In the process of human survival and development, it is inevitable to transform the original state of the world, thus forming a contradiction between the earth and the earth. The violent form of this contradiction is ...In the process of human survival and development, it is inevitable to transform the original state of the world, thus forming a contradiction between the earth and the earth. The violent form of this contradiction is geological disasters. Geological disasters pose a threat to human life and property, and cause damage caused by natural or human factors, often causing casualties. The destruction process of geological disasters is usually a gradual process, showing many pre-disaster symptoms, such as local landslides, surface cracks, building deformation, tree skew, and ground sound. Evacuation can be avoided in advance according to the disaster precursors, so as to avoid casualties and achieve successful prediction. By reviewing the general situation of geological disasters in Shaanxi Province and the casualties in 2020, the difficulties in the prevention and control of geological disasters are summarized. In view of these difficulties, an on-site investigation, visit and analysis of geological disaster points and successful forecast points in Shaanxi Province in 2020 were conducted. In addition, combined with actual cases and years of work experience, the successful prediction experience of geological disasters was discussed from 8 aspects. Finally, the “Regulations on the Reward for Successful Geological Disaster Forecasting in Shaanxi Province” was revised in order to improve the successful prediction ability of geological disasters in Shaanxi Province and even the whole country, provide reference for future prevention and control of geological disasters, and effectively protect the safety of people’s lives and property.展开更多
In China,many geological hazards occurred in remote mountainous regions,and it was time-consuming to disseminate disaster information for the responsible parties to make timely judgements.Besides,only relying on profe...In China,many geological hazards occurred in remote mountainous regions,and it was time-consuming to disseminate disaster information for the responsible parties to make timely judgements.Besides,only relying on professionals to monitor and manage disasters was demanding and costly.The Chinese government created a system to engage residents in the process of disaster risk management,namely’Public Participation Monitoring and Warning’(PPMW),to disseminate timely disaster information and bring down management costs.The objective of this system was to reduce casualties with minimum cost by organizing residents to evacuate from disasters in advance.This paper introduced the PPMW system,including its structure,operation mechanism by reviewing government documents and research articles,and its implementation by a case study of a landslide at Boli village(E 101°01’,N 27°29’),Yanyuan County,Sichuan Province,China on July 19th 2018.Further,this paper analyzed the strengths and limitations of the system and discussed its future development.It had the potential to become an affordable disaster risk management tool for other countries facing similar situations to China.展开更多
The capital of Georgia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">—Tbilisi has a very convenient location and is a node of the transit corridor. Along with natural-geological conditions, its compl...The capital of Georgia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">—Tbilisi has a very convenient location and is a node of the transit corridor. Along with natural-geological conditions, its complexity is due to the rapid demographic growth of the city in a highly “sensitive” area of the geological environment and the pressure of high engineering and agricultural activities. In Tbilisi</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> it is observed almost all type</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of geological hazards, including landslide-gravitational, suffosion, debris/mudflows, river </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bank erosion and inundation </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caused by groundwater. These hazard</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cause</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> high damages to the residential houses and other infrastructure facilities. Most importantly and most tragically is that these kind of negative geological events are often accompanied by human casualties. The study discusses the geological processes developed in March 2021 in the corridor of the Vashlij</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vari-Lisi road (Machavariani Street). The information obtained from the study,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> reflects the triggering factors of the geological hazards, also damages caused by them, and provides recommendations for short-term and long-term protective measures that should ensure the sustainable operation of the road and other infrastructure facilities.展开更多
