Seed germination with selenium(Se)is promising for producing Se-biofortified foods.Mungbean(Vigna radiata(L.)Wilczek)sprout is freshly eaten as a salad dressed with sauce,making it superior for Se biofortification.Since...Seed germination with selenium(Se)is promising for producing Se-biofortified foods.Mungbean(Vigna radiata(L.)Wilczek)sprout is freshly eaten as a salad dressed with sauce,making it superior for Se biofortification.Since the Se safety range for the human body is extremely narrow,it is imperative to evaluate the genotypic responses of mungbean sprouts to Se.This study evaluated the Se enrichment capacity and interaction withflavonoids and antioxidant systems in sprouts of 20 mungbean germplasms.Selenium treatment was done by immersing mung-bean seeds in 20μM sodium selenite solution for 8 h.Afterward,the biomass,Se amounts,flavonoid(particularly vitexin and isovitexin)contents,antioxidant capacity,and key biosynthetic gene expressions were measured.Sprout Se content was 2.0-7.0μg g^(-1) DW among the 20 mungbean germplasms.Selenium treatment differentially affected the biomass,totalflavonoid,vitexin,isovitexin,antioxidant enzyme activities,and antioxidant capacities of the mungbean germplasms.Eight germplasms showed increased biomass(p<0.05),the highest increasing by 127%,but 13 did not phenotypically respond to Se treatment.Seven and six germplasms showed varied levels of vitexin and isovitexin increment after Se treatment,the highest measuring 2.67-and 2.87-folds for vitexin and isovitexin,respectively.Two mungbeanflavonoid biosynthesis genes,chalcone synthase(VrCHS)and chalcone isomerase(VrCHI)were significantly up-regulated in the germplasms with increased vitexin and isovitexin levels(p<0.05).Moreover,Se enrichment capacity was significantly correlated with the vitexin,isovitexin,and antiox-idant capacities.In conclusion,mungbean sprouts could be a useful Se-biofortified food,but the Se enrichment capacity and nutritional response must be determined for each germplasm before commercialization.展开更多
Parasitic nematodes have been reported as one of the major constraints to soybean production worldwide. The majority of nematodes are so-called “free-living” and feed mainly on bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other ne...Parasitic nematodes have been reported as one of the major constraints to soybean production worldwide. The majority of nematodes are so-called “free-living” and feed mainly on bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other nematodes. In Burkina Faso, the presence of parasitic nematodes has been reported in crops such as rice and sorghum. The objective of this study was to identify the genera and species of nematodes associated with soybean production in Burkina Faso. Investigations were carried out on 24 genotypes of a medium-maturity group of soybean at the Farako-Ba research station. Soil samples were taken from the trial soil before its installation. At harvest, soil samples with roots were taken from each genotype in the elementary plots. The composite sample is represented by 4 lots of soil samples with roots. Extractions and counts of nematodes were performed on the different lots. In total, 7 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with soybean were identified. Among these genera, Pratylenchus (100% of infected genotypes), Helicotylenchus (97.28%) and Scutellonema (94.44%) were the most prevalent in terms of frequency and abundance. Some soybean genotypes were less susceptible to the genus Pratylenchus is known to be highly pathogenic in soybean. These were mainly the genotypes TGX2025-10E, TGX2023-3E and TGX2025-14E.展开更多
A two-year study was carried out in Giza Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt in the 2020 and 2021 summer seasons to evaluate the relative tolerance of ten soy...A two-year study was carried out in Giza Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt in the 2020 and 2021 summer seasons to evaluate the relative tolerance of ten soybean genotypes for cotton leafworm infestation under field conditions. Soybean genotypes H<sub>11</sub>L<sub>145</sub>, H<sub>155</sub>, H<sub>113</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, H<sub>129</sub>, H<sub>30</sub>, H<sub>19</sub>L<sub>96</sub>, Giza 111, and Crawford were distributed in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Soybean genotypes differed significantly for cotton leafworm at the 6<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, and 8<sup>th</sup> week from sowing. Low values of cotton leafworm assemblages were recorded for H<sub>113</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, Giza 111, and H<sub>129</sub>. Low percentages of the larval survival number and weight, as well as the number of the survival of pupa were recorded by feeding on leaves of genotypes H<sub>4</sub>F<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, and Giza 111 under laboratory conditions. There were significant differences among the studied genotypes in most yield attributes in both seasons. Soybean genotypes H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, Giza 111, H<sub>113</sub>, H<sub>129</sub>, H<sub>19</sub>L<sub>96</sub>, and H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4 </sub>gave higher seed yield per ha, meanwhile soybean genotypes H<sub>155</sub>, H<sub>19</sub>L<sub>96</sub>, H<sub>30</sub>, Giza 111, and H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub> had higher seed oil content than the other genotypes in both seasons. The number and weight of larvae surviving, as well as the number of pupa survival, were negatively correlated with leaf total phenols and seed oil content. It can be concluded that soybean genotypes H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub>, and Giza 111 are promising genotypes with desirable seed oil content for tolerating cotton leafworm infestation in breeding programs.展开更多
The goal of the study was to quantify the genetic diversity of different potato varieties. Five groups were named to classify the 25 genres of potatoes as: Cluster I (Lalpakri, Diamond), Cluster II (Hagrai, Green Moun...The goal of the study was to quantify the genetic diversity of different potato varieties. Five groups were named to classify the 25 genres of potatoes as: Cluster I (Lalpakri, Diamond), Cluster II (Hagrai, Green Mountain, G.M.O., Elvera), Cluster III (Atlantic, Shepody, Raja, Fundy, Multa, Granulla, Shibilati, Japanese Red), Cluster IV (Atlas, Brondy, Yucon Gold, Monona, Petrones, Cheroki), and Cluster V (Calwhite, Prelude, Allblue, Russet, Burbank, TPS-67). The highest and lowest genotypes are found in Clusters III and I, respectively. The two groups’ maximum inter-cluster distance (the cluster’s distance between them) demonstrates the enormous diversity between Clusters II & III. Cluster III had the greatest intra-cluster distance (distance within a set), whereas Cluster V had the smallest. In most cases, the distance between gaps was more significant than the distance within the holes, showing greater genetic diversity between different groups’ genotypes. The highest, second highest, and third highest eigenvalues, accompanying the positive canonical values for Vectors I and II of three characteristics: average tuber weight in each plant, the tubers number in each plant, and the eyes number in each tuber, showed the most outstanding contribution to the complete difference between genotypes. Of the nine features, the smaller leaves number in each plant, the shorter plant height, the more minor genotypes, the fewer eyes per tube generated from Cluster I, the maximum height of the plants, the high-quality tubers in each plant, the tubers number in each plant, the fresh weight in each plant, and the leaf number in each plant from Cluster II could be chosen in the role of parents in this program for hybridization. Given the size of the genetic distance, the various characteristics that contribute to the overall difference, and the average population size, Hagrai, Green Mountain, O.M.G., Elvera Cluster II and Cluster I, Lalpakri, and Diamond genotypes can be regarded as parents of hybridization programs in the future. Thus, producers can get guidance to enhance genetic diversity by selecting materials from different relatives and reducing their vulnerability to diseases and climate change.展开更多
