octanol-TOA and menthol-TOA DES,the butanol-TOA DES exhibited the superior extraction performance for LA,with a maximum extraction efficiency of 95.79±1.4%.Moreover,the solution pH had a great impact on the LA extraction efficiency of butanol-TOA(molar ratio=3:1).It is worth noting that the extraction equilibrium time was less than 0.5 h.More importantly,the butanol-TOA(3:1)DES possesses good extraction abilities for low,medium,and high concentrations of LA.展开更多
Important efforts have been made over the past years to improve the drug acts,which leads to the discovery of novel drug preparations and delivery systems.The optimal design of such processes requires a molecular-leve...Important efforts have been made over the past years to improve the drug acts,which leads to the discovery of novel drug preparations and delivery systems.The optimal design of such processes requires a molecular-level understanding of the interactions between drug molecules and biological membranes.The thermodynamic investigation provides deep and complete knowledge of interactions and the choice of appropriate and suitable production compounds in pharmaceutical fields.Particularly,the analysis of drugs+co-solvents in aqueous media is the central issue in many types of research because they exert their impact by interacting with biological membranes.This work is aimed to measure the density and speed of sound for the thiamine hydrochloride in water+deep eutectic solvents(DESs)mixtures(choline chloride/urea,choline chloride/ethylene glycol and choline chloride/glycerol)at temperature range(293.15-308.15)K.By correlation of the evaluated parameters in some standard relations,the partial molar parameters i.e.apparent molar volumes,Vφ,m,and apparent molar isentropic compression,κ_(s,φ,m),are calculated.In addition,apparent molar isobaric expansion,E^(0)_(φ,m),and Hepler’s constant are computed from the density and speed of sound data.For fitting the experimental Vφ,m andκ_(s,φ,m)the Redlich-Meyer equation was employed that the important quantities;standard partial molar volume,V^(0)_(m),and partial molar isentropic compression,κφ,m0,were obtained.The thermodynamic analysis of the studied system also plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry.展开更多
Sinomenine is the main bio-active ingredient of Sinomenii Caulis and usually produced by solventextraction techniques. However, the extraction of sinomenine suffers from the lack of highly efficient and environmentall...Sinomenine is the main bio-active ingredient of Sinomenii Caulis and usually produced by solventextraction techniques. However, the extraction of sinomenine suffers from the lack of highly efficient and environmentally-benign solvents. In this work, deep eutectic solvents(DESs) based on fragrances were synthesized, hydrogen-bond donors(HBDs) and hydrogen-bond acceptors(HBAs) components of DESs were identified and their extraction ability for sinomenine was evaluated and the extraction conditions were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal design experiments. It was found that the hydrogen-bonding interaction between sinomenine and DESs was the main extraction driving force and there was no explicit relationship between the extraction ability and the hydrophobicity of the DESs. The DESs could be recycled and sinomenine could be recovered quantitatively via backextraction. High-purity sinomenine((95.0 ± 2.3)%) could be produced. These findings suggest that DESs are highly-effective solvents for the isolation of sinomenine and exhibit great potential for the extraction of other bio-active compounds.展开更多
The development of green solvents for enhancing aqueous solubility of drug curcumin remains a challenge. This study explores the enhancing effect of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) on the aqueous solubility of curcumin(C...The development of green solvents for enhancing aqueous solubility of drug curcumin remains a challenge. This study explores the enhancing effect of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) on the aqueous solubility of curcumin(CUR) via experiment and theoretical calculation. Choline chloride-based DESs with polyols 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO), 1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors were prepared and used as co-solvents. The CUR aqueous solubility increased with increasing the DESs content at temperature of 303.15-318.15 K, especially in aqueous ChCl/1,2-PDO(mole ratio 1:4) solutions. The positive apparent molar volume values and reduced density gradient analysis confirmed the existence of strong interactions between CUR and solvent. The van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding coexisted in DESs monomer retained the stability of DESs structure after introducing CUR. Moreover,the lower interaction energy of DESs…CUR system than that of the counterpart DESs further proved the strong interaction between CUR and DESs. The lowest interaction energy of ChCl/1,2-PDO…CUR system indicated that this system was the most stable and ChCl/1,2-PDO was promising for CUR dissolution.This work provides efficient solvents for utilizing curcumin, contributing to a deep insight into the interactions between DES and CUR at the molecular level, and the role of DESs on enhancing drugs solubility.展开更多
Aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)have been highlighted as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage due to the abundant reserve,light weight,low cost,and good safety of Al.However,the ...Aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)have been highlighted as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage due to the abundant reserve,light weight,low cost,and good safety of Al.However,the development of AIBs faces challenges due to the usage of AlCl_(3)-based ionic liquid electrolytes,which are expensive,corrosive,and sensitive to humidity.Here,we develop a low-cost,non-corrosive,and air-stable hydrated eutectic electrolyte composed of aluminum perchlorate nonahydrate and methylurea(MU)ligand.Through optimizing the molar ratio to achieve the unique solvation structure,the formed Al(ClO_4)_(3)·9H_(2)O/MU hydrated deep eutectic electrolyte(AMHEE)with an average coordination number of 2.4 can facilely realize stable and reversible deposition/stripping of Al.When combining with vanadium oxide nanorods positive electrode,the Al-ion full battery delivers a high discharge capacity of 320 mAh g^(-1)with good capacity retention.The unique solvation structure with a low desolvation energy of the AMHEE enables Al^(3+)insertion/extraction during charge/discharge processes,which is evidenced by in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction.This work opens a new pathway of developing low-cost,safe,environmentally friendly and high-performance electrolytes for practical and sustainable AIBs.展开更多
Fracturing fluid property play a critical role in developing unconventional reservoirs.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)show fascinating potential for property improvement of clean fracturing fluids(CFFs)due to their low-p...Fracturing fluid property play a critical role in developing unconventional reservoirs.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)show fascinating potential for property improvement of clean fracturing fluids(CFFs)due to their low-price,low-toxicity,chemical stability and flexible designability.In this work,DESs were synthesized by mixing hydrogen bond acceptors(HBAs)and a given hydrogen bond donor(HBD)to explore their underlying influence on CFF properties based on the intermolecular interactions.The hydrogen-bonding,van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between DES components and surfactants improved the CFF properties by promoting the arrangement of surfactants at interface and enhancing the micelle network strength.The HBD enhanced the resistance of CFF for Ca^(2+) due to coordination-bonding interaction.The DESs composed of choline chloride(ChCl)and malonic acid show great enhancement for surface,rheology,temperature resistance,salt tolerance,drag reduction,and gel-breaking performance of CFFs.The DESs also improved the gel-breaking CFF-oil interactions,increasing the imbibition efficiencies to 44.2%in 74 h.Adjusting HBAs can effectively strengthen the intermolecular interactions(e.g.,HBA-surfactant and HBD-surfactant interactions)to improve CFF properties.The DESs developed in this study provide a novel strategy to intensify CFF properties.展开更多
Ni-Fe bimetallic electrodes are currently recognized as a kind of benchmark transition metal-based oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts.Facile synthesis of Ni-Fe bimetallic electrode materials with excellent...Ni-Fe bimetallic electrodes are currently recognized as a kind of benchmark transition metal-based oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts.Facile synthesis of Ni-Fe bimetallic electrode materials with excellent catalytic activity and satisfied stability by a simple and low-cost route is still a big challenge.Herein,well-defined Ni-Fe nanoparticles in-situ developed on a planar Fe substrate(Ni-Fe NPs/Fe)is fabricated via a facile one-step galvanic replacement reaction(GRR)carried out in an Ethaline-based deep eutectic solvent(DES).The prepared Ni-Fe NPs/Fe exhibits outstanding OER performance,which needs an overpotential of only 319 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),with a small Tafel slope of 41.2 mV dec^(-1) in 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH,high mass activity(up to 319.78 A g^(-1) at an overpotential of 300 mV)and robust durability for 200 h.Impressively,the Ni-Fe bimetallic oxygen-evolution electrode obtained from the Ethaline-based DES is catalytically more active and durable than that of its counterpart derived from the 4.2 mol L^(-1) NaCl aqueous solution.The reason for this is mainly related to the different morphology and surface state of the Ni-Fe catalysts obtained from these different solvent environments,particularly for the differences in phy-chemical properties,active species formed and deposition kinetics,offered by the Ethaline-based DES.展开更多
Thiol-ene click reaction is an intriguing strategy for preparing polymer electrolytes due to its high activity,atom economy and less side reaction.However,the explosive reaction rate and the use of non-electrolytic am...Thiol-ene click reaction is an intriguing strategy for preparing polymer electrolytes due to its high activity,atom economy and less side reaction.However,the explosive reaction rate and the use of non-electrolytic amine catalyst hamper its application in in-situ batteries.Herein,a nitrogen-containing eutectic solution is designed as both the catalyst of the thiol-ene reaction and the plasticizer to in-situ synthesize the gel polymer electrolytes,realizing a mild in-situ gelation process and the preparation of high-performance gel electrolytes.The obtained gel polymer electrolytes exhibit a high ionic conductivity of 4×10^(−4)S cm^(−1)and lithium-ion transference number(t_(Li)^(+))of 0.51 at 60°C.The as-assembled Li/LiFePO_(4)(LFP)cell delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 155.9 mAh g^(-1),and a favorable cycling stability with the capacity retention of 82%after 800 cycles at 1 C is also obtained.In addition,this eutectic solution significantly improves the rate performance of the LFP cell with high specific capacity of 141.5 and 126.8 mAh g^(-1)at 5 C and 10 C,respectively,and the cell can steadily work at various charge–discharge rate for 200 cycles.This powerful and efficient strategy may provide a novel way for in-situ preparing gel polymer electrolytes with desirable comprehensive performances.展开更多