The Hengduan Mountains Region(HMR) is one of the areas that experience the most frequent geological hazards in China. However, few reports are available that address the geological hazard susceptibility of the region....The Hengduan Mountains Region(HMR) is one of the areas that experience the most frequent geological hazards in China. However, few reports are available that address the geological hazard susceptibility of the region.This study developed six machine learning models to assess the geological hazard susceptibility. The results show that areas with medium and high susceptibility to geological hazards as a whole account for almost 21% of the total area, while both are 18% when it comes to the single hazard of landslide and rockfall respectively. Medium and high geological hazard susceptibility is found in three parts of the HMR with different characteristics:(1)the central and southern parts, where the population of the region concentrates;(2) the northern part, where higher geological hazard susceptibility is found along the mountain ranges;and(3) the junction of Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan in the eastern part, which is prone to larger-scale geological hazards. Of all the potential influencing factors,topographic features and climatic variables act as the major driving factors behind geological hazards and elevation,slope, and precipitation are crucial indicators for geological hazard susceptibility assessment. This study developed the geological hazard susceptibility maps of the HMR and provided information for the multi-hazard risk assessment and management of the region.展开更多
To investigate geological mining hazards using digital techniques such as highresolution remote sensing,a semi-automatically geological mining hazards extraction method is proposed based on the case of the Shijiaying...To investigate geological mining hazards using digital techniques such as highresolution remote sensing,a semi-automatically geological mining hazards extraction method is proposed based on the case of the Shijiaying coal mine,located in Fangshan District,Beijing,China.In the method,the vegetation is first removed using the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)on the GeoEye-1 data.Then,geological mining hazards interpretation features are determined after color enhancement using principal component analysis(PCA)transformation.Bitmaps mainly covered by geological mining hazards are isolated by masking operation in the environment for visualizing images software.Next,each bitmap is classified into a two-valued imagery using support vector machine algorithm.In the two-valued imagery,1 denotes the geological mining hazards,while 0 denotes none.Afterwards,the two-valued imagery is converted into a vector graph by corresponding functions in the ArcGIS software and no geological mining hazards regions in the vector graph are deleted manually.Finally,the correlation between factors(such as mining activity,lithology,geological structure,and slope)and geological mining hazards is analyzed using a logistic regression and a hazardous-area forecasting model is built.The results of field verification show that the accuracy of the geological mining hazards extraction method is 98.1%and the results of the hazardous-area forecasting indicate that the logistic regression is an effective model in assessing geological hazard risks and that mining activity is the main contributing factor to the hazards,while geological structure,slope,lithology,roughness of the surface,and aspect are the secondary.展开更多
Geological hazard is an adverse geological condition that can cause loss of life and property.Accurate prediction and analysis of geological hazards is an important and challenging task.In the past decade,there has be...Geological hazard is an adverse geological condition that can cause loss of life and property.Accurate prediction and analysis of geological hazards is an important and challenging task.In the past decade,there has been a great expansion of geohazard detection data and advancement in data-driven simulation techniques.In particular,great efforts have been made in applying deep learning to predict geohazards.To understand the recent progress in this field,this paper provides an overview of the commonly used data sources and deep neural networks in the prediction of a variety of geological hazards.展开更多
In recent years, natural disasters in China have occurred frequently, especially large disasters such as earthquakes, floods and droughts, which have posed a serious threat to local public safety. In addition, the geo...In recent years, natural disasters in China have occurred frequently, especially large disasters such as earthquakes, floods and droughts, which have posed a serious threat to local public safety. In addition, the geological environment of local mountainous areas in China is complex and diverse, and climate change is large. Considering the dynamic coupling effect of rainfall conditions to stimulate geological disasters, this paper takes dynamic risk assessment technology as the guide, constructs a dynamic risk early warning model of geological disasters, establishes a prototype system, realizes dynamic risk assessment and emergency early warning of geological disasters at the regional level, and provides feasible technical support for targeted emergency disaster prevention. At the same time, the investigation and evaluation, mechanism research and monitoring and early warning related to the comprehensive prevention and control of geological disasters are important tasks that cannot be ignored, an important link in the emergency response system for geological disasters, and a key stage process to guide scientific disaster prevention. On the basis of exploring the mechanism and catastrophic effect of rainfall to stimulate landslides and mudslides, we will carry out in-depth research on disaster prevention countermeasures such as systematic engineering disposal, monitoring and early warning.展开更多
