The objective of this study was to analyze the nutrient composition and variability of university dining hall food waste and compare it with common feedstuffs used in ruminant and monogastric diets. Food waste was cat...The objective of this study was to analyze the nutrient composition and variability of university dining hall food waste and compare it with common feedstuffs used in ruminant and monogastric diets. Food waste was categorized into two initial streams: mainstream (MS) from the serving line and vegetable preparation (VP) from the kitchen. Waste was collected from the Kramer Dining Center, Kansas State University, resulting in 30 daily samples. Waste was weighed and ground to homogenous particle size. Daily samples of MS and VP were analyzed for nutrient composition, where results were combined to calculate the nutrient profile of a hypothetical mixed food waste stream (MX) composited by total weight. Data were analyzed using R statistical software (v 4.2.2). Moisture and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were greater in VP (P , while ether extract (EE) was less compared to MS and MX. Crude protein (CP) was greater (P < 0.05) in MS and MX streams compared to VP. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy were greater in MS food waste than in MX, which was also greater than VP (P content, measured by standard deviation, was similar (P > 0.05) among streams for NDF, nitrogen-corrected neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble crude protein, CP, ash, lignin, and digestible and metabolizable energy. Dry matter and EE variation were greater (P < 0.05) in MS, whereas VP was less (P < 0.05) compared to MX. Standard deviation increased (P < 0.05) in MS and MX for neutral detergent insoluble crude protein, TDN, and gross energy when compared to VP. Despite having 70% - 80% moisture, dining hall food waste does have nutritive value and the potential to be included in ruminant and monogastric diets. Further research needs to be done to understand the value of including it in animal diets.展开更多
The soybean peptide has the trait of amino acid balance,digestible and easy to absorb,low allergy and low antigenicity.Furthermore,it also showed the feature of good mobility and thermal stability at high concentratio...The soybean peptide has the trait of amino acid balance,digestible and easy to absorb,low allergy and low antigenicity.Furthermore,it also showed the feature of good mobility and thermal stability at high concentrations.This paper seeks to study the processing and nutritional characteristics of soybean peptide.And on that basis to lucubrate soybean peptide as a safe,efficient feedstuffs additives.The aim is to improve the feedstuffs quality.展开更多
Background: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feed enzymes(phytase,xylanase,β-glucanase) on release rate of trace elements(Fe,Cu,Mn and Zn) in 6 commonly used feedstuffs(corn,wheat,barley...Background: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feed enzymes(phytase,xylanase,β-glucanase) on release rate of trace elements(Fe,Cu,Mn and Zn) in 6 commonly used feedstuffs(corn,wheat,barley,soybean meal,wheat bran,wheat middlings) by using an in vitro model,simulating the digestive processes in stomach for 2 h and then in small intestine for 6 h at 39 °C.Results: Phytase raised(P < 0.05) the release rate of Cu and Zn in corn,Cu,Zn and Mn in wheat,Cu in barley,Cu,Zn and Mn in soybean meal,Zn,Fe in wheat bran and Zn,Fe,Mn in wheat middlings.The release rate of various trace elements in feedstuffs was increased after xylanase addition.Compared with the control group,the release rate of soluble Cu in corn,wheat,barley and soybean meal,soluble Zn in corn,wheat and wheat middlings and soluble of Mn in corn,wheat,barley and wheat bran increased(P < 0.05) after xylanase treatment.After the treatment of β-glucanase,the release rate of soluble Cu in corn,wheat and wheat bran,soluble Fe in barley,soybean meal and wheat bran and soluble Mn in corn and wheat bran all increased(P < 0.05) compared with the control group.In each feedstuff,after corresponding enzyme treatment,the contents of phytic acid,xylan and β-glucan were significantly lower than those of the control group(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Results showed that bound trace elements in feedstuffs can be released by feed enzymes.It may be necessary to take the trace elements in feedstuffs into account in the actual feed preparation including feed enzymes.展开更多