Classical molecular dynamics simulations with global neural network machine learning potential are used to study early stage oxidation and dissolution behaviors of bcc Fe surfaces contacting with stagnant oxygen disso...Classical molecular dynamics simulations with global neural network machine learning potential are used to study early stage oxidation and dissolution behaviors of bcc Fe surfaces contacting with stagnant oxygen dissolved liquid leadbismuth eutectic(LBE-O).Both static and dynamic simulation results indicate that the early stage oxidation and dissolution behaviors of bcc Fe show strong orientation dependence under the liquid LBE environments,which may explain the experimental observations of uneven interface between iron-based materials and liquid LBE.Our investigations show that it is the delicate balance between the oxide growth and metal dissolution that leads to the observed corrosion anisotropy for bcc Fe contacting with liquid LBE-O.展开更多
The crystallization process of the eutectic composition of GdAlO_3-Al_2O_3 from the amorphous phase prepared by rapid-quenching of melt that leads to the formation of a cantaloupe skin-like microstructure was investig...The crystallization process of the eutectic composition of GdAlO_3-Al_2O_3 from the amorphous phase prepared by rapid-quenching of melt that leads to the formation of a cantaloupe skin-like microstructure was investigated using focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM).The amorphous films were heat-treated at temperatures between 1000 °C and 1500 °C for up to 30min to form the eutectic phases of GdAlO_3 and Al_2O_3.The GdAlO_3 and Al_2O_3 crystal phases that formed from the amorphous phase were identified by FIB-SEM and HR-TEM.Both components began to crystallize and grow from the amorphous phase separately at different temperatures.The formation process of these crystal phases was different from that of the ordinary eutectic microstructure solidified from the GdAlO_3-Al_2O_3 system.Therefore,the observed structure is termed "eutectic-like" for distinction.The microstructures formed from the amorphous phases at sufficiently high temperatures consisted of ultra-fine microstructures of individually crystallized components and were similar to ordinary eutectic microstructures.By heat-treating the amorphous films at 1500 °C for either 2 min,8min or 30min,the ultra-fine components of GdAlO_3 and Al_2O_3 were found to crystallize following a eutectic-like stage after 8min of heat treatment.展开更多
Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials,energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polym...Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials,energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polymers are not soluble in common solvents, which hinders their pretreatment and conversion. Deep eutectic solvents(DESs) are environmental-friendly, cheap, and highly tunable, with high solubility,which renders them potential applications in biomass pretreatment and conversion. They could be used as solvents or catalysts and so on. This paper intends to review the application of DESs for the pretreatment of biomass and conversion of biomass to value-added products. We focus on the following topics related to biomass and DESs:(1) DESs for the pretreatment of biomass;(2) DESs for the dissolution and separation of biomass or extraction of chemicals from biomass;(3) DESs for biomass conversion;(4) Drawbacks, and recyclability of DESs for pretreatment and conversion of biomass.展开更多
Deep eutectic solvents(DESs) are a new class of green solvents analogous to ionic liquids due to their biodegradable capacity and low cost. However, the direct extractive desulfurization of diesel oil by DESs cannot m...Deep eutectic solvents(DESs) are a new class of green solvents analogous to ionic liquids due to their biodegradable capacity and low cost. However, the direct extractive desulfurization of diesel oil by DESs cannot meet the government's standard. In this work, amphiphilic polyoxometalates were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and mass spectrometry.The oxidative desulfurization results showed that benzothiophene(BT) could be completely removed by employing a [(C_6H_(13))_3P(C_(14)H_(29))]_3PMo_(12)O_(40), DES(ChCl/2 Ac) and H_2O_2 system. It was also found that the organic cation of catalysts played a positive role in oxidative desulfurization. The reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature and time, the amount of catalyst and DES and H_2O_2/S(O/S) molar ratio, were optimized. Different sulfides were tested to determine the desulfurization selectivity of the optimal reaction system, and it was found that 97.2% of dibenzothiophene(DBT) could be removed followed by 80.7% of 4-MDBT and 76.0% of 4,6-DMDBT. After reaction, the IR spectra showed that the catalyst [(C_6H_(13))_3P(C_(14)H_(29))]_3PMo_(12)O_(40) was stable during the reaction process and the oxidative product was dibenzothiophene sulfone(DBTO_2). Furthermore, the catalyst can be regenerated and recycled for four runs with little loss of activity.展开更多
Al2O3/Al-Si alloy composite was manufactured by squeeze casting. The morphology of the eutectic silicon in the composite was observed by scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, and the modified mechanism of eutectic s...Al2O3/Al-Si alloy composite was manufactured by squeeze casting. The morphology of the eutectic silicon in the composite was observed by scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, and the modified mechanism of eutectic silicon in the composite was approached. The alumina fiber in the composite can trigger twin during the growth of Al-Si eutectic and lead to the modification of eutectic silicon near the fiber.展开更多
Being used more and more widely in engineering,AlSi alloys comprise about 80%of all kinds of aluminum alloys,which are the most widely utilized nonferrous alloys.Although most Al-Si alloys consist of multiple componen...Being used more and more widely in engineering,AlSi alloys comprise about 80%of all kinds of aluminum alloys,which are the most widely utilized nonferrous alloys.Although most Al-Si alloys consist of multiple components,the eutectics in the structure accounts for 50%-90%of the sum volume of such alloys.Therefore,understanding the modification mechanism and function rules of the AlSi eutectic solidification is the technical key in controlling the structures and properties of such casting alloys.The present paper chiefly reviews recent investigation developments and important conclusions along the lines of the functions of modification elements and their modification mechanism in the eutectic solidification of Al-Si alloys.展开更多
