1. Often blacks were not allowed intohotels, schools or libraries at all. (Page 28)【考点】allow的用法【归纳】allow 意为"允许, 准许"。用法有:allow sth. doing sth.allow sb. to do sth.allow sb. sth.allow for +...1. Often blacks were not allowed intohotels, schools or libraries at all. (Page 28)【考点】allow的用法【归纳】allow 意为"允许, 准许"。用法有:allow sth. doing sth.allow sb. to do sth.allow sb. sth.allow for +n. (考虑, 顾及) / doing / obj.+展开更多
一、词语例解1.prison n.1)监狱;牢房He is in prison now.That's why wehaven't seen him for months.他在坐牢,所以我们好几个月没见到他了。It was reported that four men escapedfrom prison yesterday.据报道。
The Potala Palace is situated on the"red"mountain of Lhasa.A group of police fire fighters, unknown to most people,are actually the"guardians of the national treasures"and are living all year aroun...The Potala Palace is situated on the"red"mountain of Lhasa.A group of police fire fighters, unknown to most people,are actually the"guardians of the national treasures"and are living all year around inside the Potala Palace.Seemingly they have formed a consolidated"fireproof wall"to protect this world famous cultural heritage.Since they took up residence 23 years ago, there have been no accidental fires in the palace.展开更多
The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swis...The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.展开更多
DEFEND MADRID, an antifascist song composed in 1936 toraise Chinese awareness against fascists invading then Republic of Spain and who invaded China one year later, played once again in the Chinese Revolutionary Museu...DEFEND MADRID, an antifascist song composed in 1936 toraise Chinese awareness against fascists invading then Republic of Spain and who invaded China one year later, played once again in the Chinese Revolutionary Museum in Beijing on 9 October 1996. The song brought participants of the 60th anniversary of the International Brigade back to the days when peaceloving people the world over, despite their differences in nationalities and beliefs, gathered in Spain to fight against the common foe of mankind—fascism. Mr. Cheng Siyuan, Vice President of the Chinese National People’s Congress, Mr. Huang Hua, President of展开更多
基因,转基因,基因工程……与“基因”有关的这几个词,几乎成了上世纪末以来的热门词语。这似乎印证了“21世纪属于生物学世纪”这一著名预言。“genetically modified(GM)crops”也成了一个英语热门词汇。本文详细介绍了上世纪六、七十...基因,转基因,基因工程……与“基因”有关的这几个词,几乎成了上世纪末以来的热门词语。这似乎印证了“21世纪属于生物学世纪”这一著名预言。“genetically modified(GM)crops”也成了一个英语热门词汇。本文详细介绍了上世纪六、七十年代所谓绿色革命之父,诺贝尔奖获得者Norman Borlaug对(GM)crops这场新革命的观点。他的观点有两点值得我们关注: 1/为什么当今世界有人反对这场崭新意义的绿色革命?Borlaug的观点非常犀利: If we sit in Europe or North America and decide that because we don't need that scientific approach for our food supply, therefore they can't have it either, that is grossly (非常) unethical (不道德的). 2/凡是革命。那就必然会有风险:no agricultural advance is risk-free. Borlaug称,当年的绿色革命也同样遭受了人们的反对:Critics(批评家们)in the past accused the Green Revolution of popularizing (普及) chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation that jeopardized (危害) the environment in developing countries.】展开更多
The characteristics of the confrontation between fighters and air-defense systems on ship are analyzed. The approach of simulating operations of both sides is presented based on the combination of random-factor effect...The characteristics of the confrontation between fighters and air-defense systems on ship are analyzed. The approach of simulating operations of both sides is presented based on the combination of random-factor effectiveness simulation models and deterministic models. Two basic indices are proposed to indicate task effectiveness （i. e. the survival probability of the fighter team and the specified effect of damage on the fleet） and relative algo- rithms. To verify the approach, the situation that a fighter team attacks a collective defense fleet is exemplified and the task effectiveness of this case is also calculated. The method for evaluating task effectiveness on anti-ship attack can be applied in aircraft design and tactical research.展开更多
The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism an...The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism and Jihadism, the possibilities of using Georgian territories by the foreign and local fighters and steps taken by Georgian State. Also popularization of the idea of creation world Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East and ISIL Caucasus Province, joining the terrorist organizations ISIL and A1-Nusra Front in Iraq and Syria by some of the Georgian Muslims. The author analyzes the factors of the popularization of radical Islamism ideas among the young generation, the problems of Georgian Muslim communities and gives the recommendations for state actors.展开更多
