Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)have attracted a great deal of interest because they have the highest efficiency without using any noble metal as catalysts among all the fuel cell technologies.However,traditional SOFCs s...Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)have attracted a great deal of interest because they have the highest efficiency without using any noble metal as catalysts among all the fuel cell technologies.However,traditional SOFCs suffer from having a higher volume,current leakage,complex connections,and difficulty in gas sealing.To solve these problems,Rolls-Royce has fabricated a simple design by stacking cells in series on an insulating porous support,resulting in the tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells(SIS-SOFCs),which achieved higher output voltage.This work systematically reviews recent advances in the structures,preparation methods,perform-ances,and stability of tubular SIS-SOFCs in experimental and numerical studies.Finally,the challenges and future development of tubular SIS-SOFCs are also discussed.The findings of this work can help guide the direction and inspire innovation of future development in this field.展开更多
Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport cha...Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport chain(ETC) of living cells mediated by electron carriers,we constructed artificial ETCs and transformed liquid flow fuel cells(LFFCs) to flexible reactors for efficient oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA under mild conditions.This LFFC reactor employed an electrodeposition modified nickel foam as an anode to promote HMF oxidation and(VO_(2))_(2)SO_(4) as a cathode electron carrier to facilitate the electron transfer to air.The reaction rate could be easily controlled by selecting the anode catalyst,adjusting the external loading and changing the cathodic electron carrier or oxidants.A maximal power density of 44.9 mW cm^(-2) at room temperature was achieved,while for FDCA production,short-circuit condition was preferred to achieve quick transfer of electrons.For a single batch operation with 0.1 M initial HMF,FDCA yield reached 97.1%.By fed-batch operation,FDCA concentration reached 144.5 g L^(-1) with a total yield of 96%.Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+) redox couple was the active species mediating the electron transfer,while both experimental and DFT calculation results indicated that HMFCA pathway was the preferred reaction mechanism.展开更多
PrBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(PrBSCF) has attracted much research interest as a potential triple ionic and electronic conductor(TIEC) electrode for protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs). The chemical formula...PrBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(PrBSCF) has attracted much research interest as a potential triple ionic and electronic conductor(TIEC) electrode for protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs). The chemical formula for Pr BSCF is AA'B_(2)O_(5+δ), with Pr(A-site) and Ba/Sr(A'-site) alternately stacked along the c-axis. Due to these structural features, the bulk oxygen ion diffusivity is significantly enhanced through the disorder-free channels in the PrO layer;thus, the A site cations(lanthanide ions) play a pivotal role in determining the overall electrochemical properties of layered perovskites. Consequently, previous research has predominantly focused on the electrical properties and oxygen bulk/surface kinetics of Ln cation effects,whereas the hydration properties for PCFC systems remain unidentified. Here, we thoroughly examined the proton uptake behavior and thermodynamic parameters for the hydration reaction to conclusively determine the changes in the electrochemical performances depending on LnBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(LnBSCF,Ln=Pr, Nd, and Gd) cathodes. At 500 ℃, the quantitative proton concentration of PrBSCF was 2.04 mol% and progressively decreased as the Ln cation size decreased. Similarly, the Gibbs free energy indicated that less energy was required for the formation of protonic defects in the order of Pr BSCF < Nd BSCF < Gd BSCF. To elucidate the close relationship between hydration properties and electrochemical performances in LnBSCF cathodes, PCFC single cell measurements and analysis of the distribution of relaxation time were further investigated.展开更多
Joint time–frequency analysis is an emerging method for interpreting the underlying physics in fuel cells,batteries,and supercapacitors.To increase the reliability of time–frequency analysis,a theoretical correlatio...Joint time–frequency analysis is an emerging method for interpreting the underlying physics in fuel cells,batteries,and supercapacitors.To increase the reliability of time–frequency analysis,a theoretical correlation between frequency-domain stationary analysis and time-domain transient analysis is urgently required.The present work formularizes a thorough model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for electrochemical energy devices involving not only the model reduction from fractional-order models to integer-order models and from high-to low-order RC circuits but also insight into the evolution of the characteristic time constants during the whole reduction process.The following work has been carried out:(i)the model-reduction theory is addressed for typical Warburg elements and RC circuits based on the continued fraction expansion theory and the response error minimization technique,respectively;(ii)the order effect on the model reduction of typical Warburg elements is quantitatively evaluated by time–frequency analysis;(iii)the results of time–frequency analysis are confirmed to be useful to determine the reduction order in terms of the kinetic information needed to be captured;and(iv)the results of time–frequency analysis are validated for the model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for lithium-ion batteries,supercapacitors,and solid oxide fuel cells.In turn,the numerical validation has demonstrated the powerful function of the joint time–frequency analysis.The thorough model reduction of fractional impedance spectra addressed in the present work not only clarifies the relationship between time-domain transient analysis and frequency-domain stationary analysis but also enhances the reliability of the joint time–frequency analysis for electrochemical energy devices.展开更多
Developing efficient and stable cathodes for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells(LT-SOFCs) is of great importance for the practical commercialization.Herein,we propose a series of Sm-modified Bi_(0.7-x)Sm_xSr_(0.3)...Developing efficient and stable cathodes for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells(LT-SOFCs) is of great importance for the practical commercialization.Herein,we propose a series of Sm-modified Bi_(0.7-x)Sm_xSr_(0.3)FeO_(3-δ) perovskites as highly-active catalysts for LT-SOFCs.Sm doping can significantly enhance the electrocata lytic activity and chemical stability of cathode.At 600℃,Bi_(0.675)Sm_(0.025)Sr_(0.3)FeO_(3-δ)(BSSF25) cathode has been found to be the optimum composition with a polarization resistance of 0.098 Ω cm^2,which is only around 22.8% of Bi_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)FeO_(3-δ)(BSF).A full cell utilizing BSSF25 displays an exceptional output density of 790 mW cm^(-2),which can operate continuously over100 h without obvious degradation.The remarkable electrochemical performance observed can be attributed to the improved O_(2) transport kinetics,superior surface oxygen adsorption capacity,as well as O_(2)p band centers in close proximity to the Fermi level.Moreover,larger average bonding energy(ABE) and the presence of highly acidic Bi,Sm,and Fe ions restrict the adsorption of CO_(2) on the cathode surface,resulting in excellent CO_(2) resistivity.This work provides valuable guidance for systematic design of efficient and durable catalysts for LT-SOFCs.展开更多
