Soil faunas account for 23%of known animal species and play a crucial role in ecosystem processes such as mineralizing nutrients,regulating microbial community composition,forming soil aggregates,and enhancing primary...Soil faunas account for 23%of known animal species and play a crucial role in ecosystem processes such as mineralizing nutrients,regulating microbial community composition,forming soil aggregates,and enhancing primary productivity.However,due to global climate change,population density,community composition,and distribution patterns of soil fauna vary.Understanding the responses of soil fauna to major environmental change facilitate the conservation of biodiversity.Therefore,a review work of recent researches for analysing the effects of key environmental factors on soil fauna,such as warming,drought,food quality,and soil physical-chemical properties was studied.For most species,warming may exert a positive effect on their abundance and population development,however,it can inhibit the survival and reproduction of hibernating species.Drought leads to low soil porosity and water holding capacity,which reduces soil fauna population and changes their community composition.Drought also can reduce the coverage of flora and alter microclimate of the soil surface,which in turn indirectly reduces fauna abundance.Climate warming and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide can reduce litter quality,which will force soil fauna to change their dietary choices(from higher-quality foods to poor quality foods)and reduce reproduction for survival.However,it is still predicted that enhanced species richness of plant(or litter)mixtures will positively affect soil fauna diversity.Habitat loss caused by the deterioration of soil physical-chemical property is primary factor affecting soil fauna.We mainly discuss the threats of increased salinity(a major factor in arid land)to soil fauna and their potential responses to anthropogenic disturbance in saline soils.The increase in soil salinity can override other factors that favour habitat specialists,leading to negative effects on soil fauna.Moreover,we find that more studies are needed to explore the responses of soil fauna in saline soils to human activities.And the relationship of important ecological processes with soil fauna density,community structure,and diversity needs to be redefined.展开更多
This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to s...This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.展开更多
The fossil hamster(an isolated m1) from the early Early Pleistocene Houhecun fauna found in Dali, Weinan, Shaanxi, China, originally identified as Kowalskia dalinica, is reexamined. Its unique characters, including a ...The fossil hamster(an isolated m1) from the early Early Pleistocene Houhecun fauna found in Dali, Weinan, Shaanxi, China, originally identified as Kowalskia dalinica, is reexamined. Its unique characters, including a high crown, very small degree of division of the anteroconid and relatively large size, is taken as evidence of its attribution to the genus Sinocricetus, instead of Kowalskia(junior synonym of Neocricetodon) suggested by the original author. Therefore, the specific name of the species established based on this m1 should be changed to S. dalinicus(Wang, 1988). S. dalinicus probably has a relatively close affinity with S. major Li, 2010, but there are still some obvious differences of characters between them. The discovery of S. dalinicus in the Houhecun fauna confirms that the genus indeed survived into the Pleistocene. A broken hamster mandible, which was found in Weinan, Shaanxi, China and belongs to the late Pliocene Youhe fauna, is also described here and identified as Tscherskia sp.. This specimen represents the earliest Tscherskia in Asia so far, but fails to refute the hypothesis that the genus originated in Europe during the early Pliocene.展开更多
From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The ...From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices ofmammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a tem-perature-falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species ofmammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistoceneage. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry-cold)to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, beingMiddle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. Inthe cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early LatePleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper ho-rizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.展开更多
This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Pro...This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Provincial Museum for studing.A short fieldinvestigation was made by Wang Jinwen,Sha Yesue(BGMRSD),Han Qingwen(SDM)andthe present author in same year.The age of the fauna is tentatively considered as the late Late Eocene,probably correlatedas the Heti Fauna(Yuanqu Basin).It represents the first occurrence of Late Eocene fossils inthis province.展开更多
This paper gives a brief report on the new occurrence of the Early CambrianQiongzhusi’ an Chengjiang fauna in the Haikou area, Kunming and its assemblage feature andthe stratigraphic section of the horizon yielding t...This paper gives a brief report on the new occurrence of the Early CambrianQiongzhusi’ an Chengjiang fauna in the Haikou area, Kunming and its assemblage feature andthe stratigraphic section of the horizon yielding these fossils. Eight genera and 8 species ofTrilobitoidea are described here, embracing Leanchoilia asiatica Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Yohoiasinensis Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Zhongxinia speciosa Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Xandarellaspectuculum Hou et al., Dianchia mirabilis Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Kuamaia lata Hou,Retifacies longispinus Luo et Hu (sp. nov.) and Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al.展开更多
Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses...Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.展开更多