Different genotypes of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) grow well under conducive environmental conditions, provided that adequate soil moisture is available during vegetative and reproductive phases. Ho...Different genotypes of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) grow well under conducive environmental conditions, provided that adequate soil moisture is available during vegetative and reproductive phases. However, drought stress is the major limiting factor to bambara production, which accounts for up to 40% of yield losses. This situation could worsen due to drastic and rapid changes in the global climate. Landraces grown by farmers are low-yielding. Understanding the physiological response of different genotypes to drought stress is key to achieving food security through crop improvement and diversification. This study focused on variations in the response of Bambara groundnut genotypes to intermittent drought stress during the crop’s critical growth (vegetative and reproductive) stages. The experiment was undertaken at CSIR-Crops Research Institute Screen-house. The treatments were used in a factorial experiment with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The Bambara genotypes showed considerable variability in tolerance to drought stress. Drought stress during vegetative and reproductive stages significantly reduced crop growth indices, the leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content and leaf area. Drought stress during vegetative and reproductive stages had a more severe impact on the seed yield of genotype Nav Red, reducing it by 69% and 13%, respectively. Farmers should pay more attention to adopting drought-tolerant and high-yielding varieties for improved Bambara groundnut productivity and livelihoods.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)is unevenly distributed throughout the soil and plant roots proliferate in N-rich soil patches.However,the relationship between the root response to localized N supply and maize N uptake efficiency among di...Nitrogen(N)is unevenly distributed throughout the soil and plant roots proliferate in N-rich soil patches.However,the relationship between the root response to localized N supply and maize N uptake efficiency among different genotypes is unclear.In this study,four maize varieties were evaluated to explore genotypic differences in the root response to local N application in relation to N uptake.A split-root system was established for hydroponically-grown plants and two methods of local N application(local banding and local dotting)were examined in the field.Genotypic differences in the root length response to N were highly correlated between the hydroponic and field conditions(r>0.99).Genotypes showing high response to N,ZD958,XY335 and XF32D22,showed 50‒63%longer lateral root length and 36‒53%greater root biomass in N-rich regions under hydroponic conditions,while the LY13 genotype did not respond to N.Under field conditions,the root length of the high-response genotypes was found to increase by 66‒75%at 40‒60 cm soil depth,while LY13 showed smaller changes in root length.In addition,local N application increased N uptake at the post-silking stage by 16‒88%in the high-response genotypes and increased the grain yield of ZD958 by 10‒12%.Moreover,yield was positively correlated with root length at 40‒60 cm soil depth(r=0.39).We conclude that local fertilization should be used for high-response genotypes,which can be rapidly identified at the seedling stage,and selection for“local-N responsive roots”can be a promising trait in maize breeding for high nitrogen uptake efficiency.展开更多
Objective:Polyploid giant cancer cells(PGCCs)with daughter cells express epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)-associated proteins.Highly malignant tumor cells with EMT properties can transdifferentiate into mature ...Objective:Polyploid giant cancer cells(PGCCs)with daughter cells express epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)-associated proteins.Highly malignant tumor cells with EMT properties can transdifferentiate into mature tumor cells.In this study,we elucidated the potential for,and underlying mechanism of,adipogenic differentiation of PGCCs with daughter cells(PDCs).Methods:Cobalt chloride was used to induce PGCC formation in HEY(wild-type P53)and MDA-MB-231(mutant P53)cells;these cells were then cultured in adipogenic differentiation medium.Oil red O staining was used to confirm adipogenic differentiation,and the cell cycle was detected with flow cytometry.The expression of adipogenic differentiation-associated proteins and P300 histone acetyltransferase activity were compared before and after adipogenic differentiation.Animal xenograft models were used to confirm the adipogenic differentiation of PDCs.Results:PDCs transdifferentiated into functional adipocytes.Two different cell cycle distributions were observed in PDCs after adipogenic differentiation.The expression levels of PPARγ,Ace-PPARγ,and Ace-P53 were higher in PDCs after adipogenic differentiation than in cells before adipogenic differentiation.Ace-PPARγand FABP4 expression increased in HEY cells and decreased in MDA-MB-231 PDCs after p53 knockdown.A485 treatment increased Ace-P53,Ace-PPARγ,and FABP4 expression in HEY PDCs by inhibiting SUMOylation of P53.In MDA-MB-231 PDCs,A485 treatment decreased Ace-P53,Ace-PPARγ,and FABP4 expression.Animal experiments also confirmed the adipogenic differentiation of PDCs.Conclusions:Acetylation of P53 and PPARγplays an important role in the adipogenic differentiation of PDCs.展开更多
The soybean rhizosphere has a specific microbial community,but the differences in microbial community structure between different soybean genotypes have not been explained.The present study analyzed the structure of t...The soybean rhizosphere has a specific microbial community,but the differences in microbial community structure between different soybean genotypes have not been explained.The present study analyzed the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community in three soybean genotypes.Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between different soybean genotypes were verified using diversity testing and community composition,and each genotype had a specific rhizosphere microbial community composition.Co-occurrence network analysis found that different genotype plant hosts had different rhizosphere microbial networks.The relationship between rhizobia and rhizosphere microorganisms in the network also exhibited significant differences between different genotype plant hosts.The ecological function prediction found that different genotypes of soybean recruited the specific rhizosphere microbial community.These results demonstrated that soybean genotype regulated rhizosphere microbial community structure differences.The study provides a reference and theoretical support for developing soybean microbial inoculum in the future.展开更多
Crops are largely influenced by climatic conditions during the growing season and therefore, minor deviation from optimal conditions can seriously threaten yield. In view of this, knowledge on the effect of environmen...Crops are largely influenced by climatic conditions during the growing season and therefore, minor deviation from optimal conditions can seriously threaten yield. In view of this, knowledge on the effect of environmental factors on crop growth and development could reduce the possibilities of significant yield loss. There have been statistical methods which have been developed in respect to characterizing crops but the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) method integrates analysis of variance and principal components analysis into a unified approach. AMMI has been used in the analysis of G × E interaction with greater precision in many crops. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of genotype x environment interaction and to select the stable cowpea genotypes in Ghanaian environments over seasons using AMMI model. Eight genotypes of cowpea released by Crops Research Institute of Ghana over two decades were selected for evaluation in two locations and two seasons using RCBD with 3 replications in forest and transitional zones of Ghana. When the mean yields of various genotypes were subjected to the AMMI model, the results showed that, a highly significant (P 0.001) genotype by location and by year interaction effects for cowpea grain yield was recorded with 63.1% of the total variation attributable to environmental effects. The AMMI Bi-plot of PC1 and GGE Bi-plot gave 80.8% and 89.3% respectively. Genotype Asontem (G3) had the highest yield and was adapted to all the environments and seasons. Genotypes Asetenapa (G1) and Soronko (G6) were however not stable with consistently low yield across all the environments. It is recommended that farmers in Forest and transitional zones of Ghana should cultivate the highly stable cowpea genotypes in order to get stable yields across environments due to climatic change.展开更多
At least 600000 individuals worldwide annually die of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related diseases,such as chronic hepatitis B(CHB),liver cirrhosis(LC),and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Many viral factors,such as viral loa...At least 600000 individuals worldwide annually die of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related diseases,such as chronic hepatitis B(CHB),liver cirrhosis(LC),and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Many viral factors,such as viral load,genotype,and specific viral mutations,are known to affect disease progression.HBV reverse transcriptase does not have a proofreading function,therefore,many HBV genotypes,sub-genotypes,mutants,and recombinants emerge.Differences between genotypes in response to antiviral treatment have been determined.To date,10 HBV genotypes,scattered across different geographical regions,have been identified.For example,genotype A has a tendency for chronicity,whereas viral mutations are frequently encountered in genotype C.Both chronicity and mutation frequency are common in genotype D.LC and progression to HCC are more commonly encountered with genotypes C and D than the other genotypes.Pathogenic differences between HBV genotypes explain disease intensity,progression to LC,and HCC.In conclusion,genotype determination in CHB infection is important in estimating disease progression and planning optimal antiviral treatment.展开更多
