The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%eth...The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.展开更多
Flower plants are popular all over the world and important sources of ornamental plants,bioactive molecules and nutrients.Flowers have a wide range of biological activities and beneficial pharmacological effects.Flowe...Flower plants are popular all over the world and important sources of ornamental plants,bioactive molecules and nutrients.Flowers have a wide range of biological activities and beneficial pharmacological effects.Flowers and their active ingredients are becoming more and more popular in the preparation of food,drugs and industrial products.This paper summarizes the active ingredients,pharmacological activities and applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries of flower plants in recent years.In addition,the possible molecular mechanism of pharmacological effects of flower plants were also discussed.302 active constituents from 55 species of flower plants were summarized,including flavonoids(115),terpenoids(90),phenylpropanoids(20),alkaloids(13),organic acids(27)and others(37).The pharmacological effects of flower plants are very extensive,mainly including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-virus,and hypoglycemic.The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor and hypoglycemic activities present the characteristics of multi-way and multi-target.Because of its rich nutrients,bioactive ingredients and plant essential oils,and its wide sources,flower plants are widely used in food,beverage,cosmetics and drug research.Flower plants also play an important role in pharmaceutical industry,food industry and other fields.展开更多
Nymphaea is a key genus of the ANA grade(Amborellales,Nymphaeales,and Austrobaileyales)of basal flowering plants,which serve as a key model to study the early evolution of floral traits.In this study,we comprehensivel...Nymphaea is a key genus of the ANA grade(Amborellales,Nymphaeales,and Austrobaileyales)of basal flowering plants,which serve as a key model to study the early evolution of floral traits.In this study,we comprehensively investigated the emission,biosynthesis,and biological function of the floral scent in a night-blossoming waterlily Nymphaea prolifera.The headspace volatile collection combined with GC-MS analysis showed that the floral scent of N.prolifera is predominately comprised by methylated benzenoids including anisole,veratrole,guaiacol,and methoxyanisole.Moreover,the emission of these floral benzenoids in N.prolifera exhibited temporal and spatial pattern with circadian rhythm and tissue specificity.By creating and mining transcriptomes of N.prolifera flowers,12 oxygen methyltransferases(NpOMTs)were functionally identified.By in vitro enzymatic assay,NpOMT3,6,and 7 could produce anisole and NpOMT5,7,9,produce guaiacol,whereas NpOMT3,6,9,11 catalyzed the formation of veratrole.Methoxyanisole was identified as the universal product of all NpOMTs.Expression patterns of NpOMTs provided implication for their roles in the production of the respective benzenoids.Phylogenetic analysis of OMTs suggested a Nymphaea-specific expansion of the OMT family,indicating the evolution of lineage-specific functions.In bioassays,anisole,veratrole,and guaiacol in the floral benzenoids were revealed to play the critical role in repelling waterlily aphids.Overall,this study indicates that the basal flowering plant N.prolifera has evolved a diversity and complexity of OMT genes for the biosynthesis of methylated benzenoids that can repel insects from feeding the flowers.These findings provide new insights into the evolutional mechanism and ecological significance of the floral scent from early-diverged flowering plants.展开更多
A new species,Berberis viridiflora X.H.Li,and a new variety,Berberis sanguinea Franch.var.viridisepala X.H.Li,L.C.Zhang & W.H.Li are described and illustrated from Baoxing County,a biodiversity hotspot located on ...A new species,Berberis viridiflora X.H.Li,and a new variety,Berberis sanguinea Franch.var.viridisepala X.H.Li,L.C.Zhang & W.H.Li are described and illustrated from Baoxing County,a biodiversity hotspot located on the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,Both new taxa resemble B.sanguinea Franch.var.sanguinea,but B.viridiflora differs by the greenish flowers,and the petals being truncate,obtuse,or undulate at apex;while B.sanguinea var.viridisepala differs by the greenish or yellowish green flowers.Morphological features of the pollen grains of B.sanguinea and the two new taxa are revealed by scanning election microscope.B.sanguinea var.sanguinea displays obvious similarities with a sympatric congener,Berberis multiovula T.S.Ying in the morphology of flowers,stems and leaves,especially its ovule number varies greatly from 2 to 9,thus,B.multiovula characterized by the5-ovuled ovary is reduced to a synonymy of B.sanguinea var.sanguinea.On the basis of field surveys and study of herbarium specimens,a total of 16 species and varieties of Berberis are recorded from Baoxing County,and a key is provided.Among the 16 taxa,most phenotypic variations in Chinese Berberis can be displayed,including the habit of plants,most morphological variations of stems,branches and leaves,all types of inflorescences,all color types of flowers,and nearly all types of the shape and color of fruits.Baoxing County and its adjacent Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries possibly constitute an active diversification center of Berberis in eastern Hengduan Mountains of China.展开更多
Low temperature is among the most restrictive factors to limit the yield and distribution of pear. Pyrus hopeiensis is a valuable wild resource.PCA showed that P. hopeiensis had strong cold resistance. In this study, ...Low temperature is among the most restrictive factors to limit the yield and distribution of pear. Pyrus hopeiensis is a valuable wild resource.PCA showed that P. hopeiensis had strong cold resistance. In this study, the mRNA and metabolome sequencing of P. hopeiensis flower organs exposed to different low temperatures were performed to identify changes of genes and metabolites in response to low-temperature stress. A total of 4 851 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified. Trend analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in profiles 19, 18, 7, 14, 1, 4 and 11. And the KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs in profile 18 were significantly enriched in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. Besides, the expressed trends as well as GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses of DEGs under cold and freezing stress showed significantly difference. Analyses of flavonoid-related pathways indicated that flavonoid structural genes had undergone significant changes. Correlation analysis showed that b HLH and MYB TFs may affect flavonoid biosynthesis by regulating structural gene expression. And PhMYB308 and PhMYB330 were likely candidate repressors of flavonoid biosynthesis by binding to a specific site in bHLH proteins. In total, 92 differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs) were identified in P. hopeiensis flowers including 12 flavonoids. WGCNA results showed that coral 1, pink and brown 4 modules were closely associated with flavonoids and 11 MYBs and 15 bHLHs among the three modules may activate or inhibit the expression of 23 structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Taken together, the results of this study provided a theoretical basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis and cold resistance of P. hopeiensis flower organs and our findings laid a foundation for further molecular breeding in cold-resistant pear varieties.展开更多
Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inb...Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inbred line ‘19’ consistently flowered early, taking significantly fewer days to bloom the first female flower(DFF) than the inbred line ‘113’. Genetic analysis revealed that DFF, an inheritable quantitative trait, is controlled by multiple genes. Based on the strategy of quantitative trait locus(QTL) sequencing(QTL-seq) combined with linkage analysis, three QTLs for DFF were identified on chromosomes 4, 11, and 20. This study used additional F2 populations grown under different environmental conditions for QTL mapping analysis of DFF with insertion/deletion(InDel) markers to validate these results. Using the composite interval mapping(CIM) method of R/qtl software, we only identified one major locus under all environmental conditions, located in a 117-kb candidate region on chromosome 20. Based on gene annotation, gene sequence alignment, and qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the Cp4.1LG20g08050 gene encoding a RING finger protein may be a candidate gene for the opposite regulation of early flowering in zucchini. In summary, these results lay a foundation for a better understanding of early flowering and improving early flowering-based breeding strategies in zucchini.展开更多
This review summarizes the main chemical composition of Aloe vera flowers and introduces their antioxidant,anti-aging,skin whitening,skin moisturizing,anti-skin irritation,and anti-skin allergy effects.Suggestions for...This review summarizes the main chemical composition of Aloe vera flowers and introduces their antioxidant,anti-aging,skin whitening,skin moisturizing,anti-skin irritation,and anti-skin allergy effects.Suggestions for the application of Aloe v.flowers in cosmetics are provided.展开更多
Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase(HQT)is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid(CGA)in the flowers of Lonicera japonica.However,the spatiotemporal expression patterns of HQT and its rela...Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase(HQT)is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid(CGA)in the flowers of Lonicera japonica.However,the spatiotemporal expression patterns of HQT and its relationship to the dynamics of CGA biosynthesis,transport,and storage remain largely unknown.In this study,we collected L.japonica flower samples at different growth stages(S1–S6)and examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT and the dynamic accumulation patterns of CGA using a combination of molecular and cytological techniques.Our results suggest that the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT is directly correlated with dynamic changes in CGA accumulation and distribution in L.japonica flowers.We further show that CGA is synthesized primarily in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts.CGA synthesized in the cytoplasm first accumulates in specialized vesicles and is then transferred to large central vacuoles for storage by fusion of CGA-containing vesicles with vacuoles.Furthermore,CGA synthesized in the chloroplasts appears to be transferred into the vacuoles for storage by direct membrane fusion between the tonoplast and the disrupted chloroplast membranes.Collectively,our results suggest that CGA is synthesized in chloroplasts and cytoplasm and finally transferred to the vacuole for long-term storage.展开更多
Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers.However,yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars.The molecular ...Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers.However,yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars.The molecular mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation remain poorly understood.Here,petal tissues of two tree peony cultivars,“High Noon”(yellow flowers)and“Roufurong”(purple–red flowers),were sampled at five developmental stages(S1–S5)from early flower buds to full blooms.Five petal color indices(brightness,redness,yellowness,chroma,and hue angle)and the contents of ten different flavonoids were determined.Compared to“Roufurong,”which accumulated abundant anthocyanins at S3–S5,the yellow-colored“High Noon”displayed relatively higher contents of tetrahydroxychalcone(THC),flavones,and flavonols but no anthocyanin production.The contents of THC,flavones,and flavonols in“High Noon”peaked at S3 and dropped gradually as the flower bloomed,consistent with the color index patterns.Furthermore,RNA-seq analyses at S3 showed that structural genes such as PsC4Hs,PsDFRs,and PsUFGTs in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated in“High Noon,”whereas most PsFLSs,PsF3Hs,and PsF3’Hs were upregulated.Five transcription factor(TF)genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were also upregulated in“High Noon.”One of these TFs,PsMYB111,was overexpressed in tobacco,which led to increased flavonols but decreased anthocyanins.Dual-luciferase assays further confirmed that PsMYB111 upregulated PsFLS.These results improve our understanding of yellow pigmentation in tree peony and provide a guide for future molecular-assisted breeding experiments in tree peony with novel flower colors.展开更多
Fresh-cut roses(Rosa hybrida)are one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide,with annual trade in the billions of dollars.Gray mold disease caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most serious fungal t...Fresh-cut roses(Rosa hybrida)are one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide,with annual trade in the billions of dollars.Gray mold disease caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most serious fungal threat to cut roses,causing extensive postharvest losses.In this study,we optimized a detached petal disc assay(DPDA)for artificial B.cinerea inoculation and quantification of disease symptoms in rose petals.Furthermore,as the identification of rose genes involved in B.cinerea resistance could provide useful genetic and genomic resources,we devised a virusinduced gene silencing(VIGS)procedure for the functional analysis of B.cinerea resistance genes in rose petals.We used RhPR10.1 as a reporter of silencing efficiency and found that the rose cultivar‘Samantha’showed the greatest decrease in RhPR10.1 expression among the cultivars tested.To determine whether jasmonic acid and ethylene are required for B.cinerea resistance in rose petals,we used VIGS to silence the expression of RhLOX5 and RhEIN3(encoding a jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway protein and an ethylene regulatory protein,respectively)and found that petal susceptibility to B.cinerea was affected.Finally,a VIGS screen of B.cinerea-induced rose transcription factors demonstrated the potential benefits of this method for the high-throughput identification of gene function in B.cinerea resistance.Collectively,our data show that the combination of the DPDA and VIGS is a reliable and highthroughput method for studying B.cinerea resistance in rose.