Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas an...Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas and economic hubs.This study focuses on the high F^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)concentration groundwater in Tongzhou District,Beijing,North China.A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics,elucidate genetic mechanisms and evaluate the potential human health risks.The results of the analysis indicate:Firstly,most of the groundwater samples are characterized by Mg-HCO_(3) and Na-HCO_(3) with the pH ranging from 7.19 to 8.28 and TDS with a large variation across the range 471-2337 mg/L.The NO_(3)^(−)concentration in 38.89%groundwater samples and the F^(−)concentration in 66.67%groundwater samples exceed the permissible limited value.Secondly,F^(−)in groundwater originates predominantly from water-rock interactions and the fluorite dissolution,which is also regulated by cation exchange,competitive adsorption of HCO_(3)−and an alkaline environment.Thirdly,the effect of sewage disposal and agricultural activities have a significant effect on high NO3-concentration,while the high F^(−)concentration is less influenced by anthropogenic activity.The alkaline environment favors nitrification,thus being conducive to the production of NO_(3)^(−).Finally,the health risk assessment is evaluated for different population groups.The results indicate that high NO_(3)^(−)and F^(−)concentration in groundwater would have the largest threat to children’s health.The findings of this study could contribute to the provision of a scientific basis for groundwater supply policy formulation relating to public health in Tongzhou District.展开更多
The quality upgrading and deashing of inferior coal by chemical method still faces great challenges.The dangers of strong acid,strong alkali,waste water and exhaust gas as well as high cost limit its industrial produc...The quality upgrading and deashing of inferior coal by chemical method still faces great challenges.The dangers of strong acid,strong alkali,waste water and exhaust gas as well as high cost limit its industrial production.This paper systematically investigates the ash reduction and desilicification of two typical inferior coal utilizing ammonium fluoride roasting method.Under the optimal conditions,for fat coal and gas coal,the deashing rates are 69.02%and 54.13%,and the desilicification rates are 92.64%and 90.27%,respectively.The molar dosage of ammonium fluoride remains consistent for both coals;however,the gas coal,characterized by a lower ash and silica content(less than half that of the fat coal),achieves optimum deashing effect at a reduced time and temperature.The majority of silicon in coal transforms into gaseous ammonium fluorosilicate,subsequently preparing nanoscale amorphous silica with a purity of 99.90%through ammonia precipitation.Most of the fluorine in deashed coal are assigned in inorganic minerals,suggesting the possibility of further fluorine and ash removal via flotation.This research provides a green and facile route to deash inferior coal and produce nano-scale white carbon black simultaneously.展开更多
High-entropy catalysts featuring exceptional properties are,in no doubt,playing an increasingly significant role in aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries.Despite extensive effort devoted to tracing the origin of their unpa...High-entropy catalysts featuring exceptional properties are,in no doubt,playing an increasingly significant role in aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries.Despite extensive effort devoted to tracing the origin of their unparalleled performance,the relationships between multiple active sites and reaction intermediates are still obscure.Here,enlightened by theoretical screening,we tailor a high-entropy perovskite fluoride(KCoMnNiMgZnF_(3)-HEC)with various active sites to overcome the limitations of conventional catalysts in redox process.The entropy effect modulates the d-band center and d orbital occupancy of active centers,which optimizes the d–p hybridization between catalytic sites and key intermediates,enabling a moderate adsorption of LiO_(2)and thus reinforcing the reaction kinetics.As a result,the Li–O2 battery with KCoMnNiMgZnF_(3)-HEC catalyst delivers a minimal discharge/charge polarization and long-term cycle stability,preceding majority of traditional catalysts reported.These encouraging results provide inspiring insights into the electron manipulation and d orbital structure optimization for advanced electrocatalyst.展开更多