AIM In order to study the association betweenthe null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and thegenetic susceptibility to hepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).METHODS The genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1of 63 cases of HCC and 88 contro...AIM In order to study the association betweenthe null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and thegenetic susceptibility to hepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).METHODS The genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1of 63 cases of HCC and 88 controls were detectedwith the multiple PCR technique.RESULTS The frequency of GSTM1 nullgenotype was 57.1% among the cases,and42.0% among the controls,the difference beingstatistically significant(χ~2=3.35,P=0.067),but χ~2 value approaching the significance level.The odds ratio was 1.84(95% Cl= 0.91-3.37).The frequency of GSTT1 non-null genotype was87.3% among the cases and 52.5% among thecontrols,the difference being statisticallysignificant(χ~2=11.42,P=0.0007274).The oddsratio was 4.13(95% Cl=1.64-10.70).According to the cross analysis,the GSTT1 non-null genotype was more closely associated withHCC than GSTM1 null genotype,and these twofactors play an approximate additive interactionin the occurrence of HCC.CONCLUSION The persons with GSTM1 nullgenotype and GSTT1 non-null genotype have theincreased risk to HCC.展开更多
Gastroenteritis is an infectious diarrhea that has been considered as an important cause of hospitalizations and death in children aged < 5 years, particularly in developing countries. Unsanitary water, contaminate...Gastroenteritis is an infectious diarrhea that has been considered as an important cause of hospitalizations and death in children aged < 5 years, particularly in developing countries. Unsanitary water, contaminated food, poor hygiene, and inadequate disposal of waste and feces are all risk factors for gastroenteritis, resulting in the higher incidence in developing countries. Gastroenteritis is generally caused by viral infections, among which rotavirus (RV) infections have been reported to be the most common, especially among young children aged < 5 years with acute gastroenteritis in Asia and Africa[1]. Other viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis include human Adenovirus (HAdV), Norovirus, Sapovirus (SaV), human Astrovirus (HAstV), and Aichi virus. Recent research has reported that adenovirus types 40 and 41, belonging to species F, cause gastroenteritis and were therefore termed as enteric adenoviruses. In addition, non-enteric HAdV species such as A, B, C, and D have been associated with diarrheal.展开更多
Objective: To define the conditions of hepatitis C vi-rus (HCV) infections, and geographic and demo-graphic distributions of genotypes in China.Methods: HCV infected patients were selected fromindividuals with differe...Objective: To define the conditions of hepatitis C vi-rus (HCV) infections, and geographic and demo-graphic distributions of genotypes in China.Methods: HCV infected patients were selected fromindividuals with different patterns of liver diseasesand high risk populations in different parts of China.Genotypes of HCV in some isolates were further ana-lyzed, based on the data from our laboratory studiesand some carefully selected published literatures.Results: The anti-HCV positive rates were 9.7% inpatients with acute hepatitis, 13.3% in patients withchronic hepatitis, 18.3% in patients with hepatocel-lular carcinoma, 33.0% in patients with liver cirrho-sis, and 43.2% in patients with posttransfusionalhepatitis (average, 16.2% in patients with liver di-seases). The anti-HCV positive rates in the high riskpopulations were 36.4% in leukemic patients,43.0% in hemodialysis patients, 12.7% in blood do-nors, 64.1% in drug abusers, 13.1% in prostitutes,and 2.57% in naturally healthy people. At least 4clades (clades 1, 2, 3 and 6) of HCV were found inChina with different geographic and demographicdistributions. Genotype 1b was the most widely dis-tributed genotype, and genotype 3 was mainly foundin Yunnan Province, Southwest China.Conclusion: China has a high incidence of HCV in-fection. Our results will provide a strategic basis fordiagnosis, treatment and possibly prophylaxis of he-patitis C virus diseases.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV)genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics,progression,severity of disease and antiviral response.Herein,we provide an u...Hepatitis B virus(HBV)genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics,progression,severity of disease and antiviral response.Herein,we provide an updated overview of the endemicity of HBV genotypes H and G in Mexico.HBV genotype H is predominant among the Mexican population,but not in Central America.Its geographic distribution is related to a typical endemicity among the Mexicans which is characterized by a low hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence,apparently due to a rapid resolution of the infection,low viral loads and a high prevalence of occult B infection.During chronic infections,genotype H is detected in mixtures with other HBV genotypes and associated with other co-morbidities,such as obesity,alcoholism and co-infection with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus.Hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence is low.Thus,antiviral therapy may differ significantly from the standard guidelines established worldwide.The high prevalence of HBV genotype G in the Americas,especially among the Mexican population,raises new questions regarding its geographic origin that will require further investigation.展开更多
Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain react...Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain reaction(PCR) based detection out of which 112 chronic HCV patients[53 male(47.32%),59 female(52.68%);mean age(43.76±16.40) years;mean BMI(23.8± 3.9)kg]were enrolled in this study.The frequency of 6 HCV genotypes and associated risk factors were evaluated from five districts of North West Frontier Province(NWFP).Results:Genotype 3was the most prevalent in 73 samples(65.17%) followed by genotype 1 in 24(21.42%) and genotype2 in 13(11.60%) samples.Genotype3 had significantly high prevalence(P=0.0002).The results showed that 48(42.85%) samples were infected with HCV 3a:25(22.32%) with 3b;14(12.50%) with 1a;10(8.92%)with 1b;11(9.82%) with 2a;2(1.78%) with 2b;and 2 were untypable.The distribution of HCV genotypes in Murdan.Charsadda,Peshawar.Sawabi and Nowshehra districts was different.Use of unsterile equipment lor medication,barbers and previous history of hospitalization were the main risk factors for HCV transmission.Conclusions:Cenotype 3a and 3b.1a.1b and 2a are the common genotypes in NWFP.Genotype 4.5.and 6 can not be found in a single sample.The level of awareness about various modes ot transmission of HCV among the population is found to be verv low.展开更多
Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand d...Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand drought threats to common bean production.This study assessed the drought response of 64 small red-seeded genotypes of common bean grown in a lattice design replicated twice under contrasting moisture regimes,terminal drought stress and non-stress, in Ethiopia during the dry season from November2014 to March 2015. Multiple plant traits associated with drought were assessed for their contribution to drought adaptation of the genotypes. Drought stress determined by a drought intensity index was moderate(0.3). All the assessed traits showed significantly different genotypic responses under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Eleven genotypes significantly(P ≤ 0.05) outperformed the drought check cultivar under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in seed yielding potential. Seed yield showed positive and significant correlations with chlorophyll meter reading, vertical root pulling resistance force, number of pods per plant, and seeds per pod under both soil moisture regimes, indicating their potential use in selection of genotypes yielding well under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Clustering analysis using Mahalanobis distance grouped the genotypes into four groups showing high and significant inter-cluster distance, suggesting that hybridization between drought-adapted parents from the groups will provide the maximum genetic recombination for drought tolerance in subsequent generations.展开更多