During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organi...During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organize two purchasing missions in the United States under the control of a ＂Liaison Committee＂ supervised by the Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau. Edouard Daladier, French Chief of Government, sent Ren6 Pleven to establish contacts with General Arnold （AirCorps）. The Franco-British financial contribution facilitated a main spurt in investments which help modernize the American products apparatus. First contacts were established on April 1940, to be delivered in September. While France had not be able to benefit from significant part of these orders, Great Britain would take over some units that were originally allocated to France. These contracts would later facilitate the development of transatlantic cooperation.展开更多
Background:Technological advancements in modern military and acrobatic jet planes have resulted in extraordinary psychophysiological loads being exerted upon flying personnel,including inducing neck and back pain.The ...Background:Technological advancements in modern military and acrobatic jet planes have resulted in extraordinary psychophysiological loads being exerted upon flying personnel,including inducing neck and back pain.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of functional strength training on 1)the volume and strength of the neck and shoulder muscles and 2)muscular activity upon exposure to helmets of different masses and elevated Gz forces in a long-arm centrifuge in high-performance aircraft personnel.Methods:Eighteen participants underwent 12 weeks of functional strength training(n=12)or the control protocol(n=6)without additional strength training.Pre-and post-intervention tests included evaluations of isometric strength of the head extensor muscles,flexion,and lateral flexion and rotation,as well as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)to measure the volume of the m.sternocleidomastoideus,m.trapezius,and deep neck muscles.Furthermore,during a long-arm centrifuge(+1.4 and+3Gz)protocol,the muscular activity levels of the m.sternocleidomastoideus,m.trapezius and m.erector spinae muscles were assessed without a flight helmet,with a helmet,and with a helmet and night vision goggles.Each participant’s perception of muscular strain was noted immediately after the long-arm centrifuge protocol.Results:The maximal isometric strength in all exercises and muscle volumes increased in the training group but not the control group(P<0.05).Relative muscle activity(%MVC)with a helmet decreased after the intervention in the training but not the control group(P=0.01).Relative muscle activity while wearing a helmet and night vision goggles was higher after intervention in the control group than in the training group(P<0.01).The perceived muscular strain of the neck muscles induced by the long-arm centrifuge did not differ between the groups.Conclusions:Twelve weeks of functional strength training improves the maximal isometric strength and volume of neck and shoulder muscles and leads to lower relative muscle activation upon exposure to elevated Gz forces in a long-arm centrifuge.展开更多
Fighters and other complex engineering systems have many characteristics such as difficult modeling and testing, multiple working situations, and high cost. Aim at these points, a new kind of real-time fault predictor...Fighters and other complex engineering systems have many characteristics such as difficult modeling and testing, multiple working situations, and high cost. Aim at these points, a new kind of real-time fault predictor is designed based on an improved k-nearest neighbor method, which needs neither the math model of system nc, the training data and prior knowledge. It can study and predict while system＇s running, so that it can overcome the difficulty of data acquirement. Besides, this predictor has a fast prediction speed, and the false alarm rate and missing alarm rate can be adjusted randomly. The method is simple and universalizable. The result of simulation on fighter F-16 proved the effidency.展开更多