Objective Arsenic(As) and fluoride(F) are two of the most common elements contaminating groundwater resources. A growing number of studies have found that As and F can cause neurotoxicity in infants and children, lead...Objective Arsenic(As) and fluoride(F) are two of the most common elements contaminating groundwater resources. A growing number of studies have found that As and F can cause neurotoxicity in infants and children, leading to cognitive, learning, and memory impairments. However, early biomarkers of learning and memory impairment induced by As and/or F remain unclear. In the present study, the mechanisms by which As and/or F cause learning memory impairment are explored at the multi-omics level(microbiome and metabolome).Methods We stablished an SD rats model exposed to arsenic and/or fluoride from intrauterine to adult period.Results Arsenic and/fluoride exposed groups showed reduced neurobehavioral performance and lesions in the hippocampal CA1 region. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that As and/or F exposure significantly altered the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, featuring the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcus_1, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group. Metabolome analysis showed that As and/or F-induced learning and memory impairment may be related to tryptophan, lipoic acid, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic(GABAergic) synapse, and arachidonic acid(AA) metabolism. The gut microbiota, metabolites, and learning memory indicators were significantly correlated.Conclusion Learning memory impairment triggered by As and/or F exposure may be mediated by different gut microbes and their associated metabolites.展开更多
Here we prepared PEO coatings on Mg alloys in silicate-NaOH-phosphate electrolyte containing different concentrations of NaF addition.The detailed microstructural characterizations combining with potentiodynamic polar...Here we prepared PEO coatings on Mg alloys in silicate-NaOH-phosphate electrolyte containing different concentrations of NaF addition.The detailed microstructural characterizations combining with potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)were employed to investigate the roles of fluoride in the growth and corrosion properties of PEO coating on Mg.The result shows the introduction of NaF led to a fluoride-containing nanolayer(FNL)formed at the Mg/coating interface.The FNL consists of MgO nanoparticles and insoluble MgF_(2)nanoparticles(containing rutile phase and cubic phase).The increase in the NaF concentration of the electrolyte increases the thickness and the MgF_(2)content in the FNL.When anodized in the electrolyte containing 2 g/L NaF,the formed FNL has the highest thickness of 100-200 nm along with the highest value of x of∼0.6 in(MgO)_(1-x)(MgF_(2))x resulted in the highest corrosion performance of PEO coating.In addition,when anodized in the electrolyte containing a low NaF concentration(0.4-0.8 g/L),the formed FNL was thin and discontinuous,which would decrease the pore density and increase the coating's uniformness simultaneously.展开更多
In Tanzania, tobacco is an important cash crop benefiting most farmers and stakeholders. However, the crop is characterized by a low yield per unit area. Several factors are responsible for the low yield and quality o...In Tanzania, tobacco is an important cash crop benefiting most farmers and stakeholders. However, the crop is characterized by a low yield per unit area. Several factors are responsible for the low yield and quality of tobacco, among which are damages caused by the insects and other pests. Major insect pests of tobacco are cutworms (Agrotis spp), budworms (Heliothis virescens (F.)), (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and aphids (Myzus persicae, Aphis tabaci) (Homoptera: Aphididae). These pests adversely affect crop growth, yield and leaf quality. In order to reduce insect attack in tobacco, applying pesticides is a critical management practices. In Tanzania, various pesticides have been approved for use in controlling the pests. Currently, farmers are using Bamethrine 2.5 EC to control the pests. The Pesticide named Protector 700 WG with an active ingredient imidacloprid 700 g/kg is a new product introduced in Tanzania during the 2021/22 crop season. Research trials were conducted in three research sites, namely Ulowa-Kahama, Tumbi-Tabora and Mtanila-Chunya, on Protector 700 WG efficacy in different rates, 15 g, 20 g, and 25 g each dissolved in 20 litres of water. The Protector 700 Wg was compared with the standard pesticide (Bamethrin 2.5 EC). Absolute control was also inclusive where the plot had no application of pesticides. The results showed that Protector 700 WG at all rates outweigh the commonly used pesticide. The difference in the number of pests between Protector 700 WG and Bamethrin 2.5 EC was significantly at P < 0.005 also, in dry and green weights, the yield was significantly different at P < 0.005. However, when yield and number of insects were compared among the rates of protector, there was no significant difference. From these results, farmers are advised applying Protector 700 WG at the rate of 0.15 kg/ha by dissolving it in 200 litres of water.展开更多