For present solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),rapid performance degradation is observed in the initial aging process,and the dis-cussion of the degradation mechanism necessitates quantitative analysis.Herein,focused ion b...For present solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),rapid performance degradation is observed in the initial aging process,and the dis-cussion of the degradation mechanism necessitates quantitative analysis.Herein,focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy was em-ployed to characterize and reconstruct the ceramic microstructures of SOFC anodes.The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)simulation of multiphysical and electrochemical processes in the reconstructed models was performed.Two samples collected from industrial-size cells were characterized,including a reduced reference cell and a cell with an initial aging process.Statistical parameters of the reconstructed microstructures revealed a significant decrease in the active triple-phase boundary and Ni connectivity in the aged cell compared with the reference cell.The LBM simulation revealed that activity degradation is dominant compared with microstructural degradation during the initial aging process,and the electrochemical reactions spread to the support layer in the aged cell.The microstructural and activity de-gradations are attributed to Ni migration and coarsening.展开更多
A suitable channel structure can lead to efficient gas distribution and significantly improve the power density of fuel cells.In this study,the influence of two channel design parameters is investigated,namely,the rat...A suitable channel structure can lead to efficient gas distribution and significantly improve the power density of fuel cells.In this study,the influence of two channel design parameters is investigated,namely,the ratio of the channel width to the bipolar plate ridge width(i.e.,the channel ridge ratio)and the channel depth.The impact of these parameters is evaluated with respect to the flow pattern,the gas composition distribution,the temperature field and the fuel cell output capability.The results show that a decrease in the channel ridge ratio and an increase in the channel depth can effectively make the distributions of velocity,temperature and concentration more uniform in each channel and improve the output capability of the fuel cell.An increase in the channel ridge ratio and depth obviously reduces the flow resistance and improves the flow characteristics.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are widely regarded as having the potential to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles.Since fuel cells cannot recover energy and have a slow dynamic response,they need to b...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are widely regarded as having the potential to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles.Since fuel cells cannot recover energy and have a slow dynamic response,they need to be used with different power sources.Developing efficient energy management strategies to achieve excellent fuel economy is the goal of research.This paper proposes an adaptive equivalent fuel minimum consumption strategy(AECMS)to solve the problem of the poor economy of the whole vehicle caused by the wrong selection of equivalent factors(EF)in traditional ECMS.In this method,the kinematics interval is used to update the equivalent factor by considering the penalty term of energy recovery on SOC changes.Finally,the optimized equivalent factor is substituted into the optimization objective function to achieve efficient energy regulation.Simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle show that compared with the traditional ECMS based on fixed SOC benchmarks,the proposed method improves fuel economy by 1.7%while ensuring vehicle power and increases SOC by 30%.展开更多
Introduction: Growth is a reflection of a child’s health and nutritional status. Children with sickle cell disease often have slower statural and weight development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritio...Introduction: Growth is a reflection of a child’s health and nutritional status. Children with sickle cell disease often have slower statural and weight development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) registered in the CEMECO centre database. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study with simple random sampling of children aged 1 to 16 years registered in the clinic database. Results: We collected information on 208 children, 121 of whom had sickle cell disease and 87 of whom were normal, with a sex ratio of 1.02. The mean age of the sickle cell patients was 8.7 ± 4.4 years, while that of the non-sickle cell patients was 9.5 ± 4 years. Haemoglobin electrophoresis revealed 103 homozygous (SS), 18 double heterozygous (SC, SBetaThal, SE) and 87 normal (AA) and/or sickle cell trait (AS) sickle cell cases. We observed a significant difference in the height/age ratio (P ¥). Conclusion: The results of our study revealed stunted growth in children with sickle cell disease.展开更多
The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is heavily dependent on the microstructure of electrode catalyst especially at low catalyst loadings.This work shows a hybrid electrocatalyst consisting of PtNi-W...The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is heavily dependent on the microstructure of electrode catalyst especially at low catalyst loadings.This work shows a hybrid electrocatalyst consisting of PtNi-W alloy nanocrystals loaded on carbon surface with atomically dispersed W sites by a two-step straightforward method.Single-atomic W can be found on the carbon surface,which can form protonic acid sites and establish an extended proton transport network at the catalyst surface.When implemented in membrane electrode assembly as cathode at ultra-low loading of 0.05 mgPt cm^(−2),the peak power density of the cell is enhanced by 64.4%compared to that with the commercial Pt/C catalyst.The theoretical calculation suggests that the single-atomic W possesses a favorable energetics toward the formation of*OOH whereby the intermediates can be efficiently converted and further reduced to water,revealing a interfacial cascade catalysis facilitated by the single-atomic W.This work highlights a novel functional hybrid electrocatalyst design from the atomic level that enables to solve the bottle-neck issues at device level.展开更多