Nowadays, most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen, and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants. Ho...Nowadays, most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen, and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants. However, the outcome of.this technique might be affected by many factors such as sequence of nylon bags incubation in the rumen. The objective of current study was to investigate effects of sequence of nylon bag incubation on degradative behavior of dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） in some feed ingredients commonly used in dairy rations, including alfalfa haylage, corn silage, corn grain and soybean meal. Four multiparous Holstein lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used. The nylon bags containing feed samples either were placed in the rumen at once and removed at designated time intervals （all in-gradually out method; AG） or were placed in the rumen at designated time points and retrieved at once （gradually in-all out method; GA）. Fractional rate of degradation of potentially degradable fraction, lag time and effective rumen degradability （ED） of DM and CP were significantly higher in the AG compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Fractional rates of DM and CP degradation was higher in alfalfa haylage samples incubated in the rumen using the AG method compared to that using the GA method （0.138 h-1 vs. 0.073 h-1 and 0.002 h-1 vs. 0.1125 h-1, for DM and CP, respectively; P〈0.05）. Due to a higher fractional rate of degradation （Kd） of DM and CP, the ED of DM and CP at different fractional passage rates were higher in the AG than those in the GA method （P〈0.05）. Potentially degradable fraction and lag time of NDF were higher in the AG method compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Placing all bags in the rumen at once and removing them at designated time intervals compared with introduction of bags in reverse sequence and removing them all at once led to a lower undegradable fraction （U） of NDF in alfalfa （1.8% vs. 4.0%, respectively; P〈0.05） and corn silage （3.3% vs. 6.7%, respectively; P〈0.05） samples. Potentially degradable fraction of ADF was significantly higher in the AG method compared with the GA method （P〈0.05）. Bag incubation sequence had profound effects on kinetics of degradation of DM, CP and NDF in situ in the feed samples studied. The effects were more evident in the forages （especially alfalfa haylage） than in the concentrate ingredientsnamely corn grain and soybean meal..This experiment is the first time to investigate effects of two methods under the same experiment conditions, providing basic data for the determination of ED.展开更多
Feedstuff intake plays key role in impacting the yield and quality of milk. In this study, we discussed the contents of trace metal elements in cow milk impacted by different feedstuffs. We detected the contents of Pb...Feedstuff intake plays key role in impacting the yield and quality of milk. In this study, we discussed the contents of trace metal elements in cow milk impacted by different feedstuffs. We detected the contents of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn in different feedstuffs and milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The determinations of Pb, Cd and As contents were by graphite furnace A_AS and Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn was by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that Pb, Cd, As and Cu presented in feedstuffs, but Pb, Cd and As were lowly detected in milk samples, and Cu was not detected in milk samples. The content of Mg in concentrates was lower than that in forages. However, the content of Mg in milk from concentrate feed was higher than that in forage feed. This suggested that the utilization of Mg in concentrate feed was higher than that in forage feed. The contents of Ca and Zn were opposite to Mg, and the utilization of Ca and Zn in forage feed was higher than that in concentrate feed. There was no obviously change law of Fe in different feedstuffs and milk samples. The relationship between the contents of trace metal elements in milk to feedstuffs would provide a theoretical basis for dairy farming. It would be useful for improving the milk yield and milk quality of dairy production.展开更多
A PCR method for detection of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken derived materials in feedstuff was established, and the existing method was improved according to the research on general primer and species-specific primer...A PCR method for detection of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken derived materials in feedstuff was established, and the existing method was improved according to the research on general primer and species-specific primers. First, general primer designed according to 16S rRNA gene sequence of hovis, sheep, pig, chicken, fish, and horse mtDNA was used for primary detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff. Species-specific primers designed according to conserved sequence of mtDNA of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken were used for amplification of a 271,274, 149, and 266 bp fragment, respectively. Further confirmation of the detection result was then carried out. PCR method for detection of animal derived materials in unknown feedstuff was developed by using general primer, relevant PCR system, and PCR condition. Also a PCR method for detection of each species （bovines, sheep, pig, and chicken） was designed by using our speciesspecific primers. High sensitivity and specificity of our method were confirmed with a minimum detection level of 0.1%. Method for detection of animal derived materials in this research is not only cheap and easy for operation but also precise and reliable results can be obtained. It could be one of the effective methods for the detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff.展开更多