To investigate the possibility of inoculating eutectic cells, a novel Al-10Si-2Fe master alloy was synthesized and tested in Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy. The new master alloy that consists of α-Al, Si and β-Al5FeSi phas...To investigate the possibility of inoculating eutectic cells, a novel Al-10Si-2Fe master alloy was synthesized and tested in Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy. The new master alloy that consists of α-Al, Si and β-Al5FeSi phases was prepared by a casting process, and the silicon phase was found to grow epitaxially from the β-Al5FeSi particles. The inoculation effi ciency of the new master alloy on Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy has been investigated by quenching experiment and thermal analysis. With the addition of the new master alloy, the area density of eutectic cells is effectively increased by 100% and the eutectic growth temperature is increased by 1.5 oC. Therefore, the new master alloy is deduced to introduce nucleating substrates for eutectic cells and to refi ne the eutectic cells in Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy. There is no poisonous interaction between the Al-10Si-2Fe master alloy and the Sr in this study. Consequently, the mechanical properties have been improved by the addition of the new master alloy.展开更多
This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents(ADES) into Br?nsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character.The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified...This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents(ADES) into Br?nsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character.The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Br?nsted acidic deep eutectic solvents(BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents(LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.展开更多
An investigation on electromagnetically-stirred solidification of Al-CuAl2 eutectic system is presented in this paper. With electromagnetic stirring in solidification, structural transition from lamellar to rod-like e...An investigation on electromagnetically-stirred solidification of Al-CuAl2 eutectic system is presented in this paper. With electromagnetic stirring in solidification, structural transition from lamellar to rod-like eutectic has been found in the as-cast structures, and provided strong stirring is applied, proeutectic growth of α-Al phase is enhanced. Moreover, the interphase spacing of eutectic is clearly increased with melt flow intensified. Numerical computation of flow field is also presented, and the effect of stirring on structural formation is discussed.展开更多
基金financially supported by Shanxi Province Natural Science Foundation of China(20210302123167)NSFC-Shanxi joint fund for coal-based low carbon(U1610223)Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(2021SX-TD006).
文摘Carbazole is an irreplaceable basic organic chemical raw material and intermediate in industry.The separation of carbazole from anthracene oil by environmental benign solvents is important but still a challenge in chemical engineering.Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a sustainable green separation solvent have been proposed for the separation of carbazole from model anthracene oil.In this research,three quaternary ammonium-based DESs were prepared using ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donor and tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC),tetrabutylammonium bromide or choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptors.To explore their extraction performance of carbazole,the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) model was used to predict the activity coefficient at infinite dilution (γ^(∞)) of carbazole in DESs,and the result indicated TBAC:EG (1:2) had the stronger extraction ability for carbazole due to the higher capacity at infinite dilution (C^(∞)) value.Then,the separation performance of these three DESs was evaluated by experiments,and the experimental results were in good agreement with the COSMO-RS prediction results.The TBAC:EG (1:2) was determined as the most promising solvent.Additionally,the extraction conditions of TBAC:EG (1:2) were optimized,and the extraction efficiency,distribution coefficient and selectivity of carbazole could reach up to 85.74%,30.18 and 66.10%,respectively.Moreover,the TBAC:EG (1:2) could be recycled by using environmentally friendly water as antisolvent.In addition,the separation performance of TBAC:EG (1:2) was also evaluated by real crude anthracene,the carbazole was obtained with purity and yield of 85.32%,60.27%,respectively.Lastly,the extraction mechanism was elucidated byσ-profiles and interaction energy analysis.Theoretical calculation results showed that the main driving force for the extraction process was the hydrogen bonding ((N–H...Cl) and van der Waals interactions (C–H...O and C–H...π),which corresponding to the blue and green isosurfaces in IGMH analysis.This work presented a novel method for separating carbazole from crude anthracene oil,and will provide an important reference for the separation of other high value-added products from coal tar.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[21978070]Natural Science Foundation of Henan[212300410032,232103810065]+2 种基金Key Research and Development Projects of Henan Province[221111320500]Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province[20HASTIT034]Henan Province“Double First-Class”Project-Food Science and Technology.