Increased productivity in sorghum has been achieved in the developed world using hybrids.Despite their yield advantage,introduced hybrids have not been adopted in Ethiopia due to the lack of adaptive traits,their shor...Increased productivity in sorghum has been achieved in the developed world using hybrids.Despite their yield advantage,introduced hybrids have not been adopted in Ethiopia due to the lack of adaptive traits,their short plant stature and small grain size.This study was conducted to investigate hybrid performance and the magnitude of heterosis of locally adapted genotypes in addition to introduced hybrids in three contrasting environments in Ethiopia.In total,139 hybrids,derived from introduced seed parents crossed with locally adapted genotypes and introduced R lines,were evaluated.Overall,the hybrids matured earlier than the adapted parents,but had higher grain yield,plant height,grain number and grain weight in all environments.The lowland adapted hybrids displayed a mean better parent heterosis(BPH) of19%,equating to 1160 kg ha-1and a 29% mean increase in grain yield,in addition to increased plant height and grain weight,in comparison to the hybrids derived from the introduced R lines.The mean BPH for grain yield for the highland adapted hybrids was 16% in the highland and 52%in the intermediate environment equating to 698 kg ha-1and 2031 kg ha-1,respectively,in addition to increased grain weight.The magnitude of heterosis observed for each hybrid group was related to the genetic distance between the parental lines.The majority of hybrids also showed superiority over the standard check varieties.In general,hybrids from locally adapted genotypes were superior in grain yield,plant height and grain weight compared to the high parents and introduced hybrids indicating the potential for hybrids to increase productivity while addressing farmers' required traits.展开更多
Soybean genotypes show diverse physiological responses to drought, but specific physiological traits that can be used to evaluate drought tolerance have not been identified. In the present study we investigated physio...Soybean genotypes show diverse physiological responses to drought, but specific physiological traits that can be used to evaluate drought tolerance have not been identified. In the present study we investigated physiological traits of soybean genotypes under progressive soil drying and rewetting, using a treatment mimicking field conditions.After a preliminary study with eight soybean genotypes, two drought-tolerant genotypes and one susceptible genotype were grown in the greenhouse and subjected to water restriction. Leaf expansion rate, gas exchange, water relation parameters, total chlorophyll(Chl), proline contents of leaves, and root xylem p H were monitored in a time course, and plant growth and root traits were measured at the end of the stress cycle. Drought-tolerant genotypes maintained higher leaf expansion rate, net photosynthetic rate(Pn), Chl content,instantaneous water use efficiency(WUEi), % relative water content(RWC), water potential(ψw), and turgor potential(ψp) during progressive soil drying and subsequent rewetting than the susceptible genotypes. By contrast, stomatal conductance(gs) and transpiration rate(Tr)of tolerant genotypes declined faster owing to dehydration and recovered more sharply after rehydration than the same parameters in susceptible ones. Water stress caused a significant increase in leaf proline level and root xylem sap p H of both genotypes but tolerant genotypes recovered to pre-stress levels more quickly after rehydration. Tolerant genotypes also produced longer roots with higher dry mass than susceptible genotypes. We conclude that rapid perception and adjustment in response to soil drying and rewetting as well as the maintenance of relatively high Pn, %RWC, and root growth constitute the mechanisms by which drought-tolerant soybean genotypes cope with water stress.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes' monitoring allows real-time insight into the dynamic changes that occur in the global epidemiological picture of HCV infection. Intravenous drug use is currently the primary drive...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes' monitoring allows real-time insight into the dynamic changes that occur in the global epidemiological picture of HCV infection. Intravenous drug use is currently the primary driver for HCV transmission in developed and developing countries. The distribution of HCV genotypes/subtypes differs significantly between people who inject drugs(PWID) and the general population. HCV genotypes that previously exhibited a limited geographical distribution(3a,4) are becoming more prevalent in this high-risk group. Immigration from HCV-endemic countries and the evolving networks of HCV transmission in PWID influence HCV genotypes distribution in Europe. Social vulnerabilities(e.g.,unemployment,homelessness,and limited access to social and healthcare insurances systems) are important triggers for illicit drug use,which increases the associated risks of HCV infection and the frequent emergence of less prevalent genotypes. Genotype/subtype determination bears important clinical consequences in the progression of liver disease,susceptibility to antiviral therapies and the emergence of resistance-associated variants. An estimated half of the chronically HCV-infected PWID are unaware of their infection,and only one in ten of those diagnosed enter treatment. Nevertheless,PWID exhibit high response rates to new antiviral regimens,and the level of HCV reinfection is unexpectedly low. The focus of the healthcare system must be on the early detection and treatment of infection,to avoid late presentations that are associated with high levels of viremia and liver fibrosis,which may diminish the therapeutic success rate.展开更多
Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with current emphasis on legumes. Therefore, two studies were set in order to understand the possible mechanisms of resistance in...Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with current emphasis on legumes. Therefore, two studies were set in order to understand the possible mechanisms of resistance in cowpea genotypes on their reaction to the parasitic weed. In the first experiment, Mkanakaufiti, IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16, Sudan 1 and IT82E-16 were grown in Alectra infested and non-infested pots. The experiment (2*4 factorial treatment combination) was arranged in an RCBD and replicated eight times. The second experiment, involved Petri-dish techniques where 4 genotype roots were assessed on their ability to stimulate the germination of A. vogelii as a proxy for germination stimulant production. The experiment was arranged in an RCBD and replicated five times. In the first experiment, data was collected on;the number of days to first Alectra emergence, Alectra shoot counts at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), Alectra attachment at 5 and 12 WAP, Alectra biomass at 12 WAP, cowpea biomass parameters at 5 and 12 WAP, yield and yield components per pot. While in the second experiment, number of germinated Alectra seeds per Petri dishes was recorded. The results indicated that IT82E-16 (33.25 days) and Sudan 1 (34.25 days) were earlier infested whilst late on IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16 (38 days) which correlated to the number of Alectra attachments. There were significant differences (p = 0.05) in weekly Alectra counts between cowpea varieties from 6 up to 10 WAP. Mkanakaufiti and IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16 were observed with no and few Alectra shoots infestation respectively which was an indicator of resistance mechanism in the study. Number of pods, grain weight (g) and harvest index per pot were significantly affected by inoculation protocol with lower yield on infested cowpea genotypes. The same trend was observed on cowpea varieties where Mkanakaufiti (21.9 g/pot) shown higher yield followed by IT82E-16 (12.5 g/pot) which is susceptible but with tolerance ability to the parasitic weed. The study has shown that resistance mechanisms can be categorized as no or few Alectra shoots, death of Alectra shoots and late infestation. In the Petri dishes, only 3 WAP grown Mkanakaufiti root media failed to induce the germination of Alectra seeds while the opposite occurred on IT82E-16, Sudan 1 and IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16. On the contrary, 4 WAP grown root media of the four genotypes stimulated Alectra germination which shed more light on the seed behaviour in the soil. This is worth exploring as more could be known to what causes termination of Alectra shoots on Mkanakaufiti. Still, intensifying resistant genotypes should be a goal in order to reduce Alectra seed banks in the soil, thereby, increasing cowpea yield.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the Key Project of Natural Science Research for Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(KJ2021A0533,2023AH050345)the Excellent Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Universities in Anhui Province(2022AH010029).