[ Objective] To produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation of waste lees. [ Method] Waste lees was fermented by mixture of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma vinde and Candida tropicalis to produce protein feedstuff. T...[ Objective] To produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation of waste lees. [ Method] Waste lees was fermented by mixture of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma vinde and Candida tropicalis to produce protein feedstuff. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. [ Result] The optimum fermentation conditions of waste lees are as following： raw materials with fineness of 20 meshes composed of waste lees of 750 g/kg, com meal of 50 g/kg and wheat bran of 200 g/kg; pH value of inoculum culture, 5.0; Aspergillus niger： Trichoderma viHde： Candida tropicalis, 1 ： 1 ： 1 ; inoculum size, 12% （V/V） ; fermentation temperature, 30 ℃; and fermentation time, 6 d. After fermentation, the crude protein content, pure protein content, and crude fiber content were increased by 78.97%, 56.29% and 31.60%, respectively. In addition, the fermented waste lees was rich in beneficial live microorganisms and bioactive substances such as enzymes and vitamins. [ Conclusion] Waste lees can be well fermented to produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation.展开更多
Current researches on the nutritive characteristics of fibrous feedstuff through determining the feedstuff cation exchange capacity (CEC) to evaluate its nutritive value at home and abroad were comprehensively discrib...Current researches on the nutritive characteristics of fibrous feedstuff through determining the feedstuff cation exchange capacity (CEC) to evaluate its nutritive value at home and abroad were comprehensively discribed. and the methods of determining CEC value and the correlation between CEC value and chemical compositions, pH value, and the effect of CEC value on the digestion kinetics in ruminants were also emphatically introduced. The results of research showed that the CEC values of different feedstuff are different, closely correlated with nitrogen and acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin (LIG) content of the feedstuff. At the same time, there are markedly effect of CEC value in diet on the nutrients flow of digesta in the digestive tract of ruminants, the degradation rate and digestibility of nutrients in the rumen.展开更多
[Objective] More accurate, rapid and sensitive method of melamine and cyanuricacid residue in dairy products and feedstuff were re- viewed. [ Method] Physicochemical properties, metabolism, uses, harm and detection me...[Objective] More accurate, rapid and sensitive method of melamine and cyanuricacid residue in dairy products and feedstuff were re- viewed. [ Method] Physicochemical properties, metabolism, uses, harm and detection methods of melamine and cyanuric acid were analyzed and described. [ Result] Melamine and cyanuric acid, when used alone, were slightly toxic, but long -term intake could lead to animal reproductive and urinary system damage. [ Condusion] Establishing a more sensitive, fast and easy to popularize detection method for elarnine and cyanuricacid res- idue in dairy products and feedstuff was necessary.展开更多
Sun-dried blend of maize offal and blood (SDMBM) was analyzed and its effect on the per- formance of broiler chickens (Anak-2000 strain) evaluated. Fresh blood prevented from coagu- lation, mixed with maize offal, was...Sun-dried blend of maize offal and blood (SDMBM) was analyzed and its effect on the per- formance of broiler chickens (Anak-2000 strain) evaluated. Fresh blood prevented from coagu- lation, mixed with maize offal, was sun-dried, ground, mixed again with blood and ground into a meal after drying again. The crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, ADF and gross energy contents of SDMBM were, 362.0, 45.5, 31.8, 69.3, 52.3 g/kg DM and 4.245 kcal/g, respectively. It was ade- quate in all essential amino acids for growing broiler chickens except methionine. Eighty 14- day-old commercial broiler chicks were ran- domly allocated to four dietary treatments (fed ad libitum;four replicates each) consisting the control diet (0 g SDMBM/kg diet), which con- tained fishmeal, groundnut cake and soybean meal, and three other diets (50, 100 and 150 g SDMBM/kg diet). In a feeding trial, the starter (14 to 35 d) and finisher (35 to 49 d) dietary treat- ments did not have significant impact (P > 0.05) on body weight gain, efficiency of feed conver- sion, mortality and final body weights. The con- trol diet was inferior (P < 0.05) to 50, 100 and 150 g SDMBM/kg diets for feed cost per unit weight gain in the starter phase, 100 g SDMBM/kg diet in the finisher phase, and 100 and 150 g SDMBM/ kg diets for the whole period (14 to 49 d). Overall, the 100 and 150 g superior (P < 0.05) to the con- trol diet in cost of production per unit weight gain and all the SDMBM diets greater than con- trol in economic benefit per unit weight gain. Results suggest that dietary SDMBM up to 150 g/kg diet has a positive effect on broiler per- formance and can totally replace more expen- sive fishmeal.展开更多