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of two extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis(B. spectabilis) flowers with yellow and pink/purple on brain oxidative stress and neuronal damage caused in rats by systemic rotenone in...Objective:To investigate the effect of two extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis(B. spectabilis) flowers with yellow and pink/purple on brain oxidative stress and neuronal damage caused in rats by systemic rotenone injection. Methods:Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg was given three times per week alone or in combination with B. spectabilis flowers extracts(25 mg or 50 mg) via the subcutaneous route for 2 weeks. Brain concentrations of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde(MDA),reduced glutathione,nitric oxide(nitrite),the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta(Il-1β) as well as butyrylcholinesterase,and paraoxonase-1(PON-1) activities,were determined. Histopathology and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results:Rotenone resulted in significant increases of brain MDA(the product of lipid peroxidation),and nitric oxide content along with decreased brain reduced glutathione. There were also marked and significant inhibition of brain PON-1 and BCh E activities and increased Il-1β in brain of rotenone-treated rats. B. spectabilis flowers extract itself resulted in brain oxidative stress increasing both lipid peroxidation and nitrite content whilst inhibiting PON-1 activity. The yellow flowers extract inhibited BCh E activity and increased brain Il-1β. When given to rotenone-treated rats,B. spectabilis extracts,however,decreased lipid peroxidation while their low administered doses increased brain GSH. Brain nitrite decreased by the pink extract but showed further increase by the yellow extract. Either extract,however,caused further inhibition of PON-1 activity while the yellow extract resulted in further inhibition of BChE activity. Histopathological studies indicated that both extracts protected against brain,liver and kidney damage caused by the toxicant. Conclusions:These data indicate that B. spectabilis flowers extracts exert protective effect against the toxic effects of rotenone on brain,liver and kidney. B. spectabilis flowers extracts decreased brain lipid peroxidation and prevented neuronal death due to rotenone and might thus prove the value in treatment of Parkinson's disease.展开更多
The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops.For trioecious papaya(Carica papaya),highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is control...The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops.For trioecious papaya(Carica papaya),highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors,but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear.Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor.We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes,particularly auxin.Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed.To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium,auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid,NPA)and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya.Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers,while female flowers did not show changes.NPA treatment with higher concentration(30 and 50 mg/L)caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants.We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration.Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers.These results will lead to further investigation on the auxin homeostasis and gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya.展开更多
Separate sexes in dioecious plants display different morphology and physiological characteristics.The differences between the two sexes lie in their highly differentiated floral characteristics and in sex-related phen...Separate sexes in dioecious plants display different morphology and physiological characteristics.The differences between the two sexes lie in their highly differentiated floral characteristics and in sex-related phenotype,which is genetically determined and epigenetically modified.In dioecious papaya(Carica papaya L.),global comparisons of epigenetic DNA methylation and gene expressions were still limited.We conducted bisulfite sequencing of early-stage flowers grown in three seasons(spring,summer and winter)and compared their methylome and transcriptome profiles to investigate the differential characteristics of male and female in papaya.Methylation variances between female and male papaya were conserved among three different seasons.However,combined genome-scale transcriptomic evidence revealed that most methylation variances did not have influence on the expression profiles of neighboring genes,and the differentially expressed genes were most overrepresented in phytohormone signal transduction pathways.Further analyses showed diverse stress-responsive methylation alteration in male and female flowers.Male flower methylation was more responsive to stress whereas female flower methylation varied less under stress.Early flowering of male papaya in spring might be associated with the variation in the transcription of CpSVP and CpAP1 coinciding with their gene-specific hypomethylation.These findings provide insights into the sex-specific DNA methylation and gene expression landscapes of dioecious papaya and a foundation to investigate the correlation between differentiated floral characteristics and their candidate genes.展开更多
Floral senescence or petal abscission that determine cut flower quality and longevity are primarily caused by the regulation of endogenous ethylene and perception of endogenous and exogenous ethylene in floral organs(...Floral senescence or petal abscission that determine cut flower quality and longevity are primarily caused by the regulation of endogenous ethylene and perception of endogenous and exogenous ethylene in floral organs(such as the petals and gynoecium),in ethylene-sensitive species.Several attempts have been made to prolong flower quality and longevity using silver ions and other chemicals that inhibit ethylene production and perception in floral organs.Among the available compounds,1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)has been increasingly used as ethylene-action/perception inhibitor because of its ability to inhibit ethylene action/perception and it is environmentally safe.Although 1-MCP has been used in several cut flower crops for about 25 years,there has been no review yet that critically emphasizes the benefits or difficulties of using this compound for the prolongation of cut flower quality and longevity.Here,we outline the role of 1-MCP in inhibiting ethylene action/perception and petal senescence in cut flowers through the blocking of receptor binding sites,and we discuss how various factors affecting efficacy of 1-MCP(such as concentration,treatment time and temperature,genotype,and flower stage)are involved in the achievement of flower longevity.Moreover,we highlight the advantages of applying nonvolatile and liquid 1-MCP formulation types,as opposed to using the conventional 1-MCP treatment(powder formulation type).We expect that this review will provide useful information for the future utilization of 1-MCP for the maintenance of cut flower longevity.展开更多