The current researches on risk assessment of geological disasters mainly focus on unexpected disasters such as collapses, landslides and mud-rock flows etc. As the convergence zone of land and sea, coastal zone is the...The current researches on risk assessment of geological disasters mainly focus on unexpected disasters such as collapses, landslides and mud-rock flows etc. As the convergence zone of land and sea, coastal zone is the most active and complex area of interactions of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere. The ecological environment of coastal zone is very fragile, so further systematical research on coastal geological hazard assessment and prevention is in urgent need. The author begins with the definition and research contents and selects three typical coastal geological disasters, namely, the seawater intrusion, coastline change and sea-level rise as the objects of study. The systematic analysis and study on assessment system and methods are conducted, hazard assessment factors are selected, and a completely set of coastal disaster assessment system is established based on the technique of GIS. We took Bao’an District of Shenzhen City as an example and carried out a case study.展开更多
The Three Gorges Dam,known as one of the biggest project items throughout the history,is a milestone for the development of China.Since it was completed in 2006,the dam has been persistently supplying ample electricit...The Three Gorges Dam,known as one of the biggest project items throughout the history,is a milestone for the development of China.Since it was completed in 2006,the dam has been persistently supplying ample electricity to the southern and eastern part of China.Despite its impressive output and benefits notwithstanding,we have to objectively pay our attention to the long-term impact that the Three Gorges Dam leaves to the place where we live,especially the influence on the climate,the ecosystem and the migration pattern of the reservoir area.展开更多
Landslides,collapses and cracks are the main types of geological hazards,which threaten the safety of human life and property at all times.In emergency surveying and mapping,it is timeconsuming and laborious to use th...Landslides,collapses and cracks are the main types of geological hazards,which threaten the safety of human life and property at all times.In emergency surveying and mapping,it is timeconsuming and laborious to use the method of field artificial investigation and recognition and using satellite image to identify ground hazards,there are some problems,such as time lag,low resolution,and difficult to select the map on demand.In this paper,a10 cm per pixel resolution photogrammetry of a geological hazard-prone area of Taohuagou,Shanxi Province,China is carried out by DJ 4 UAV.The digital orthophoto model(DOM),digital surface model(DSM) and three-dimensional point cloud model(3 DPCM) are generated in this region.The method of visual interpretation of cracks based on DOM(as main)-3 DPCM(as auxiliary) and landslide and collapse based on 3 DPCM(as main)-DOM and DSM(as auxiliary) are proposed.Based on the low altitude remote sensing image of UAV,the shape characteristics,geological characteristics and distribution of the identified hazards are analyzed.The results show that using UAV low altitude remote sensing image,the method of combination of main and auxiliary data can quickly and accurately identify landslide,collapse and crack,the accuracy of crack identification is 93%,and the accuracy of landslide and collapse identification is 100%.It mainly occurs in silty clay and mudstone geology and is greatly affected by slope foot excavation.This study can play a great role in the recognition of sudden hazards by low altitude remote sensing images of UAV.展开更多
The design of remediation works for the mitigation and prevention of the associated risk is needed where these geological hazards affect anthropized areas. Remedial measures for landslides commonly include slope resha...The design of remediation works for the mitigation and prevention of the associated risk is needed where these geological hazards affect anthropized areas. Remedial measures for landslides commonly include slope reshaping, plumbing, drainage, retaining structures and internal slope reinforcement, while debris flow control works consist in open or closed control structures. The effectiveness of the remedial works implemented must be assessed by evaluating the reduction of the risk over time. The choice of the most appropriate and cost-effective intervention must consider the type of hazard and environmental issues, and selects, wherever possible, naturalistic engineering operations that are consequently implemented according to the environmental regulations or the design and specification standards imposed by the competent public administrations. The mitigation procedures consist of five basic steps:(a) acquisition of the knowledge of the hazard process;(b) risk assessment with identification of possible disaster scenarios;(c) planning and designing of specific remedial measures to reduce and/or eliminate the potential risk;(d) slope monitoring after application of remedial measures,(e) transfer of knowledge to the stakeholders. This paper presents two case studies describing the practice for the design of the mitigation measures adopted for debris flow and active landslide sites in North-Eastern Italy. The first case study is a debris flow site, for which, based on observation of past events and numerical simulations using the software FLOW-2D, the most suitable mitigation measures were found to be the construction of a debris basin, barriers and breakers. The second case study deals with an active landslide threatening a village. Based on the landslide kinematics and the results of numerical simulations performed with the code FLAC, hard engineering remedial works were planned to reduce the driving forces with benching and by increasing the available resisting forces using jet grout piles and deep drainage.展开更多