First-principles calculation of muons in ionic fluorides has been proposed recently.However,there is a considerable difference between the obtained F-μbond length and the experimental data obtained by muon spin relax...First-principles calculation of muons in ionic fluorides has been proposed recently.However,there is a considerable difference between the obtained F-μbond length and the experimental data obtained by muon spin relaxation(μSR).Considering that the difference may be caused by ignoring the quantum effect of muons,we use two-component density functional theory(TCDFT)to consider the quantized muon and recalculate the bond length and theμSR depolarization spectrum.After testing several muon-electron correlation,we show that TCDFT can give better results than the commonly used“DFT+μ”.展开更多
Elucidation of a reaction mechanism is the most critical aspect for designing electrodes for highperformance secondary batteries.Herein,we investigate the sodium insertion/extraction into an iron fluoride hydrate(FeF_...Elucidation of a reaction mechanism is the most critical aspect for designing electrodes for highperformance secondary batteries.Herein,we investigate the sodium insertion/extraction into an iron fluoride hydrate(FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O)electrode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).The electrode material is prepared by employing an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tetrafluoroborate,which serves as a reaction medium and precursor for F^(-)ions.The crystal structure of FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O is observed as pyrochlore type with large open 3-D tunnels and a unit cell volume of 1129A^(3).The morphology of FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O is spherical shape with a mesoporous structure.The microstructure analysis reveals primary particle size of around 10 nm.The FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O cathode exhibits stable discharge capacities of 158,210,and 284 mA h g^(-1) in three different potential ranges of 1.5-4.5,1.2-4.5,and 1.0-4.5 V,respectively at 0.05 C rate.The specific capacities remained stable in over 50 cycles in all three potential ranges,while the rate capability was best in the potential range of 1.5-4.5 V.The electrochemical sodium storage mechanism is studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy,indicating higher conversion at a more discharged state.Ex-situ M?ssbauer spectroscopy strengthens the results for reversible reduction/oxidation of Fe.These results will be favorable to establish high-performance cathode materials with selective voltage window for SIBs.展开更多
Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are considered ideal for grid-sc ale,long-duration energy storage applications owing to their decoupled output power and storage capacity,high safety,efficiency,and long cycle life.However...Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are considered ideal for grid-sc ale,long-duration energy storage applications owing to their decoupled output power and storage capacity,high safety,efficiency,and long cycle life.However,the widespread adoption of VFB s is hindered by the use of expensive Nafion membranes.Herein,we report a soft template-induced method to develop a porous polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membrane for VFB applications.By incorporating water-soluble and flexible polyethylene glycol(PEG 400)as a soft template,we induced the aggregation of hydrophilic sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone),resulting in phase separation from the hydrophobic PVDF polymer during membrane formation.This process led to the creation of a porous PVDF membrane with controllable morphologies determined by the polyethylene glycol content in the cast solution.The optimized porous PVDF membrane enabled a stable VFB performance for 200 cycles at a current density of 80 mA/cm^(2),and the VFB exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of 95.2%and a voltage efficiency of 87.8%.These findings provide valuable insights for the development of highly stable membranes for VFB applications.展开更多