文摘Seed germination with selenium(Se)is promising for producing Se-biofortified foods.Mungbean(Vigna radiata(L.)Wilczek)sprout is freshly eaten as a salad dressed with sauce,making it superior for Se biofortification.Since the Se safety range for the human body is extremely narrow,it is imperative to evaluate the genotypic responses of mungbean sprouts to Se.This study evaluated the Se enrichment capacity and interaction withflavonoids and antioxidant systems in sprouts of 20 mungbean germplasms.Selenium treatment was done by immersing mung-bean seeds in 20μM sodium selenite solution for 8 h.Afterward,the biomass,Se amounts,flavonoid(particularly vitexin and isovitexin)contents,antioxidant capacity,and key biosynthetic gene expressions were measured.Sprout Se content was 2.0-7.0μg g^(-1) DW among the 20 mungbean germplasms.Selenium treatment differentially affected the biomass,totalflavonoid,vitexin,isovitexin,antioxidant enzyme activities,and antioxidant capacities of the mungbean germplasms.Eight germplasms showed increased biomass(p<0.05),the highest increasing by 127%,but 13 did not phenotypically respond to Se treatment.Seven and six germplasms showed varied levels of vitexin and isovitexin increment after Se treatment,the highest measuring 2.67-and 2.87-folds for vitexin and isovitexin,respectively.Two mungbeanflavonoid biosynthesis genes,chalcone synthase(VrCHS)and chalcone isomerase(VrCHI)were significantly up-regulated in the germplasms with increased vitexin and isovitexin levels(p<0.05).Moreover,Se enrichment capacity was significantly correlated with the vitexin,isovitexin,and antiox-idant capacities.In conclusion,mungbean sprouts could be a useful Se-biofortified food,but the Se enrichment capacity and nutritional response must be determined for each germplasm before commercialization.
文摘Parasitic nematodes have been reported as one of the major constraints to soybean production worldwide. The majority of nematodes are so-called “free-living” and feed mainly on bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other nematodes. In Burkina Faso, the presence of parasitic nematodes has been reported in crops such as rice and sorghum. The objective of this study was to identify the genera and species of nematodes associated with soybean production in Burkina Faso. Investigations were carried out on 24 genotypes of a medium-maturity group of soybean at the Farako-Ba research station. Soil samples were taken from the trial soil before its installation. At harvest, soil samples with roots were taken from each genotype in the elementary plots. The composite sample is represented by 4 lots of soil samples with roots. Extractions and counts of nematodes were performed on the different lots. In total, 7 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with soybean were identified. Among these genera, Pratylenchus (100% of infected genotypes), Helicotylenchus (97.28%) and Scutellonema (94.44%) were the most prevalent in terms of frequency and abundance. Some soybean genotypes were less susceptible to the genus Pratylenchus is known to be highly pathogenic in soybean. These were mainly the genotypes TGX2025-10E, TGX2023-3E and TGX2025-14E.
文摘A two-year study was carried out in Giza Agricultural Experiments and Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt in the 2020 and 2021 summer seasons to evaluate the relative tolerance of ten soybean genotypes for cotton leafworm infestation under field conditions. Soybean genotypes H<sub>11</sub>L<sub>145</sub>, H<sub>155</sub>, H<sub>113</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, H<sub>129</sub>, H<sub>30</sub>, H<sub>19</sub>L<sub>96</sub>, Giza 111, and Crawford were distributed in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Soybean genotypes differed significantly for cotton leafworm at the 6<sup>th</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, and 8<sup>th</sup> week from sowing. Low values of cotton leafworm assemblages were recorded for H<sub>113</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, Giza 111, and H<sub>129</sub>. Low percentages of the larval survival number and weight, as well as the number of the survival of pupa were recorded by feeding on leaves of genotypes H<sub>4</sub>F<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, and Giza 111 under laboratory conditions. There were significant differences among the studied genotypes in most yield attributes in both seasons. Soybean genotypes H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, Giza 111, H<sub>113</sub>, H<sub>129</sub>, H<sub>19</sub>L<sub>96</sub>, and H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4 </sub>gave higher seed yield per ha, meanwhile soybean genotypes H<sub>155</sub>, H<sub>19</sub>L<sub>96</sub>, H<sub>30</sub>, Giza 111, and H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub> had higher seed oil content than the other genotypes in both seasons. The number and weight of larvae surviving, as well as the number of pupa survival, were negatively correlated with leaf total phenols and seed oil content. It can be concluded that soybean genotypes H<sub>15</sub>L<sub>17</sub>, H<sub>4</sub>L<sub>4</sub>, and Giza 111 are promising genotypes with desirable seed oil content for tolerating cotton leafworm infestation in breeding programs.
文摘The goal of the study was to quantify the genetic diversity of different potato varieties. Five groups were named to classify the 25 genres of potatoes as: Cluster I (Lalpakri, Diamond), Cluster II (Hagrai, Green Mountain, G.M.O., Elvera), Cluster III (Atlantic, Shepody, Raja, Fundy, Multa, Granulla, Shibilati, Japanese Red), Cluster IV (Atlas, Brondy, Yucon Gold, Monona, Petrones, Cheroki), and Cluster V (Calwhite, Prelude, Allblue, Russet, Burbank, TPS-67). The highest and lowest genotypes are found in Clusters III and I, respectively. The two groups’ maximum inter-cluster distance (the cluster’s distance between them) demonstrates the enormous diversity between Clusters II & III. Cluster III had the greatest intra-cluster distance (distance within a set), whereas Cluster V had the smallest. In most cases, the distance between gaps was more significant than the distance within the holes, showing greater genetic diversity between different groups’ genotypes. The highest, second highest, and third highest eigenvalues, accompanying the positive canonical values for Vectors I and II of three characteristics: average tuber weight in each plant, the tubers number in each plant, and the eyes number in each tuber, showed the most outstanding contribution to the complete difference between genotypes. Of the nine features, the smaller leaves number in each plant, the shorter plant height, the more minor genotypes, the fewer eyes per tube generated from Cluster I, the maximum height of the plants, the high-quality tubers in each plant, the tubers number in each plant, the fresh weight in each plant, and the leaf number in each plant from Cluster II could be chosen in the role of parents in this program for hybridization. Given the size of the genetic distance, the various characteristics that contribute to the overall difference, and the average population size, Hagrai, Green Mountain, O.M.G., Elvera Cluster II and Cluster I, Lalpakri, and Diamond genotypes can be regarded as parents of hybridization programs in the future. Thus, producers can get guidance to enhance genetic diversity by selecting materials from different relatives and reducing their vulnerability to diseases and climate change.