In this study,we performed an inter-laboratory collaborative ring trial to develop and validate specific TaqMan real-time PCR assays for goat-,horse-,and donkey-derived material in meat products.The performances of th...In this study,we performed an inter-laboratory collaborative ring trial to develop and validate specific TaqMan real-time PCR assays for goat-,horse-,and donkey-derived material in meat products.The performances of these assays in different environments and situations were comprehensively evaluated.This ring trial involved the participation of 12 laboratories in Europe and Asia.The results from the participating laboratories were analyzed to determine the specificity,accuracy,false positive rate,limit of detection(LOD),and probability of detection(POD)of the developed assays.Statistical analysis showed that the false positive and negative rates were zero,the LOD was five copies/reaction,and the laboratory standard deviation(σ_(L))was 0.30 for all three assays.Thus,the results demonstrate that the developed methods are robust and suitable for the detection and identification of goat-,horse-,and donkey-derived materials in meat products.展开更多
Exploring and evaluating alternative feed ingredients to be used in swine diet is essential due to highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Tubers and agro-industrial coproducts ...Exploring and evaluating alternative feed ingredients to be used in swine diet is essential due to highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Tubers and agro-industrial coproducts could provide the basis for producing affordable swine feed. However, information on the nutritional value of these potential alternative feedstuffs is necessary while considering their use in swine feeding program. Four tubers(purple sweet potato [PSP], okinawan sweet potato, taro and cassava) and 3 coproducts(okara, wheat millrun [WMR] and barley brewers grain [BBG]) were analyzed for their proximate nutrients, starch, fibers and gross energy(GE) content. Two independent in vitro studies were carried out for tubers and coproducts to determine their nutrients digestibility using a 3-step enzymatic assay(which mimics the digestion occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of swine) with 9 replicates of each sample digested in 3 batches equally. All replicate samples were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDDM) while 2 replicates from each batch were used to determine in vitro GE digestibility(IVDGE). Among tubers, CP content was the highest in taro(8.8%) and the lowest in cassava(3.7%), while CP content among coproducts was the highest in okara(22.7%) and the lowest in WMR(11.8%). Ether extract content among tubers ranged from 1.1% to 2.8%. The GE content among tubers, ranged from 4,134 to 4,334 kcal/kg whereas among coproducts it ranged from 4,270 to 4,794 kcal/kg. Among tubers, IVDDM for PSP was significantly higher(86.8%, P < 0.001) than taro(70.3%). Among coproducts, IVDDM of okara(74.1%) was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than BBG(61.3%). In conclusion,both tubers and coproducts can be used as a partial substitute of conventional energy feedstuffs in swine diets as these are rich in GE and other nutrients and are fairly digestible.展开更多
The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products.However,due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality,forage is in short supply.In particular,high...The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products.However,due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality,forage is in short supply.In particular,high-quality forage in China heavily relies on imports.The contradiction between supply and demand for forage grass products is increasingly notable.Therefore,the development of indigenous new forage resources with a strong ecological adaptability and a high nutritional value is a key to solving this problem.Jerusalem artichoke(JA,Helianthus tuberosus L.),a perennial herb of the genus Helianthus,has advantageous growth traits such as resistance to salinity,barrenness,drought,cold,and disease.The contents of crude protein,crude fiber,and calcium in the optimal harvest period of forage-type JA straw are comparable to those of alfalfa hay at the full bloom stage and the straw of ryegrass and corn at the mature stage.Inulin in JA tubers is a functional ingredient that has prebiotic effects in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals and young ruminants.In addition,some bioactive substances(e.g.flavonoids,phenolic acids,sesquiterpenes,polysaccharides,and amino acids)in JA leaves and flowers have antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant functions as well as toxicities to cancer cells.These functional ingredients may provide effective alternatives to antibiotics used in livestock production.In this review,we summarized the potentials of JA as a feed ingredient from the aspects of nutritional value and fermenting characteristics of the straw,the functions of physiological regulation and disease prevention of inulin in the tubers,and bioactive substances in the leaves and flowers.展开更多