Any processing method that maintains the level of compounds known for their health benefits will be of interest to the food industries. Therefore, the effects of vacuum drying, storage and freezing on the anthocyanin ...Any processing method that maintains the level of compounds known for their health benefits will be of interest to the food industries. Therefore, the effects of vacuum drying, storage and freezing on the anthocyanin content and their antioxidant properties of Iresine herbstii L. flowers were investigated. The results showed that fresh samples (AEFF) had the highest amount of total anthosyanin content (8.31 ± 0.23 mg/g dry matter, expressed as cyaniding 3-glucoside equivalents), followed by 7.17 ± 0.12 mg/g solid content, 13.72% loss of vacuum dried samples (AEDF). In comparison with fresh samples, total anthocyanins in stored samples for two weeks at 5°C (AESF) and frozen samples during 1 (AEZF1) and 3 months (AEZF3) of storage were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced to 6.43 ± 0.24 mg/g solid content, 22.63% loss, 5.65 ± 0.33 mg/g solid content, 32.01% loss and 4.71 ± 0.51 mg/g solid content, 43.33% loss, respectively. Anthocyanins from I. herbstii L. flowers exhibited a dose-dependent (AEFF > AEDF > AESF > AEZF1 > AEZF3, respectively) antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid model system as well as strong reducing power and ferrous ion chelating abilities. Moreover, the anthocyanins extracted were found to show remarkable scavenging activity on superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide radicals and deoxyribose degradation. Based on the results obtained, we can concluded that the Iresine herbstii L. flowers may be valuable natural antioxidant sources and are potentially applicable in both pharmacy and food展开更多
Ligustri lucidi Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine and possesses various bioactivities,including hypoglycemic effect.Ligustrum lucidum Ait flowers are poorly investigated.Thus,we hypothesized that L.lucidum flo...Ligustri lucidi Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine and possesses various bioactivities,including hypoglycemic effect.Ligustrum lucidum Ait flowers are poorly investigated.Thus,we hypothesized that L.lucidum flowers also could have hypoglycemic effect.Chemical composition and glucose uptake effect of L.lucidum flowers on 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated.In this study,the components of L.lucidum flowers were investigated by various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and the effects of L.lucidum flowers on the induction of glucose uptake were investigated by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Seven compounds were isolated and identified from L.lucidum flowers,including ursolic acid(1),kaempferol-7-O-α-Lrhamnoside(2,KR),β-sitosterol(3),β-daucosterol(4),kaempferitrin(5,KF),10-hydroxy oleuropein(6,HO),and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(7,KGR).The results of glucose uptake showed that total extract(TE),KR,KF and HO from L.lucidum flowers significantly enhanced glucose uptake.This study demonstrated that compounds 2,5-7 were isolated for the first time from this plant and compounds 2 and 7 were isolated for the first time in genus Ligustrum,L.lucidum flowers,KR,KF and HO may possess potential hypoglycemic effect.展开更多
Phytohormones are key factors in plant responsiveness to abiotic and biotic stresses,and maintaining hormone homeostasis is critically important during stress responses.Cut rose(Rosa hybrida)flowers experience dehydra...Phytohormones are key factors in plant responsiveness to abiotic and biotic stresses,and maintaining hormone homeostasis is critically important during stress responses.Cut rose(Rosa hybrida)flowers experience dehydration stress during postharvest handling,and jasmonic acid(JA)levels change as a result of this stress.However,how JA is involved in dehydration tolerance remains unclear.We investigated the functions of the JA-and dehydration-induced RhHB1 gene,which encodes a homeodomain-leucine zipper Iγ-clade transcription factor,in rose flowers.Silencing RhHB1 decreased petal dehydration tolerance and resulted in a persistent increase in JA-Ile content and reduced dehydration tolerance.An elevated JA-Ile level had a detrimental effect on rose petal dehydration tolerance.RhHB1 was shown to lower the transient induction of JA-Ile accumulation in response to dehydration.In addition to transcriptomic data,we obtained evidence that RhHB1 suppresses the expression of the lipoxygenase 4(RhLOX4)gene by directly binding to its promoter both in vivo and in vitro.We propose that increased JA-Ile levels weaken the capacity for osmotic adjustment in petal cells,resulting in reduced dehydration tolerance.In conclusion,a JA feedback loop mediated by an RhHB1/RhLOX4 regulatory module provides dehydration tolerance by fine-tuning bioactive JA levels in dehydrated flowers.展开更多
[Objectives] To compare the effects of different extraction technologies on the extraction of total flavonoids from ginseng flowers.[Methods]Taking the ginseng flower as raw material,and the total flavonoids of ginsen...[Objectives] To compare the effects of different extraction technologies on the extraction of total flavonoids from ginseng flowers.[Methods]Taking the ginseng flower as raw material,and the total flavonoids of ginseng flower were extracted by water extraction,ethanol extraction,freeze-thaw,ultrasonic extraction,and microwave extraction.The scavenging ability of total flavonoids and Vc to DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl radicals were compared between ultrasonic extraction and water extraction.[Results]The yield of ultrasonic and microwave technology was relatively high.In this study,the ultrasonic extraction was taken as the main method,ethanol aqueous solution was used as the solvent,and single factor experiment was carried out with ultrasonic power,ethanol volume,solid to liquid ratio and time as the variables.The best extraction process of flavonoids was ultrasonic power of 120 Hz,ethanol concentration of 60%,solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 30,and ultrasonic time of 80 s.Under these conditions,the yield of flavonoid extraction was 6.72 mg/g.[Conclusions] The flavonoids obtained by ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction have the highest antioxidant capacity,65.4% and 53.5%,respectively,indicating that the ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction technologies are more suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from the ginseng flower.展开更多
Two immunomodulatory polysaccharides(Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3) were isolated and identified from Apocynum venetum L. flowers, and their innate immune-stimulating functions and working mechanisms were evaluated in RAW264.7 cell...Two immunomodulatory polysaccharides(Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3) were isolated and identified from Apocynum venetum L. flowers, and their innate immune-stimulating functions and working mechanisms were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. Both the level of released nitric oxide(NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) m RNA were significantly enhanced in the RAW264.7 macrophages cells treated by Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3. Vp2a-Ⅱ(100–800 μg/m L) and Vp3(400 μg/mL) could significantly increase the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and the secretion and m RNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentrationdependent manner through affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activity and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Vp2a-Ⅱ might activate the MAPK signaling pathways and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, whilst Vp3 likely activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways without influencing the p38 MAPK route.展开更多
文摘The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(2022)Research on Precision Nutrition and Health Food,Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(CXJD2021006)Key Project in Science and Technology Agency of Henan Province(212102310355).