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries(SLIBs)has become essential to preserve the environment and reclaim vital resources for sustainable development.The typical SLIBs recycling concentrated on separating valuable comp...Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries(SLIBs)has become essential to preserve the environment and reclaim vital resources for sustainable development.The typical SLIBs recycling concentrated on separating valuable components had limitations,including high energy consumption and complicated separation processes.This work suggests a safe hydrometallurgical process to recover usable metallic cobalt from depleted LiCoO_(2)batteries by utilizing citric acid as leachant and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent,with ethanol as a selective precipitating agent.The anode graphite was also recovered and converted to graphene oxide(GO).The above components were directly resynthesized to cobaltintegrated nitrogen-doped graphene(Co@NG).The Co@NG showed a decent activity towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)with a half-wave potential of 0.880 V vs.RHE,almost similar to Pt/C(0.888 V vs.RHE)and with an onset potential of 0.92 V vs.RHE.The metal-nitrogen-carbon(Co-N-C)having the highest nitrogen content has decreased the barrier for ORR since the reaction was enhanced for Co@NG-800,as confirmed by density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The Co@NG cathode catalyst coupled with commercial Pt-Ru/C as anode catalyst exhibits excellent performance for direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)with a peak power density of 34.7 mW cm^(-2)at a discharge current density of120 m A cm^(-2)and decent stability,indicating the promising utilization of spent battery materials in DMFC applications.Besides,lithium was recovered from supernatant as lithium carbonate by coprecipitation process.This work avoids sophisticated elemental separation by utilizing SLIBs for other renewable energy applications,lowering the environmental concerns associated with recycling.展开更多
Performance degradation shortens the life of solid oxide fuel cells in practical applications.Revealing the degradation mechanism is crucial for the continuous improvement of cell durability.In this work,the effects o...Performance degradation shortens the life of solid oxide fuel cells in practical applications.Revealing the degradation mechanism is crucial for the continuous improvement of cell durability.In this work,the effects of cell operating conditions on the terminal voltage and anode microstructure of a Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anode-supported single cell were investigated.The microstructure of the anode active area near the electrolyte was characterized by laser optical microscopy and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy.Ni depletion at the anode/electrolyte interface region was observed after 100 h discharge tests.In addition,the long-term stability of the single cell was evaluated at 700℃for 3000 h.After an initial decline,the anode-supported single cell exhibits good durability with a voltage decay rate of 0.72%/kh and an electrode polarization resistance decay rate of 0.17%/kh.The main performance loss of the cell originates from the initial degradation.展开更多
Physical vapor deposition(PVD)can be used to produce high-quality Gd_(2)O_(3)-doped CeO2(GDC)films.Among various PVD methods,reactive sputtering provides unique benefits,such as high deposition rates and easy upscalin...Physical vapor deposition(PVD)can be used to produce high-quality Gd_(2)O_(3)-doped CeO2(GDC)films.Among various PVD methods,reactive sputtering provides unique benefits,such as high deposition rates and easy upscaling for industrial applications.GDC thin films were successfully fabricated through reactive sputtering using a Gd_(0.2)Ce_(0.8)(at%)metallic target,and their application in solid oxide fuel cells,such as buffer layers between yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)/La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O_(3−δ)and as sublayers in the steel/coating system,was evaluated.First,the direct current(DC)reactive-sputtering behavior of the GdCe metallic target was determined.Then,the GDC films were deposited on NiO-YSZ/YSZ half-cells to investigate the influence of oxygen flow rate on the quality of annealed GDC films.The results demonstrated that reactive sputtering can be used to prepare thin and dense GDC buffer layers without high-temperature sintering.Furthermore,the cells with a sputtered GDC buffer layer showed better electrochemical performance than those with a screen-printed GDC buffer layer.In addition,the insertion of a GDC sublayer between the SUS441 interconnects and the Mn-Co spinel coatings contributed to the reduction of the oxidation rate for SUS441 at operating temperatures,according to the area-specific resistance tests.展开更多
Microbial fuel cell(MFC) is an advanced bioelectrochemical technique that can utilize biomass materials in the process of simultaneously generating electricity and biodegrading or bio transforming toxic pollutants fro...Microbial fuel cell(MFC) is an advanced bioelectrochemical technique that can utilize biomass materials in the process of simultaneously generating electricity and biodegrading or bio transforming toxic pollutants from wastewater. The overall performance of the system is largely dependent on the efficiency of the anode electrode to enhance electron transportation. Furthermore, the anode electrode has a significant impact on the overall cost of MFC setup. Hence, the need to explore research focused towards developing cost-effective material as anode in MFC. This material must also have favourable properties for electron transportation. Graphene oxide(GO) derivatives and its modification with nanomaterials have been identified as a viable anode material. Herein, we discussed an economically effective strategy for the synthesis of graphene derivatives from waste biomass materials and its subsequent fabrication into anode electrode for MFC applications. This review article offers a promising approach towards replacing commercial graphene materials with biomass-derived graphene derivatives in a view to achieve a sustainable and commercialized MFC.展开更多
Microbial fuel cell(MFC)technology has emerged as an effective solution for energy insecurity and bioremediation.However,identifying suitable components(particularly separators or membranes)with the required propertie...Microbial fuel cell(MFC)technology has emerged as an effective solution for energy insecurity and bioremediation.However,identifying suitable components(particularly separators or membranes)with the required properties,such as low cost and high performance,remains challenging and restricts practical application.Commercial membranes,such as Nafion,exhibit excellent performance in MFC.However,these membranes have high production costs,which considerably increase the overall MFC unit cell cost.Among the numerous types,the separators or membranes developed from biopolymers and naturally occurring earthen sources have proven to be a novel and efficient concept due to their natural abundance,cost-effectiveness(approximately$20 m^(-2),$5 m^(-2),and$1 kg-1for biopolymers,ceramics,and earthensources,respectively),structural properties,proton transportation,manufacturing and modification ease,and environmental friendliness.In this review,we emphasize cost-effective renewable green materials(biopolymers,bio-derived materials,and naturally occurring soil,clay,ceramics or minerals)for MFC applications for the first time.Biopolymers with good thermal,mechanical,and water retention properties,sustainability,and environmental friendliness,such as cellulose and chitosan,are typically preferred.Furthermore,the modification or introduction of various functional groups in biopolymers to enhance their functional properties and scale MFC power density is explored.Subsequently,separator/membrane development using various bio-sources(such as coconut shells,banana peels,chicken feathers,and tea waste ash)is described.Additionally,naturally occurring sources such as clay,montmorillonite,and soils(including red,black,rice-husk,and Kalporgan soil)for MFC were reviewed.In conclusion,the existing gap in MFC technology was filled by providing recommendations for future aspects based on the barriers in cost,environment,and characteristics.展开更多