Due to the widespread of adulteration of lipid in food and feed industry,the quality and safety of lipid are of public concern gradually.Firstly,the current article presents theory and mechanism of species identificat...Due to the widespread of adulteration of lipid in food and feed industry,the quality and safety of lipid are of public concern gradually.Firstly,the current article presents theory and mechanism of species identification of lipid by spectroscopic technique.Potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIR),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy(FT-Raman)applied to species identification of lipid were summarized.In addition,the relationship between lipid and spectroscopy as well as the recent advances of species identification of lipid were discussed.Research showed that FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies possessed more efficient potential for species identification of lipid.Finally,prospects for future lipid detection and relative practical application,and combination of spectroscopy and other technique were further discussed.展开更多
文摘The objective of this study was to analyze the nutrient composition and variability of university dining hall food waste and compare it with common feedstuffs used in ruminant and monogastric diets. Food waste was categorized into two initial streams: mainstream (MS) from the serving line and vegetable preparation (VP) from the kitchen. Waste was collected from the Kramer Dining Center, Kansas State University, resulting in 30 daily samples. Waste was weighed and ground to homogenous particle size. Daily samples of MS and VP were analyzed for nutrient composition, where results were combined to calculate the nutrient profile of a hypothetical mixed food waste stream (MX) composited by total weight. Data were analyzed using R statistical software (v 4.2.2). Moisture and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were greater in VP (P , while ether extract (EE) was less compared to MS and MX. Crude protein (CP) was greater (P < 0.05) in MS and MX streams compared to VP. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy were greater in MS food waste than in MX, which was also greater than VP (P content, measured by standard deviation, was similar (P > 0.05) among streams for NDF, nitrogen-corrected neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble crude protein, CP, ash, lignin, and digestible and metabolizable energy. Dry matter and EE variation were greater (P < 0.05) in MS, whereas VP was less (P < 0.05) compared to MX. Standard deviation increased (P < 0.05) in MS and MX for neutral detergent insoluble crude protein, TDN, and gross energy when compared to VP. Despite having 70% - 80% moisture, dining hall food waste does have nutritive value and the potential to be included in ruminant and monogastric diets. Further research needs to be done to understand the value of including it in animal diets.
文摘The soybean peptide has the trait of amino acid balance,digestible and easy to absorb,low allergy and low antigenicity.Furthermore,it also showed the feature of good mobility and thermal stability at high concentrations.This paper seeks to study the processing and nutritional characteristics of soybean peptide.And on that basis to lucubrate soybean peptide as a safe,efficient feedstuffs additives.The aim is to improve the feedstuffs quality.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFD0501201)National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(No.31472102,No.31772607)Zhejiang Provincial Key Science Project(No.2015C03006)
文摘Background: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different feed enzymes(phytase,xylanase,β-glucanase) on release rate of trace elements(Fe,Cu,Mn and Zn) in 6 commonly used feedstuffs(corn,wheat,barley,soybean meal,wheat bran,wheat middlings) by using an in vitro model,simulating the digestive processes in stomach for 2 h and then in small intestine for 6 h at 39 °C.Results: Phytase raised(P < 0.05) the release rate of Cu and Zn in corn,Cu,Zn and Mn in wheat,Cu in barley,Cu,Zn and Mn in soybean meal,Zn,Fe in wheat bran and Zn,Fe,Mn in wheat middlings.The release rate of various trace elements in feedstuffs was increased after xylanase addition.Compared with the control group,the release rate of soluble Cu in corn,wheat,barley and soybean meal,soluble Zn in corn,wheat and wheat middlings and soluble of Mn in corn,wheat,barley and wheat bran increased(P < 0.05) after xylanase treatment.After the treatment of β-glucanase,the release rate of soluble Cu in corn,wheat and wheat bran,soluble Fe in barley,soybean meal and wheat bran and soluble Mn in corn and wheat bran all increased(P < 0.05) compared with the control group.In each feedstuff,after corresponding enzyme treatment,the contents of phytic acid,xylan and β-glucan were significantly lower than those of the control group(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Results showed that bound trace elements in feedstuffs can be released by feed enzymes.It may be necessary to take the trace elements in feedstuffs into account in the actual feed preparation including feed enzymes.