文摘Flower plants are popular all over the world and important sources of ornamental plants,bioactive molecules and nutrients.Flowers have a wide range of biological activities and beneficial pharmacological effects.Flowers and their active ingredients are becoming more and more popular in the preparation of food,drugs and industrial products.This paper summarizes the active ingredients,pharmacological activities and applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries of flower plants in recent years.In addition,the possible molecular mechanism of pharmacological effects of flower plants were also discussed.302 active constituents from 55 species of flower plants were summarized,including flavonoids(115),terpenoids(90),phenylpropanoids(20),alkaloids(13),organic acids(27)and others(37).The pharmacological effects of flower plants are very extensive,mainly including antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,anti-virus,and hypoglycemic.The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor and hypoglycemic activities present the characteristics of multi-way and multi-target.Because of its rich nutrients,bioactive ingredients and plant essential oils,and its wide sources,flower plants are widely used in food,beverage,cosmetics and drug research.Flower plants also play an important role in pharmaceutical industry,food industry and other fields.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872140,31470693,31100503)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY18C160006)+1 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation Open Fund Project(KL-2022-01,KL-2022-02)the Project for Science and Technology in Jinhua City(Grant No.2019-2-002).The authors thank TopEdit(www.topeditsci.com)for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
文摘Nymphaea is a key genus of the ANA grade(Amborellales,Nymphaeales,and Austrobaileyales)of basal flowering plants,which serve as a key model to study the early evolution of floral traits.In this study,we comprehensively investigated the emission,biosynthesis,and biological function of the floral scent in a night-blossoming waterlily Nymphaea prolifera.The headspace volatile collection combined with GC-MS analysis showed that the floral scent of N.prolifera is predominately comprised by methylated benzenoids including anisole,veratrole,guaiacol,and methoxyanisole.Moreover,the emission of these floral benzenoids in N.prolifera exhibited temporal and spatial pattern with circadian rhythm and tissue specificity.By creating and mining transcriptomes of N.prolifera flowers,12 oxygen methyltransferases(NpOMTs)were functionally identified.By in vitro enzymatic assay,NpOMT3,6,and 7 could produce anisole and NpOMT5,7,9,produce guaiacol,whereas NpOMT3,6,9,11 catalyzed the formation of veratrole.Methoxyanisole was identified as the universal product of all NpOMTs.Expression patterns of NpOMTs provided implication for their roles in the production of the respective benzenoids.Phylogenetic analysis of OMTs suggested a Nymphaea-specific expansion of the OMT family,indicating the evolution of lineage-specific functions.In bioassays,anisole,veratrole,and guaiacol in the floral benzenoids were revealed to play the critical role in repelling waterlily aphids.Overall,this study indicates that the basal flowering plant N.prolifera has evolved a diversity and complexity of OMT genes for the biosynthesis of methylated benzenoids that can repel insects from feeding the flowers.These findings provide new insights into the evolutional mechanism and ecological significance of the floral scent from early-diverged flowering plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31170174)the S&T Basic Work,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.2013FY112100)
文摘A new species,Berberis viridiflora X.H.Li,and a new variety,Berberis sanguinea Franch.var.viridisepala X.H.Li,L.C.Zhang & W.H.Li are described and illustrated from Baoxing County,a biodiversity hotspot located on the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,Both new taxa resemble B.sanguinea Franch.var.sanguinea,but B.viridiflora differs by the greenish flowers,and the petals being truncate,obtuse,or undulate at apex;while B.sanguinea var.viridisepala differs by the greenish or yellowish green flowers.Morphological features of the pollen grains of B.sanguinea and the two new taxa are revealed by scanning election microscope.B.sanguinea var.sanguinea displays obvious similarities with a sympatric congener,Berberis multiovula T.S.Ying in the morphology of flowers,stems and leaves,especially its ovule number varies greatly from 2 to 9,thus,B.multiovula characterized by the5-ovuled ovary is reduced to a synonymy of B.sanguinea var.sanguinea.On the basis of field surveys and study of herbarium specimens,a total of 16 species and varieties of Berberis are recorded from Baoxing County,and a key is provided.Among the 16 taxa,most phenotypic variations in Chinese Berberis can be displayed,including the habit of plants,most morphological variations of stems,branches and leaves,all types of inflorescences,all color types of flowers,and nearly all types of the shape and color of fruits.Baoxing County and its adjacent Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries possibly constitute an active diversification center of Berberis in eastern Hengduan Mountains of China.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan“Research on protection and restoration of typical small populations of wild plants”(Grant No.2016YFC0503106)。
文摘Low temperature is among the most restrictive factors to limit the yield and distribution of pear. Pyrus hopeiensis is a valuable wild resource.PCA showed that P. hopeiensis had strong cold resistance. In this study, the mRNA and metabolome sequencing of P. hopeiensis flower organs exposed to different low temperatures were performed to identify changes of genes and metabolites in response to low-temperature stress. A total of 4 851 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified. Trend analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in profiles 19, 18, 7, 14, 1, 4 and 11. And the KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs in profile 18 were significantly enriched in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. Besides, the expressed trends as well as GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses of DEGs under cold and freezing stress showed significantly difference. Analyses of flavonoid-related pathways indicated that flavonoid structural genes had undergone significant changes. Correlation analysis showed that b HLH and MYB TFs may affect flavonoid biosynthesis by regulating structural gene expression. And PhMYB308 and PhMYB330 were likely candidate repressors of flavonoid biosynthesis by binding to a specific site in bHLH proteins. In total, 92 differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs) were identified in P. hopeiensis flowers including 12 flavonoids. WGCNA results showed that coral 1, pink and brown 4 modules were closely associated with flavonoids and 11 MYBs and 15 bHLHs among the three modules may activate or inhibit the expression of 23 structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. Taken together, the results of this study provided a theoretical basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis and cold resistance of P. hopeiensis flower organs and our findings laid a foundation for further molecular breeding in cold-resistant pear varieties.