The effects of fluoride ions(F^(-)) on the electrochemical behavior and coordination properties of titanium ions(Ti^(n+)) were studied in this work,by combining electrochemical and mathematical analysis as well as spe...The effects of fluoride ions(F^(-)) on the electrochemical behavior and coordination properties of titanium ions(Ti^(n+)) were studied in this work,by combining electrochemical and mathematical analysis as well as spectral techniques.The α was taken as a factor to indicate the molar concentration ratio of F^(-) and Ti^(n+).Cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and open circuit potential method(OCP)were used to study the electrochemical behavior of titanium ions under conditions of various α,and in-situ sampler was used to prepare molten salt samples when α equal to 0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,and 8.0.And then,samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that F^(-) in molten salt can reduce the reduction steps of titanium ions and greatly affects the proportion of valence titanium ions which making the high-valence titanium content increased and more stable.Ti^(2+) cannot be detected in the molten salt when α is higher than 3.0 and finally transferred to titanium ions with higher valence state.Investigation revealed that the mechanism behind those phenomenon is the coordination compounds(TiCl_(j) F_(i)^(m-)) forming.展开更多
The adsorption method has the advantages of low cost,high efficiency,and environmental friendliness in treating fluorinated wastewater,and the adsorbent material is the key.This study combines the inherent anion-excha...The adsorption method has the advantages of low cost,high efficiency,and environmental friendliness in treating fluorinated wastewater,and the adsorbent material is the key.This study combines the inherent anion-exchange adsorption properties of layered double hydroxides(LDHs).Self-supported porous adsorbent materials loaded with AFm and AFt were prepared from a composite cementitious system consisting of calcium aluminate cement(CAC)and flue gas desulfurization gypsum(FGDG)by chemical foaming technique.The mineral composition of the adsorbent material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Through the static adsorption experiment,the adsorption effect of the mineral composition of the adsorbent on fluoride ions was deeply analyzed,and the adsorption mechanism was revealed.XRD and SEM showed that the main hydration phases of the composite cementitious system consisting of CAC and FGDG are AFm,AFt,AH_(3),and CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O.FGDG accelerates the hydration process of CAC and inhibits the transformation of AFt to AFm.The AFt content increased,and the AFm content decreased or even disappeared as the amount of FGDG increased.Static adsorption experiment results showed that AFm and AFt in adsorbent materials could significantly enhance the adsorption of fluoride ions.The adsorption of F^(−)in aqueous solution by PAG tends more towards monolayer adsorption with a theoretical maximum capacity of 108.70 mg/g and is similar to the measured value of 112.77 mg/g.展开更多
基金supported by the project of China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20221677-2)the fundamental research funds of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Basal Research Fund(Grant No.JKYQN202307).
文摘Fluoride and nitrate enriched groundwater are potential threats to the safety of the groundwater supply that may cause significant effects on human health and public safety,especially in aggregated population areas and economic hubs.This study focuses on the high F^(−)and NO_(3)^(−)concentration groundwater in Tongzhou District,Beijing,North China.A total of 36 groundwater samples were collected to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics,elucidate genetic mechanisms and evaluate the potential human health risks.The results of the analysis indicate:Firstly,most of the groundwater samples are characterized by Mg-HCO_(3) and Na-HCO_(3) with the pH ranging from 7.19 to 8.28 and TDS with a large variation across the range 471-2337 mg/L.The NO_(3)^(−)concentration in 38.89%groundwater samples and the F^(−)concentration in 66.67%groundwater samples exceed the permissible limited value.Secondly,F^(−)in groundwater originates predominantly from water-rock interactions and the fluorite dissolution,which is also regulated by cation exchange,competitive adsorption of HCO_(3)−and an alkaline environment.Thirdly,the effect of sewage disposal and agricultural activities have a significant effect on high NO3-concentration,while the high F^(−)concentration is less influenced by anthropogenic activity.The alkaline environment favors nitrification,thus being conducive to the production of NO_(3)^(−).Finally,the health risk assessment is evaluated for different population groups.The results indicate that high NO_(3)^(−)and F^(−)concentration in groundwater would have the largest threat to children’s health.The findings of this study could contribute to the provision of a scientific basis for groundwater supply policy formulation relating to public health in Tongzhou District.
