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An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness of Adversarial Examples in Malware Detection
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作者 Younghoon Ban Myeonghyun Kim Haehyun Cho 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第6期3535-3563,共29页
Antivirus vendors and the research community employ Machine Learning(ML)or Deep Learning(DL)-based static analysis techniques for efficient identification of new threats,given the continual emergence of novel malware ... Antivirus vendors and the research community employ Machine Learning(ML)or Deep Learning(DL)-based static analysis techniques for efficient identification of new threats,given the continual emergence of novel malware variants.On the other hand,numerous researchers have reported that Adversarial Examples(AEs),generated by manipulating previously detected malware,can successfully evade ML/DL-based classifiers.Commercial antivirus systems,in particular,have been identified as vulnerable to such AEs.This paper firstly focuses on conducting black-box attacks to circumvent ML/DL-based malware classifiers.Our attack method utilizes seven different perturbations,including Overlay Append,Section Append,and Break Checksum,capitalizing on the ambiguities present in the PE format,as previously employed in evasion attack research.By directly applying the perturbation techniques to PE binaries,our attack method eliminates the need to grapple with the problem-feature space dilemma,a persistent challenge in many evasion attack studies.Being a black-box attack,our method can generate AEs that successfully evade both DL-based and ML-based classifiers.Also,AEs generated by the attack method retain their executability and malicious behavior,eliminating the need for functionality verification.Through thorogh evaluations,we confirmed that the attack method achieves an evasion rate of 65.6%against well-known ML-based malware detectors and can reach a remarkable 99%evasion rate against well-known DL-based malware detectors.Furthermore,our AEs demonstrated the capability to bypass detection by 17%of vendors out of the 64 on VirusTotal(VT).In addition,we propose a defensive approach that utilizes Trend Locality Sensitive Hashing(TLSH)to construct a similarity-based defense model.Through several experiments on the approach,we verified that our defense model can effectively counter AEs generated by the perturbation techniques.In conclusion,our defense model alleviates the limitation of the most promising defense method,adversarial training,which is only effective against the AEs that are included in the training classifiers. 展开更多
关键词 Malware classification machine learning adversarial examples evasion attack CYBERSECURITY
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A new method of constructing adversarial examplesfor quantum variational circuits
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作者 颜金歌 闫丽丽 张仕斌 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第7期268-272,共5页
A quantum variational circuit is a quantum machine learning model similar to a neural network.A crafted adversarial example can lead to incorrect results for the model.Using adversarial examples to train the model wil... A quantum variational circuit is a quantum machine learning model similar to a neural network.A crafted adversarial example can lead to incorrect results for the model.Using adversarial examples to train the model will greatly improve its robustness.The existing method is to use automatic differentials or finite difference to obtain a gradient and use it to construct adversarial examples.This paper proposes an innovative method for constructing adversarial examples of quantum variational circuits.In this method,the gradient can be obtained by measuring the expected value of a quantum bit respectively in a series quantum circuit.This method can be used to construct the adversarial examples for a quantum variational circuit classifier.The implementation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with the existing method,our method requires fewer resources and is more efficient. 展开更多
关键词 quantum variational circuit adversarial examples quantum machine learning quantum circuit
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An Intelligent Secure Adversarial Examples Detection Scheme in Heterogeneous Complex Environments
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作者 Weizheng Wang Xiangqi Wang +5 位作者 Xianmin Pan Xingxing Gong Jian Liang Pradip Kumar Sharma Osama Alfarraj Wael Said 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2023年第9期3859-3876,共18页