文摘Corn as one of the world's major food crops,its by-product corn cob is also rich in resources.However,the unreasonable utilization of corn cob often causes the environmental pollution,waste of resources and other problems.As one of the most abundant polymers in nature,xylan is widely used in food,medicine,materials and other fields.Corn cob is rich in xylan,which is an ideal raw material for extracting xylan.However,the intractable lignin is covalently linked to xylan,which increases the difficulty of xylan extraction.It has been reported that the deep eutectic solvent(DES)could preferentially dissolve lignin in biomass,thereby dissolving the xylan.Then,the xylan in the extract was separated by ethanol precipitation method.The xylan precipitate was obtained after centrifugation,while the supernatant was retained.The components of the supernatant after ethanol precipitation were separated by the rotary evaporator.The ethanol,water and DES were collected for the subsequent extraction of corn cob xylan.In this study,a novel way was provided for the green production of corn cob xylan.The DES was used to extract xylan from corn cob which was used as the raw material.The effects of solid-liquid ratio,reaction time,reaction temperature and water content of DES on the extraction rate of corn cob xylan were investigated by the single factor test.Furthermore,the orthogonal test was designed to optimize the xylan extraction process.The structure of corn cob xylan was analyzed and verified.The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions of corn cob xylan were as follows:the ratio of corn cob to DES was 1:15(g:mL),the extraction time was 3 h,the extraction temperature was 60℃,and the water content of DES was 70%.Under these conditions,the extraction rate of xylan was 16.46%.The extracted corn cob xylan was distinctive triple helix of polysaccharide,which was similar to the structure of commercially available xylan.Xylan was effectively and workably extracted from corn cob by the DES method.This study provided a new approach for high value conversion of corn cob and the clean production of xylan.
文摘As the demand for sustainable energy sources continues to rise,the need for efficient and reliable energy storage systems becomes crucial.In order to effectively store and distribute renewable energy,new and innovative solutions must be explored.This review examines the deep eutectic solvents(DESs)as a green,safe,and affordable solution for the electrochemical energy storage and conversion field,offering tremendous opportunities and a promising future.DESs are a class of environment-friendly solvents known for their low toxicity and unique properties,such as their good conductivity,high thermal stability,and nonflammability.This review explores the fundamentals,preparations,and various interactions that often predominate in the formation of DESs,the properties of DESs,and how DESs are better than traditional solvents involving cost-ineffective and unsafe organic electrolytes and ionic liquids as well as inefficient aqueous systems due to low energy density for electrochemical energy storage applications.Then,a particular focus is placed on the various electrochemical applications of DESs,including their role in the electrolytes in batteries/supercapacitors,electropolishing and electrodeposition of metals,synthesis of electrode materials,recycling of electrodes,and their potential for use in CO_(2)capture.The review concludes by exploring the challenges,research gaps,and future potential of DESs in electrochemical applications,providing a comprehensive overview,and highlighting key considerations for their design and use.
基金supported by the Key Area Research&Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0101070001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978053,51508547)。
文摘Levulinic acid(LA)is one of the top-12 most promising biomass-based platform chemicals,which has a wide range of applications in a variety of fields.However,separation and purification of LA from aqueous solution or actual hydrolysate continues to be a challenge.Among various downstream separation technologies,liquid-liquid extraction is a low-cost,effective,and simple process to separate LA.The key breakthrough lies in the development of extractants with high extraction efficiency,good hydrophobicity,and low cost.In this work,three hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents(DESs)based on tri-n-octylamine(TOA)as hydrogen bond acceptor(HBA)and alcohols(butanol,2-octanol,and menthol)as hydrogen bond donors(HBDs)were developed to extract LA from aqueous solution.The molar ratios of HBD and HBA,extraction temperature,contact time,solution pH,and initial LA concentration,DES/water volume ratios were systematically investigated.Compared with 2-octanol-TOA and menthol-TOA DES,the butanol-TOA DES exhibited the superior extraction performance for LA,with a maximum extraction efficiency of 95.79±1.4%.Moreover,the solution pH had a great impact on the LA extraction efficiency of butanol-TOA(molar ratio=3:1).It is worth noting that the extraction equilibrium time was less than 0.5 h.More importantly,the butanol-TOA(3:1)DES possesses good extraction abilities for low,medium,and high concentrations of LA.
基金financial support from the graduate council of the University of Tabriz,Tabriz,Iran.