From March 2014 to February 2015, the soil fauna community in the karst cave wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve was investigated. A total of 3,820 soil fauna was obtained, belonging to 31 orders, 11 classes, and 3 phyla...From March 2014 to February 2015, the soil fauna community in the karst cave wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve was investigated. A total of 3,820 soil fauna was obtained, belonging to 31 orders, 11 classes, and 3 phyla. The dominant groups were Araneae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, accounting for 48.90% of the total catch. There were 18 common groups and 10 rare groups. The diversity analysis showed that the Banzhai karst cave wetland had the largest soil fauna community diversity index and evenness index and that the Dongsai karst cave wetland had the largest number of groups and individuals. The seasonal variation of the soil fauna in the karst cave wetlands was analyzed: the number of soil fauna individuals showed a downtrend in summer, autumn, spring and winter; there were the highest number of phytophagous soil fauna, followed by predatory soil fauna and saprophagous soil fauna.展开更多
The fossil nautiloids described in this paper were collected in 1984 and 1985 from Lunshan, Jurong in Jiangsu; there the Ordovician strata are well developed and may be divided in descending order into seven formation...The fossil nautiloids described in this paper were collected in 1984 and 1985 from Lunshan, Jurong in Jiangsu; there the Ordovician strata are well developed and may be divided in descending order into seven formations as follows:Upper Ordovician: Wufeng Formation Tangtou FormationMiddle Ordovician Pagoda Formation Lower OrdovicianKuniutan FormationDawan FormationHunghuayuan FormationLunshan FormationThese nautiloids comprise 36 species belonging to 13 genera (including one new genus and 11 new species), namely,Middle OrdovicianPagoda FormationSinoceras chinense (Foord), Michelinoceras changjiangense Chen, densn (Y), M. paraelongatum Chang.Lower OrdovicianKuniutan FormationRhynchorthoceras jurongense sp. nov., R. lunshanense sp. nov., Dideroceras wahlenbergi (Foord), D. holmi Flower, Michlinoceras irregulare sp. nov., Kotoceras gaoluncunense sp. nov.Dawan Formation.Cochlioceras yantzeense Chang, Chisiloceras ichangense Wang, C. yaoshanense Qi, C. changyangense (Chang), Protocycloceras deprati Reed, P. hupehcnse (Shimizu and Obata), P. sichuanense Wang, P. remotum Lai, P. gangshanense sp. nov., P. siphosedimentum Pan, P. chaoi sp. nov., P.shishantouense sp. nov., P. gaojiabianense sp. nov., Changyangoceras gaojiabianense sp. nov., Gangshanoceras jurongense gen. et sp. nov., G. densum gen. et sp. nov., Michelinoceras cf. dayongense Lai, Troedssonella lunshanensis sp. nov., Mesosendoceras leei (Y), Vaginoceras peiyangense malukonense Chen, Dideroceras mui (Chang), D. gaoluncunense sp. nov.展开更多
The by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery includes a number of marine invertebrates that are discarded because they do not have commercial value.In order to try to add some value to these materials,we analyzed the chem...The by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery includes a number of marine invertebrates that are discarded because they do not have commercial value.In order to try to add some value to these materials,we analyzed the chemical composition of the starfish Luidia senegalensis collected in the Brazilian coast as a consequence of the trawling fishery method.In order to access their chemical composition,we used a combination of solid phase extraction(SPE)followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-IT-MSn).Luidia sene-galensis contains asterosaponins,which are sulphated glycosilated steroids,containing five and six sugar moieties,in addition to polyhydroxysteroids.This study helped us to support the presence of important and potentially bioactive compounds in invertebrates associated to the by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery,using a fast and efficient method.展开更多
Well known for its abundant and extraordinary soft-tissue fossils,the Chengjiang fauna has witnessed the main phase of the Cambrian explosion and the first great congress of the ancestors of nearly all major phyla of ...Well known for its abundant and extraordinary soft-tissue fossils,the Chengjiang fauna has witnessed the main phase of the Cambrian explosion and the first great congress of the ancestors of nearly all major phyla of animals on Earth.The large-scale survey and exploration of the fauna by Chinese paleontologists,partly in collaboration with international scientists,over the past 30 years can be broadly divided into three stages.In the first decade since 1984(19841994),a large number of invertebrates,including basal animals and the protostomes of the early animal tree were discovered,but the subkingdom Deuterostomia was completely unknown.Then in the second decade(19952005),the great discoveries of various deuterostomes led to the construction of the basic framework of the Deuterostomia and then to the formation of the tripartite phylogenetic trees of early animals(TPTEA,including basal animals,protostomes and deuterostomes),for the first time.In the third decade(after 2005),the academic community began to think about the internal relationships between the formation of TPTEA and the multiepisode Cambrian explosion,leading to the new hypothesis of the three-episode Cambrian explosion.The Chengjiang fauna is important for deciphering the fauna structure,paleoecological environment,and so on.However,its core academic values mainly rest on two aspects.Firstly,The Chengjiang fauna,as the main phase witness of the Cambrian explosion,has created a nearly complete phylogenetic framework of the TPTEA on Earth for the first time.The three-phase radiation hypothesis reveals the essential connotation of the Cambrian explosion:a step-wise divergent evolution of animals,from basal to highly advanced groups,lasting about 40 million years.In the first phase,it gave birth to a bulk of basal animals(including some now extinct“animal”groups)in the latest Ediacaran,probably including some pioneer protostomes.The second phase took place in the first epoch of the Cambrian period(Terreneuvian),giving rise to the main invertebrate protostomes with a persistent prosperity of basal animals.The third phase proceeded in Cambrian Epoch 2(represented by the Chengjiang fauna),which not only maintained the prosperity of basal animals and protostomes,but also,more importantly,gave birth to all the main phyla of the subkingdom Deuterostomia.Thus,the rudimental framework of the whole TPTEA has been shaped,with the termination of the major