In previous publications, the author has proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure, wherein a positively-charged negative mass outer shell and a negatively-charged positive mass central core are proposed ...In previous publications, the author has proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure, wherein a positively-charged negative mass outer shell and a negatively-charged positive mass central core are proposed to resolve the electron’s charge and mass inconsistencies. That model is modified in this document by assuming the electron’s radius is exactly equal to the classical electron radius. The attributes of the internal components of the electron’s structure have been recalculated accordingly. The shape of the electron is also predicted, and found to be slightly aspherical on the order of an oblate ellipsoid. This shape is attributed to centrifugal force and compliant outer shell material. It is interesting to note that all of the electron’s attributes, both external and internal, with the exception of mass and angular moment, are functions of the fine structure constant a, and can be calculated from just three additional constants: electron mass, Planck’s constant, and speed of light. In particular, the ratios of the outer shell charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 3/2a. The ratios of the central core charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 1-(3/2a). Attributes of the electron are compared with those of the muon. Charge and spin angular momentum are the same, while mass, magnetic moment, and radius appear to be related by the fine structure constant. The mass of the electron outer shell is nearly equal to the mass of the muon. The muon internal structure can be modeled exactly the same as for the electron, with exactly the same attribute relationships.展开更多
The Fine Structure Constant (α) is a dimensionless value that guides much of quantum physics but with no scientific insight into why this specific number. The number defines the coupling constant for the strength of ...The Fine Structure Constant (α) is a dimensionless value that guides much of quantum physics but with no scientific insight into why this specific number. The number defines the coupling constant for the strength of the electromagnetic force and is precisely tuned to make our universe functional. This study introduces a novel approach to understanding a conceptual model for how this critical number is part of a larger design rather than a random accident of nature. The Fine Structure Constant (FSC) model employs a Python program to calculate n-dimensional property sets for prime number universes where α equals the whole number values 137 and 139, representing twin prime universes without a fractional constant. Each property is defined by theoretical prime number sets that represent focal points of matter and wave energy in their respective universes. This work aims to determine if these prime number sets can reproduce the observed α value, giving it a definable structure. The result of the FSC model produces a α value equal to 137.036, an almost exact match. Furthermore, the model indicates that other twin prime pairs also have a role in our functional universe, providing a hierarchy for atomic orbital energy levels and alignment with the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers. In addition, it construes stable matter as property sets with the highest ratio of twin prime elements. These results provide a new perspective on a mathematical structure that shapes our universe and, if valid, has the structural complexity to guide future research.展开更多
The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have su...The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have superfluid characteristics and elementary particles such as the electron and Hydrogen molecule are irrotational vortices of this superfluid. In such a vortex, the angular rotation ω is maintained, and the larger the radius, the slower the rotational speed. The fine structure value is derived from the ratio of the rotational speed of the boundaries of the vortex to the speed of the vortex eye in its center. Since the angular rotation is constant, the same value was derived from the ratio between the radius of the constant vortex core and the radius of the hall vortex. Therefore, the constancy of alpha is an expression of the constancy relation in the vortex structure.展开更多
This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant <em>G</em>, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Struc...This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant <em>G</em>, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Structure into examination. In the empty space, couples of virtual positron electrons dematerialize, giving virtual photon origin. They, at their time, will become electrons, positrons and so on. These transformations are made keeping the board of their “amount of movement” and when they meet the matter, these couples come, reissued depending on the field and on the matter mass. The matter is the change of the trend of their gyromagnetic movement relationship which puts under pressure. In presence of two masses, this gyromagnetic movement relationship is already partially oriented towards the other mass. From here a force is established between these two masses that give as calculated constant equal to 6.678532. This value of <em>G</em>, obtained leaving from the charge and the electron mass, is very near the experimental values estimated in these last decades regard the value of the gravitational constant of <em>G</em>.展开更多