文摘Important efforts have been made over the past years to improve the drug acts,which leads to the discovery of novel drug preparations and delivery systems.The optimal design of such processes requires a molecular-level understanding of the interactions between drug molecules and biological membranes.The thermodynamic investigation provides deep and complete knowledge of interactions and the choice of appropriate and suitable production compounds in pharmaceutical fields.Particularly,the analysis of drugs+co-solvents in aqueous media is the central issue in many types of research because they exert their impact by interacting with biological membranes.This work is aimed to measure the density and speed of sound for the thiamine hydrochloride in water+deep eutectic solvents(DESs)mixtures(choline chloride/urea,choline chloride/ethylene glycol and choline chloride/glycerol)at temperature range(293.15-308.15)K.By correlation of the evaluated parameters in some standard relations,the partial molar parameters i.e.apparent molar volumes,Vφ,m,and apparent molar isentropic compression,κ_(s,φ,m),are calculated.In addition,apparent molar isobaric expansion,E^(0)_(φ,m),and Hepler’s constant are computed from the density and speed of sound data.For fitting the experimental Vφ,m andκ_(s,φ,m)the Redlich-Meyer equation was employed that the important quantities;standard partial molar volume,V^(0)_(m),and partial molar isentropic compression,κφ,m0,were obtained.The thermodynamic analysis of the studied system also plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 21307028)Foundation of Henan province (202102310614)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province (NSFRF210428)the Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University (KJS2016)。
文摘Sinomenine is the main bio-active ingredient of Sinomenii Caulis and usually produced by solventextraction techniques. However, the extraction of sinomenine suffers from the lack of highly efficient and environmentally-benign solvents. In this work, deep eutectic solvents(DESs) based on fragrances were synthesized, hydrogen-bond donors(HBDs) and hydrogen-bond acceptors(HBAs) components of DESs were identified and their extraction ability for sinomenine was evaluated and the extraction conditions were optimized by single-factor and orthogonal design experiments. It was found that the hydrogen-bonding interaction between sinomenine and DESs was the main extraction driving force and there was no explicit relationship between the extraction ability and the hydrophobicity of the DESs. The DESs could be recycled and sinomenine could be recovered quantitatively via backextraction. High-purity sinomenine((95.0 ± 2.3)%) could be produced. These findings suggest that DESs are highly-effective solvents for the isolation of sinomenine and exhibit great potential for the extraction of other bio-active compounds.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21905069, U21A20307, 22208073)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (ZDSYS20190902093220279, KQTD20170809110344233, GXWD20201230155427003-20200821181245001, GXWD20201230155427003-202008211 81809001, ZX20200151)the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (2020A1515110879)。
文摘The development of green solvents for enhancing aqueous solubility of drug curcumin remains a challenge. This study explores the enhancing effect of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) on the aqueous solubility of curcumin(CUR) via experiment and theoretical calculation. Choline chloride-based DESs with polyols 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO), 1,3-propanediol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol as hydrogen bond donors were prepared and used as co-solvents. The CUR aqueous solubility increased with increasing the DESs content at temperature of 303.15-318.15 K, especially in aqueous ChCl/1,2-PDO(mole ratio 1:4) solutions. The positive apparent molar volume values and reduced density gradient analysis confirmed the existence of strong interactions between CUR and solvent. The van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding coexisted in DESs monomer retained the stability of DESs structure after introducing CUR. Moreover,the lower interaction energy of DESs…CUR system than that of the counterpart DESs further proved the strong interaction between CUR and DESs. The lowest interaction energy of ChCl/1,2-PDO…CUR system indicated that this system was the most stable and ChCl/1,2-PDO was promising for CUR dissolution.This work provides efficient solvents for utilizing curcumin, contributing to a deep insight into the interactions between DES and CUR at the molecular level, and the role of DESs on enhancing drugs solubility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274302)。
文摘Aluminum-ion batteries(AIBs)have been highlighted as a potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage due to the abundant reserve,light weight,low cost,and good safety of Al.However,the development of AIBs faces challenges due to the usage of AlCl_(3)-based ionic liquid electrolytes,which are expensive,corrosive,and sensitive to humidity.Here,we develop a low-cost,non-corrosive,and air-stable hydrated eutectic electrolyte composed of aluminum perchlorate nonahydrate and methylurea(MU)ligand.Through optimizing the molar ratio to achieve the unique solvation structure,the formed Al(ClO_4)_(3)·9H_(2)O/MU hydrated deep eutectic electrolyte(AMHEE)with an average coordination number of 2.4 can facilely realize stable and reversible deposition/stripping of Al.When combining with vanadium oxide nanorods positive electrode,the Al-ion full battery delivers a high discharge capacity of 320 mAh g^(-1)with good capacity retention.The unique solvation structure with a low desolvation energy of the AMHEE enables Al^(3+)insertion/extraction during charge/discharge processes,which is evidenced by in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction.This work opens a new pathway of developing low-cost,safe,environmentally friendly and high-performance electrolytes for practical and sustainable AIBs.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52120105007,51834010)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.52222403).