文摘The quality upgrading and deashing of inferior coal by chemical method still faces great challenges.The dangers of strong acid,strong alkali,waste water and exhaust gas as well as high cost limit its industrial production.This paper systematically investigates the ash reduction and desilicification of two typical inferior coal utilizing ammonium fluoride roasting method.Under the optimal conditions,for fat coal and gas coal,the deashing rates are 69.02%and 54.13%,and the desilicification rates are 92.64%and 90.27%,respectively.The molar dosage of ammonium fluoride remains consistent for both coals;however,the gas coal,characterized by a lower ash and silica content(less than half that of the fat coal),achieves optimum deashing effect at a reduced time and temperature.The majority of silicon in coal transforms into gaseous ammonium fluorosilicate,subsequently preparing nanoscale amorphous silica with a purity of 99.90%through ammonia precipitation.Most of the fluorine in deashed coal are assigned in inorganic minerals,suggesting the possibility of further fluorine and ash removal via flotation.This research provides a green and facile route to deash inferior coal and produce nano-scale white carbon black simultaneously.
基金P.G.acknowledges the financial support from the Youth Foundation of Shandong Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2023OB230)National Natural Science Foundation(No.22309035)Double First-class Discipline Construction Fund Project of Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai(No.2023SYLHY11).
文摘High-entropy catalysts featuring exceptional properties are,in no doubt,playing an increasingly significant role in aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries.Despite extensive effort devoted to tracing the origin of their unparalleled performance,the relationships between multiple active sites and reaction intermediates are still obscure.Here,enlightened by theoretical screening,we tailor a high-entropy perovskite fluoride(KCoMnNiMgZnF_(3)-HEC)with various active sites to overcome the limitations of conventional catalysts in redox process.The entropy effect modulates the d-band center and d orbital occupancy of active centers,which optimizes the d–p hybridization between catalytic sites and key intermediates,enabling a moderate adsorption of LiO_(2)and thus reinforcing the reaction kinetics.As a result,the Li–O2 battery with KCoMnNiMgZnF_(3)-HEC catalyst delivers a minimal discharge/charge polarization and long-term cycle stability,preceding majority of traditional catalysts reported.These encouraging results provide inspiring insights into the electron manipulation and d orbital structure optimization for advanced electrocatalyst.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [No. 81773405 to Y.Q. and No. 82173644to X.Y.]Shanxi Natural Science Foundation of China [No.202203021211246 and No. 202103021224242]。
文摘Objective Arsenic(As) and fluoride(F) are two of the most common elements contaminating groundwater resources. A growing number of studies have found that As and F can cause neurotoxicity in infants and children, leading to cognitive, learning, and memory impairments. However, early biomarkers of learning and memory impairment induced by As and/or F remain unclear. In the present study, the mechanisms by which As and/or F cause learning memory impairment are explored at the multi-omics level(microbiome and metabolome).Methods We stablished an SD rats model exposed to arsenic and/or fluoride from intrauterine to adult period.Results Arsenic and/fluoride exposed groups showed reduced neurobehavioral performance and lesions in the hippocampal CA1 region. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that As and/or F exposure significantly altered the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome, featuring the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Ruminococcus_1, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group. Metabolome analysis showed that As and/or F-induced learning and memory impairment may be related to tryptophan, lipoic acid, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic(GABAergic) synapse, and arachidonic acid(AA) metabolism. The gut microbiota, metabolites, and learning memory indicators were significantly correlated.Conclusion Learning memory impairment triggered by As and/or F exposure may be mediated by different gut microbes and their associated metabolites.
基金Zhu.L.and Li.H.contributed equally to this work.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51901121)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2021JM-203,2019JQ-433,2020zdzx04-03-02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.GK202103022).