An equation is given for analytically defining the value of the fine structure constant, whose derivation follows two main steps, relative to the generation of electric charges and to the polarizability of vacuum due ...An equation is given for analytically defining the value of the fine structure constant, whose derivation follows two main steps, relative to the generation of electric charges and to the polarizability of vacuum due to virtual dipoles. The obtained value matches the experimental one by a factor lower than the relative standard uncertainty produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).展开更多
Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations, we show how the fine structure constant is embedded ...Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations, we show how the fine structure constant is embedded as a geometrical proportionality constant in three dimensional space of its charge manifold and how this dictates the first QED term one-loop contribution of its anomalous magnetic moment making for the first time a connection of its intrinsic characteristics with physical geometrical dimensions and therefore demonstrating that the physical electron charge cannot be dimensionless. We show that the fine structure constant (FSC) α, and anomalous magnetic moment α<sub>μ</sub> of the electron is related to the sphericity of its charge distribution which is not perfectly spherical and thus has a shape, and therefore its self-confined charge possesses measurable physical dimensions. We also explain why these are not yet able to be measured by past and current experiments and how possible we could succeed.展开更多
Highly accurate algebraic relations between the fine structure constant a and a wide range of particle masses are given, ranging from Δa/a = (2.1 ±0.1)×10<sup>-7</sup> to &Del...Highly accurate algebraic relations between the fine structure constant a and a wide range of particle masses are given, ranging from Δa/a = (2.1 ±0.1)×10<sup>-7</sup> to Δa/a = (-2.7 ±0.3 ±0.6)×10<sup>-8</sup>, and with a very large standard deviation, ranging to Δa/a = -5.5×10<sup>-9</sup>. The analysis is based on empirical relations that exist among some particle masses, and also on several theoretical assumptions, of which the most significant is that the electromagnetic contribution to the electron’s mass is finite, and given by f am<sub>eb</sub>, where f is a dimensionless parameter that is shown to be equal to 1.032409810 (63), and where meb</sub> is the electron’s “bare mass.” The relations for a and f are homogeneous degree zero in the particle masses. The relations for f in terms of particle masses are found by trial and error. A quadratic equation is given relating a to f and m<sub>e</sub>/m<sub>p</sub>. This equation is used in the application to cosmological measurements of a, and , where it is shown that, to a few percent accuracy, δa/a ≈ -δμ/μ. This relation can serve to test the validity of measurements of a and μ.展开更多
It is shown that the fine structure constant at Planck times tends to one as well as those of the weak and strong interactions. This results by constraining them at the Planck force. That seems to provide interesting ...It is shown that the fine structure constant at Planck times tends to one as well as those of the weak and strong interactions. This results by constraining them at the Planck force. That seems to provide interesting new results which confirm that at the beginning of space time (Planck scale) all fundamental forces converge to the same unit value.展开更多
We evaluate three of the quantum constants of hydrogen, the electron, e<sup>-</sup>, the Bohr radius, a<sub>0</sub>, and the Rydberg constants, , as natural unit frequency equivalents, v. This ...We evaluate three of the quantum constants of hydrogen, the electron, e<sup>-</sup>, the Bohr radius, a<sub>0</sub>, and the Rydberg constants, , as natural unit frequency equivalents, v. This is equivalent to Planck’s constant, h, the speed of light, c, and the electron charge, e, all scaled to 1 similar in concept to the Hartree atomic, and Planck units. These frequency ratios are analyzed as fundamental coupling constants. We recognize that the ratio of the product of 8π<sup>2</sup>, the v<sub>e</sub><sub>-</sub> times the v<sub>R</sub> divided by v<sub>a</sub><sub>0</sub> squared equals 1. This is a power law defining Planck’s constant in a dimensionless domain as 1. We also find that all of the possible dimensionless and dimensioned ratios correspond to other constants or classic relationships, and are systematically inter-related by multiple power laws to the fine structure constant, α;and the geometric factors 2, and π. One is related to an angular momentum scaled by Planck’s constant, and another is the kinetic energy law. There are harmonic sinusoidal relationships based on 2π circle geometry. In the dimensionless domain, α is equivalent to the free space constant of permeability, and its reciprocal to permittivity. If any two quanta are known, all of the others can be derived within power laws. This demonstrates that 8π2 represents the logical geometric conversion factor that links the Euclid geometric factors/three dimensional space, and the quantum domain. We conclude that the relative scale and organization of many of the fundamental constants even beyond hydrogen are related to a unified power law system defined by only three physical quanta of v<sub>e</sub><sub>-</sub>, v<sub>R</sub>, and v<sub>a</sub><sub>0</sub>.展开更多