Synthesizing high-density fuel from lignocellulose can not only achieve green and low-carbon development,but also expand the feedstock source of hydrocarbon fuel.Here,we reported a route of producing high-density fuel...Synthesizing high-density fuel from lignocellulose can not only achieve green and low-carbon development,but also expand the feedstock source of hydrocarbon fuel.Here,we reported a route of producing high-density fuel from lignin oil and hemicellulose derivative cyclopentanol through alkylation and hydrodeoxygenation,HY with SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) molar ratio of 5.3 was screened as the alkylation catalyst in the reaction of model phenolic compounds and mixtures,and the reaction conditions were optimized to achieve conversion of phenolic compounds higher than 87%and selectivity of bicyclic and tricyclic products higher than 99%.Then two phenolic pools simulating the composition of two typic lignin oils were studied to validate the alkylation and analyze the competition mechanism of phenolic compounds in mixture system.Finally,real lignin oil from depolymerized of beech powder was tested,and notably80%of phenolic monomers in the oil were converted into fuel precursor.After hydrodeoxygenation,the alkylated product was converted to fuel blend with a density of 0.91 g/mL at 20℃and a freezing point lower than-60℃,very promising as high density fuel.This work provides a facile and energyefficient way of synthesizing high-performance jet fuel directly from lignocellulosic derivatives,which decreases processing energy consumption and improve the utilization rate of feedstock.展开更多
This paper presents a review of low molecular weight alkane-fed solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),which,unlikely the conventional use of SOFCs for only power production,are utilized to cogenerate produce useful chemicals ...This paper presents a review of low molecular weight alkane-fed solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),which,unlikely the conventional use of SOFCs for only power production,are utilized to cogenerate produce useful chemicals at the same time.The cogeneration processes in SOFC have been classified according to the different types of fuel.C_(2)and C_(3)alkenes and synthesis gas are the main cogenerated chemicals together with electricity.The chemicals and energy cogeneration in a fuel cell reactor seems to be an effective alternative to conventional reactors for only chemicals production and conventional fuel cells for only power production.Although,the use of SOFCs for chemicals and energy cogeneration has proved successful in the industrial setting,the development of new catalysts aimed at obtaining the desired chemicals together with the production of a high amount of energy,and optimizing SOFC operation conditions is still a challenge to enhance system performance and make commercial applications workable.展开更多
Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) that operate at intermediate temperatures of 600 to 800℃ have recently received increased attention due to their improved durability, more rapid startup and shutdown, better sealing and ...Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) that operate at intermediate temperatures of 600 to 800℃ have recently received increased attention due to their improved durability, more rapid startup and shutdown, better sealing and lower cost than their counterparts operate at high temperatures. Nevertheless, intermediatetemperature SOFCs(IT-SOFCs) with popular perovskite cathodes contain alkaline-earth elements, which are prone to reaction with carbon dioxide(CO_(2)), even when the CO_(2) content is comparatively low. In this work, an alkaline-earth metal-free Ruddlesden-Popper oxide, Nd_(1.8)La_(0.2)Ni_(0.74)Cu_(0.21)Ga_(0.05)O_(4+δ)(NLNCG), is developed for IT-SOFC cathodes. The cell is based on an electrolyte with 8%(mol) Y_(2)O_(3)-stabilized Zr O_(2)(8YSZ). The NLNCG cathode exhibits an excellent CO_(2) tolerance, as proven by thermogravimetry analysis,in situ X-ray diffraction, I-V-P test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), and stability measurements. The anode-supported single-cell Ni O-YSZ|YSZ|NLNCG outputs a peak power density of 0.522 W·cm^(-2) at 800℃. These findings suggest that NLNCG could be a highly suitable cathode material with CO_(2) tolerance for IT-SOFCs.展开更多
The electrochemical performances of cathode play a key role in the marine sediment microbial fuel cells(MSMFCs)as a long lasting power source to drive instruments,especially when the dissolved oxygen concentration is ...The electrochemical performances of cathode play a key role in the marine sediment microbial fuel cells(MSMFCs)as a long lasting power source to drive instruments,especially when the dissolved oxygen concentration is very low in seawater.A CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode is prepared here by grafting chitosan(CTS)on a carbon fiber surface and then chelating Fe^(3+)through the coordination process.The electrochemical performance in seawater and the output power of the assembled MSMFCs are both studied.The results show that the exchange current densities of CTS and the CTS-Fe^(3+)group are 5.5 and 6.2 times higher than that of the blank group,respectively.The potential of the CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode increases by 138 mV.The output power of the fuel cell(613.0 mW m^(-2))assembled with CTS-Fe^(3+)is 54 times larger than that of the blank group(11.4 mW m^(-2))and the current output corresponding with the maximum power output also increases by 56 times.Due to the valence conversion between Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)on the modified cathode,the kinetic activity of the dissolved oxygen reduction is accelerated and the depolarization capability of the cathode is enhanced,resulting higher cell power.On the basis of this study,the new cathode materials will be encouraged to design with the complex of iron ion in natural seawater as the catalysis for oxygen reduction to improve the cell power in deep sea.展开更多
This article delivers a robust overview of potential electrode materials for use in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells(S-SOFCs),a relatively new SOFC technology.To this end,this article provides a comprehensive review...This article delivers a robust overview of potential electrode materials for use in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells(S-SOFCs),a relatively new SOFC technology.To this end,this article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances and progress in electrode materials for S-SOFC,discussing both the selection of materials and the challenges that come with making that choice.This article discussed the relevant factors involved in developing electrodes with nano/microstructure.Nanocomposites,e.g.,non-cobalt and lithiated materials,are only a few of the electrode types now being researched.Furthermore,the phase structure and microstructure of the produced materials are heavily influenced by the synthesis procedure.Insights into the possibilities and difficulties of the material are discussed.To achieve the desired microstructural features,this article focuses on a synthesis technique that is either the most recent or a better iteration of an existing process.The portion of this analysis that addresses the risks associated with manufacturing and the challenges posed by materials when fabricating S-SOFCs is the most critical.This article also provides important and useful recommendations for the strategic design of electrode materials researchers.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21701083 and 22179054).