文摘Different genotypes of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) grow well under conducive environmental conditions, provided that adequate soil moisture is available during vegetative and reproductive phases. However, drought stress is the major limiting factor to bambara production, which accounts for up to 40% of yield losses. This situation could worsen due to drastic and rapid changes in the global climate. Landraces grown by farmers are low-yielding. Understanding the physiological response of different genotypes to drought stress is key to achieving food security through crop improvement and diversification. This study focused on variations in the response of Bambara groundnut genotypes to intermittent drought stress during the crop’s critical growth (vegetative and reproductive) stages. The experiment was undertaken at CSIR-Crops Research Institute Screen-house. The treatments were used in a factorial experiment with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The Bambara genotypes showed considerable variability in tolerance to drought stress. Drought stress during vegetative and reproductive stages significantly reduced crop growth indices, the leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content and leaf area. Drought stress during vegetative and reproductive stages had a more severe impact on the seed yield of genotype Nav Red, reducing it by 69% and 13%, respectively. Farmers should pay more attention to adopting drought-tolerant and high-yielding varieties for improved Bambara groundnut productivity and livelihoods.
基金supported by the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(321CXTD443)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972485 and 31971948).
文摘Nitrogen(N)is unevenly distributed throughout the soil and plant roots proliferate in N-rich soil patches.However,the relationship between the root response to localized N supply and maize N uptake efficiency among different genotypes is unclear.In this study,four maize varieties were evaluated to explore genotypic differences in the root response to local N application in relation to N uptake.A split-root system was established for hydroponically-grown plants and two methods of local N application(local banding and local dotting)were examined in the field.Genotypic differences in the root length response to N were highly correlated between the hydroponic and field conditions(r>0.99).Genotypes showing high response to N,ZD958,XY335 and XF32D22,showed 50‒63%longer lateral root length and 36‒53%greater root biomass in N-rich regions under hydroponic conditions,while the LY13 genotype did not respond to N.Under field conditions,the root length of the high-response genotypes was found to increase by 66‒75%at 40‒60 cm soil depth,while LY13 showed smaller changes in root length.In addition,local N application increased N uptake at the post-silking stage by 16‒88%in the high-response genotypes and increased the grain yield of ZD958 by 10‒12%.Moreover,yield was positively correlated with root length at 40‒60 cm soil depth(r=0.39).We conclude that local fertilization should be used for high-response genotypes,which can be rapidly identified at the seedling stage,and selection for“local-N responsive roots”can be a promising trait in maize breeding for high nitrogen uptake efficiency.
基金supported partly by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82173283 and 82103088)the Foundation of the Committee on Science and Technology of Tianjin(Grant No.20JCYBJC01230)。
文摘Objective:Polyploid giant cancer cells(PGCCs)with daughter cells express epithelial–mesenchymal transition(EMT)-associated proteins.Highly malignant tumor cells with EMT properties can transdifferentiate into mature tumor cells.In this study,we elucidated the potential for,and underlying mechanism of,adipogenic differentiation of PGCCs with daughter cells(PDCs).Methods:Cobalt chloride was used to induce PGCC formation in HEY(wild-type P53)and MDA-MB-231(mutant P53)cells;these cells were then cultured in adipogenic differentiation medium.Oil red O staining was used to confirm adipogenic differentiation,and the cell cycle was detected with flow cytometry.The expression of adipogenic differentiation-associated proteins and P300 histone acetyltransferase activity were compared before and after adipogenic differentiation.Animal xenograft models were used to confirm the adipogenic differentiation of PDCs.Results:PDCs transdifferentiated into functional adipocytes.Two different cell cycle distributions were observed in PDCs after adipogenic differentiation.The expression levels of PPARγ,Ace-PPARγ,and Ace-P53 were higher in PDCs after adipogenic differentiation than in cells before adipogenic differentiation.Ace-PPARγand FABP4 expression increased in HEY cells and decreased in MDA-MB-231 PDCs after p53 knockdown.A485 treatment increased Ace-P53,Ace-PPARγ,and FABP4 expression in HEY PDCs by inhibiting SUMOylation of P53.In MDA-MB-231 PDCs,A485 treatment decreased Ace-P53,Ace-PPARγ,and FABP4 expression.Animal experiments also confirmed the adipogenic differentiation of PDCs.Conclusions:Acetylation of P53 and PPARγplays an important role in the adipogenic differentiation of PDCs.
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Projects of Heilongjiang Province, China (GA21B007 and GZ20210014)the Basic Research Fees of Universities in Heilongjiang Province, China (135409103)。
文摘The soybean rhizosphere has a specific microbial community,but the differences in microbial community structure between different soybean genotypes have not been explained.The present study analyzed the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community in three soybean genotypes.Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between different soybean genotypes were verified using diversity testing and community composition,and each genotype had a specific rhizosphere microbial community composition.Co-occurrence network analysis found that different genotype plant hosts had different rhizosphere microbial networks.The relationship between rhizobia and rhizosphere microorganisms in the network also exhibited significant differences between different genotype plant hosts.The ecological function prediction found that different genotypes of soybean recruited the specific rhizosphere microbial community.These results demonstrated that soybean genotype regulated rhizosphere microbial community structure differences.The study provides a reference and theoretical support for developing soybean microbial inoculum in the future.
文摘Crops are largely influenced by climatic conditions during the growing season and therefore, minor deviation from optimal conditions can seriously threaten yield. In view of this, knowledge on the effect of environmental factors on crop growth and development could reduce the possibilities of significant yield loss. There have been statistical methods which have been developed in respect to characterizing crops but the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) method integrates analysis of variance and principal components analysis into a unified approach. AMMI has been used in the analysis of G × E interaction with greater precision in many crops. The objective of this study was to assess the extent of genotype x environment interaction and to select the stable cowpea genotypes in Ghanaian environments over seasons using AMMI model. Eight genotypes of cowpea released by Crops Research Institute of Ghana over two decades were selected for evaluation in two locations and two seasons using RCBD with 3 replications in forest and transitional zones of Ghana. When the mean yields of various genotypes were subjected to the AMMI model, the results showed that, a highly significant (P 0.001) genotype by location and by year interaction effects for cowpea grain yield was recorded with 63.1% of the total variation attributable to environmental effects. The AMMI Bi-plot of PC1 and GGE Bi-plot gave 80.8% and 89.3% respectively. Genotype Asontem (G3) had the highest yield and was adapted to all the environments and seasons. Genotypes Asetenapa (G1) and Soronko (G6) were however not stable with consistently low yield across all the environments. It is recommended that farmers in Forest and transitional zones of Ghana should cultivate the highly stable cowpea genotypes in order to get stable yields across environments due to climatic change.