Image-denoising techniques are widely used to defend against Adversarial Examples(AEs).However,denoising alone cannot completely eliminate adversarial perturbations.The remaining perturbations tend to amplify as they ... Image-denoising techniques are widely used to defend against Adversarial Examples(AEs).However,denoising alone cannot completely eliminate adversarial perturbations.The remaining perturbations tend to amplify as they propagate through deeper layers of the network,leading to misclassifications.Moreover,image denoising compromises the classification accuracy of original examples.To address these challenges in AE defense through image denoising,this paper proposes a novel AE detection technique.The proposed technique combines multiple traditional image-denoising algorithms and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)network structures.The used detector model integrates the classification results of different models as the input to the detector and calculates the final output of the detector based on a machine-learning voting algorithm.By analyzing the discrepancy between predictions made by the model on original examples and denoised examples,AEs are detected effectively.This technique reduces computational overhead without modifying the model structure or parameters,effectively avoiding the error amplification caused by denoising.The proposed approach demonstrates excellent detection performance against mainstream AE attacks.Experimental results show outstanding detection performance in well-known AE attacks,including Fast Gradient Sign Method(FGSM),Basic Iteration Method(BIM),DeepFool,and Carlini&Wagner(C&W),achieving a 94%success rate in FGSM detection,while only reducing the accuracy of clean examples by 4%. 展开更多
关键词 Deep neural networks adversarial example image denoising adversarial example detection machine learning adversarial attack
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Defending Adversarial Examples by a Clipped Residual U-Net Model
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作者 Kazim Ali Adnan N.Qureshi +2 位作者 Muhammad Shahid Bhatti Abid Sohail Mohammad Hijji 《Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing》 SCIE 2023年第2期2237-2256,共20页
Deep learning-based systems have succeeded in many computer vision tasks.However,it is found that the latest study indicates that these systems are in danger in the presence of adversarial attacks.These attacks can qu... Deep learning-based systems have succeeded in many computer vision tasks.However,it is found that the latest study indicates that these systems are in danger in the presence of adversarial attacks.These attacks can quickly spoil deep learning models,e.g.,different convolutional neural networks(CNNs),used in various computer vision tasks from image classification to object detection.The adversarial examples are carefully designed by injecting a slight perturbation into the clean images.The proposed CRU-Net defense model is inspired by state-of-the-art defense mechanisms such as MagNet defense,Generative Adversarial Net-work Defense,Deep Regret Analytic Generative Adversarial Networks Defense,Deep Denoising Sparse Autoencoder Defense,and Condtional Generattive Adversarial Network Defense.We have experimentally proved that our approach is better than previous defensive techniques.Our proposed CRU-Net model maps the adversarial image examples into clean images by eliminating the adversarial perturbation.The proposed defensive approach is based on residual and U-Net learning.Many experiments are done on the datasets MNIST and CIFAR10 to prove that our proposed CRU-Net defense model prevents adversarial example attacks in WhiteBox and BlackBox settings and improves the robustness of the deep learning algorithms especially in the computer visionfield.We have also reported similarity(SSIM and PSNR)between the original and restored clean image examples by the proposed CRU-Net defense model. 展开更多
关键词 Adversarial examples adversarial attacks defense method residual learning u-net cgan cru-et model
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Adversarial Examples Protect Your Privacy on Speech Enhancement System
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作者 Mingyu Dong Diqun Yan Rangding Wang 《Computer Systems Science & Engineering》 SCIE EI 2023年第7期1-12,共12页
Speech is easily leaked imperceptibly.When people use their phones,the personal voice assistant is constantly listening and waiting to be activated.Private content in speech may be maliciously extracted through automa... Speech is easily leaked imperceptibly.When people use their phones,the personal voice assistant is constantly listening and waiting to be activated.Private content in speech may be maliciously extracted through automatic speech recognition(ASR)technology by some applications on phone devices.To guarantee that the recognized speech content is accurate,speech enhancement technology is used to denoise the input speech.Speech enhancement technology has developed rapidly along with deep neural networks(DNNs),but adversarial examples can cause DNNs to fail.Considering that the vulnerability