innovation events of the Cambrian explosion.Here,we discussed the evolutionary properties of Ediacaran biota,small shelly fossils and the Chengjiang fauna in the Cambrian explosion with emphasis on the biological properties of several important animal groups.The order Myllokunmingiida is the only known oldest vertebrate,while Yunnanozoon and Haikouella are neither vertebrates nor stem-group chordates but a special group of basal deuterostomes;Cheungkongella is a credible ancestor of the urochordate and it supports the classical hypothesis on the origin of the urochordates;and the gill slits were first invented in the members of the phylum Vetulicolia to provide key information on the origin of the deuterostomes.The second core value of the Chengjiang fauna is of profound humanistic and philosophical significance:the discoveries of the‘first gill openings’,‘first brain’,‘first vertebrae’and‘first heart’provide the pivotal evidence for solving the unsolved mystery of the origin of the main basic human organs as described in Darwin’s“The Descent of Man”.In addition,the morphological and anatomical information of the Chengjiang fauna can provide important clues for a better understanding of most components of Ediacaran and Cambrian metazoans.展开更多
The response of soil fauna to the litter decomposition process has received considerable attention,but this effect has not been fully examined in agroforestry systems.A 1-year in situ decomposition experiment was carr...The response of soil fauna to the litter decomposition process has received considerable attention,but this effect has not been fully examined in agroforestry systems.A 1-year in situ decomposition experiment was carried out in a pure ginkgo plantation and two ginkgo agroforestry systems using a litterbag method(11 different treatments were tested in three systems).We found that the application of different organic materials(crop residues)produced positive effects on the number of soil fauna in the ginkgo planting systems;the mixture of ginkgo leaves and corn leaves was the best performing treatment.Collembola and Acarina were the predominant groups in the litter bags and were mainly responsible for the differences among the treatments.Litter mixing promoted the abundance,richness,and diversity of soil fauna,and significant differences regarding the Shannon–Wiener index of the soil fauna were observed among the 11 treatments in July.Significantly higher soil MBC(microbial biomass carbon)and MBN(microbial biomass nitrogen)were observed in agroforestry systems than in pure ginkgo plantations.These results suggest that the practice of intercrop residue application plays an important role in enhancing soil ecosystem function in ginkgo agroforestry systems and may ultimately contribute to sustainable intercrop production,soil fertility,and local economic diversity.展开更多
The Ordovician Changtu Fauna is recently discovered in the Xia’ ertai and Hulan Groups in northernLiaoning-central Jilin. The fauna, containing 10 genera and 14 species (including 3 new genera, 9 new speciesand an un...The Ordovician Changtu Fauna is recently discovered in the Xia’ ertai and Hulan Groups in northernLiaoning-central Jilin. The fauna, containing 10 genera and 14 species (including 3 new genera, 9 new speciesand an unidentified species), is closely related in evolution with the Early Cambrian Qinghezhen Fauna. Thediscovery of this fauna is significant to the study on the age of the strata, Ordovician biostratigraphy and geo-logical evolution of the tectonostratigraphical terrane on the northern margin of the Sino-Korean plate.展开更多
Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampl...Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampling habitats,including indoor,peri-domestic,farm field and mixed forest using light and sticky traps in July 2016,and February and April 2017 in Liben and Dawa zones in the Somali Regional State,southeastern Ethiopia.Results:In total,4367 sandfly specimens,belonging to 12 species(three Phlebotomus spp.and nine Sergentomyia spp.)were identified.Phlebotomus(P.)heischi,P.orientalis,and P.martini constituted 45.7%,31.1%,and 23.1%of the sandfly collection,respectively.There were significant differences in the median number of P.orientalis,and P.martini captured per CDC trap/night between the three sampling districts(P<0.05).In light trap capture,collection habitats had significant effects on the abundance of P.orientalis,and P.martini(P<0.05).More median numbers of P.orientalis,and P.martini species were collected in agricultural fields followed by mixed forest and peri-domestic habitats.P.orientalis and P.martini were caught more in outdoor than indoor habitats,suggesting exophilic behaviour.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the presence of P.orientalis and P.martini are probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in this new focus.The findings of our study will improve the understanding of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and will facilitate the implementation of integrated disease control measures based on ecological knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis vector in Liben and Dawa zones and its surrounding regions.展开更多
The 2019 Annual Symposium on Yunyang Dinosaur Fossil Protection and Research was held in Chongqing on December 16,2019.It was proposed in the symposium that the dinosaurs discovered from the early Middle Jurassic Xint...The 2019 Annual Symposium on Yunyang Dinosaur Fossil Protection and Research was held in Chongqing on December 16,2019.It was proposed in the symposium that the dinosaurs discovered from the early Middle Jurassic Xintiangou Formation in Yunyang,Chongqing could represent a new dinosaur fauna.Previously,only a few dinosaurs have been reported from the Xintiangou Formation.Moreover,the Xintiangou dinosaurs are playing an important role in studying the evolutionary sequence of dinosaurs,and have the potential to fill the gaps during the Early-Middle dinosaur turnover.展开更多