The possible variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant, αe, at cosmological scales has aroused great interest in recent years. Strongly lensed gravitational waves（GWs） and their electromagnetic count...The possible variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant, αe, at cosmological scales has aroused great interest in recent years. Strongly lensed gravitational waves（GWs） and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test this variation. Under the assumption that the speed of a photon can be modified,whereas the speed of a GW is the same as predicted by general relativity, and they both propagate in a flat FriedmanRobertson-Walker universe, we investigated the difference in time delays of the images and derived the upper bound of the variation of αe. For a typical lensing system in the standard cosmological models, we obtained B cosθ 1.85×10^（-5）,where B is the dipolar amplitude and θ is the angle between observation and the preferred direction. Our result is consistent with the most up-to-date observations on αe. In addition, the observations of strongly lensed GWs and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test which types of alternative theories of gravity can account for the variation of α_e.展开更多
The Fine Structure Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number that underlies much of quantum physics. The Fine Structure Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 represents a di...The Fine Structure Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number that underlies much of quantum physics. The Fine Structure Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 represents a dimensionless constant that characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction between subatomic charged particles. Python-generated property counts for the twin prime force F{139/137} show that the adjusted ratio gives a value of α = 137.036. This implies a mathematical framework underlying this constant is based on twin prime numbers and set theory. This study attempts to demonstrate a proof of concept that a hierarchy of fractional twin prime (αII) forces replicates the quantum nature of the universe and is aligned with the Standard Model of Particle Physics. An expanded eFSC Model demonstrates that twin prime forces and their property sets are mathematically viable substitutes for nuclear reactions, as demonstrated for the Beta-minus decay of neutrons into protons. Most significantly, the positive and negative prime numbers define these nuclear reactants and products as positive or negatively charged ions. Furthermore, the eFSC Model provides new insights regarding the hierarchy of EM forces underlying the quantum nature of the universe.展开更多
This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139...This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139. The FSC Model introduces a new perspective on the fundamental nature of our universe, showing that α = 137.036 can be calculated from these prime property sets. The Fine Structure Constant, a cornerstone in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), implies an underlying structure. This study identifies this mathematical framework and demonstrates how the FSC model theory aligns with our current understanding of physics and cosmology. The results unveil a hierarchy of α values for twin prime pairs U{3/2} through U{199/197}. These values, represented by their fraction parts α♊ (e.g., 0.036), define the relative electromagnetic forces driving quantum energy systems. The lower twin prime pairs, such as U{3/2}, exhibit higher EM forces that decrease as the twin pairs increase, turning dark when they drop below the α♊ for light. The results provide classical definitions for Baryonic Matter/Energy, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Antimatter but mostly illustrate how the combined α♊ values for three adjacent twin primes, U{7/5/3/2} mirrors the strong nuclear force of gluons holding quarks together.展开更多
Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among...Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. Furthermore, every equation can also be explained in terms of the Avogadro number and the number of electrons at 1 C. We show that every equation can be described in terms of the Planck constant. Then, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force can be uniquely determined with the assumption of minimum mass. In this report, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Thus, there are no dimension mismatch problems.展开更多
In this study, an effort is made to find the attributes of an electron based on Maharishi Vyasa’s definition of kshana or moment. Kshana or moment is a very small quanta of time defined by Maharishi Vyasa. It is the ...In this study, an effort is made to find the attributes of an electron based on Maharishi Vyasa’s definition of kshana or moment. Kshana or moment is a very small quanta of time defined by Maharishi Vyasa. It is the time taken by an elementary particle to change the direction from east to north. It is found that the value of a kshana in the case of pair production is approximately 2 × 10<sup>-21</sup> sec, and the radius of the spinning electron or positron is equal to the reduced Compton wavelength. The mass of the electron is equal to the codata recommended value of electron mass and time required in pair production is about four kshanas equal to spinning period of an electron. During validation, in case of the photoelectric effect, spectral series of hydrogen atoms, Compton scattering, and the statistical concept of motion of electron, the value of the number of kshanas in a second is the same as that found in pair production.展开更多