of DNN can be used to protect the privacy in speech.In this work,we propose an adversarial method to degrade speech enhancement systems,which can prevent the malicious extraction of private information in speech.Experimental results show that the generated enhanced adversarial examples can be removed most content of the target speech or replaced with target speech content by speech enhancement.The word error rate(WER)between the enhanced original example and enhanced adversarial example recognition result can reach 89.0%.WER of target attack between enhanced adversarial example and target example is low at 33.75%.The adversarial perturbation in the adversarial example can bring much more change than itself.The rate of difference between two enhanced examples and adversarial perturbation can reach more than 1.4430.Meanwhile,the transferability between different speech enhancement models is also investigated.The low transferability of the method can be used to ensure the content in the adversarial example is not damaged,the useful information can be extracted by the friendly ASR.This work can prevent the malicious extraction of speech. 展开更多
关键词 Adversarial example speech enhancement privacy protection deep neural network
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Eye Movement Modeling Examples as a Teaching Tool for Epidural Block
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作者 Emanuele Capogna Marco Scorzoni +5 位作者 Gian Luigi Gonnella Matteo Velardo Pier Paolo Giurì Mariano Ciancia Gaetano Draisci Giorgio Capogna 《Open Journal of Anesthesiology》 2023年第4期75-84,共10页
Introduction: Video examples with task demonstrations by experts, with the expert’s eye movements superimposed on the task, are known as “eye movement modeling examples” (EMME). We performed this study to evaluate ... Introduction: Video examples with task demonstrations by experts, with the expert’s eye movements superimposed on the task, are known as “eye movement modeling examples” (EMME). We performed this study to evaluate if there were improvements in the performance of anesthesia novice trainees when executing the epidural technique after an EMME of epidural block procedure. Methods: We developed an eye movement modeling example (EMME) from eye tracking recordings made by experienced anesthesiologists with more than 20 years of experience. Forty-two PGY3 anesthesia trainees who had never previously performed an epidural block were randomized to receive (study group) or not receive (control group) the EMME video before their institutional training. All the trainees were evaluated every 10 epidural blocks until the end of the rotation period, by an independent, blinded observer using the Global Rating Scale for Epidural Anesthesia (GRS). Results: Trainees who received the EMME training exhibited more respect for the patient’s tissues (P Discussion: This is the first study that has used the EMME for a practical, clinical teaching purpose on real patients and that has used it as an aid in teaching epidural anesthesia. We demonstrated that inexperienced trainees who received the EMME training improved their proficiency at epidural blocks as compared to those who had no EMME training beforehand. Given this result, we welcome further studies to investigate the impact and the role of EMME on clinical teaching in the field of anesthesia. 展开更多
关键词 Eye Tracking Eye Movement Modeling example Epidural Anesthesia
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微探仁爱版初中英语教材中“Example”部分的教学策略
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作者 王秀英 《名师在线(中英文)》 2024年第14期64-66,共3页
仁爱版初中英语教材中的“Example”部分是听说课教学的重要内容之一,也是学生在语言实践中迁移和运用知识的集中体现。如何提高“Example”部分教学内容的指导性、针对性和有效性是一线教师关注的焦点。文章分析了“Example”部分内容... 仁爱版初中英语教材中的“Example”部分是听说课教学的重要内容之一,也是学生在语言实践中迁移和运用知识的集中体现。如何提高“Example”部分教学内容的指导性、针对性和有效性是一线教师关注的焦点。文章分析了“Example”部分内容教学存在的问题,提出以主题意义为导向、深度融合教学与评价、合理分配教学时间和巩固教学成果等教学策略,以期提升“Example”部分的教学成效,逐步培养学生的英语学科核心素养。 展开更多
关键词 初中英语 example”部分 英语学科核心素养
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Auto-expanded multi query examples technology in content-based image retrieval 被引量:1
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作者 王小玲 谢康林 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2005年第3期287-292,共6页
In order to narrow the semantic gap existing in content-based image retrieval (CBIR),a novel retrieval technology called auto-extended multi query examples (AMQE) is proposed.It expands the single one query image ... In order to narrow the semantic gap existing in content-based image retrieval (CBIR),a novel retrieval technology called auto-extended multi query examples (AMQE) is proposed.It expands the single one query image used in traditional image retrieval into multi query examples so as to include more image features related with semantics.Retrieving images for each of the multi query examples and integrating the retrieval results,more relevant images can be obtained.The property of the recall-precision curve of a general retrieval algorithm and the K-means clustering method are used to realize the expansion according to the distance of image features of the initially retrieved images.The experimental results demonstrate that the AMQE technology can greatly improve the recall and precision of the original algorithms. 展开更多