文摘Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)have attracted a great deal of interest because they have the highest efficiency without using any noble metal as catalysts among all the fuel cell technologies.However,traditional SOFCs suffer from having a higher volume,current leakage,complex connections,and difficulty in gas sealing.To solve these problems,Rolls-Royce has fabricated a simple design by stacking cells in series on an insulating porous support,resulting in the tubular segmented-in-series solid oxide fuel cells(SIS-SOFCs),which achieved higher output voltage.This work systematically reviews recent advances in the structures,preparation methods,perform-ances,and stability of tubular SIS-SOFCs in experimental and numerical studies.Finally,the challenges and future development of tubular SIS-SOFCs are also discussed.The findings of this work can help guide the direction and inspire innovation of future development in this field.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA2105900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178197)。
文摘Highly-efficient oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurtural(HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) at low temperature with air as the oxidant is still challenging.Herein,inspired by the respirato ry electron transport chain(ETC) of living cells mediated by electron carriers,we constructed artificial ETCs and transformed liquid flow fuel cells(LFFCs) to flexible reactors for efficient oxidation of HMF to produce FDCA under mild conditions.This LFFC reactor employed an electrodeposition modified nickel foam as an anode to promote HMF oxidation and(VO_(2))_(2)SO_(4) as a cathode electron carrier to facilitate the electron transfer to air.The reaction rate could be easily controlled by selecting the anode catalyst,adjusting the external loading and changing the cathodic electron carrier or oxidants.A maximal power density of 44.9 mW cm^(-2) at room temperature was achieved,while for FDCA production,short-circuit condition was preferred to achieve quick transfer of electrons.For a single batch operation with 0.1 M initial HMF,FDCA yield reached 97.1%.By fed-batch operation,FDCA concentration reached 144.5 g L^(-1) with a total yield of 96%.Ni^(2+)/Ni^(3+) redox couple was the active species mediating the electron transfer,while both experimental and DFT calculation results indicated that HMFCA pathway was the preferred reaction mechanism.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (NRF2022R1C1C1007619, NRF-2021M3H4A1A01002921, NRF2021M3I3A1084292)supported by the KIST Institutional Program (Project No. 2E32592-23-069)。
文摘PrBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(PrBSCF) has attracted much research interest as a potential triple ionic and electronic conductor(TIEC) electrode for protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs). The chemical formula for Pr BSCF is AA'B_(2)O_(5+δ), with Pr(A-site) and Ba/Sr(A'-site) alternately stacked along the c-axis. Due to these structural features, the bulk oxygen ion diffusivity is significantly enhanced through the disorder-free channels in the PrO layer;thus, the A site cations(lanthanide ions) play a pivotal role in determining the overall electrochemical properties of layered perovskites. Consequently, previous research has predominantly focused on the electrical properties and oxygen bulk/surface kinetics of Ln cation effects,whereas the hydration properties for PCFC systems remain unidentified. Here, we thoroughly examined the proton uptake behavior and thermodynamic parameters for the hydration reaction to conclusively determine the changes in the electrochemical performances depending on LnBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(LnBSCF,Ln=Pr, Nd, and Gd) cathodes. At 500 ℃, the quantitative proton concentration of PrBSCF was 2.04 mol% and progressively decreased as the Ln cation size decreased. Similarly, the Gibbs free energy indicated that less energy was required for the formation of protonic defects in the order of Pr BSCF < Nd BSCF < Gd BSCF. To elucidate the close relationship between hydration properties and electrochemical performances in LnBSCF cathodes, PCFC single cell measurements and analysis of the distribution of relaxation time were further investigated.
基金support from the National Science Foundation of China(22078190)the National Key R&D Plan of China(2020YFB1505802).
文摘Joint time–frequency analysis is an emerging method for interpreting the underlying physics in fuel cells,batteries,and supercapacitors.To increase the reliability of time–frequency analysis,a theoretical correlation between frequency-domain stationary analysis and time-domain transient analysis is urgently required.The present work formularizes a thorough model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for electrochemical energy devices involving not only the model reduction from fractional-order models to integer-order models and from high-to low-order RC circuits but also insight into the evolution of the characteristic time constants during the whole reduction process.The following work has been carried out:(i)the model-reduction theory is addressed for typical Warburg elements and RC circuits based on the continued fraction expansion theory and the response error minimization technique,respectively;(ii)the order effect on the model reduction of typical Warburg elements is quantitatively evaluated by time–frequency analysis;(iii)the results of time–frequency analysis are confirmed to be useful to determine the reduction order in terms of the kinetic information needed to be captured;and(iv)the results of time–frequency analysis are validated for the model reduction of fractional impedance spectra for lithium-ion batteries,supercapacitors,and solid oxide fuel cells.In turn,the numerical validation has demonstrated the powerful function of the joint time–frequency analysis.The thorough model reduction of fractional impedance spectra addressed in the present work not only clarifies the relationship between time-domain transient analysis and frequency-domain stationary analysis but also enhances the reliability of the joint time–frequency analysis for electrochemical energy devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279025,21773048)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2021A013)+1 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2021YFSY0022)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023FRFK06005,HIT.NSRIF202204)。
文摘Developing efficient and stable cathodes for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells(LT-SOFCs) is of great importance for the practical commercialization.Herein,we propose a series of Sm-modified Bi_(0.7-x)Sm_xSr_(0.3)FeO_(3-δ) perovskites as highly-active catalysts for LT-SOFCs.Sm doping can significantly enhance the electrocata lytic activity and chemical stability of cathode.At 600℃,Bi_(0.675)Sm_(0.025)Sr_(0.3)FeO_(3-δ)(BSSF25) cathode has been found to be the optimum composition with a polarization resistance of 0.098 Ω cm^2,which is only around 22.8% of Bi_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)FeO_(3-δ)(BSF).A full cell utilizing BSSF25 displays an exceptional output density of 790 mW cm^(-2),which can operate continuously over100 h without obvious degradation.The remarkable electrochemical performance observed can be attributed to the improved O_(2) transport kinetics,superior surface oxygen adsorption capacity,as well as O_(2)p band centers in close proximity to the Fermi level.Moreover,larger average bonding energy(ABE) and the presence of highly acidic Bi,Sm,and Fe ions restrict the adsorption of CO_(2) on the cathode surface,resulting in excellent CO_(2) resistivity.This work provides valuable guidance for systematic design of efficient and durable catalysts for LT-SOFCs.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1502201)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2020A1515010551).