文摘At least 600000 individuals worldwide annually die of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related diseases,such as chronic hepatitis B(CHB),liver cirrhosis(LC),and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Many viral factors,such as viral load,genotype,and specific viral mutations,are known to affect disease progression.HBV reverse transcriptase does not have a proofreading function,therefore,many HBV genotypes,sub-genotypes,mutants,and recombinants emerge.Differences between genotypes in response to antiviral treatment have been determined.To date,10 HBV genotypes,scattered across different geographical regions,have been identified.For example,genotype A has a tendency for chronicity,whereas viral mutations are frequently encountered in genotype C.Both chronicity and mutation frequency are common in genotype D.LC and progression to HCC are more commonly encountered with genotypes C and D than the other genotypes.Pathogenic differences between HBV genotypes explain disease intensity,progression to LC,and HCC.In conclusion,genotype determination in CHB infection is important in estimating disease progression and planning optimal antiviral treatment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.39470628the Scientific Foundation of Ministry of Health,China,No.96-1-189
文摘AIM In order to study the association betweenthe null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and thegenetic susceptibility to hepatocellularcarcinoma(HCC).METHODS The genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1of 63 cases of HCC and 88 controls were detectedwith the multiple PCR technique.RESULTS The frequency of GSTM1 nullgenotype was 57.1% among the cases,and42.0% among the controls,the difference beingstatistically significant(χ~2=3.35,P=0.067),but χ~2 value approaching the significance level.The odds ratio was 1.84(95% Cl= 0.91-3.37).The frequency of GSTT1 non-null genotype was87.3% among the cases and 52.5% among thecontrols,the difference being statisticallysignificant(χ~2=11.42,P=0.0007274).The oddsratio was 4.13(95% Cl=1.64-10.70).According to the cross analysis,the GSTT1 non-null genotype was more closely associated withHCC than GSTM1 null genotype,and these twofactors play an approximate additive interactionin the occurrence of HCC.CONCLUSION The persons with GSTM1 nullgenotype and GSTT1 non-null genotype have theincreased risk to HCC.
基金supported by major project granted by the Science and Technology Ministry of China [grant no.2017ZX10104001]
文摘Gastroenteritis is an infectious diarrhea that has been considered as an important cause of hospitalizations and death in children aged < 5 years, particularly in developing countries. Unsanitary water, contaminated food, poor hygiene, and inadequate disposal of waste and feces are all risk factors for gastroenteritis, resulting in the higher incidence in developing countries. Gastroenteritis is generally caused by viral infections, among which rotavirus (RV) infections have been reported to be the most common, especially among young children aged < 5 years with acute gastroenteritis in Asia and Africa[1]. Other viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis include human Adenovirus (HAdV), Norovirus, Sapovirus (SaV), human Astrovirus (HAstV), and Aichi virus. Recent research has reported that adenovirus types 40 and 41, belonging to species F, cause gastroenteritis and were therefore termed as enteric adenoviruses. In addition, non-enteric HAdV species such as A, B, C, and D have been associated with diarrheal.
文摘Objective: To define the conditions of hepatitis C vi-rus (HCV) infections, and geographic and demo-graphic distributions of genotypes in China.Methods: HCV infected patients were selected fromindividuals with different patterns of liver diseasesand high risk populations in different parts of China.Genotypes of HCV in some isolates were further ana-lyzed, based on the data from our laboratory studiesand some carefully selected published literatures.Results: The anti-HCV positive rates were 9.7% inpatients with acute hepatitis, 13.3% in patients withchronic hepatitis, 18.3% in patients with hepatocel-lular carcinoma, 33.0% in patients with liver cirrho-sis, and 43.2% in patients with posttransfusionalhepatitis (average, 16.2% in patients with liver di-seases). The anti-HCV positive rates in the high riskpopulations were 36.4% in leukemic patients,43.0% in hemodialysis patients, 12.7% in blood do-nors, 64.1% in drug abusers, 13.1% in prostitutes,and 2.57% in naturally healthy people. At least 4clades (clades 1, 2, 3 and 6) of HCV were found inChina with different geographic and demographicdistributions. Genotype 1b was the most widely dis-tributed genotype, and genotype 3 was mainly foundin Yunnan Province, Southwest China.Conclusion: China has a high incidence of HCV in-fection. Our results will provide a strategic basis fordiagnosis, treatment and possibly prophylaxis of he-patitis C virus diseases.
基金Supported by National Council of Science and Technology(CONACYT-FONDO SECTORIALMexico)+7 种基金Grant No.Salud-2010-1-139085to Roman SJalisco State Council of Science and Technology(COECYTJAL-Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMexico)Grant No.2009-1-06-2009-431to Panduro A
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV)genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics,progression,severity of disease and antiviral response.Herein,we provide an updated overview of the endemicity of HBV genotypes H and G in Mexico.HBV genotype H is predominant among the Mexican population,but not in Central America.Its geographic distribution is related to a typical endemicity among the Mexicans which is characterized by a low hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence,apparently due to a rapid resolution of the infection,low viral loads and a high prevalence of occult B infection.During chronic infections,genotype H is detected in mixtures with other HBV genotypes and associated with other co-morbidities,such as obesity,alcoholism and co-infection with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus.Hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence is low.Thus,antiviral therapy may differ significantly from the standard guidelines established worldwide.The high prevalence of HBV genotype G in the Americas,especially among the Mexican population,raises new questions regarding its geographic origin that will require further investigation.
基金supported by Higher Education Commission(HEC)of Pakistan
文摘Objective:To determine hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes and explore the associated risk factors in chronic HCY patients.Methods:A total of 116 patients with chronic hepatitis C were subjected to polymerase chain reaction(PCR) based detection out of which 112 chronic HCV patients[53 male(47.32%),59 female(52.68%);mean age(43.76±16.40) years;mean BMI(23.8± 3.9)kg]were enrolled in this study.The frequency of 6 HCV genotypes and associated risk factors were evaluated from five districts of North West Frontier Province(NWFP).Results:Genotype 3was the most prevalent in 73 samples(65.17%) followed by genotype 1 in 24(21.42%) and genotype2 in 13(11.60%) samples.Genotype3 had significantly high prevalence(P=0.0002).The results showed that 48(42.85%) samples were infected with HCV 3a:25(22.32%) with 3b;14(12.50%) with 1a;10(8.92%)with 1b;11(9.82%) with 2a;2(1.78%) with 2b;and 2 were untypable.The distribution of HCV genotypes in Murdan.Charsadda,Peshawar.Sawabi and Nowshehra districts was different.Use of unsterile equipment lor medication,barbers and previous history of hospitalization were the main risk factors for HCV transmission.Conclusions:Cenotype 3a and 3b.1a.1b and 2a are the common genotypes in NWFP.Genotype 4.5.and 6 can not be found in a single sample.The level of awareness about various modes ot transmission of HCV among the population is found to be verv low.
基金funding to D. Ambachew, A. Asfaw, and M. W. Blair by the Tropical Legumes project of the Generation Challenge Program (C-086-13) with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationThe Evans Allen Fund is recognized for funding Matthew W. Blair and Daniel Ambachew at Tennessee State University
文摘Drought stress linked with climate change is one of the major constraints faced by common bean farmers in Africa and elsewhere. Mitigating this constraint requires the selection of resilient varieties that withstand drought threats to common bean production.This study assessed the drought response of 64 small red-seeded genotypes of common bean grown in a lattice design replicated twice under contrasting moisture regimes,terminal drought stress and non-stress, in Ethiopia during the dry season from November2014 to March 2015. Multiple plant traits associated with drought were assessed for their contribution to drought adaptation of the genotypes. Drought stress determined by a drought intensity index was moderate(0.3). All the assessed traits showed significantly different genotypic responses under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Eleven genotypes significantly(P ≤ 0.05) outperformed the drought check cultivar under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in seed yielding potential. Seed yield showed positive and significant correlations with chlorophyll meter reading, vertical root pulling resistance force, number of pods per plant, and seeds per pod under both soil moisture regimes, indicating their potential use in selection of genotypes yielding well under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Clustering analysis using Mahalanobis distance grouped the genotypes into four groups showing high and significant inter-cluster distance, suggesting that hybridization between drought-adapted parents from the groups will provide the maximum genetic recombination for drought tolerance in subsequent generations.