文摘Fracturing fluid property play a critical role in developing unconventional reservoirs.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)show fascinating potential for property improvement of clean fracturing fluids(CFFs)due to their low-price,low-toxicity,chemical stability and flexible designability.In this work,DESs were synthesized by mixing hydrogen bond acceptors(HBAs)and a given hydrogen bond donor(HBD)to explore their underlying influence on CFF properties based on the intermolecular interactions.The hydrogen-bonding,van der Waals and electrostatic interactions between DES components and surfactants improved the CFF properties by promoting the arrangement of surfactants at interface and enhancing the micelle network strength.The HBD enhanced the resistance of CFF for Ca^(2+) due to coordination-bonding interaction.The DESs composed of choline chloride(ChCl)and malonic acid show great enhancement for surface,rheology,temperature resistance,salt tolerance,drag reduction,and gel-breaking performance of CFFs.The DESs also improved the gel-breaking CFF-oil interactions,increasing the imbibition efficiencies to 44.2%in 74 h.Adjusting HBAs can effectively strengthen the intermolecular interactions(e.g.,HBA-surfactant and HBD-surfactant interactions)to improve CFF properties.The DESs developed in this study provide a novel strategy to intensify CFF properties.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21962008)Yunnan Province Excellent Youth Fund Project (202001AW070005)+1 种基金Candidate Talents Training Fund of Yunnan Province (2017PY269SQ,2018HB007)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young&Elite Talents Project (YNWR-QNBJ-2018-346)。
文摘Ni-Fe bimetallic electrodes are currently recognized as a kind of benchmark transition metal-based oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts.Facile synthesis of Ni-Fe bimetallic electrode materials with excellent catalytic activity and satisfied stability by a simple and low-cost route is still a big challenge.Herein,well-defined Ni-Fe nanoparticles in-situ developed on a planar Fe substrate(Ni-Fe NPs/Fe)is fabricated via a facile one-step galvanic replacement reaction(GRR)carried out in an Ethaline-based deep eutectic solvent(DES).The prepared Ni-Fe NPs/Fe exhibits outstanding OER performance,which needs an overpotential of only 319 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),with a small Tafel slope of 41.2 mV dec^(-1) in 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH,high mass activity(up to 319.78 A g^(-1) at an overpotential of 300 mV)and robust durability for 200 h.Impressively,the Ni-Fe bimetallic oxygen-evolution electrode obtained from the Ethaline-based DES is catalytically more active and durable than that of its counterpart derived from the 4.2 mol L^(-1) NaCl aqueous solution.The reason for this is mainly related to the different morphology and surface state of the Ni-Fe catalysts obtained from these different solvent environments,particularly for the differences in phy-chemical properties,active species formed and deposition kinetics,offered by the Ethaline-based DES.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.51973073)the Fel owship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M701303)the analytical and testing assistance from the Analysis and Testing Center of HUST for support of this work
文摘Thiol-ene click reaction is an intriguing strategy for preparing polymer electrolytes due to its high activity,atom economy and less side reaction.However,the explosive reaction rate and the use of non-electrolytic amine catalyst hamper its application in in-situ batteries.Herein,a nitrogen-containing eutectic solution is designed as both the catalyst of the thiol-ene reaction and the plasticizer to in-situ synthesize the gel polymer electrolytes,realizing a mild in-situ gelation process and the preparation of high-performance gel electrolytes.The obtained gel polymer electrolytes exhibit a high ionic conductivity of 4×10^(−4)S cm^(−1)and lithium-ion transference number(t_(Li)^(+))of 0.51 at 60°C.The as-assembled Li/LiFePO_(4)(LFP)cell delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 155.9 mAh g^(-1),and a favorable cycling stability with the capacity retention of 82%after 800 cycles at 1 C is also obtained.In addition,this eutectic solution significantly improves the rate performance of the LFP cell with high specific capacity of 141.5 and 126.8 mAh g^(-1)at 5 C and 10 C,respectively,and the cell can steadily work at various charge–discharge rate for 200 cycles.This powerful and efficient strategy may provide a novel way for in-situ preparing gel polymer electrolytes with desirable comprehensive performances.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1832206).
文摘Classical molecular dynamics simulations with global neural network machine learning potential are used to study early stage oxidation and dissolution behaviors of bcc Fe surfaces contacting with stagnant oxygen dissolved liquid leadbismuth eutectic(LBE-O).Both static and dynamic simulation results indicate that the early stage oxidation and dissolution behaviors of bcc Fe show strong orientation dependence under the liquid LBE environments,which may explain the experimental observations of uneven interface between iron-based materials and liquid LBE.Our investigations show that it is the delicate balance between the oxide growth and metal dissolution that leads to the observed corrosion anisotropy for bcc Fe contacting with liquid LBE-O.
基金part of the study under the "Human Resource Development Center for Economic Region Leading Industry" Projectsupported by the Ministry of Education,Science & Technology(MEST)by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)
文摘The crystallization process of the eutectic composition of GdAlO_3-Al_2O_3 from the amorphous phase prepared by rapid-quenching of melt that leads to the formation of a cantaloupe skin-like microstructure was investigated using focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM).The amorphous films were heat-treated at temperatures between 1000 °C and 1500 °C for up to 30min to form the eutectic phases of GdAlO_3 and Al_2O_3.The GdAlO_3 and Al_2O_3 crystal phases that formed from the amorphous phase were identified by FIB-SEM and HR-TEM.Both components began to crystallize and grow from the amorphous phase separately at different temperatures.The formation process of these crystal phases was different from that of the ordinary eutectic microstructure solidified from the GdAlO_3-Al_2O_3 system.Therefore,the observed structure is termed "eutectic-like" for distinction.The microstructures formed from the amorphous phases at sufficiently high temperatures consisted of ultra-fine microstructures of individually crystallized components and were similar to ordinary eutectic microstructures.By heat-treating the amorphous films at 1500 °C for either 2 min,8min or 30min,the ultra-fine components of GdAlO_3 and Al_2O_3 were found to crystallize following a eutectic-like stage after 8min of heat treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21773307)