文摘For present solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),rapid performance degradation is observed in the initial aging process,and the dis-cussion of the degradation mechanism necessitates quantitative analysis.Herein,focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy was em-ployed to characterize and reconstruct the ceramic microstructures of SOFC anodes.The lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)simulation of multiphysical and electrochemical processes in the reconstructed models was performed.Two samples collected from industrial-size cells were characterized,including a reduced reference cell and a cell with an initial aging process.Statistical parameters of the reconstructed microstructures revealed a significant decrease in the active triple-phase boundary and Ni connectivity in the aged cell compared with the reference cell.The LBM simulation revealed that activity degradation is dominant compared with microstructural degradation during the initial aging process,and the electrochemical reactions spread to the support layer in the aged cell.The microstructural and activity de-gradations are attributed to Ni migration and coarsening.
基金This work was sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China[Grant Number 2020YFB0106603]the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province[Grant Number 2020CXGC010404]the Undergraduate School of Shandong University,China[Grant Number 2022Y155].
文摘A suitable channel structure can lead to efficient gas distribution and significantly improve the power density of fuel cells.In this study,the influence of two channel design parameters is investigated,namely,the ratio of the channel width to the bipolar plate ridge width(i.e.,the channel ridge ratio)and the channel depth.The impact of these parameters is evaluated with respect to the flow pattern,the gas composition distribution,the temperature field and the fuel cell output capability.The results show that a decrease in the channel ridge ratio and an increase in the channel depth can effectively make the distributions of velocity,temperature and concentration more uniform in each channel and improve the output capability of the fuel cell.An increase in the channel ridge ratio and depth obviously reduces the flow resistance and improves the flow characteristics.
基金This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB0106603)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2020CXGC010406)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2019JZZY010912).
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are widely regarded as having the potential to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles.Since fuel cells cannot recover energy and have a slow dynamic response,they need to be used with different power sources.Developing efficient energy management strategies to achieve excellent fuel economy is the goal of research.This paper proposes an adaptive equivalent fuel minimum consumption strategy(AECMS)to solve the problem of the poor economy of the whole vehicle caused by the wrong selection of equivalent factors(EF)in traditional ECMS.In this method,the kinematics interval is used to update the equivalent factor by considering the penalty term of energy recovery on SOC changes.Finally,the optimized equivalent factor is substituted into the optimization objective function to achieve efficient energy regulation.Simulation results under the New European Driving Cycle show that compared with the traditional ECMS based on fixed SOC benchmarks,the proposed method improves fuel economy by 1.7%while ensuring vehicle power and increases SOC by 30%.
文摘Introduction: Growth is a reflection of a child’s health and nutritional status. Children with sickle cell disease often have slower statural and weight development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional profile of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) registered in the CEMECO centre database. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study with simple random sampling of children aged 1 to 16 years registered in the clinic database. Results: We collected information on 208 children, 121 of whom had sickle cell disease and 87 of whom were normal, with a sex ratio of 1.02. The mean age of the sickle cell patients was 8.7 ± 4.4 years, while that of the non-sickle cell patients was 9.5 ± 4 years. Haemoglobin electrophoresis revealed 103 homozygous (SS), 18 double heterozygous (SC, SBetaThal, SE) and 87 normal (AA) and/or sickle cell trait (AS) sickle cell cases. We observed a significant difference in the height/age ratio (P ¥). Conclusion: The results of our study revealed stunted growth in children with sickle cell disease.
基金Y.Li acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171199)X.Ke acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12074017).