基金AusAID (Australian Agency for International Development) for a scholarship supporting TTM,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) for financially supporting the research activities
文摘Increased productivity in sorghum has been achieved in the developed world using hybrids.Despite their yield advantage,introduced hybrids have not been adopted in Ethiopia due to the lack of adaptive traits,their short plant stature and small grain size.This study was conducted to investigate hybrid performance and the magnitude of heterosis of locally adapted genotypes in addition to introduced hybrids in three contrasting environments in Ethiopia.In total,139 hybrids,derived from introduced seed parents crossed with locally adapted genotypes and introduced R lines,were evaluated.Overall,the hybrids matured earlier than the adapted parents,but had higher grain yield,plant height,grain number and grain weight in all environments.The lowland adapted hybrids displayed a mean better parent heterosis(BPH) of19%,equating to 1160 kg ha-1and a 29% mean increase in grain yield,in addition to increased plant height and grain weight,in comparison to the hybrids derived from the introduced R lines.The mean BPH for grain yield for the highland adapted hybrids was 16% in the highland and 52%in the intermediate environment equating to 698 kg ha-1and 2031 kg ha-1,respectively,in addition to increased grain weight.The magnitude of heterosis observed for each hybrid group was related to the genetic distance between the parental lines.The majority of hybrids also showed superiority over the standard check varieties.In general,hybrids from locally adapted genotypes were superior in grain yield,plant height and grain weight compared to the high parents and introduced hybrids indicating the potential for hybrids to increase productivity while addressing farmers' required traits.
基金supported by the Hong Kong RGC Collaborative Research Fund (CUHK3/CRF/ 11G) to Prof. H.-M. Lam. and J.H. Zhang
文摘Soybean genotypes show diverse physiological responses to drought, but specific physiological traits that can be used to evaluate drought tolerance have not been identified. In the present study we investigated physiological traits of soybean genotypes under progressive soil drying and rewetting, using a treatment mimicking field conditions.After a preliminary study with eight soybean genotypes, two drought-tolerant genotypes and one susceptible genotype were grown in the greenhouse and subjected to water restriction. Leaf expansion rate, gas exchange, water relation parameters, total chlorophyll(Chl), proline contents of leaves, and root xylem p H were monitored in a time course, and plant growth and root traits were measured at the end of the stress cycle. Drought-tolerant genotypes maintained higher leaf expansion rate, net photosynthetic rate(Pn), Chl content,instantaneous water use efficiency(WUEi), % relative water content(RWC), water potential(ψw), and turgor potential(ψp) during progressive soil drying and subsequent rewetting than the susceptible genotypes. By contrast, stomatal conductance(gs) and transpiration rate(Tr)of tolerant genotypes declined faster owing to dehydration and recovered more sharply after rehydration than the same parameters in susceptible ones. Water stress caused a significant increase in leaf proline level and root xylem sap p H of both genotypes but tolerant genotypes recovered to pre-stress levels more quickly after rehydration. Tolerant genotypes also produced longer roots with higher dry mass than susceptible genotypes. We conclude that rapid perception and adjustment in response to soil drying and rewetting as well as the maintenance of relatively high Pn, %RWC, and root growth constitute the mechanisms by which drought-tolerant soybean genotypes cope with water stress.
基金Supported by NIH grant 5P30 AI036211-19(partially,subcontract PO 5600167489,through the Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative)the Romanian Academy Programme for the Stefan S.Nicolau Institute of Virology
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) genotypes' monitoring allows real-time insight into the dynamic changes that occur in the global epidemiological picture of HCV infection. Intravenous drug use is currently the primary driver for HCV transmission in developed and developing countries. The distribution of HCV genotypes/subtypes differs significantly between people who inject drugs(PWID) and the general population. HCV genotypes that previously exhibited a limited geographical distribution(3a,4) are becoming more prevalent in this high-risk group. Immigration from HCV-endemic countries and the evolving networks of HCV transmission in PWID influence HCV genotypes distribution in Europe. Social vulnerabilities(e.g.,unemployment,homelessness,and limited access to social and healthcare insurances systems) are important triggers for illicit drug use,which increases the associated risks of HCV infection and the frequent emergence of less prevalent genotypes. Genotype/subtype determination bears important clinical consequences in the progression of liver disease,susceptibility to antiviral therapies and the emergence of resistance-associated variants. An estimated half of the chronically HCV-infected PWID are unaware of their infection,and only one in ten of those diagnosed enter treatment. Nevertheless,PWID exhibit high response rates to new antiviral regimens,and the level of HCV reinfection is unexpectedly low. The focus of the healthcare system must be on the early detection and treatment of infection,to avoid late presentations that are associated with high levels of viremia and liver fibrosis,which may diminish the therapeutic success rate.
文摘Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with current emphasis on legumes. Therefore, two studies were set in order to understand the possible mechanisms of resistance in cowpea genotypes on their reaction to the parasitic weed. In the first experiment, Mkanakaufiti, IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16, Sudan 1 and IT82E-16 were grown in Alectra infested and non-infested pots. The experiment (2*4 factorial treatment combination) was arranged in an RCBD and replicated eight times. The second experiment, involved Petri-dish techniques where 4 genotype roots were assessed on their ability to stimulate the germination of A. vogelii as a proxy for germination stimulant production. The experiment was arranged in an RCBD and replicated five times. In the first experiment, data was collected on;the number of days to first Alectra emergence, Alectra shoot counts at 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), Alectra attachment at 5 and 12 WAP, Alectra biomass at 12 WAP, cowpea biomass parameters at 5 and 12 WAP, yield and yield components per pot. While in the second experiment, number of germinated Alectra seeds per Petri dishes was recorded. The results indicated that IT82E-16 (33.25 days) and Sudan 1 (34.25 days) were earlier infested whilst late on IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16 (38 days) which correlated to the number of Alectra attachments. There were significant differences (p = 0.05) in weekly Alectra counts between cowpea varieties from 6 up to 10 WAP. Mkanakaufiti and IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16 were observed with no and few Alectra shoots infestation respectively which was an indicator of resistance mechanism in the study. Number of pods, grain weight (g) and harvest index per pot were significantly affected by inoculation protocol with lower yield on infested cowpea genotypes. The same trend was observed on cowpea varieties where Mkanakaufiti (21.9 g/pot) shown higher yield followed by IT82E-16 (12.5 g/pot) which is susceptible but with tolerance ability to the parasitic weed. The study has shown that resistance mechanisms can be categorized as no or few Alectra shoots, death of Alectra shoots and late infestation. In the Petri dishes, only 3 WAP grown Mkanakaufiti root media failed to induce the germination of Alectra seeds while the opposite occurred on IT82E-16, Sudan 1 and IT99K-7-21-2-2XIT82E-16. On the contrary, 4 WAP grown root media of the four genotypes stimulated Alectra germination which shed more light on the seed behaviour in the soil. This is worth exploring as more could be known to what causes termination of Alectra shoots on Mkanakaufiti. Still, intensifying resistant genotypes should be a goal in order to reduce Alectra seed banks in the soil, thereby, increasing cowpea yield.