A model for the internal structure of the electron using classical physics equations has been previously published by the author. The model employs both positive and negative charges and positive and negative masses. ...A model for the internal structure of the electron using classical physics equations has been previously published by the author. The model employs both positive and negative charges and positive and negative masses. The internal attributes of the electron structure were calculated for both ring and spherical shapes. Further examination of the model reveals an instability for the ring shape. The spherical shape appears to be stable, but relies on tensile or compressive forces of the electron material for stability. The model is modified in this document to eliminate the dependency on material forces. Uniform stability is provided solely by balancing electrical and centrifugal forces. This stability is achieved by slightly elongating the sphere along the spin axis to create a prolate ellipsoid. The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid is the spin axis of the electron, and is calculated to be 1.20% longer than the semi-minor axis, which is the radius of the equator. Although the shape deviates slightly from a perfect sphere, the electric dipole moment is zero. In the author’s previously published document, the attributes of the internal components of the electron, such as charge and mass, were calculated and expressed as ratios to the classically measured values for the composite electron. It is interesting to note that all of these ratios are nearly the same as the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant, with differences of less than 15%. The electron model assumed that the outer surface charge was fixed and uniform. By allowing the charge to be mobile and the shape to have a particular ellipticity, it is shown that the calculated charge and mass ratios for the model can be exactly equal to the Fine Structure Constant and the Constant plus one. The electron radius predicted by the model is 15% greater than the Classical Electron Radius.展开更多
In this paper, we delve into the intrinsic nature of mass and gravity, as per the amplitude modulation interpretation of the quantum theory. We explore the idea that the elementary constituent is an electromagnetic co...In this paper, we delve into the intrinsic nature of mass and gravity, as per the amplitude modulation interpretation of the quantum theory. We explore the idea that the elementary constituent is an electromagnetic configuration that interacts with the quantum field, leading to the emergence of inertia and gravity as a reaction to the exchange with the quantum field. While these two phenomena have a common origin, they are distinct. Our proposal suggests manipulating the connection between the quantum field and the particle using high-frequency electromagnetic fields, thereby making a warp drive possible.展开更多
Planck’s radiation law provides an equation for the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation from a physical body as a function of frequency and temperature. The frequency that corresponds to the maximum intensity ...Planck’s radiation law provides an equation for the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation from a physical body as a function of frequency and temperature. The frequency that corresponds to the maximum intensity is a function of temperature. At a specific temperature, for the frequencies correspond to much less than the maximum intensity, an equation was derived in the form of the Lambert <em>W</em> function. Numerical calculations validate the equation. A new form of solution for the Euler’s transcendental equation was derived in the form of the Lambert <em>W</em> function with logarithmic argument. Numerical solutions to the Euler’s equation were determined iteratively and iterative convergences were investigated. Numerical coincidences with physical constants were explored.展开更多
We discuss in this paper a novel interpretation of Born rule as an approximated thermodynamic law which emerges from the interaction of a quantum system with a non-stationary thermal bath associated to vacuum fluctuat...We discuss in this paper a novel interpretation of Born rule as an approximated thermodynamic law which emerges from the interaction of a quantum system with a non-stationary thermal bath associated to vacuum fluctuations induced by external environment radiation. In particular we assume that vacuum polarization is a real non relativistic phenomena caused by hidden vacuum charge oscillations which diffuses heat energy in a dispersive and dissipative dielectric medium with a temperature dependent speed of propagation. We propose a model which couples vacuum wavefunctions to vacuum charge fluctuations and we deduce a temperature dependent running fine structure constant function proportional, at first approximation, to the squared of the effective electron charge and compatible with known experimental data. We interpret the vacuum symmetry breaking energy fluctuations induced in scattering experiments of particle physics and in laser assisted nuclear reactions as thermal quasi-monochromatic beams produced by the decay of hidden non equilibrium massive photons propagating with a variable light speed. We suggest, exploiting an old analogy between plasmons and pseudo Goldstone bosons, to interpret heat diffusion of this non relativistic polarized vacuum as a real De Broglie electromagnetic scalar wave associated to the radiation emitted by the hidden massive photons with acceleration proportional to vacuum Unruh like temperature. We predict a temperature dependent deviation from Coulomb law and a generalized dispersive law of these hidden unstable photons that could be revealed as not stationary coloured noise in experiments on anomalous heat diffusions associated to the decay of unstable accelerated pairs produced in nuclear physics experiments. We discuss then how our proposal of a temperature dependent non relativistic vacuum polarization might be applied to deduce a dynamic generalization of Born rule based on a realistic interpretation of quantum wavefunctions as averaged electromagnetic waves of hidden massive photons. Finally we suggest to test our time asymmetric model looking for very fast oscillating polarization thermal waves emitted during the not instantaneous wavefunction collapse and revealed as not stationary bulk heating effects in experiments on accelerated conductors and nanoconductors.展开更多