According to palaeoenvironmental analysis on the fossil fauna dominated by Foraminifera and Ostracoda, core QC2 contains 8 marine transgressive beds, called (from up to bottom) Transgressive Beds Ⅰ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ, …,Ⅷ resp...According to palaeoenvironmental analysis on the fossil fauna dominated by Foraminifera and Ostracoda, core QC2 contains 8 marine transgressive beds, called (from up to bottom) Transgressive Beds Ⅰ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ, …,Ⅷ respectively. Together with dating data, the transgressive sequence since 1. 7 Ma B. P. has been established, indicating that the core went through middle and late Early Pleistocene, early and late Middle Pleistocene, early and late (Substages A and B) Late Pleistocene and the Holocene transgressions. Within these 8 transgressions, late Middle Pleistocene, early Late Pleistocene and the Holocene transgressions-had rather strong activities proved by shallow sea (of 50 or 20-50 m water depth) deposits in the prime, while 2 of the 8, during middle Early Pleistocene and late Late Pleistocene (Substage A), were much weaker only with supratidal deposits. The transgressive cycles also differ from each other. Transgressions in the Holocene and in Substage B of late Late Pleistocene are made up of 3展开更多
In the Inner Mongolia axis and Jiaoliao anteclise along the northern margin of the North China Platform.it has been found that the strata formerly considered as Archaean and Proterozoic are in fact an ophiolite suites...In the Inner Mongolia axis and Jiaoliao anteclise along the northern margin of the North China Platform.it has been found that the strata formerly considered as Archaean and Proterozoic are in fact an ophiolite suitesimilar to the Early Palaeozoic Ondor Sum Group in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The stratahave been named in northern Liaoning as the Qinghezhen Group. The emphasis of this paper is on the discus-sion of the simall shelly fossils found in the siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Qinghezhen Group. Thisophiolite suite stretches in an E-W direction for about 1000 km along the northern margin of the North ChinaPlatform. in which 15 fossil localities with stable stratigraphic horizons have been discovered. In this paper. 4types. 7 genera (including 5 new ones) and 10 species (including 8 new ones and 1 new subspecies) aredescribed, which are collectively referred to as the Qinghezhen Fauna. The characteristics of these fossils are:shell form simple. the maximum length not exceeding 4 mm. with obvious shell wall and wall ornaments. TheQinghezhen Fauna is comparable in shell structure of some genera and species with the Meishucun Fauna inSouth China, but differs from the latter in having only monotonous fossil groups developed in a distinctly va-ried ecological environment. The two faunas may belong to the same evolutionary stage of the Early Cambrianbut have developed parallelly in different regions. The existence of the Qinghezhen Fauna represents an impor-tant biological event in the Early Cambrian in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The discovery of theQinghezhen Fauna will bring new knowledge and profound influence to a series of problems on basic geologyand mineral deposit prospecting such as the Cambrian faunas. biogeographical povincialism in China and thegeotectonic features of the northern margin of the North China Platform.展开更多
Marine mammals, 41 species in total including 8 species of Mysticeti, 27 species of Odontoceti, 5 species of Pinnipedia and only 1 species of Sirenia have been known and recorded in China. According to the number of s...Marine mammals, 41 species in total including 8 species of Mysticeti, 27 species of Odontoceti, 5 species of Pinnipedia and only 1 species of Sirenia have been known and recorded in China. According to the number of species of China marine mammals in each natural sea area, the Bohai Sea possesses only 9 species, accounting for the least, whereas the species in the South China Sea has the most abundant, existing 28 species. In comparison with Taiwan Province, 32 species distribute along the coast of mainland, and 30 species along the coast of Taiwan Province. Some species with rather strong Torrid Zone nature apparently represent the fauna of marine mammals in the southern sea area. Cold-warm species coming from the frost sea area represent the fauna of marine mammals in the northern sea area.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971448, U1803233)the Foundation of Science & Technology Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (2019XS28)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2020433)
文摘Soil faunas account for 23%of known animal species and play a crucial role in ecosystem processes such as mineralizing nutrients,regulating microbial community composition,forming soil aggregates,and enhancing primary productivity.However,due to global climate change,population density,community composition,and distribution patterns of soil fauna vary.Understanding the responses of soil fauna to major environmental change facilitate the conservation of biodiversity.Therefore,a review work of recent researches for analysing the effects of key environmental factors on soil fauna,such as warming,drought,food quality,and soil physical-chemical properties was studied.For most species,warming may exert a positive effect on their abundance and population development,however,it can inhibit the survival and reproduction of hibernating species.Drought leads to low soil porosity and water holding capacity,which reduces soil fauna population and changes their community composition.Drought also can reduce the coverage of flora and alter microclimate of the soil surface,which in turn indirectly reduces fauna abundance.Climate warming and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide can reduce litter quality,which will force soil fauna to change their dietary choices(from higher-quality foods to poor quality foods)and reduce reproduction for survival.However,it is still predicted that enhanced species richness of plant(or litter)mixtures will positively affect soil fauna diversity.Habitat loss caused by the deterioration of soil physical-chemical property is primary factor affecting soil fauna.We mainly discuss the threats of increased salinity(a major factor in arid land)to soil fauna and their potential responses to anthropogenic disturbance in saline soils.The increase in soil salinity can override other factors that favour habitat specialists,leading to negative effects on soil fauna.Moreover,we find that more studies are needed to explore the responses of soil fauna in saline soils to human activities.And the relationship of important ecological processes with soil fauna density,community structure,and diversity needs to be redefined.