文摘Biomass is renewable, abundant, cheap, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials and has been used to produce chemicals, materials,energy, and fuels. However, most of the biomass, especially most of the biomass polymers are not soluble in common solvents, which hinders their pretreatment and conversion. Deep eutectic solvents(DESs) are environmental-friendly, cheap, and highly tunable, with high solubility,which renders them potential applications in biomass pretreatment and conversion. They could be used as solvents or catalysts and so on. This paper intends to review the application of DESs for the pretreatment of biomass and conversion of biomass to value-added products. We focus on the following topics related to biomass and DESs:(1) DESs for the pretreatment of biomass;(2) DESs for the dissolution and separation of biomass or extraction of chemicals from biomass;(3) DESs for biomass conversion;(4) Drawbacks, and recyclability of DESs for pretreatment and conversion of biomass.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21506080 and 21766007)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20150485)+1 种基金Advanced Talents of Jiangsu University (No. 15JDG053)A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Deep eutectic solvents(DESs) are a new class of green solvents analogous to ionic liquids due to their biodegradable capacity and low cost. However, the direct extractive desulfurization of diesel oil by DESs cannot meet the government's standard. In this work, amphiphilic polyoxometalates were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and mass spectrometry.The oxidative desulfurization results showed that benzothiophene(BT) could be completely removed by employing a [(C_6H_(13))_3P(C_(14)H_(29))]_3PMo_(12)O_(40), DES(ChCl/2 Ac) and H_2O_2 system. It was also found that the organic cation of catalysts played a positive role in oxidative desulfurization. The reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature and time, the amount of catalyst and DES and H_2O_2/S(O/S) molar ratio, were optimized. Different sulfides were tested to determine the desulfurization selectivity of the optimal reaction system, and it was found that 97.2% of dibenzothiophene(DBT) could be removed followed by 80.7% of 4-MDBT and 76.0% of 4,6-DMDBT. After reaction, the IR spectra showed that the catalyst [(C_6H_(13))_3P(C_(14)H_(29))]_3PMo_(12)O_(40) was stable during the reaction process and the oxidative product was dibenzothiophene sulfone(DBTO_2). Furthermore, the catalyst can be regenerated and recycled for four runs with little loss of activity.
文摘Al2O3/Al-Si alloy composite was manufactured by squeeze casting. The morphology of the eutectic silicon in the composite was observed by scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, and the modified mechanism of eutectic silicon in the composite was approached. The alumina fiber in the composite can trigger twin during the growth of Al-Si eutectic and lead to the modification of eutectic silicon near the fiber.
文摘Being used more and more widely in engineering,AlSi alloys comprise about 80%of all kinds of aluminum alloys,which are the most widely utilized nonferrous alloys.Although most Al-Si alloys consist of multiple components,the eutectics in the structure accounts for 50%-90%of the sum volume of such alloys.Therefore,understanding the modification mechanism and function rules of the AlSi eutectic solidification is the technical key in controlling the structures and properties of such casting alloys.The present paper chiefly reviews recent investigation developments and important conclusions along the lines of the functions of modification elements and their modification mechanism in the eutectic solidification of Al-Si alloys.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51371109)
文摘To investigate the possibility of inoculating eutectic cells, a novel Al-10Si-2Fe master alloy was synthesized and tested in Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy. The new master alloy that consists of α-Al, Si and β-Al5FeSi phases was prepared by a casting process, and the silicon phase was found to grow epitaxially from the β-Al5FeSi particles. The inoculation effi ciency of the new master alloy on Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy has been investigated by quenching experiment and thermal analysis. With the addition of the new master alloy, the area density of eutectic cells is effectively increased by 100% and the eutectic growth temperature is increased by 1.5 oC. Therefore, the new master alloy is deduced to introduce nucleating substrates for eutectic cells and to refi ne the eutectic cells in Sr-modifi ed A356 alloy. There is no poisonous interaction between the Al-10Si-2Fe master alloy and the Sr in this study. Consequently, the mechanical properties have been improved by the addition of the new master alloy.
基金The financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776074,21576081,and 2181101120)is greatly acknowledged
文摘This review divides the acidic deep eutectic solvents(ADES) into Br?nsted and Lewis DES according to their diversity of acidic character.The hydrogen bond donors and halide salts for formulating an ADES are classified, the synthesis methods are described, and the physicochemical properties including freezing point, acidity, density, viscosity and conductivity are presented. Furthermore, the applications of Br?nsted acidic deep eutectic solvents(BADES) and Lewis acidic deep eutectic solvents(LADES) are overviewed, respectively, covering the fields in dissolution, extraction, organic reaction and metal electrodeposition. It is expected that the ADES has great potential to replace the pollutional mineral acid, expensive and unstable solid acid, and costly ionic liquid in many acid-employed chemical processes, thus meeting the demands of green chemistry.
文摘An investigation on electromagnetically-stirred solidification of Al-CuAl2 eutectic system is presented in this paper. With electromagnetic stirring in solidification, structural transition from lamellar to rod-like eutectic has been found in the as-cast structures, and provided strong stirring is applied, proeutectic growth of α-Al phase is enhanced. Moreover, the interphase spacing of eutectic is clearly increased with melt flow intensified. Numerical computation of flow field is also presented, and the effect of stirring on structural formation is discussed.