文摘In previous publications, the author has proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure, wherein a positively-charged negative mass outer shell and a negatively-charged positive mass central core are proposed to resolve the electron’s charge and mass inconsistencies. That model is modified in this document by assuming the electron’s radius is exactly equal to the classical electron radius. The attributes of the internal components of the electron’s structure have been recalculated accordingly. The shape of the electron is also predicted, and found to be slightly aspherical on the order of an oblate ellipsoid. This shape is attributed to centrifugal force and compliant outer shell material. It is interesting to note that all of the electron’s attributes, both external and internal, with the exception of mass and angular moment, are functions of the fine structure constant a, and can be calculated from just three additional constants: electron mass, Planck’s constant, and speed of light. In particular, the ratios of the outer shell charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 3/2a. The ratios of the central core charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 1-(3/2a). Attributes of the electron are compared with those of the muon. Charge and spin angular momentum are the same, while mass, magnetic moment, and radius appear to be related by the fine structure constant. The mass of the electron outer shell is nearly equal to the mass of the muon. The muon internal structure can be modeled exactly the same as for the electron, with exactly the same attribute relationships.
文摘The Fine Structure Constant (α) is a dimensionless value that guides much of quantum physics but with no scientific insight into why this specific number. The number defines the coupling constant for the strength of the electromagnetic force and is precisely tuned to make our universe functional. This study introduces a novel approach to understanding a conceptual model for how this critical number is part of a larger design rather than a random accident of nature. The Fine Structure Constant (FSC) model employs a Python program to calculate n-dimensional property sets for prime number universes where α equals the whole number values 137 and 139, representing twin prime universes without a fractional constant. Each property is defined by theoretical prime number sets that represent focal points of matter and wave energy in their respective universes. This work aims to determine if these prime number sets can reproduce the observed α value, giving it a definable structure. The result of the FSC model produces a α value equal to 137.036, an almost exact match. Furthermore, the model indicates that other twin prime pairs also have a role in our functional universe, providing a hierarchy for atomic orbital energy levels and alignment with the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers. In addition, it construes stable matter as property sets with the highest ratio of twin prime elements. These results provide a new perspective on a mathematical structure that shapes our universe and, if valid, has the structural complexity to guide future research.
文摘The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have superfluid characteristics and elementary particles such as the electron and Hydrogen molecule are irrotational vortices of this superfluid. In such a vortex, the angular rotation ω is maintained, and the larger the radius, the slower the rotational speed. The fine structure value is derived from the ratio of the rotational speed of the boundaries of the vortex to the speed of the vortex eye in its center. Since the angular rotation is constant, the same value was derived from the ratio between the radius of the constant vortex core and the radius of the hall vortex. Therefore, the constancy of alpha is an expression of the constancy relation in the vortex structure.
文摘This study proposes, from the theoretical point of view, the calculation of the gravitational constant <em>G</em>, made starting from the charge and the electron mass, taking the constant of the Fine Structure into examination. In the empty space, couples of virtual positron electrons dematerialize, giving virtual photon origin. They, at their time, will become electrons, positrons and so on. These transformations are made keeping the board of their “amount of movement” and when they meet the matter, these couples come, reissued depending on the field and on the matter mass. The matter is the change of the trend of their gyromagnetic movement relationship which puts under pressure. In presence of two masses, this gyromagnetic movement relationship is already partially oriented towards the other mass. From here a force is established between these two masses that give as calculated constant equal to 6.678532. This value of <em>G</em>, obtained leaving from the charge and the electron mass, is very near the experimental values estimated in these last decades regard the value of the gravitational constant of <em>G</em>.