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072590 and 32002051)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661244)the Academic Backbone Foundation of Northeast Agricultural University, China (20XG03)。
文摘Early flowering promotes early maturity, production, and the capacity to counteract biotic and abiotic stresses, making it an important agronomic trait in zucchini. The present study demonstrated that the zucchini inbred line ‘19’ consistently flowered early, taking significantly fewer days to bloom the first female flower(DFF) than the inbred line ‘113’. Genetic analysis revealed that DFF, an inheritable quantitative trait, is controlled by multiple genes. Based on the strategy of quantitative trait locus(QTL) sequencing(QTL-seq) combined with linkage analysis, three QTLs for DFF were identified on chromosomes 4, 11, and 20. This study used additional F2 populations grown under different environmental conditions for QTL mapping analysis of DFF with insertion/deletion(InDel) markers to validate these results. Using the composite interval mapping(CIM) method of R/qtl software, we only identified one major locus under all environmental conditions, located in a 117-kb candidate region on chromosome 20. Based on gene annotation, gene sequence alignment, and qRT-PCR analysis, we found that the Cp4.1LG20g08050 gene encoding a RING finger protein may be a candidate gene for the opposite regulation of early flowering in zucchini. In summary, these results lay a foundation for a better understanding of early flowering and improving early flowering-based breeding strategies in zucchini.
文摘This review summarizes the main chemical composition of Aloe vera flowers and introduces their antioxidant,anti-aging,skin whitening,skin moisturizing,anti-skin irritation,and anti-skin allergy effects.Suggestions for the application of Aloe v.flowers in cosmetics are provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31500261)the Guangdong Province Science and Technology Plan Project(2014B090904074)+1 种基金the Youth Foundation of the College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture of South China Agricultural University(201603)open funds from the State Key Laboratory for the Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources(SKLCUSA-b201701).
文摘Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase(HQT)is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acid(CGA)in the flowers of Lonicera japonica.However,the spatiotemporal expression patterns of HQT and its relationship to the dynamics of CGA biosynthesis,transport,and storage remain largely unknown.In this study,we collected L.japonica flower samples at different growth stages(S1–S6)and examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT and the dynamic accumulation patterns of CGA using a combination of molecular and cytological techniques.Our results suggest that the spatiotemporal expression pattern of HQT is directly correlated with dynamic changes in CGA accumulation and distribution in L.japonica flowers.We further show that CGA is synthesized primarily in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts.CGA synthesized in the cytoplasm first accumulates in specialized vesicles and is then transferred to large central vacuoles for storage by fusion of CGA-containing vesicles with vacuoles.Furthermore,CGA synthesized in the chloroplasts appears to be transferred into the vacuoles for storage by direct membrane fusion between the tonoplast and the disrupted chloroplast membranes.Collectively,our results suggest that CGA is synthesized in chloroplasts and cytoplasm and finally transferred to the vacuole for long-term storage.
基金This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant number 2019YFD1001505)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number 31800599).
文摘Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a popular ornamental plant in China due to its showy and colorful flowers.However,yellow-colored flowers are rare in both wild species and domesticated cultivars.The molecular mechanisms underlying yellow pigmentation remain poorly understood.Here,petal tissues of two tree peony cultivars,“High Noon”(yellow flowers)and“Roufurong”(purple–red flowers),were sampled at five developmental stages(S1–S5)from early flower buds to full blooms.Five petal color indices(brightness,redness,yellowness,chroma,and hue angle)and the contents of ten different flavonoids were determined.Compared to“Roufurong,”which accumulated abundant anthocyanins at S3–S5,the yellow-colored“High Noon”displayed relatively higher contents of tetrahydroxychalcone(THC),flavones,and flavonols but no anthocyanin production.The contents of THC,flavones,and flavonols in“High Noon”peaked at S3 and dropped gradually as the flower bloomed,consistent with the color index patterns.Furthermore,RNA-seq analyses at S3 showed that structural genes such as PsC4Hs,PsDFRs,and PsUFGTs in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated in“High Noon,”whereas most PsFLSs,PsF3Hs,and PsF3’Hs were upregulated.Five transcription factor(TF)genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis were also upregulated in“High Noon.”One of these TFs,PsMYB111,was overexpressed in tobacco,which led to increased flavonols but decreased anthocyanins.Dual-luciferase assays further confirmed that PsMYB111 upregulated PsFLS.These results improve our understanding of yellow pigmentation in tree peony and provide a guide for future molecular-assisted breeding experiments in tree peony with novel flower colors.
基金Z.Z.is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772344 and 31501791)funded in part by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(6162017)to Z.Z.