基金the financial supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30901030,31372334)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2012BAD12B02)the Program for Beijing Excellent Talents,China(2013D009007000003)
文摘Nowadays, most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen, and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants. However, the outcome of.this technique might be affected by many factors such as sequence of nylon bags incubation in the rumen. The objective of current study was to investigate effects of sequence of nylon bag incubation on degradative behavior of dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） in some feed ingredients commonly used in dairy rations, including alfalfa haylage, corn silage, corn grain and soybean meal. Four multiparous Holstein lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used. The nylon bags containing feed samples either were placed in the rumen at once and removed at designated time intervals （all in-gradually out method; AG） or were placed in the rumen at designated time points and retrieved at once （gradually in-all out method; GA）. Fractional rate of degradation of potentially degradable fraction, lag time and effective rumen degradability （ED） of DM and CP were significantly higher in the AG compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Fractional rates of DM and CP degradation was higher in alfalfa haylage samples incubated in the rumen using the AG method compared to that using the GA method （0.138 h-1 vs. 0.073 h-1 and 0.002 h-1 vs. 0.1125 h-1, for DM and CP, respectively; P〈0.05）. Due to a higher fractional rate of degradation （Kd） of DM and CP, the ED of DM and CP at different fractional passage rates were higher in the AG than those in the GA method （P〈0.05）. Potentially degradable fraction and lag time of NDF were higher in the AG method compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Placing all bags in the rumen at once and removing them at designated time intervals compared with introduction of bags in reverse sequence and removing them all at once led to a lower undegradable fraction （U） of NDF in alfalfa （1.8% vs. 4.0%, respectively; P〈0.05） and corn silage （3.3% vs. 6.7%, respectively; P〈0.05） samples. Potentially degradable fraction of ADF was significantly higher in the AG method compared with the GA method （P〈0.05）. Bag incubation sequence had profound effects on kinetics of degradation of DM, CP and NDF in situ in the feed samples studied. The effects were more evident in the forages （especially alfalfa haylage） than in the concentrate ingredientsnamely corn grain and soybean meal..This experiment is the first time to investigate effects of two methods under the same experiment conditions, providing basic data for the determination of ED.
文摘Feedstuff intake plays key role in impacting the yield and quality of milk. In this study, we discussed the contents of trace metal elements in cow milk impacted by different feedstuffs. We detected the contents of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn in different feedstuffs and milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The determinations of Pb, Cd and As contents were by graphite furnace A_AS and Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe and Zn was by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed that Pb, Cd, As and Cu presented in feedstuffs, but Pb, Cd and As were lowly detected in milk samples, and Cu was not detected in milk samples. The content of Mg in concentrates was lower than that in forages. However, the content of Mg in milk from concentrate feed was higher than that in forage feed. This suggested that the utilization of Mg in concentrate feed was higher than that in forage feed. The contents of Ca and Zn were opposite to Mg, and the utilization of Ca and Zn in forage feed was higher than that in concentrate feed. There was no obviously change law of Fe in different feedstuffs and milk samples. The relationship between the contents of trace metal elements in milk to feedstuffs would provide a theoretical basis for dairy farming. It would be useful for improving the milk yield and milk quality of dairy production.
基金grants from Ministry of Sciences and Technology, China (2006BAD12B08, 2006BAD04A03)Ministry of Agriculture, China (Nyhzx07-036)
文摘A PCR method for detection of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken derived materials in feedstuff was established, and the existing method was improved according to the research on general primer and species-specific primers. First, general primer designed according to 16S rRNA gene sequence of hovis, sheep, pig, chicken, fish, and horse mtDNA was used for primary detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff. Species-specific primers designed according to conserved sequence of mtDNA of bovis, sheep, pig, and chicken were used for amplification of a 271,274, 149, and 266 bp fragment, respectively. Further confirmation of the detection result was then carried out. PCR method for detection of animal derived materials in unknown feedstuff was developed by using general primer, relevant PCR system, and PCR condition. Also a PCR method for detection of each species （bovines, sheep, pig, and chicken） was designed by using our speciesspecific primers. High sensitivity and specificity of our method were confirmed with a minimum detection level of 0.1%. Method for detection of animal derived materials in this research is not only cheap and easy for operation but also precise and reliable results can be obtained. It could be one of the effective methods for the detection of animal derived materials in feedstuff.