文摘An equation is given for analytically defining the value of the fine structure constant, whose derivation follows two main steps, relative to the generation of electric charges and to the polarizability of vacuum due to virtual dipoles. The obtained value matches the experimental one by a factor lower than the relative standard uncertainty produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
文摘Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations, we show how the fine structure constant is embedded as a geometrical proportionality constant in three dimensional space of its charge manifold and how this dictates the first QED term one-loop contribution of its anomalous magnetic moment making for the first time a connection of its intrinsic characteristics with physical geometrical dimensions and therefore demonstrating that the physical electron charge cannot be dimensionless. We show that the fine structure constant (FSC) α, and anomalous magnetic moment α<sub>μ</sub> of the electron is related to the sphericity of its charge distribution which is not perfectly spherical and thus has a shape, and therefore its self-confined charge possesses measurable physical dimensions. We also explain why these are not yet able to be measured by past and current experiments and how possible we could succeed.
文摘Highly accurate algebraic relations between the fine structure constant a and a wide range of particle masses are given, ranging from Δa/a = (2.1 ±0.1)×10<sup>-7</sup> to Δa/a = (-2.7 ±0.3 ±0.6)×10<sup>-8</sup>, and with a very large standard deviation, ranging to Δa/a = -5.5×10<sup>-9</sup>. The analysis is based on empirical relations that exist among some particle masses, and also on several theoretical assumptions, of which the most significant is that the electromagnetic contribution to the electron’s mass is finite, and given by f am<sub>eb</sub>, where f is a dimensionless parameter that is shown to be equal to 1.032409810 (63), and where meb</sub> is the electron’s “bare mass.” The relations for a and f are homogeneous degree zero in the particle masses. The relations for f in terms of particle masses are found by trial and error. A quadratic equation is given relating a to f and m<sub>e</sub>/m<sub>p</sub>. This equation is used in the application to cosmological measurements of a, and , where it is shown that, to a few percent accuracy, δa/a ≈ -δμ/μ. This relation can serve to test the validity of measurements of a and μ.
文摘It is shown that the fine structure constant at Planck times tends to one as well as those of the weak and strong interactions. This results by constraining them at the Planck force. That seems to provide interesting new results which confirm that at the beginning of space time (Planck scale) all fundamental forces converge to the same unit value.
文摘We evaluate three of the quantum constants of hydrogen, the electron, e<sup>-</sup>, the Bohr radius, a<sub>0</sub>, and the Rydberg constants, , as natural unit frequency equivalents, v. This is equivalent to Planck’s constant, h, the speed of light, c, and the electron charge, e, all scaled to 1 similar in concept to the Hartree atomic, and Planck units. These frequency ratios are analyzed as fundamental coupling constants. We recognize that the ratio of the product of 8π<sup>2</sup>, the v<sub>e</sub><sub>-</sub> times the v<sub>R</sub> divided by v<sub>a</sub><sub>0</sub> squared equals 1. This is a power law defining Planck’s constant in a dimensionless domain as 1. We also find that all of the possible dimensionless and dimensioned ratios correspond to other constants or classic relationships, and are systematically inter-related by multiple power laws to the fine structure constant, α;and the geometric factors 2, and π. One is related to an angular momentum scaled by Planck’s constant, and another is the kinetic energy law. There are harmonic sinusoidal relationships based on 2π circle geometry. In the dimensionless domain, α is equivalent to the free space constant of permeability, and its reciprocal to permittivity. If any two quanta are known, all of the others can be derived within power laws. This demonstrates that 8π2 represents the logical geometric conversion factor that links the Euclid geometric factors/three dimensional space, and the quantum domain. We conclude that the relative scale and organization of many of the fundamental constants even beyond hydrogen are related to a unified power law system defined by only three physical quanta of v<sub>e</sub><sub>-</sub>, v<sub>R</sub>, and v<sub>a</sub><sub>0</sub>.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(11775038,11603005,11647307)
文摘The possible variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant, αe, at cosmological scales has aroused great interest in recent years. Strongly lensed gravitational waves（GWs） and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test this variation. Under the assumption that the speed of a photon can be modified,whereas the speed of a GW is the same as predicted by general relativity, and they both propagate in a flat FriedmanRobertson-Walker universe, we investigated the difference in time delays of the images and derived the upper bound of the variation of αe. For a typical lensing system in the standard cosmological models, we obtained B cosθ 1.85×10^（-5）,where B is the dipolar amplitude and θ is the angle between observation and the preferred direction. Our result is consistent with the most up-to-date observations on αe. In addition, the observations of strongly lensed GWs and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test which types of alternative theories of gravity can account for the variation of α_e.