关键词 content-based image retrieval SEMANTIC multi query examples K-means clustering
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Patterns of Clay Minerals Transformation in Clay Gouge, with Examples from Revers Fault Rocks in Devonina Niqiuhe Formation in The Dayangshu Basin 被引量:2
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作者 MENG Jie LI Benxian +1 位作者 ZHANG Juncheng LIU Xiaoyang 《Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2017年第S1期59-60,共2页
The role of authigenic clay growth in clay gouge is increasingly recognized as a key to understanding the mechanics of berittle faulting and fault zone processes,including creep and seismogenesis,and providing new ins... The role of authigenic clay growth in clay gouge is increasingly recognized as a key to understanding the mechanics of berittle faulting and fault zone processes,including creep and seismogenesis,and providing new insights into the ongoing debate about the frictional strength of brittle fault(Haines and van der Pluijm,2012).However,neither the conditions nor the processes which 展开更多
关键词 with examples from Revers Fault Rocks in Devonina Niqiuhe Formation in The Dayangshu Basin Patterns of Clay Minerals Transformation in Clay Gouge
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A Survey on Adversarial Examples in Deep Learning 被引量:1
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作者 Kai Chen Haoqi Zhu +1 位作者 Leiming Yan Jinwei Wang 《Journal on Big Data》 2020年第2期71-84,共14页
Adversarial examples are hot topics in the field of security in deep learning.The feature,generation methods,attack and defense methods of the adversarial examples are focuses of the current research on adversarial ex... Adversarial examples are hot topics in the field of security in deep learning.The feature,generation methods,attack and defense methods of the adversarial examples are focuses of the current research on adversarial examples.This article explains the key technologies and theories of adversarial examples from the concept of adversarial examples,the occurrences of the adversarial examples,the attacking methods of adversarial examples.This article lists the possible reasons for the adversarial examples.This article also analyzes several typical generation methods of adversarial examples in detail:Limited-memory BFGS(L-BFGS),Fast Gradient Sign Method(FGSM),Basic Iterative Method(BIM),Iterative Least-likely Class Method(LLC),etc.Furthermore,in the perspective of the attack methods and reasons of the adversarial examples,the main defense techniques for the adversarial examples are listed:preprocessing,regularization and adversarial training method,distillation method,etc.,which application scenarios and deficiencies of different defense measures are pointed out.This article further discusses the application of adversarial examples which currently is mainly used in adversarial evaluation and adversarial training.Finally,the overall research direction of the adversarial examples is prospected to completely solve the adversarial attack problem.There are still a lot of practical and theoretical problems that need to be solved.Finding out the characteristics of the adversarial examples,giving a mathematical description of its practical application prospects,exploring the universal method of adversarial example generation and the generation mechanism of the adversarial examples are the main research directions of the adversarial examples in the future. 展开更多
关键词 Adversarial examples generation methods defense methods
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Examples for Clinical Use of Ma Zi Ren Wan
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作者 张书文 段树民 《Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2002年第3期216-217,共2页
  Ma Zi Ren Wan (麻子仁丸), originally recorded in Treatise on Febrile Diseases (伤寒论), is composed of Ma Zi Ren (麻子仁Fructus Cannabis), Bai Shao (白芍Radix Paeoniae Alba), Zhi Shi (枳实Fructus Aurantii Immaturu...   Ma Zi Ren Wan (麻子仁丸), originally recorded in Treatise on Febrile Diseases (伤寒论), is composed of Ma Zi Ren (麻子仁Fructus Cannabis), Bai Shao (白芍Radix Paeoniae Alba), Zhi Shi (枳实Fructus Aurantii Immaturus), Da Huang (大黄Radix etRhizoma Rhei), Hou Po (厚朴cortex Magnoliae Officinalis) and Xing Ren (杏仁Semen Armeniacae Amarum). Good therapeutic results have been achieved by using Ma ZiRen Wan in treatment of febrile disease at the restoring stage, chronic consumptive diseases, hemorrhoid, disorders in women after delivery, chronic kidney disease, senile constipation, pulmonary heart disease, diabetes, coronary heart disease and hypertension. Some illustrative cases are introduced below.   …… 展开更多