文摘The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is heavily dependent on the microstructure of electrode catalyst especially at low catalyst loadings.This work shows a hybrid electrocatalyst consisting of PtNi-W alloy nanocrystals loaded on carbon surface with atomically dispersed W sites by a two-step straightforward method.Single-atomic W can be found on the carbon surface,which can form protonic acid sites and establish an extended proton transport network at the catalyst surface.When implemented in membrane electrode assembly as cathode at ultra-low loading of 0.05 mgPt cm^(−2),the peak power density of the cell is enhanced by 64.4%compared to that with the commercial Pt/C catalyst.The theoretical calculation suggests that the single-atomic W possesses a favorable energetics toward the formation of*OOH whereby the intermediates can be efficiently converted and further reduced to water,revealing a interfacial cascade catalysis facilitated by the single-atomic W.This work highlights a novel functional hybrid electrocatalyst design from the atomic level that enables to solve the bottle-neck issues at device level.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)the South Korea grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(2021R1A4A2000934,2023R1A2C3004336)+1 种基金The computational part of the work was supported by Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,Institute of Emergent Materials,Sogang University,via NRF Korea grant 2015M3D3A1A01064929a generous supercomputing time from KISTI。
文摘Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries(SLIBs)has become essential to preserve the environment and reclaim vital resources for sustainable development.The typical SLIBs recycling concentrated on separating valuable components had limitations,including high energy consumption and complicated separation processes.This work suggests a safe hydrometallurgical process to recover usable metallic cobalt from depleted LiCoO_(2)batteries by utilizing citric acid as leachant and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent,with ethanol as a selective precipitating agent.The anode graphite was also recovered and converted to graphene oxide(GO).The above components were directly resynthesized to cobaltintegrated nitrogen-doped graphene(Co@NG).The Co@NG showed a decent activity towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)with a half-wave potential of 0.880 V vs.RHE,almost similar to Pt/C(0.888 V vs.RHE)and with an onset potential of 0.92 V vs.RHE.The metal-nitrogen-carbon(Co-N-C)having the highest nitrogen content has decreased the barrier for ORR since the reaction was enhanced for Co@NG-800,as confirmed by density functional theory(DFT)simulations.The Co@NG cathode catalyst coupled with commercial Pt-Ru/C as anode catalyst exhibits excellent performance for direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)with a peak power density of 34.7 mW cm^(-2)at a discharge current density of120 m A cm^(-2)and decent stability,indicating the promising utilization of spent battery materials in DMFC applications.Besides,lithium was recovered from supernatant as lithium carbonate by coprecipitation process.This work avoids sophisticated elemental separation by utilizing SLIBs for other renewable energy applications,lowering the environmental concerns associated with recycling.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1502202)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-GF-20-09B).
文摘Performance degradation shortens the life of solid oxide fuel cells in practical applications.Revealing the degradation mechanism is crucial for the continuous improvement of cell durability.In this work,the effects of cell operating conditions on the terminal voltage and anode microstructure of a Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia anode-supported single cell were investigated.The microstructure of the anode active area near the electrolyte was characterized by laser optical microscopy and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy.Ni depletion at the anode/electrolyte interface region was observed after 100 h discharge tests.In addition,the long-term stability of the single cell was evaluated at 700℃for 3000 h.After an initial decline,the anode-supported single cell exhibits good durability with a voltage decay rate of 0.72%/kh and an electrode polarization resistance decay rate of 0.17%/kh.The main performance loss of the cell originates from the initial degradation.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFB1502203-1)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2021B1515120087)the Stable Supporting Fund of Shenzhen, China (No. GXWD20201230155427003-202007 28114835006)
文摘Physical vapor deposition(PVD)can be used to produce high-quality Gd_(2)O_(3)-doped CeO2(GDC)films.Among various PVD methods,reactive sputtering provides unique benefits,such as high deposition rates and easy upscaling for industrial applications.GDC thin films were successfully fabricated through reactive sputtering using a Gd_(0.2)Ce_(0.8)(at%)metallic target,and their application in solid oxide fuel cells,such as buffer layers between yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)/La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O_(3−δ)and as sublayers in the steel/coating system,was evaluated.First,the direct current(DC)reactive-sputtering behavior of the GdCe metallic target was determined.Then,the GDC films were deposited on NiO-YSZ/YSZ half-cells to investigate the influence of oxygen flow rate on the quality of annealed GDC films.The results demonstrated that reactive sputtering can be used to prepare thin and dense GDC buffer layers without high-temperature sintering.Furthermore,the cells with a sputtered GDC buffer layer showed better electrochemical performance than those with a screen-printed GDC buffer layer.In addition,the insertion of a GDC sublayer between the SUS441 interconnects and the Mn-Co spinel coatings contributed to the reduction of the oxidation rate for SUS441 at operating temperatures,according to the area-specific resistance tests.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (2021R1A2B5B01002656)。
文摘Microbial fuel cell(MFC) is an advanced bioelectrochemical technique that can utilize biomass materials in the process of simultaneously generating electricity and biodegrading or bio transforming toxic pollutants from wastewater. The overall performance of the system is largely dependent on the efficiency of the anode electrode to enhance electron transportation. Furthermore, the anode electrode has a significant impact on the overall cost of MFC setup. Hence, the need to explore research focused towards developing cost-effective material as anode in MFC. This material must also have favourable properties for electron transportation. Graphene oxide(GO) derivatives and its modification with nanomaterials have been identified as a viable anode material. Herein, we discussed an economically effective strategy for the synthesis of graphene derivatives from waste biomass materials and its subsequent fabrication into anode electrode for MFC applications. This review article offers a promising approach towards replacing commercial graphene materials with biomass-derived graphene derivatives in a view to achieve a sustainable and commercialized MFC.
基金supported by the Korean Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy(Project number:20008490)the Core Research Support Center for Natural products and Medical Materials(CRCNM)in Yeungnam University。
文摘Microbial fuel cell(MFC)technology has emerged as an effective solution for energy insecurity and bioremediation.However,identifying suitable components(particularly separators or membranes)with the required properties,such as low cost and high performance,remains challenging and restricts practical application.Commercial membranes,such as Nafion,exhibit excellent performance in MFC.However,these membranes have high production costs,which considerably increase the overall MFC unit cell cost.Among the numerous types,the separators or membranes developed from biopolymers and naturally occurring earthen sources have proven to be a novel and efficient concept due to their natural abundance,cost-effectiveness(approximately$20 m^(-2),$5 m^(-2),and$1 kg-1for biopolymers,ceramics,and earthensources,respectively),structural properties,proton transportation,manufacturing and modification ease,and environmental friendliness.In this review,we emphasize cost-effective renewable green materials(biopolymers,bio-derived materials,and naturally occurring soil,clay,ceramics or minerals)for MFC applications for the first time.Biopolymers with good thermal,mechanical,and water retention properties,sustainability,and environmental friendliness,such as cellulose and chitosan,are typically preferred.Furthermore,the modification or introduction of various functional groups in biopolymers to enhance their functional properties and scale MFC power density is explored.Subsequently,separator/membrane development using various bio-sources(such as coconut shells,banana peels,chicken feathers,and tea waste ash)is described.Additionally,naturally occurring sources such as clay,montmorillonite,and soils(including red,black,rice-husk,and Kalporgan soil)for MFC were reviewed.In conclusion,the existing gap in MFC technology was filled by providing recommendations for future aspects based on the barriers in cost,environment,and characteristics.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC2104400)the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(21JCQNJC00340)the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations。
文摘Synthesizing high-density fuel from lignocellulose can not only achieve green and low-carbon development,but also expand the feedstock source of hydrocarbon fuel.Here,we reported a route of producing high-density fuel from lignin oil and hemicellulose derivative cyclopentanol through alkylation and hydrodeoxygenation,HY with SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) molar ratio of 5.3 was screened as the alkylation catalyst in the reaction of model phenolic compounds and mixtures,and the reaction conditions were optimized to achieve conversion of phenolic compounds higher than 87%and selectivity of bicyclic and tricyclic products higher than 99%.Then two phenolic pools simulating the composition of two typic lignin oils were studied to validate the alkylation and analyze the competition mechanism of phenolic compounds in mixture system.Finally,real lignin oil from depolymerized of beech powder was tested,and notably80%of phenolic monomers in the oil were converted into fuel precursor.After hydrodeoxygenation,the alkylated product was converted to fuel blend with a density of 0.91 g/mL at 20℃and a freezing point lower than-60℃,very promising as high density fuel.This work provides a facile and energyefficient way of synthesizing high-performance jet fuel directly from lignocellulosic derivatives,which decreases processing energy consumption and improve the utilization rate of feedstock.