文摘The Fine Structure Constant (eFSC) Model attempts to give a classical definition to a magical number that underlies much of quantum physics. The Fine Structure Constant (α) value equal to 137.03599206 represents a dimensionless constant that characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction between subatomic charged particles. Python-generated property counts for the twin prime force F{139/137} show that the adjusted ratio gives a value of α = 137.036. This implies a mathematical framework underlying this constant is based on twin prime numbers and set theory. This study attempts to demonstrate a proof of concept that a hierarchy of fractional twin prime (αII) forces replicates the quantum nature of the universe and is aligned with the Standard Model of Particle Physics. An expanded eFSC Model demonstrates that twin prime forces and their property sets are mathematically viable substitutes for nuclear reactions, as demonstrated for the Beta-minus decay of neutrons into protons. Most significantly, the positive and negative prime numbers define these nuclear reactants and products as positive or negatively charged ions. Furthermore, the eFSC Model provides new insights regarding the hierarchy of EM forces underlying the quantum nature of the universe.
文摘This study aims to demonstrate a proof of concept for a novel theory of the universe based on the Fine Structure Constant (α), derived from n-dimensional prime number property sets, specifically α = 137 and α = 139. The FSC Model introduces a new perspective on the fundamental nature of our universe, showing that α = 137.036 can be calculated from these prime property sets. The Fine Structure Constant, a cornerstone in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) and Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), implies an underlying structure. This study identifies this mathematical framework and demonstrates how the FSC model theory aligns with our current understanding of physics and cosmology. The results unveil a hierarchy of α values for twin prime pairs U{3/2} through U{199/197}. These values, represented by their fraction parts α♊ (e.g., 0.036), define the relative electromagnetic forces driving quantum energy systems. The lower twin prime pairs, such as U{3/2}, exhibit higher EM forces that decrease as the twin pairs increase, turning dark when they drop below the α♊ for light. The results provide classical definitions for Baryonic Matter/Energy, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Antimatter but mostly illustrate how the combined α♊ values for three adjacent twin primes, U{7/5/3/2} mirrors the strong nuclear force of gluons holding quarks together.
文摘Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. Furthermore, every equation can also be explained in terms of the Avogadro number and the number of electrons at 1 C. We show that every equation can be described in terms of the Planck constant. Then, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force can be uniquely determined with the assumption of minimum mass. In this report, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Thus, there are no dimension mismatch problems.
文摘In this study, an effort is made to find the attributes of an electron based on Maharishi Vyasa’s definition of kshana or moment. Kshana or moment is a very small quanta of time defined by Maharishi Vyasa. It is the time taken by an elementary particle to change the direction from east to north. It is found that the value of a kshana in the case of pair production is approximately 2 × 10<sup>-21</sup> sec, and the radius of the spinning electron or positron is equal to the reduced Compton wavelength. The mass of the electron is equal to the codata recommended value of electron mass and time required in pair production is about four kshanas equal to spinning period of an electron. During validation, in case of the photoelectric effect, spectral series of hydrogen atoms, Compton scattering, and the statistical concept of motion of electron, the value of the number of kshanas in a second is the same as that found in pair production.