文摘Fresh-cut roses(Rosa hybrida)are one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide,with annual trade in the billions of dollars.Gray mold disease caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most serious fungal threat to cut roses,causing extensive postharvest losses.In this study,we optimized a detached petal disc assay(DPDA)for artificial B.cinerea inoculation and quantification of disease symptoms in rose petals.Furthermore,as the identification of rose genes involved in B.cinerea resistance could provide useful genetic and genomic resources,we devised a virusinduced gene silencing(VIGS)procedure for the functional analysis of B.cinerea resistance genes in rose petals.We used RhPR10.1 as a reporter of silencing efficiency and found that the rose cultivar‘Samantha’showed the greatest decrease in RhPR10.1 expression among the cultivars tested.To determine whether jasmonic acid and ethylene are required for B.cinerea resistance in rose petals,we used VIGS to silence the expression of RhLOX5 and RhEIN3(encoding a jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway protein and an ethylene regulatory protein,respectively)and found that petal susceptibility to B.cinerea was affected.Finally,a VIGS screen of B.cinerea-induced rose transcription factors demonstrated the potential benefits of this method for the high-throughput identification of gene function in B.cinerea resistance.Collectively,our data show that the combination of the DPDA and VIGS is a reliable and highthroughput method for studying B.cinerea resistance in rose.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of two extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis(B. spectabilis) flowers with yellow and pink/purple on brain oxidative stress and neuronal damage caused in rats by systemic rotenone injection. Methods:Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg was given three times per week alone or in combination with B. spectabilis flowers extracts(25 mg or 50 mg) via the subcutaneous route for 2 weeks. Brain concentrations of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde(MDA),reduced glutathione,nitric oxide(nitrite),the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta(Il-1β) as well as butyrylcholinesterase,and paraoxonase-1(PON-1) activities,were determined. Histopathology and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results:Rotenone resulted in significant increases of brain MDA(the product of lipid peroxidation),and nitric oxide content along with decreased brain reduced glutathione. There were also marked and significant inhibition of brain PON-1 and BCh E activities and increased Il-1β in brain of rotenone-treated rats. B. spectabilis flowers extract itself resulted in brain oxidative stress increasing both lipid peroxidation and nitrite content whilst inhibiting PON-1 activity. The yellow flowers extract inhibited BCh E activity and increased brain Il-1β. When given to rotenone-treated rats,B. spectabilis extracts,however,decreased lipid peroxidation while their low administered doses increased brain GSH. Brain nitrite decreased by the pink extract but showed further increase by the yellow extract. Either extract,however,caused further inhibition of PON-1 activity while the yellow extract resulted in further inhibition of BChE activity. Histopathological studies indicated that both extracts protected against brain,liver and kidney damage caused by the toxicant. Conclusions:These data indicate that B. spectabilis flowers extracts exert protective effect against the toxic effects of rotenone on brain,liver and kidney. B. spectabilis flowers extracts decreased brain lipid peroxidation and prevented neuronal death due to rotenone and might thus prove the value in treatment of Parkinson's disease.
基金supported by startup fund from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and the NSF Plant Genome Research Program Award 1546890.It was also supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31701889)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2018J01601).
文摘The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops.For trioecious papaya(Carica papaya),highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors,but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear.Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor.We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes,particularly auxin.Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed.To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium,auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid,NPA)and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya.Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers,while female flowers did not show changes.NPA treatment with higher concentration(30 and 50 mg/L)caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants.We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration.Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers.These results will lead to further investigation on the auxin homeostasis and gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya.
基金supported by startup fund from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and the NSF Plant Genome Research Program Award 1546890.
文摘Separate sexes in dioecious plants display different morphology and physiological characteristics.The differences between the two sexes lie in their highly differentiated floral characteristics and in sex-related phenotype,which is genetically determined and epigenetically modified.In dioecious papaya(Carica papaya L.),global comparisons of epigenetic DNA methylation and gene expressions were still limited.We conducted bisulfite sequencing of early-stage flowers grown in three seasons(spring,summer and winter)and compared their methylome and transcriptome profiles to investigate the differential characteristics of male and female in papaya.Methylation variances between female and male papaya were conserved among three different seasons.However,combined genome-scale transcriptomic evidence revealed that most methylation variances did not have influence on the expression profiles of neighboring genes,and the differentially expressed genes were most overrepresented in phytohormone signal transduction pathways.Further analyses showed diverse stress-responsive methylation alteration in male and female flowers.Male flower methylation was more responsive to stress whereas female flower methylation varied less under stress.Early flowering of male papaya in spring might be associated with the variation in the transcription of CpSVP and CpAP1 coinciding with their gene-specific hypomethylation.These findings provide insights into the sex-specific DNA methylation and gene expression landscapes of dioecious papaya and a foundation to investigate the correlation between differentiated floral characteristics and their candidate genes.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No.2021R1A2C2008951)。
文摘Floral senescence or petal abscission that determine cut flower quality and longevity are primarily caused by the regulation of endogenous ethylene and perception of endogenous and exogenous ethylene in floral organs(such as the petals and gynoecium),in ethylene-sensitive species.Several attempts have been made to prolong flower quality and longevity using silver ions and other chemicals that inhibit ethylene production and perception in floral organs.Among the available compounds,1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)has been increasingly used as ethylene-action/perception inhibitor because of its ability to inhibit ethylene action/perception and it is environmentally safe.Although 1-MCP has been used in several cut flower crops for about 25 years,there has been no review yet that critically emphasizes the benefits or difficulties of using this compound for the prolongation of cut flower quality and longevity.Here,we outline the role of 1-MCP in inhibiting ethylene action/perception and petal senescence in cut flowers through the blocking of receptor binding sites,and we discuss how various factors affecting efficacy of 1-MCP(such as concentration,treatment time and temperature,genotype,and flower stage)are involved in the achievement of flower longevity.Moreover,we highlight the advantages of applying nonvolatile and liquid 1-MCP formulation types,as opposed to using the conventional 1-MCP treatment(powder formulation type).We expect that this review will provide useful information for the future utilization of 1-MCP for the maintenance of cut flower longevity.