基金supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi[Grant No.6/9-7(331)/2020/ECD-II].
文摘This review aims to fill the voids and to update the checklist of sandfly fauna along with its spatial distribution in India.Resource databases i.e.either online or offline were searched to deduce the information to systematize the Indian sandfly fauna.Articles/data retrieved were screened and analysed to further update the available latest checklist.The species name and authorship were given in accord with the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature.We compiled an updated checklist of reported Indian sandfly species along with their state-wise distribution till 2022 as per published literature.Kerala has maximum number of species reports when compared to other endemic states and states with pockets of transmission.Phlebotomus argentipes is the most widely distributed,recorded so far,followed by other Sergentomiya and Phlebotomus species in India.In this review,we have also described the vector and non-vector species of sandfly prevalent in different parts of the country.Phlebotoiella eoindianensis,an amber fossil sandfly species recorded from Gujarat might be older than other records of Indian sandfly fauna.So far 69 species(4 genera and 15 subgenera/groups)of Phlebotomine sandflies have been recorded in India.Proper knowledge of species diversity and its distribution is a prerequisite for planning a systematic vector control strategy and disease management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41372020, 41472013)the Northwest University Graduate Innovation and Creativity Funds (Grant No. YZZ17197)。
文摘The fossil hamster(an isolated m1) from the early Early Pleistocene Houhecun fauna found in Dali, Weinan, Shaanxi, China, originally identified as Kowalskia dalinica, is reexamined. Its unique characters, including a high crown, very small degree of division of the anteroconid and relatively large size, is taken as evidence of its attribution to the genus Sinocricetus, instead of Kowalskia(junior synonym of Neocricetodon) suggested by the original author. Therefore, the specific name of the species established based on this m1 should be changed to S. dalinicus(Wang, 1988). S. dalinicus probably has a relatively close affinity with S. major Li, 2010, but there are still some obvious differences of characters between them. The discovery of S. dalinicus in the Houhecun fauna confirms that the genus indeed survived into the Pleistocene. A broken hamster mandible, which was found in Weinan, Shaanxi, China and belongs to the late Pliocene Youhe fauna, is also described here and identified as Tscherskia sp.. This specimen represents the earliest Tscherskia in Asia so far, but fails to refute the hypothesis that the genus originated in Europe during the early Pliocene.
基金This study was a contribution to the 30th IGC Project 96-30-16 supported by the State Planning Commission and the Beijing Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.Yuan Lingsheng,Li Chang'an,Li Longyin,Chen Lianfang,Chi Zhenqing and Zhang Xujiao also took
文摘From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices ofmammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a tem-perature-falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species ofmammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistoceneage. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry-cold)to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, beingMiddle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. Inthe cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early LatePleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper ho-rizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.
文摘This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Provincial Museum for studing.A short fieldinvestigation was made by Wang Jinwen,Sha Yesue(BGMRSD),Han Qingwen(SDM)andthe present author in same year.The age of the fauna is tentatively considered as the late Late Eocene,probably correlatedas the Heti Fauna(Yuanqu Basin).It represents the first occurrence of Late Eocene fossils inthis province.