文摘A model for the internal structure of the electron using classical physics equations has been previously published by the author. The model employs both positive and negative charges and positive and negative masses. The internal attributes of the electron structure were calculated for both ring and spherical shapes. Further examination of the model reveals an instability for the ring shape. The spherical shape appears to be stable, but relies on tensile or compressive forces of the electron material for stability. The model is modified in this document to eliminate the dependency on material forces. Uniform stability is provided solely by balancing electrical and centrifugal forces. This stability is achieved by slightly elongating the sphere along the spin axis to create a prolate ellipsoid. The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid is the spin axis of the electron, and is calculated to be 1.20% longer than the semi-minor axis, which is the radius of the equator. Although the shape deviates slightly from a perfect sphere, the electric dipole moment is zero. In the author’s previously published document, the attributes of the internal components of the electron, such as charge and mass, were calculated and expressed as ratios to the classically measured values for the composite electron. It is interesting to note that all of these ratios are nearly the same as the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant, with differences of less than 15%. The electron model assumed that the outer surface charge was fixed and uniform. By allowing the charge to be mobile and the shape to have a particular ellipticity, it is shown that the calculated charge and mass ratios for the model can be exactly equal to the Fine Structure Constant and the Constant plus one. The electron radius predicted by the model is 15% greater than the Classical Electron Radius.
文摘In this paper, we delve into the intrinsic nature of mass and gravity, as per the amplitude modulation interpretation of the quantum theory. We explore the idea that the elementary constituent is an electromagnetic configuration that interacts with the quantum field, leading to the emergence of inertia and gravity as a reaction to the exchange with the quantum field. While these two phenomena have a common origin, they are distinct. Our proposal suggests manipulating the connection between the quantum field and the particle using high-frequency electromagnetic fields, thereby making a warp drive possible.
文摘Planck’s radiation law provides an equation for the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation from a physical body as a function of frequency and temperature. The frequency that corresponds to the maximum intensity is a function of temperature. At a specific temperature, for the frequencies correspond to much less than the maximum intensity, an equation was derived in the form of the Lambert <em>W</em> function. Numerical calculations validate the equation. A new form of solution for the Euler’s transcendental equation was derived in the form of the Lambert <em>W</em> function with logarithmic argument. Numerical solutions to the Euler’s equation were determined iteratively and iterative convergences were investigated. Numerical coincidences with physical constants were explored.
文摘We discuss in this paper a novel interpretation of Born rule as an approximated thermodynamic law which emerges from the interaction of a quantum system with a non-stationary thermal bath associated to vacuum fluctuations induced by external environment radiation. In particular we assume that vacuum polarization is a real non relativistic phenomena caused by hidden vacuum charge oscillations which diffuses heat energy in a dispersive and dissipative dielectric medium with a temperature dependent speed of propagation. We propose a model which couples vacuum wavefunctions to vacuum charge fluctuations and we deduce a temperature dependent running fine structure constant function proportional, at first approximation, to the squared of the effective electron charge and compatible with known experimental data. We interpret the vacuum symmetry breaking energy fluctuations induced in scattering experiments of particle physics and in laser assisted nuclear reactions as thermal quasi-monochromatic beams produced by the decay of hidden non equilibrium massive photons propagating with a variable light speed. We suggest, exploiting an old analogy between plasmons and pseudo Goldstone bosons, to interpret heat diffusion of this non relativistic polarized vacuum as a real De Broglie electromagnetic scalar wave associated to the radiation emitted by the hidden massive photons with acceleration proportional to vacuum Unruh like temperature. We predict a temperature dependent deviation from Coulomb law and a generalized dispersive law of these hidden unstable photons that could be revealed as not stationary coloured noise in experiments on anomalous heat diffusions associated to the decay of unstable accelerated pairs produced in nuclear physics experiments. We discuss then how our proposal of a temperature dependent non relativistic vacuum polarization might be applied to deduce a dynamic generalization of Born rule based on a realistic interpretation of quantum wavefunctions as averaged electromagnetic waves of hidden massive photons. Finally we suggest to test our time asymmetric model looking for very fast oscillating polarization thermal waves emitted during the not instantaneous wavefunction collapse and revealed as not stationary bulk heating effects in experiments on accelerated conductors and nanoconductors.