文摘Here we prepared PEO coatings on Mg alloys in silicate-NaOH-phosphate electrolyte containing different concentrations of NaF addition.The detailed microstructural characterizations combining with potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)were employed to investigate the roles of fluoride in the growth and corrosion properties of PEO coating on Mg.The result shows the introduction of NaF led to a fluoride-containing nanolayer(FNL)formed at the Mg/coating interface.The FNL consists of MgO nanoparticles and insoluble MgF_(2)nanoparticles(containing rutile phase and cubic phase).The increase in the NaF concentration of the electrolyte increases the thickness and the MgF_(2)content in the FNL.When anodized in the electrolyte containing 2 g/L NaF,the formed FNL has the highest thickness of 100-200 nm along with the highest value of x of∼0.6 in(MgO)_(1-x)(MgF_(2))x resulted in the highest corrosion performance of PEO coating.In addition,when anodized in the electrolyte containing a low NaF concentration(0.4-0.8 g/L),the formed FNL was thin and discontinuous,which would decrease the pore density and increase the coating's uniformness simultaneously.
文摘In Tanzania, tobacco is an important cash crop benefiting most farmers and stakeholders. However, the crop is characterized by a low yield per unit area. Several factors are responsible for the low yield and quality of tobacco, among which are damages caused by the insects and other pests. Major insect pests of tobacco are cutworms (Agrotis spp), budworms (Heliothis virescens (F.)), (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and aphids (Myzus persicae, Aphis tabaci) (Homoptera: Aphididae). These pests adversely affect crop growth, yield and leaf quality. In order to reduce insect attack in tobacco, applying pesticides is a critical management practices. In Tanzania, various pesticides have been approved for use in controlling the pests. Currently, farmers are using Bamethrine 2.5 EC to control the pests. The Pesticide named Protector 700 WG with an active ingredient imidacloprid 700 g/kg is a new product introduced in Tanzania during the 2021/22 crop season. Research trials were conducted in three research sites, namely Ulowa-Kahama, Tumbi-Tabora and Mtanila-Chunya, on Protector 700 WG efficacy in different rates, 15 g, 20 g, and 25 g each dissolved in 20 litres of water. The Protector 700 Wg was compared with the standard pesticide (Bamethrin 2.5 EC). Absolute control was also inclusive where the plot had no application of pesticides. The results showed that Protector 700 WG at all rates outweigh the commonly used pesticide. The difference in the number of pests between Protector 700 WG and Bamethrin 2.5 EC was significantly at P < 0.005 also, in dry and green weights, the yield was significantly different at P < 0.005. However, when yield and number of insects were compared among the rates of protector, there was no significant difference. From these results, farmers are advised applying Protector 700 WG at the rate of 0.15 kg/ha by dissolving it in 200 litres of water.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12005221)。
文摘First-principles calculation of muons in ionic fluorides has been proposed recently.However,there is a considerable difference between the obtained F-μbond length and the experimental data obtained by muon spin relaxation(μSR).Considering that the difference may be caused by ignoring the quantum effect of muons,we use two-component density functional theory(TCDFT)to consider the quantized muon and recalculate the bond length and theμSR depolarization spectrum.After testing several muon-electron correlation,we show that TCDFT can give better results than the commonly used“DFT+μ”.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation(NRF)of South Koreafunded by the Ministry of Science&ICT and Future Planning(NRF-2020M3H4A3081889)KIST Institutional Program of South Korea(Project Nos.2E31860)。
文摘Elucidation of a reaction mechanism is the most critical aspect for designing electrodes for highperformance secondary batteries.Herein,we investigate the sodium insertion/extraction into an iron fluoride hydrate(FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O)electrode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).The electrode material is prepared by employing an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tetrafluoroborate,which serves as a reaction medium and precursor for F^(-)ions.The crystal structure of FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O is observed as pyrochlore type with large open 3-D tunnels and a unit cell volume of 1129A^(3).The morphology of FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O is spherical shape with a mesoporous structure.The microstructure analysis reveals primary particle size of around 10 nm.The FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O cathode exhibits stable discharge capacities of 158,210,and 284 mA h g^(-1) in three different potential ranges of 1.5-4.5,1.2-4.5,and 1.0-4.5 V,respectively at 0.05 C rate.The specific capacities remained stable in over 50 cycles in all three potential ranges,while the rate capability was best in the potential range of 1.5-4.5 V.The electrochemical sodium storage mechanism is studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy,indicating higher conversion at a more discharged state.Ex-situ M?ssbauer spectroscopy strengthens the results for reversible reduction/oxidation of Fe.These results will be favorable to establish high-performance cathode materials with selective voltage window for SIBs.