文摘Any processing method that maintains the level of compounds known for their health benefits will be of interest to the food industries. Therefore, the effects of vacuum drying, storage and freezing on the anthocyanin content and their antioxidant properties of Iresine herbstii L. flowers were investigated. The results showed that fresh samples (AEFF) had the highest amount of total anthosyanin content (8.31 ± 0.23 mg/g dry matter, expressed as cyaniding 3-glucoside equivalents), followed by 7.17 ± 0.12 mg/g solid content, 13.72% loss of vacuum dried samples (AEDF). In comparison with fresh samples, total anthocyanins in stored samples for two weeks at 5°C (AESF) and frozen samples during 1 (AEZF1) and 3 months (AEZF3) of storage were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced to 6.43 ± 0.24 mg/g solid content, 22.63% loss, 5.65 ± 0.33 mg/g solid content, 32.01% loss and 4.71 ± 0.51 mg/g solid content, 43.33% loss, respectively. Anthocyanins from I. herbstii L. flowers exhibited a dose-dependent (AEFF > AEDF > AESF > AEZF1 > AEZF3, respectively) antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid model system as well as strong reducing power and ferrous ion chelating abilities. Moreover, the anthocyanins extracted were found to show remarkable scavenging activity on superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide radicals and deoxyribose degradation. Based on the results obtained, we can concluded that the Iresine herbstii L. flowers may be valuable natural antioxidant sources and are potentially applicable in both pharmacy and food
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900292)Key Project in Science and Technology Agency of Henan Province(182102410083).
文摘Ligustri lucidi Fructus is a traditional Chinese medicine and possesses various bioactivities,including hypoglycemic effect.Ligustrum lucidum Ait flowers are poorly investigated.Thus,we hypothesized that L.lucidum flowers also could have hypoglycemic effect.Chemical composition and glucose uptake effect of L.lucidum flowers on 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated.In this study,the components of L.lucidum flowers were investigated by various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and the effects of L.lucidum flowers on the induction of glucose uptake were investigated by 3T3-L1 adipocytes.Seven compounds were isolated and identified from L.lucidum flowers,including ursolic acid(1),kaempferol-7-O-α-Lrhamnoside(2,KR),β-sitosterol(3),β-daucosterol(4),kaempferitrin(5,KF),10-hydroxy oleuropein(6,HO),and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(7,KGR).The results of glucose uptake showed that total extract(TE),KR,KF and HO from L.lucidum flowers significantly enhanced glucose uptake.This study demonstrated that compounds 2,5-7 were isolated for the first time from this plant and compounds 2 and 7 were isolated for the first time in genus Ligustrum,L.lucidum flowers,KR,KF and HO may possess potential hypoglycemic effect.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000407)the Construction of Beijing Science and Technology Innovation and Service Capacity in Top Subjects(CEFFPXM2019_014207_000032).
文摘Phytohormones are key factors in plant responsiveness to abiotic and biotic stresses,and maintaining hormone homeostasis is critically important during stress responses.Cut rose(Rosa hybrida)flowers experience dehydration stress during postharvest handling,and jasmonic acid(JA)levels change as a result of this stress.However,how JA is involved in dehydration tolerance remains unclear.We investigated the functions of the JA-and dehydration-induced RhHB1 gene,which encodes a homeodomain-leucine zipper Iγ-clade transcription factor,in rose flowers.Silencing RhHB1 decreased petal dehydration tolerance and resulted in a persistent increase in JA-Ile content and reduced dehydration tolerance.An elevated JA-Ile level had a detrimental effect on rose petal dehydration tolerance.RhHB1 was shown to lower the transient induction of JA-Ile accumulation in response to dehydration.In addition to transcriptomic data,we obtained evidence that RhHB1 suppresses the expression of the lipoxygenase 4(RhLOX4)gene by directly binding to its promoter both in vivo and in vitro.We propose that increased JA-Ile levels weaken the capacity for osmotic adjustment in petal cells,resulting in reduced dehydration tolerance.In conclusion,a JA feedback loop mediated by an RhHB1/RhLOX4 regulatory module provides dehydration tolerance by fine-tuning bioactive JA levels in dehydrated flowers.
基金Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province(2016)Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomassbased Green Fuels and Chemicals(JSBGFC12010)+2 种基金Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Universities in Jiangsu Province(2017-31)Nanjing Polytechnic Institute NHKY-2017-09Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘[Objectives] To compare the effects of different extraction technologies on the extraction of total flavonoids from ginseng flowers.[Methods]Taking the ginseng flower as raw material,and the total flavonoids of ginseng flower were extracted by water extraction,ethanol extraction,freeze-thaw,ultrasonic extraction,and microwave extraction.The scavenging ability of total flavonoids and Vc to DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl radicals were compared between ultrasonic extraction and water extraction.[Results]The yield of ultrasonic and microwave technology was relatively high.In this study,the ultrasonic extraction was taken as the main method,ethanol aqueous solution was used as the solvent,and single factor experiment was carried out with ultrasonic power,ethanol volume,solid to liquid ratio and time as the variables.The best extraction process of flavonoids was ultrasonic power of 120 Hz,ethanol concentration of 60%,solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 30,and ultrasonic time of 80 s.Under these conditions,the yield of flavonoid extraction was 6.72 mg/g.[Conclusions] The flavonoids obtained by ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction have the highest antioxidant capacity,65.4% and 53.5%,respectively,indicating that the ultrasonic extraction and microwave extraction technologies are more suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from the ginseng flower.
基金supported by Research on Precision Nutrition and Health Food,Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(CXJD2021006)。
文摘Two immunomodulatory polysaccharides(Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3) were isolated and identified from Apocynum venetum L. flowers, and their innate immune-stimulating functions and working mechanisms were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. Both the level of released nitric oxide(NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) m RNA were significantly enhanced in the RAW264.7 macrophages cells treated by Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3. Vp2a-Ⅱ(100–800 μg/m L) and Vp3(400 μg/mL) could significantly increase the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and the secretion and m RNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentrationdependent manner through affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activity and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Vp2a-Ⅱ might activate the MAPK signaling pathways and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, whilst Vp3 likely activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways without influencing the p38 MAPK route.