关键词 麻子仁 火麻仁 examples for Clinical Use of Ma Zi Ren Wan 厚朴 木兰属
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The algorithm AE_(11) of learning from examples
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作者 ZHANG Hai-yi BI Jian-dong 《Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)》 EI CAS 2006年第2期226-232,共7页
We first put forward the idea of a positive extension matrix (PEM) on paper. Then, an algorithm, AE_ 11, was built with the aid of the PEM. Finally, we made the comparisons of our experimental results and the final re... We first put forward the idea of a positive extension matrix (PEM) on paper. Then, an algorithm, AE_ 11, was built with the aid of the PEM. Finally, we made the comparisons of our experimental results and the final result was fairly satisfying. 展开更多
关键词 learning from examples concept acquisition inductive learning knowledge acquisition
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Environmental Implication of Subaqueous Lava Flows from A Continental Large Igneous Province: Examples from the Moroccan Central Atlantic Magmatic Province(CAMP)
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作者 S.EL GHILANI N.YOUBI +4 位作者 J.MADEIRA E.H.CHELLAI ALBERTO LóPEZGALINDO L.MARTINS J.MATA 《Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第S1期117-,共1页
The Early Jurassic volcanic sequence of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province(CAMP)of Morocco is classically subdivided into four stratigraphic units:the Lower,Middle,Upper and Recurrent Formations separated
关键词 examples from the Moroccan Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Environmental Implication of Subaqueous Lava Flows from A Continental Large Igneous Province CAMP
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SOME EXAMPLES OF TRANSITION SPANS MINERALIZING AND ANALYSIS OFTHEIR DYNAMICS
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作者 BI Hua1, ZHAO Zhi zhong1, ZHU Wei huang2, YANG Yuan gen2,HUANG Lan3 and LIU Qiang3(1. Department of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Hainan Normal College, Haikou 571158, China 2. Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China 3. Biology Department, Hainan Normal College,Haikou 571158,China) 《Geotectonica et Metallogenia》 2002年第1期89-92,共4页
The transitional span is a special environment for deposits. Taking peat, oil gas, metallic deposits as examples, this paper discusses the spatial temporal transitional characteristics of mineralization in transitiona... The transitional span is a special environment for deposits. Taking peat, oil gas, metallic deposits as examples, this paper discusses the spatial temporal transitional characteristics of mineralization in transitional regions, points out the importance of the mineralization in transition spans, and analyses their dynamics finally. 展开更多
关键词 TRANSITION SPANS ORE formation examples DYNAMICS
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Examples of Folklor in Dainba
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作者 NGAZHISDANBO LHALOGYIA 《China's Tibet》 1997年第6期43-43,共1页
关键词 examples of Folklor in Dainba
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英文论文中“suchas,forexample,e.g.,i.e.,etc.,et al.”的用法分析 被引量:3
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作者 黄龙旺 龚汉忠 《编辑学报》 CSSCI 北大核心 2008年第2期124-124,共1页
关键词 SUCH as for example e.g. i.e. etc. ET a1. 用法分析
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Selection of Example Varieties Used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L. 被引量:1
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作者 刘艳芳 张建华 +6 位作者 王烨 陈海荣 徐云 杨晓洪 张惠 管俊娇 王江民 《Agricultural Science & Technology》 CAS 2012年第10期2110-2111,2116,共3页
[Objective] Taking the characteristic of flower diameter of Tagetes L.as an example,this study aimed to select example varieties used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.[Method] Two continuous years of measurement... [Objective] Taking the characteristic of flower diameter of Tagetes L.as an example,this study aimed to select example varieties used in the DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L.[Method] Two continuous years of measurements of flower diameter of 25 varieties were collected and then analyzed by using the box plot to illustrate the uniformity and stability of flower diameter of each variety.[Result] According to the information of variability,distribution symmetry of measurements and outliers of flower diameter of varieties provided by box plots,variety 16,2 and 4 were selected as the example varieties for the three expression states with respective flower diameter of 3.0-4.4,6.0-7.4 and 9.0-10.4 cm.[Conclusion] The box plot is an efficient method for the general analysis of varieties,which provides information covering the actual and possible expression range,median and outliers of measurements of flower diameter of each variety.It also provides references for selecting example varieties for other quantitative characteristics and evaluating the quality of varieties. 展开更多