基金financially supported by Open Fund of Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province of China(No.2020CL09)Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis(No.2214503)。
文摘Vanadium flow batteries(VFBs)are considered ideal for grid-sc ale,long-duration energy storage applications owing to their decoupled output power and storage capacity,high safety,efficiency,and long cycle life.However,the widespread adoption of VFB s is hindered by the use of expensive Nafion membranes.Herein,we report a soft template-induced method to develop a porous polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)membrane for VFB applications.By incorporating water-soluble and flexible polyethylene glycol(PEG 400)as a soft template,we induced the aggregation of hydrophilic sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone),resulting in phase separation from the hydrophobic PVDF polymer during membrane formation.This process led to the creation of a porous PVDF membrane with controllable morphologies determined by the polyethylene glycol content in the cast solution.The optimized porous PVDF membrane enabled a stable VFB performance for 200 cycles at a current density of 80 mA/cm^(2),and the VFB exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of 95.2%and a voltage efficiency of 87.8%.These findings provide valuable insights for the development of highly stable membranes for VFB applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51804277)the State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization,China(No.CNMRCUKF2008)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials,China(No.SKL2020K004)the Northwest Rare Metal Materials Research Institute,China。
文摘The effects of fluoride ions(F^(-)) on the electrochemical behavior and coordination properties of titanium ions(Ti^(n+)) were studied in this work,by combining electrochemical and mathematical analysis as well as spectral techniques.The α was taken as a factor to indicate the molar concentration ratio of F^(-) and Ti^(n+).Cyclic voltammetry(CV),square wave voltammetry(SWV),and open circuit potential method(OCP)were used to study the electrochemical behavior of titanium ions under conditions of various α,and in-situ sampler was used to prepare molten salt samples when α equal to 0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,and 8.0.And then,samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Raman spectroscopy.The results showed that F^(-) in molten salt can reduce the reduction steps of titanium ions and greatly affects the proportion of valence titanium ions which making the high-valence titanium content increased and more stable.Ti^(2+) cannot be detected in the molten salt when α is higher than 3.0 and finally transferred to titanium ions with higher valence state.Investigation revealed that the mechanism behind those phenomenon is the coordination compounds(TiCl_(j) F_(i)^(m-)) forming.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52279138)supported by Scientific Research Project of Shanxi Province(2018SF-367).
文摘The adsorption method has the advantages of low cost,high efficiency,and environmental friendliness in treating fluorinated wastewater,and the adsorbent material is the key.This study combines the inherent anion-exchange adsorption properties of layered double hydroxides(LDHs).Self-supported porous adsorbent materials loaded with AFm and AFt were prepared from a composite cementitious system consisting of calcium aluminate cement(CAC)and flue gas desulfurization gypsum(FGDG)by chemical foaming technique.The mineral composition of the adsorbent material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Through the static adsorption experiment,the adsorption effect of the mineral composition of the adsorbent on fluoride ions was deeply analyzed,and the adsorption mechanism was revealed.XRD and SEM showed that the main hydration phases of the composite cementitious system consisting of CAC and FGDG are AFm,AFt,AH_(3),and CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O.FGDG accelerates the hydration process of CAC and inhibits the transformation of AFt to AFm.The AFt content increased,and the AFm content decreased or even disappeared as the amount of FGDG increased.Static adsorption experiment results showed that AFm and AFt in adsorbent materials could significantly enhance the adsorption of fluoride ions.The adsorption of F^(−)in aqueous solution by PAG tends more towards monolayer adsorption with a theoretical maximum capacity of 108.70 mg/g and is similar to the measured value of 112.77 mg/g.