Analyses of the systematic confrontation between two military forcfes are the highest hierarchy on opera-tional effectiveness study of weapon systema.The physi-cal model for tactical many-on-many engagements of an aer...Analyses of the systematic confrontation between two military forcfes are the highest hierarchy on opera-tional effectiveness study of weapon systema.The physi-cal model for tactical many-on-many engagements of an aerial warfare with heterogeneous figher aircraft is estab-lished.On the basis of Lanchester multivariate equations of square law,a mathematical model corresponding to the established physical model is given.A superiorityh parame-ter is then derived directly from the mathematical model.With view to the high -tech condition of modern war-fare,the concept of superiority parameter which more well and truly reflects the essential of an air-to-air en-gagement is further formulated.The attrition coeffi-cients,which are key to the differential equations,are de-termined by using tactics of random target assignment and air-to-air capability index of the fighter aircraft.Hereby,taking the mathematical model and superiority parameter as cores,calculations amd analyses of complicate systemic problems such as evaluation of battle superiority,prog-mostication of combat process and optimization of colloca-tions have been accomplished.Results indicate that a clas-sical combat theory with its certain recent development has received newer applications in the military operation research for complicated confrontation analysis issues.展开更多
This paper considers the problem of applying data mining techniques to aeronautical field.The truncation method,which is one of the techniques in the aeronautical data mining,can be used to efficiently handle the air-...This paper considers the problem of applying data mining techniques to aeronautical field.The truncation method,which is one of the techniques in the aeronautical data mining,can be used to efficiently handle the air-combat behavior data.The technique of air-combat behavior data mining based on the truncation method is proposed to discover the air-combat rules or patterns.The simulation platform of the air-combat behavior data mining that supports two fighters is implemented.The simulation experimental results show that the proposed air-combat behavior data mining technique based on the truncation method is feasible whether in efficiency or in effectiveness.展开更多
A complete process of grid generation for complex practical aircraft is described with a twin tail fighter as an example. Euler equations are discretized in the generated multiblock grid by a finite volume method and...A complete process of grid generation for complex practical aircraft is described with a twin tail fighter as an example. Euler equations are discretized in the generated multiblock grid by a finite volume method and solved by a three stage explicit time stepping scheme in each block with some extra treatments of interface at each step. The predicted aerodynamic coefficients and vortical flow field are reasonable.展开更多
Cotton fabrics treated with phase change materials( PCMs)were used in multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing to study its effect on thermal protection. The thermal protective performance( TPP) o...Cotton fabrics treated with phase change materials( PCMs)were used in multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing to study its effect on thermal protection. The thermal protective performance( TPP) of the multi-layered fabrics was measured by a TPP tester under flash fire. Results showed that the utilization of the PCM fabrics improved the thermal protective performance of the multi-layered fabrics. The fabric with a PCM add on of 41. 9% increased the thermal protection by 50. 6% and reduced the time to reach a second degree burn by 8. 4 s compared with the reference fabrics( without PCMs). The employment of the PCM fabrics also reduced the blackened areas on the inner layers. The PCM fabrics with higher PCM melting temperature could bring higher thermal protective performance.展开更多
文摘1. Often blacks were not allowed intohotels, schools or libraries at all. (Page 28)【考点】allow的用法【归纳】allow 意为"允许, 准许"。用法有:allow sth. doing sth.allow sb. to do sth.allow sb. sth.allow for +n. (考虑, 顾及) / doing / obj.+
文摘一、词语例解1.prison n.1)监狱;牢房He is in prison now.That's why wehaven't seen him for months.他在坐牢,所以我们好几个月没见到他了。It was reported that four men escapedfrom prison yesterday.据报道。
文摘The Potala Palace is situated on the"red"mountain of Lhasa.A group of police fire fighters, unknown to most people,are actually the"guardians of the national treasures"and are living all year around inside the Potala Palace.Seemingly they have formed a consolidated"fireproof wall"to protect this world famous cultural heritage.Since they took up residence 23 years ago, there have been no accidental fires in the palace.
文摘The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.