基金supported by the grants from Project of Liquor Making Bio-Technology & Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (NJ2008-14)Research Project of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering (2007ZR011)
文摘[ Objective] To produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation of waste lees. [ Method] Waste lees was fermented by mixture of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma vinde and Candida tropicalis to produce protein feedstuff. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. [ Result] The optimum fermentation conditions of waste lees are as following： raw materials with fineness of 20 meshes composed of waste lees of 750 g/kg, com meal of 50 g/kg and wheat bran of 200 g/kg; pH value of inoculum culture, 5.0; Aspergillus niger： Trichoderma viHde： Candida tropicalis, 1 ： 1 ： 1 ; inoculum size, 12% （V/V） ; fermentation temperature, 30 ℃; and fermentation time, 6 d. After fermentation, the crude protein content, pure protein content, and crude fiber content were increased by 78.97%, 56.29% and 31.60%, respectively. In addition, the fermented waste lees was rich in beneficial live microorganisms and bioactive substances such as enzymes and vitamins. [ Conclusion] Waste lees can be well fermented to produce protein feedstuff by mix fermentation.
文摘Current researches on the nutritive characteristics of fibrous feedstuff through determining the feedstuff cation exchange capacity (CEC) to evaluate its nutritive value at home and abroad were comprehensively discribed. and the methods of determining CEC value and the correlation between CEC value and chemical compositions, pH value, and the effect of CEC value on the digestion kinetics in ruminants were also emphatically introduced. The results of research showed that the CEC values of different feedstuff are different, closely correlated with nitrogen and acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin (LIG) content of the feedstuff. At the same time, there are markedly effect of CEC value in diet on the nutrients flow of digesta in the digestive tract of ruminants, the degradation rate and digestibility of nutrients in the rumen.
文摘[Objective] More accurate, rapid and sensitive method of melamine and cyanuricacid residue in dairy products and feedstuff were re- viewed. [ Method] Physicochemical properties, metabolism, uses, harm and detection methods of melamine and cyanuric acid were analyzed and described. [ Result] Melamine and cyanuric acid, when used alone, were slightly toxic, but long -term intake could lead to animal reproductive and urinary system damage. [ Condusion] Establishing a more sensitive, fast and easy to popularize detection method for elarnine and cyanuricacid res- idue in dairy products and feedstuff was necessary.
文摘Sun-dried blend of maize offal and blood (SDMBM) was analyzed and its effect on the per- formance of broiler chickens (Anak-2000 strain) evaluated. Fresh blood prevented from coagu- lation, mixed with maize offal, was sun-dried, ground, mixed again with blood and ground into a meal after drying again. The crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, ADF and gross energy contents of SDMBM were, 362.0, 45.5, 31.8, 69.3, 52.3 g/kg DM and 4.245 kcal/g, respectively. It was ade- quate in all essential amino acids for growing broiler chickens except methionine. Eighty 14- day-old commercial broiler chicks were ran- domly allocated to four dietary treatments (fed ad libitum;four replicates each) consisting the control diet (0 g SDMBM/kg diet), which con- tained fishmeal, groundnut cake and soybean meal, and three other diets (50, 100 and 150 g SDMBM/kg diet). In a feeding trial, the starter (14 to 35 d) and finisher (35 to 49 d) dietary treat- ments did not have significant impact (P > 0.05) on body weight gain, efficiency of feed conver- sion, mortality and final body weights. The con- trol diet was inferior (P < 0.05) to 50, 100 and 150 g SDMBM/kg diets for feed cost per unit weight gain in the starter phase, 100 g SDMBM/kg diet in the finisher phase, and 100 and 150 g SDMBM/ kg diets for the whole period (14 to 49 d). Overall, the 100 and 150 g superior (P < 0.05) to the con- trol diet in cost of production per unit weight gain and all the SDMBM diets greater than con- trol in economic benefit per unit weight gain. Results suggest that dietary SDMBM up to 150 g/kg diet has a positive effect on broiler per- formance and can totally replace more expen- sive fishmeal.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1601700)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Standard Special Fund(19DZ2205000)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Technology Platform Research Fund(20DZ2291900).
文摘In this study,we performed an inter-laboratory collaborative ring trial to develop and validate specific TaqMan real-time PCR assays for goat-,horse-,and donkey-derived material in meat products.The performances of these assays in different environments and situations were comprehensively evaluated.This ring trial involved the participation of 12 laboratories in Europe and Asia.The results from the participating laboratories were analyzed to determine the specificity,accuracy,false positive rate,limit of detection(LOD),and probability of detection(POD)of the developed assays.Statistical analysis showed that the false positive and negative rates were zero,the LOD was five copies/reaction,and the laboratory standard deviation(σ_(L))was 0.30 for all three assays.Thus,the results demonstrate that the developed methods are robust and suitable for the detection and identification of goat-,horse-,and donkey-derived materials in meat products.