文摘This paper presents a review of low molecular weight alkane-fed solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs),which,unlikely the conventional use of SOFCs for only power production,are utilized to cogenerate produce useful chemicals at the same time.The cogeneration processes in SOFC have been classified according to the different types of fuel.C_(2)and C_(3)alkenes and synthesis gas are the main cogenerated chemicals together with electricity.The chemicals and energy cogeneration in a fuel cell reactor seems to be an effective alternative to conventional reactors for only chemicals production and conventional fuel cells for only power production.Although,the use of SOFCs for chemicals and energy cogeneration has proved successful in the industrial setting,the development of new catalysts aimed at obtaining the desired chemicals together with the production of a high amount of energy,and optimizing SOFC operation conditions is still a challenge to enhance system performance and make commercial applications workable.
基金the financial support by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFB1505603)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22075086)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020A1515011157, 2022A1515010980)the Doctor Scientific Research Startup Foundation of Jinggangshan University (JZB1324)。
文摘Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) that operate at intermediate temperatures of 600 to 800℃ have recently received increased attention due to their improved durability, more rapid startup and shutdown, better sealing and lower cost than their counterparts operate at high temperatures. Nevertheless, intermediatetemperature SOFCs(IT-SOFCs) with popular perovskite cathodes contain alkaline-earth elements, which are prone to reaction with carbon dioxide(CO_(2)), even when the CO_(2) content is comparatively low. In this work, an alkaline-earth metal-free Ruddlesden-Popper oxide, Nd_(1.8)La_(0.2)Ni_(0.74)Cu_(0.21)Ga_(0.05)O_(4+δ)(NLNCG), is developed for IT-SOFC cathodes. The cell is based on an electrolyte with 8%(mol) Y_(2)O_(3)-stabilized Zr O_(2)(8YSZ). The NLNCG cathode exhibits an excellent CO_(2) tolerance, as proven by thermogravimetry analysis,in situ X-ray diffraction, I-V-P test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), and stability measurements. The anode-supported single-cell Ni O-YSZ|YSZ|NLNCG outputs a peak power density of 0.522 W·cm^(-2) at 800℃. These findings suggest that NLNCG could be a highly suitable cathode material with CO_(2) tolerance for IT-SOFCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22075262)。
文摘The electrochemical performances of cathode play a key role in the marine sediment microbial fuel cells(MSMFCs)as a long lasting power source to drive instruments,especially when the dissolved oxygen concentration is very low in seawater.A CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode is prepared here by grafting chitosan(CTS)on a carbon fiber surface and then chelating Fe^(3+)through the coordination process.The electrochemical performance in seawater and the output power of the assembled MSMFCs are both studied.The results show that the exchange current densities of CTS and the CTS-Fe^(3+)group are 5.5 and 6.2 times higher than that of the blank group,respectively.The potential of the CTS-Fe^(3+)modified cathode increases by 138 mV.The output power of the fuel cell(613.0 mW m^(-2))assembled with CTS-Fe^(3+)is 54 times larger than that of the blank group(11.4 mW m^(-2))and the current output corresponding with the maximum power output also increases by 56 times.Due to the valence conversion between Fe^(3+)and Fe^(2+)on the modified cathode,the kinetic activity of the dissolved oxygen reduction is accelerated and the depolarization capability of the cathode is enhanced,resulting higher cell power.On the basis of this study,the new cathode materials will be encouraged to design with the complex of iron ion in natural seawater as the catalysis for oxygen reduction to improve the cell power in deep sea.
基金the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS),grant No.FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UKM/01/5 funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)。
文摘This article delivers a robust overview of potential electrode materials for use in symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells(S-SOFCs),a relatively new SOFC technology.To this end,this article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances and progress in electrode materials for S-SOFC,discussing both the selection of materials and the challenges that come with making that choice.This article discussed the relevant factors involved in developing electrodes with nano/microstructure.Nanocomposites,e.g.,non-cobalt and lithiated materials,are only a few of the electrode types now being researched.Furthermore,the phase structure and microstructure of the produced materials are heavily influenced by the synthesis procedure.Insights into the possibilities and difficulties of the material are discussed.To achieve the desired microstructural features,this article focuses on a synthesis technique that is either the most recent or a better iteration of an existing process.The portion of this analysis that addresses the risks associated with manufacturing and the challenges posed by materials when fabricating S-SOFCs is the most critical.This article also provides important and useful recommendations for the strategic design of electrode materials researchers.