文摘DEFEND MADRID, an antifascist song composed in 1936 toraise Chinese awareness against fascists invading then Republic of Spain and who invaded China one year later, played once again in the Chinese Revolutionary Museum in Beijing on 9 October 1996. The song brought participants of the 60th anniversary of the International Brigade back to the days when peaceloving people the world over, despite their differences in nationalities and beliefs, gathered in Spain to fight against the common foe of mankind—fascism. Mr. Cheng Siyuan, Vice President of the Chinese National People’s Congress, Mr. Huang Hua, President of
文摘基因,转基因,基因工程……与“基因”有关的这几个词,几乎成了上世纪末以来的热门词语。这似乎印证了“21世纪属于生物学世纪”这一著名预言。“genetically modified(GM)crops”也成了一个英语热门词汇。本文详细介绍了上世纪六、七十年代所谓绿色革命之父,诺贝尔奖获得者Norman Borlaug对(GM)crops这场新革命的观点。他的观点有两点值得我们关注: 1/为什么当今世界有人反对这场崭新意义的绿色革命?Borlaug的观点非常犀利: If we sit in Europe or North America and decide that because we don't need that scientific approach for our food supply, therefore they can't have it either, that is grossly (非常) unethical (不道德的). 2/凡是革命。那就必然会有风险:no agricultural advance is risk-free. Borlaug称,当年的绿色革命也同样遭受了人们的反对:Critics(批评家们)in the past accused the Green Revolution of popularizing (普及) chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation that jeopardized (危害) the environment in developing countries.】
文摘The characteristics of the confrontation between fighters and air-defense systems on ship are analyzed. The approach of simulating operations of both sides is presented based on the combination of random-factor effectiveness simulation models and deterministic models. Two basic indices are proposed to indicate task effectiveness （i. e. the survival probability of the fighter team and the specified effect of damage on the fleet） and relative algo- rithms. To verify the approach, the situation that a fighter team attacks a collective defense fleet is exemplified and the task effectiveness of this case is also calculated. The method for evaluating task effectiveness on anti-ship attack can be applied in aircraft design and tactical research.
文摘The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism and Jihadism, the possibilities of using Georgian territories by the foreign and local fighters and steps taken by Georgian State. Also popularization of the idea of creation world Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East and ISIL Caucasus Province, joining the terrorist organizations ISIL and A1-Nusra Front in Iraq and Syria by some of the Georgian Muslims. The author analyzes the factors of the popularization of radical Islamism ideas among the young generation, the problems of Georgian Muslim communities and gives the recommendations for state actors.
文摘During the Second world war, the Franco-British cooperation included the organization of purchasing missions for airnautical material in the States. On 25 november 1939, a Franco-British agreement was set up to organize two purchasing missions in the United States under the control of a ＂Liaison Committee＂ supervised by the Treasury Secretary, Henry Morgenthau. Edouard Daladier, French Chief of Government, sent Ren6 Pleven to establish contacts with General Arnold （AirCorps）. The Franco-British financial contribution facilitated a main spurt in investments which help modernize the American products apparatus. First contacts were established on April 1940, to be delivered in September. While France had not be able to benefit from significant part of these orders, Great Britain would take over some units that were originally allocated to France. These contracts would later facilitate the development of transatlantic cooperation.
文摘Background:Technological advancements in modern military and acrobatic jet planes have resulted in extraordinary psychophysiological loads being exerted upon flying personnel,including inducing neck and back pain.The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of functional strength training on 1)the volume and strength of the neck and shoulder muscles and 2)muscular activity upon exposure to helmets of different masses and elevated Gz forces in a long-arm centrifuge in high-performance aircraft personnel.Methods:Eighteen participants underwent 12 weeks of functional strength training(n=12)or the control protocol(n=6)without additional strength training.Pre-and post-intervention tests included evaluations of isometric strength of the head extensor muscles,flexion,and lateral flexion and rotation,as well as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)to measure the volume of the m.sternocleidomastoideus,m.trapezius,and deep neck muscles.Furthermore,during a long-arm centrifuge(+1.4 and+3Gz)protocol,the muscular activity levels of the m.sternocleidomastoideus,m.trapezius and m.erector spinae muscles were assessed without a flight helmet,with a helmet,and with a helmet and night vision goggles.Each participant’s perception of muscular strain was noted immediately after the long-arm centrifuge protocol.Results:The maximal isometric strength in all exercises and muscle volumes increased in the training group but not the control group(P<0.05).Relative muscle activity(%MVC)with a helmet decreased after the intervention in the training but not the control group(P=0.01).Relative muscle activity while wearing a helmet and night vision goggles was higher after intervention in the control group than in the training group(P<0.01).The perceived muscular strain of the neck muscles induced by the long-arm centrifuge did not differ between the groups.Conclusions:Twelve weeks of functional strength training improves the maximal isometric strength and volume of neck and shoulder muscles and leads to lower relative muscle activation upon exposure to elevated Gz forces in a long-arm centrifuge.