基金This work is a contribution to Project 92D087 supported by the Yunnan Provincial Fundation for Applied Basic Researches and Project 8502004-1A supported by the fund from the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources for important basic researches in the
文摘This paper gives a brief report on the new occurrence of the Early CambrianQiongzhusi’ an Chengjiang fauna in the Haikou area, Kunming and its assemblage feature andthe stratigraphic section of the horizon yielding these fossils. Eight genera and 8 species ofTrilobitoidea are described here, embracing Leanchoilia asiatica Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Yohoiasinensis Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Zhongxinia speciosa Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Xandarellaspectuculum Hou et al., Dianchia mirabilis Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Kuamaia lata Hou,Retifacies longispinus Luo et Hu (sp. nov.) and Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 31370628)the National Science and Technology Support Project of China(Grant Number2011BAC09B05)the Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Project(Grant Number 12ZC0017)
文摘Forest gaps are important in forest dynamics and management, but little is known about how soil fauna influence the degradation of recalcitrant litter components in different-sized forest gaps. This investigation uses litterbags with two different mesh sizes (0.04 and 3 mm) to control the meso- and microfauna entering the bags to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to the degradation of recalcitrant components (including condensed tannins, total phenol, lignin and cellulose) during litter decomposition. The experiment was conducted in seven different forest gap sizes in Pinus massoniana plantations over 1 year. One closed-canopy site (CC) and forest gap sizes of 100, 225, 400, 625, 900, 1225 and 1600 m^2 were created in a P. massoniana plantation in the Sichuan basin of China;the CC was treated as the control. Cinnamomum camphora foliage from local native trees was used in all forest gap experiments. We found the following:(1) Gap size had significant effects on the degradation rates (E) of condensed tannins and lignin and on the contributions of soil fauna;medium-sized gaps also presented high degradation rates. Soil fauna obviously contributed to the degradation of recalcitrant foliar litter components in medium-sized gaps.(2) The highest contribution to degradation (40.98%) was recorded for lignin, and the lowest contribution (0.29%) was recorded for condensed tannins. The results indicate that medium-sized gaps (900 m^2) were conducive to the degradation of recalcitrant litter components by soil fauna.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31660152)Youth Program Funded by Guizhou Provincial Department of Forestry([2013]10)Guizhou Science and Technology Fund([2013]2135)
文摘From March 2014 to February 2015, the soil fauna community in the karst cave wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve was investigated. A total of 3,820 soil fauna was obtained, belonging to 31 orders, 11 classes, and 3 phyla. The dominant groups were Araneae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, accounting for 48.90% of the total catch. There were 18 common groups and 10 rare groups. The diversity analysis showed that the Banzhai karst cave wetland had the largest soil fauna community diversity index and evenness index and that the Dongsai karst cave wetland had the largest number of groups and individuals. The seasonal variation of the soil fauna in the karst cave wetlands was analyzed: the number of soil fauna individuals showed a downtrend in summer, autumn, spring and winter; there were the highest number of phytophagous soil fauna, followed by predatory soil fauna and saprophagous soil fauna.
文摘The fossil nautiloids described in this paper were collected in 1984 and 1985 from Lunshan, Jurong in Jiangsu; there the Ordovician strata are well developed and may be divided in descending order into seven formations as follows:Upper Ordovician: Wufeng Formation Tangtou FormationMiddle Ordovician Pagoda Formation Lower OrdovicianKuniutan FormationDawan FormationHunghuayuan FormationLunshan FormationThese nautiloids comprise 36 species belonging to 13 genera (including one new genus and 11 new species), namely,Middle OrdovicianPagoda FormationSinoceras chinense (Foord), Michelinoceras changjiangense Chen, densn (Y), M. paraelongatum Chang.Lower OrdovicianKuniutan FormationRhynchorthoceras jurongense sp. nov., R. lunshanense sp. nov., Dideroceras wahlenbergi (Foord), D. holmi Flower, Michlinoceras irregulare sp. nov., Kotoceras gaoluncunense sp. nov.Dawan Formation.Cochlioceras yantzeense Chang, Chisiloceras ichangense Wang, C. yaoshanense Qi, C. changyangense (Chang), Protocycloceras deprati Reed, P. hupehcnse (Shimizu and Obata), P. sichuanense Wang, P. remotum Lai, P. gangshanense sp. nov., P. siphosedimentum Pan, P. chaoi sp. nov., P.shishantouense sp. nov., P. gaojiabianense sp. nov., Changyangoceras gaojiabianense sp. nov., Gangshanoceras jurongense gen. et sp. nov., G. densum gen. et sp. nov., Michelinoceras cf. dayongense Lai, Troedssonella lunshanensis sp. nov., Mesosendoceras leei (Y), Vaginoceras peiyangense malukonense Chen, Dideroceras mui (Chang), D. gaoluncunense sp. nov.