基金supported by the USDA, National Institute for Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project HAW02030-H, managed by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa
文摘Exploring and evaluating alternative feed ingredients to be used in swine diet is essential due to highly variable cost and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients. Tubers and agro-industrial coproducts could provide the basis for producing affordable swine feed. However, information on the nutritional value of these potential alternative feedstuffs is necessary while considering their use in swine feeding program. Four tubers(purple sweet potato [PSP], okinawan sweet potato, taro and cassava) and 3 coproducts(okara, wheat millrun [WMR] and barley brewers grain [BBG]) were analyzed for their proximate nutrients, starch, fibers and gross energy(GE) content. Two independent in vitro studies were carried out for tubers and coproducts to determine their nutrients digestibility using a 3-step enzymatic assay(which mimics the digestion occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of swine) with 9 replicates of each sample digested in 3 batches equally. All replicate samples were used to determine in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDDM) while 2 replicates from each batch were used to determine in vitro GE digestibility(IVDGE). Among tubers, CP content was the highest in taro(8.8%) and the lowest in cassava(3.7%), while CP content among coproducts was the highest in okara(22.7%) and the lowest in WMR(11.8%). Ether extract content among tubers ranged from 1.1% to 2.8%. The GE content among tubers, ranged from 4,134 to 4,334 kcal/kg whereas among coproducts it ranged from 4,270 to 4,794 kcal/kg. Among tubers, IVDDM for PSP was significantly higher(86.8%, P < 0.001) than taro(70.3%). Among coproducts, IVDDM of okara(74.1%) was significantly higher(P < 0.05) than BBG(61.3%). In conclusion,both tubers and coproducts can be used as a partial substitute of conventional energy feedstuffs in swine diets as these are rich in GE and other nutrients and are fairly digestible.
基金funded by the National13th five-year plan R&D project(No.2016YFD0700205 and 2017YFD0701604)Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No 2019B020215002 and 2019B020215004)
文摘The large-scale development of herbivorous animal husbandry in China has increased the demand for forage products.However,due to scarce land resources and poor soil quality,forage is in short supply.In particular,high-quality forage in China heavily relies on imports.The contradiction between supply and demand for forage grass products is increasingly notable.Therefore,the development of indigenous new forage resources with a strong ecological adaptability and a high nutritional value is a key to solving this problem.Jerusalem artichoke(JA,Helianthus tuberosus L.),a perennial herb of the genus Helianthus,has advantageous growth traits such as resistance to salinity,barrenness,drought,cold,and disease.The contents of crude protein,crude fiber,and calcium in the optimal harvest period of forage-type JA straw are comparable to those of alfalfa hay at the full bloom stage and the straw of ryegrass and corn at the mature stage.Inulin in JA tubers is a functional ingredient that has prebiotic effects in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals and young ruminants.In addition,some bioactive substances(e.g.flavonoids,phenolic acids,sesquiterpenes,polysaccharides,and amino acids)in JA leaves and flowers have antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant functions as well as toxicities to cancer cells.These functional ingredients may provide effective alternatives to antibiotics used in livestock production.In this review,we summarized the potentials of JA as a feed ingredient from the aspects of nutritional value and fermenting characteristics of the straw,the functions of physiological regulation and disease prevention of inulin in the tubers,and bioactive substances in the leaves and flowers.
基金International S&T Cooperation Program of China(2015DFG32170)National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project(2014YQ47037705)China Agricultural University‘DaBeiNong Education Fund’.
文摘Due to the widespread of adulteration of lipid in food and feed industry,the quality and safety of lipid are of public concern gradually.Firstly,the current article presents theory and mechanism of species identification of lipid by spectroscopic technique.Potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIR),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy(FT-Raman)applied to species identification of lipid were summarized.In addition,the relationship between lipid and spectroscopy as well as the recent advances of species identification of lipid were discussed.Research showed that FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies possessed more efficient potential for species identification of lipid.Finally,prospects for future lipid detection and relative practical application,and combination of spectroscopy and other technique were further discussed.