文摘Fighters and other complex engineering systems have many characteristics such as difficult modeling and testing, multiple working situations, and high cost. Aim at these points, a new kind of real-time fault predictor is designed based on an improved k-nearest neighbor method, which needs neither the math model of system nc, the training data and prior knowledge. It can study and predict while system＇s running, so that it can overcome the difficulty of data acquirement. Besides, this predictor has a fast prediction speed, and the false alarm rate and missing alarm rate can be adjusted randomly. The method is simple and universalizable. The result of simulation on fighter F-16 proved the effidency.
文摘Analyses of the systematic confrontation between two military forcfes are the highest hierarchy on opera-tional effectiveness study of weapon systema.The physi-cal model for tactical many-on-many engagements of an aerial warfare with heterogeneous figher aircraft is estab-lished.On the basis of Lanchester multivariate equations of square law,a mathematical model corresponding to the established physical model is given.A superiorityh parame-ter is then derived directly from the mathematical model.With view to the high -tech condition of modern war-fare,the concept of superiority parameter which more well and truly reflects the essential of an air-to-air en-gagement is further formulated.The attrition coeffi-cients,which are key to the differential equations,are de-termined by using tactics of random target assignment and air-to-air capability index of the fighter aircraft.Hereby,taking the mathematical model and superiority parameter as cores,calculations amd analyses of complicate systemic problems such as evaluation of battle superiority,prog-mostication of combat process and optimization of colloca-tions have been accomplished.Results indicate that a clas-sical combat theory with its certain recent development has received newer applications in the military operation research for complicated confrontation analysis issues.
文摘This paper considers the problem of applying data mining techniques to aeronautical field.The truncation method,which is one of the techniques in the aeronautical data mining,can be used to efficiently handle the air-combat behavior data.The technique of air-combat behavior data mining based on the truncation method is proposed to discover the air-combat rules or patterns.The simulation platform of the air-combat behavior data mining that supports two fighters is implemented.The simulation experimental results show that the proposed air-combat behavior data mining technique based on the truncation method is feasible whether in efficiency or in effectiveness.
文摘A complete process of grid generation for complex practical aircraft is described with a twin tail fighter as an example. Euler equations are discretized in the generated multiblock grid by a finite volume method and solved by a three stage explicit time stepping scheme in each block with some extra treatments of interface at each step. The predicted aerodynamic coefficients and vortical flow field are reasonable.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.14D110715/17/18)Start up Fund by Shanghai University of Engineering Science(No.2015-69)Young Teacher Training Program by Shanghai,China(No.ZZGCD15051))
文摘Cotton fabrics treated with phase change materials( PCMs)were used in multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing to study its effect on thermal protection. The thermal protective performance( TPP) of the multi-layered fabrics was measured by a TPP tester under flash fire. Results showed that the utilization of the PCM fabrics improved the thermal protective performance of the multi-layered fabrics. The fabric with a PCM add on of 41. 9% increased the thermal protection by 50. 6% and reduced the time to reach a second degree burn by 8. 4 s compared with the reference fabrics( without PCMs). The employment of the PCM fabrics also reduced the blackened areas on the inner layers. The PCM fabrics with higher PCM melting temperature could bring higher thermal protective performance.