基金supported by Funda-cao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo(FAPESP Grant 2012/19419-9 to W.V.and Grant 2011/23159-0 to M.M.P.T.)。
文摘The by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery includes a number of marine invertebrates that are discarded because they do not have commercial value.In order to try to add some value to these materials,we analyzed the chemical composition of the starfish Luidia senegalensis collected in the Brazilian coast as a consequence of the trawling fishery method.In order to access their chemical composition,we used a combination of solid phase extraction(SPE)followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-IT-MSn).Luidia sene-galensis contains asterosaponins,which are sulphated glycosilated steroids,containing five and six sugar moieties,in addition to polyhydroxysteroids.This study helped us to support the presence of important and potentially bioactive compounds in invertebrates associated to the by-catch fauna of the shrimp fishery,using a fast and efficient method.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(41672009,41621003,41772010,41720104002)The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB18000000,XDB26000000)。
文摘Well known for its abundant and extraordinary soft-tissue fossils,the Chengjiang fauna has witnessed the main phase of the Cambrian explosion and the first great congress of the ancestors of nearly all major phyla of animals on Earth.The large-scale survey and exploration of the fauna by Chinese paleontologists,partly in collaboration with international scientists,over the past 30 years can be broadly divided into three stages.In the first decade since 1984(19841994),a large number of invertebrates,including basal animals and the protostomes of the early animal tree were discovered,but the subkingdom Deuterostomia was completely unknown.Then in the second decade(19952005),the great discoveries of various deuterostomes led to the construction of the basic framework of the Deuterostomia and then to the formation of the tripartite phylogenetic trees of early animals(TPTEA,including basal animals,protostomes and deuterostomes),for the first time.In the third decade(after 2005),the academic community began to think about the internal relationships between the formation of TPTEA and the multiepisode Cambrian explosion,leading to the new hypothesis of the three-episode Cambrian explosion.The Chengjiang fauna is important for deciphering the fauna structure,paleoecological environment,and so on.However,its core academic values mainly rest on two aspects.Firstly,The Chengjiang fauna,as the main phase witness of the Cambrian explosion,has created a nearly complete phylogenetic framework of the TPTEA on Earth for the first time.The three-phase radiation hypothesis reveals the essential connotation of the Cambrian explosion:a step-wise divergent evolution of animals,from basal to highly advanced groups,lasting about 40 million years.In the first phase,it gave birth to a bulk of basal animals(including some now extinct“animal”groups)in the latest Ediacaran,probably including some pioneer protostomes.The second phase took place in the first epoch of the Cambrian period(Terreneuvian),giving rise to the main invertebrate protostomes with a persistent prosperity of basal animals.The third phase proceeded in Cambrian Epoch 2(represented by the Chengjiang fauna),which not only maintained the prosperity of basal animals and protostomes,but also,more importantly,gave birth to all the main phyla of the subkingdom Deuterostomia.Thus,the rudimental framework of the whole TPTEA has been shaped,with the termination of the major innovation events of the Cambrian explosion.Here,we discussed the evolutionary properties of Ediacaran biota,small shelly fossils and the Chengjiang fauna in the Cambrian explosion with emphasis on the biological properties of several important animal groups.The order Myllokunmingiida is the only known oldest vertebrate,while Yunnanozoon and Haikouella are neither vertebrates nor stem-group chordates but a special group of basal deuterostomes;Cheungkongella is a credible ancestor of the urochordate and it supports the classical hypothesis on the origin of the urochordates;and the gill slits were first invented in the members of the phylum Vetulicolia to provide key information on the origin of the deuterostomes.The second core value of the Chengjiang fauna is of profound humanistic and philosophical significance:the discoveries of the‘first gill openings’,‘first brain’,‘first vertebrae’and‘first heart’provide the pivotal evidence for solving the unsolved mystery of the origin of the main basic human organs as described in Darwin’s“The Descent of Man”.In addition,the morphological and anatomical information of the Chengjiang fauna can provide important clues for a better understanding of most components of Ediacaran and Cambrian metazoans.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Funds of Jiangsu Province(CX(16)1005)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0600700)
文摘The response of soil fauna to the litter decomposition process has received considerable attention,but this effect has not been fully examined in agroforestry systems.A 1-year in situ decomposition experiment was carried out in a pure ginkgo plantation and two ginkgo agroforestry systems using a litterbag method(11 different treatments were tested in three systems).We found that the application of different organic materials(crop residues)produced positive effects on the number of soil fauna in the ginkgo planting systems;the mixture of ginkgo leaves and corn leaves was the best performing treatment.Collembola and Acarina were the predominant groups in the litter bags and were mainly responsible for the differences among the treatments.Litter mixing promoted the abundance,richness,and diversity of soil fauna,and significant differences regarding the Shannon–Wiener index of the soil fauna were observed among the 11 treatments in July.Significantly higher soil MBC(microbial biomass carbon)and MBN(microbial biomass nitrogen)were observed in agroforestry systems than in pure ginkgo plantations.These results suggest that the practice of intercrop residue application plays an important role in enhancing soil ecosystem function in ginkgo agroforestry systems and may ultimately contribute to sustainable intercrop production,soil fertility,and local economic diversity.
文摘The Ordovician Changtu Fauna is recently discovered in the Xia’ ertai and Hulan Groups in northernLiaoning-central Jilin. The fauna, containing 10 genera and 14 species (including 3 new genera, 9 new speciesand an unidentified species), is closely related in evolution with the Early Cambrian Qinghezhen Fauna. Thediscovery of this fauna is significant to the study on the age of the strata, Ordovician biostratigraphy and geo-logical evolution of the tectonostratigraphical terrane on the northern margin of the Sino-Korean plate.
基金Jigjiga University for providing financial support to the study.