Emergency road networks(ERNs),an important part of local disaster prevention systems,can provide security to residents and their property.Exploring the ERNs structure is of great significance in terms of promoting dis...Emergency road networks(ERNs),an important part of local disaster prevention systems,can provide security to residents and their property.Exploring the ERNs structure is of great significance in terms of promoting disaster prevention and establishing road safety in dangerous mountainous areas.This study considered the ERNs of the Kangding section of the Dadu River Basin as the area for a case study.Complex Network Analysis was used to examine the relationship between the four characteristic indicators of mountain roads and the degree of earthquake impacts under the Lushan,Wenchuan,and Kangding Earthquake scenarios.Based on the analysis results,the southwest mountain road network was evaluated;then,computer simulations were used to evaluate the structural changes in the road network after index changes.The network was optimized,and the corresponding emergency avoidance network was proposed to provide a reference for the establishment of the mountainous ERN.The results show that the overall completeness of the mountainous ERNs in Southwest China is poor and prone to traffic accidents.Moreover,the local stability is poor,and the network is susceptible to natural hazards.The overall structure of the road network is balanced,but that of certain road sections is not.Road sections with different attributes present a“gathering-scattering”spatial distribution,i.e,some sections are clustered together while others are far apart.Accordingly,a planning optimization strategy is proposed to better understand the complexity and systematic nature of the mountainous ERN as a whole and to provide a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning in mountainous regions in Southwest China.展开更多
During underground mining,accurate revelation on the deformation and failure mechanisms of a high-steep slope under multi-layer mining conditions facilitates the prevention and control of geological disasters in mines...During underground mining,accurate revelation on the deformation and failure mechanisms of a high-steep slope under multi-layer mining conditions facilitates the prevention and control of geological disasters in mines.Numerical simulation based on discrete element theory can be used to explore the characteristics and mechanism of action of deformation and failure of a slope under complex geological and multi-layer mining conditions.By utilising PFC2 D(particle flow code) software,the deformation and failure characteristics of a high-steep slope in Faer Coal Mine in Guizhou Province,China were investigated.Additionally,the mechanism of influence of different numbers of mining layers on the deformation and failure of the high and steep slope was elucidated.The result showed that after the goaf passed by the slope toe,multi-layer mining aggravated the subsidence and deformation of the slope toe:the slope toppled forward as it sank.The toppling of the slope changed the slope structures:the strata in the front of the slope were transformed from anti-dip to down-dip features.Extruded by collapsedtoppled rock mass,the slope toe and the rock mass located in the lower part of the slope toe generally exhibited a locking effect on the slope.Multi-layer mining degraded the overall stability of the slope,in that the total displacement of the slope was much greater than the total mining thickness of the coal seams.Based on the aforementioned research,ideas for preventing and controlling geological disasters during mining operations under a high-steep slope were proposed.展开更多
The great diversity and complexity of geological hazards in terms of flowing materials,environment,triggering mechanisms and physical processes during the flow bring great difficulties to the numerical parameter selec...The great diversity and complexity of geological hazards in terms of flowing materials,environment,triggering mechanisms and physical processes during the flow bring great difficulties to the numerical parameter selection for the discrete element method.In order to identity the significance of individual parameters on the landslides dynamic process and provide valuable contribution to the runout analysis of similar landslide,the dynamic process and associated microscopic mechanism of the Turnoff Creek rock avalanche in Canada are simulated.The present numerical results are compared with the field survey data and the results of depth-integrated continuum method.The final deposit range matches well with the field survey data.It is illustrated that the discrete element method is robust and feasible to capture the dynamic characteristics of large rock avalanche over a complex terrain.Besides,a new method to assess the landslide hazard level based on the discrete element method is proposed.According to the parameter sensitivity analysis,it is demonstrated that the basal friction coefficient and bond strength are essential to the final deposit while rolling coefficient and restitution coefficient have little effects on it.展开更多
Considering the geological hazards attributed to the highway slope,using a common simple model cannot accurately assess the stability of the slope.First,principal component analysis(PCA)was conducted to extract the pr...Considering the geological hazards attributed to the highway slope,using a common simple model cannot accurately assess the stability of the slope.First,principal component analysis(PCA)was conducted to extract the principal components of six factors(namely,bulk density,cohesion,internal friction angle,slope angle,slope height,and pore water pressure ratio)affecting the slope stability.Second,four principal components were adopted as input variables of the support vector machine(SVM)model optimized by genetic algorithm(GA).The output variable was slope stability.Lastly,the assessing model of highway slope stability based on PCA-GA-SVM is established.The maximal absolute error of the model is 0.0921 and the maximal relative error is 9.21%by comparing the assessment value and the practical value of the test sample.The above studies are conducive to enrich the assessing model of highway slope stability and provide some reference for highway slope engineering treatment.展开更多