关键词 DUS Test Guideline of Tagetes L. Quantitative characteristic example variety The box plot
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基于语料库的学习者例证词“for example”对比研究 被引量:1
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作者 郭书彩 李娜 徐瑞华 《河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》 CSSCI 北大核心 2015年第1期103-108,160,共6页
基于英美大学生作文语料库(LOCNESS)和中国英语学习者语料库(CLEC)调查中国英语学习者在写作中使用例证词"for example"的特点,研究发现,中国英语学习者无论在使用频数还是在用法上都具有明显区别于本族语者的特征。
关键词 语料库 例证词 for examplE LOCNESS CLEC
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Local Adaptive Gradient Variance Attack for Deep Fake Fingerprint Detection
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作者 Chengsheng Yuan Baojie Cui +2 位作者 Zhili Zhou Xinting Li Qingming Jonathan Wu 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第1期899-914,共16页
In recent years,deep learning has been the mainstream technology for fingerprint liveness detection(FLD)tasks because of its remarkable performance.However,recent studies have shown that these deep fake fingerprint de... In recent years,deep learning has been the mainstream technology for fingerprint liveness detection(FLD)tasks because of its remarkable performance.However,recent studies have shown that these deep fake fingerprint detection(DFFD)models are not resistant to attacks by adversarial examples,which are generated by the introduction of subtle perturbations in the fingerprint image,allowing the model to make fake judgments.Most of the existing adversarial example generation methods are based on gradient optimization,which is easy to fall into local optimal,resulting in poor transferability of adversarial attacks.In addition,the perturbation added to the blank area of the fingerprint image is easily perceived by the human eye,leading to poor visual quality.In response to the above challenges,this paper proposes a novel adversarial attack method based on local adaptive gradient variance for DFFD.The ridge texture area within the fingerprint image has been identified and designated as the region for perturbation generation.Subsequently,the images are fed into the targeted white-box model,and the gradient direction is optimized to compute gradient variance.Additionally,an adaptive parameter search method is proposed using stochastic gradient ascent to explore the parameter values during adversarial example generation,aiming to maximize adversarial attack performance.Experimental results on two publicly available fingerprint datasets show that ourmethod achieves higher attack transferability and robustness than existing methods,and the perturbation is harder to perceive. 展开更多
关键词 FLD adversarial attacks adversarial examples gradient optimization transferability
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Low-rank matrix recovery with total generalized variation for defending adversarial examples
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作者 Wen LI Hengyou WANG +4 位作者 Lianzhi HUO Qiang HE Linlin CHEN Zhiquan HE Wing W.Y.Ng 《Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第3期432-445,共14页
Low-rank matrix decomposition with first-order total variation(TV)regularization exhibits excellent performance in exploration of image structure.Taking advantage of its excellent performance in image denoising,we app... Low-rank matrix decomposition with first-order total variation(TV)regularization exhibits excellent performance in exploration of image structure.Taking advantage of its excellent performance in image denoising,we apply it to improve the robustness of deep neural networks.However,although TV regularization can improve the robustness of the model,it reduces the accuracy of normal samples due to its over-smoothing.In our work,we develop a new low-rank matrix recovery model,called LRTGV,which incorporates total generalized variation(TGV)regularization into the reweighted low-rank matrix recovery model.In the proposed model,TGV is used to better reconstruct texture information without over-smoothing.The reweighted nuclear norm and Li-norm can enhance the global structure information.Thus,the proposed LRTGV can destroy the structure of adversarial noise while re-enhancing the global structure and local texture of the image.To solve the challenging optimal model issue,we propose an algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a certain defense capability against black-box attacks,and outperforms state-of-the-art low-rank matrix recovery methods in image restoration. 展开更多
关键词 Total generalized variation Low-rank matrix Alternating direction method of multipliers Adversarial example
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