文摘Objective:To identify the sandfly fauna and analyze ecology of sandfly vector(s)of visceral leishmaniasis in three districts of Somali Regional State,southeast Ethiopia.Methods:Sandflies were collected from four sampling habitats,including indoor,peri-domestic,farm field and mixed forest using light and sticky traps in July 2016,and February and April 2017 in Liben and Dawa zones in the Somali Regional State,southeastern Ethiopia.Results:In total,4367 sandfly specimens,belonging to 12 species(three Phlebotomus spp.and nine Sergentomyia spp.)were identified.Phlebotomus(P.)heischi,P.orientalis,and P.martini constituted 45.7%,31.1%,and 23.1%of the sandfly collection,respectively.There were significant differences in the median number of P.orientalis,and P.martini captured per CDC trap/night between the three sampling districts(P<0.05).In light trap capture,collection habitats had significant effects on the abundance of P.orientalis,and P.martini(P<0.05).More median numbers of P.orientalis,and P.martini species were collected in agricultural fields followed by mixed forest and peri-domestic habitats.P.orientalis and P.martini were caught more in outdoor than indoor habitats,suggesting exophilic behaviour.Conclusions:The study demonstrated that the presence of P.orientalis and P.martini are probable vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in this new focus.The findings of our study will improve the understanding of the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis transmission and will facilitate the implementation of integrated disease control measures based on ecological knowledge of visceral leishmaniasis vector in Liben and Dawa zones and its surrounding regions.
基金granted by the Dinosaur Fossil Protection and Research in Pu’an Township,Yunyang County,Chongqing Program(KJ-2018035).
文摘The 2019 Annual Symposium on Yunyang Dinosaur Fossil Protection and Research was held in Chongqing on December 16,2019.It was proposed in the symposium that the dinosaurs discovered from the early Middle Jurassic Xintiangou Formation in Yunyang,Chongqing could represent a new dinosaur fauna.Previously,only a few dinosaurs have been reported from the Xintiangou Formation.Moreover,the Xintiangou dinosaurs are playing an important role in studying the evolutionary sequence of dinosaurs,and have the potential to fill the gaps during the Early-Middle dinosaur turnover.
文摘According to palaeoenvironmental analysis on the fossil fauna dominated by Foraminifera and Ostracoda, core QC2 contains 8 marine transgressive beds, called (from up to bottom) Transgressive Beds Ⅰ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ, …,Ⅷ respectively. Together with dating data, the transgressive sequence since 1. 7 Ma B. P. has been established, indicating that the core went through middle and late Early Pleistocene, early and late Middle Pleistocene, early and late (Substages A and B) Late Pleistocene and the Holocene transgressions. Within these 8 transgressions, late Middle Pleistocene, early Late Pleistocene and the Holocene transgressions-had rather strong activities proved by shallow sea (of 50 or 20-50 m water depth) deposits in the prime, while 2 of the 8, during middle Early Pleistocene and late Late Pleistocene (Substage A), were much weaker only with supratidal deposits. The transgressive cycles also differ from each other. Transgressions in the Holocene and in Substage B of late Late Pleistocene are made up of 3
文摘In the Inner Mongolia axis and Jiaoliao anteclise along the northern margin of the North China Platform.it has been found that the strata formerly considered as Archaean and Proterozoic are in fact an ophiolite suitesimilar to the Early Palaeozoic Ondor Sum Group in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The stratahave been named in northern Liaoning as the Qinghezhen Group. The emphasis of this paper is on the discus-sion of the simall shelly fossils found in the siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Qinghezhen Group. Thisophiolite suite stretches in an E-W direction for about 1000 km along the northern margin of the North ChinaPlatform. in which 15 fossil localities with stable stratigraphic horizons have been discovered. In this paper. 4types. 7 genera (including 5 new ones) and 10 species (including 8 new ones and 1 new subspecies) aredescribed, which are collectively referred to as the Qinghezhen Fauna. The characteristics of these fossils are:shell form simple. the maximum length not exceeding 4 mm. with obvious shell wall and wall ornaments. TheQinghezhen Fauna is comparable in shell structure of some genera and species with the Meishucun Fauna inSouth China, but differs from the latter in having only monotonous fossil groups developed in a distinctly va-ried ecological environment. The two faunas may belong to the same evolutionary stage of the Early Cambrianbut have developed parallelly in different regions. The existence of the Qinghezhen Fauna represents an impor-tant biological event in the Early Cambrian in the Northern Geosyncline region of China. The discovery of theQinghezhen Fauna will bring new knowledge and profound influence to a series of problems on basic geologyand mineral deposit prospecting such as the Cambrian faunas. biogeographical povincialism in China and thegeotectonic features of the northern margin of the North China Platform.
文摘Marine mammals, 41 species in total including 8 species of Mysticeti, 27 species of Odontoceti, 5 species of Pinnipedia and only 1 species of Sirenia have been known and recorded in China. According to the number of species of China marine mammals in each natural sea area, the Bohai Sea possesses only 9 species, accounting for the least, whereas the species in the South China Sea has the most abundant, existing 28 species. In comparison with Taiwan Province, 32 species distribute along the coast of mainland, and 30 species along the coast of Taiwan Province. Some species with rather strong Torrid Zone nature apparently represent the fauna of marine mammals in the southern sea area. Cold-warm species coming from the frost sea area represent the fauna of marine mammals in the northern sea area.