Many detailed data on past geological hazard events are buried in geological hazard reports and have not been fully utilized. The growing developments in geographic information retrieval and temporal information retri...Many detailed data on past geological hazard events are buried in geological hazard reports and have not been fully utilized. The growing developments in geographic information retrieval and temporal information retrieval offer opportunities to analyse this wealth of data to mine the spatiotemporal evolution of geological disaster occurrence and enhance risk decision making. This study presents a combined NLP and ontology matching information extraction framework for automatically recognizing semantic and spatiotemporal information from geological hazard reports. This framework mainly extracts unstructured information from geological disaster reports through named entity recognition, ontology matching and gazetteer matching to identify and annotate elements, thus enabling users to quickly obtain key information and understand the general content of disaster reports. In addition, we present the final results obtained from the experiments through a reasonable visualization and analyse the visual results. The extraction and retrieval of semantic information related to the dynamics of geohazard events are performed from both natural and human perspectives to provide information on the progress of events.展开更多
The occurrence of geological disasters can have a large impact on urban safety. Protecting people’s safety is the most important concern when disasters occur. Safety improvement requires a large amount of comprehensi...The occurrence of geological disasters can have a large impact on urban safety. Protecting people’s safety is the most important concern when disasters occur. Safety improvement requires a large amount of comprehensive and representative risk analysis and a large collection of information related to geological hazards, including unstructured knowledge and experience. To address the relevant information and support safety risk analysis, a geological hazard knowledge graph is developed automatically based on computer vision and domain-geoscience ontology to identify geological hazards from input images while obeying safety rules and regulations, even when affected by changes. In the implementation of the knowledge graph, we design an ontology schema of geological disasters based on a top-down approach, and by organizing knowledge as a logical semantic expression, it can be shared using ontology technologies and therefore enable semantic interoperability. Computer vision approaches are then used to automatically detect a set of entities and attributes, using the data from input images, and object types and their attributes are identified so that they can be stored in Neo4j for reasoning and searching. Finally, a reasoning model for geological hazard identification was developed using the Neo4j database to create nodes, relationships, and their properties for modeling, and geological hazards in the images can be automatically identified by searching the Neo4j database. An application on geological hazard is presented. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of identifying possible potential hazards in geological hazards and assisting in formulating targeted preventive measures.展开更多
The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by complex geological conditions and a relatively fragile ecological environment.In recent years,there has been continuous development and increased human activity in the Tibetan P...The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by complex geological conditions and a relatively fragile ecological environment.In recent years,there has been continuous development and increased human activity in the Tibetan Plateau region,leading to a rising risk of landslides.The landslide in Banbar County,Xizang(Tibet),have been perturbed by ongoing disturbances from human engineering activities,making it susceptible to instability and displaying distinct features.In this study,small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry(SBAS-InSAR)technology is used to obtain the Line of Sight(LOS)deformation velocity field in the study area,and then the slope-orientation deformation field of the landslide is obtained according to the spatial geometric relationship between the satellite’s LOS direction and the landslide.Subsequently,the landslide thickness is inverted by applying the mass conservation criterion.The results show that the movement area of the landslide is about 6.57×10^(4)m^(2),and the landslide volume is about 1.45×10^(6)m^(3).The maximum estimated thickness and average thickness of the landslide are 39 m and 22 m,respectively.The thickness estimation results align with the findings from on-site investigation,indicating the applicability of this method to large-scale earth slides.The deformation rate of the landslide exhibits a notable correlation with temperature variations,with rainfall playing a supportive role in the deformation process and displaying a certain lag.Human activities exert the most substantial influence on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,leading to the direct impact of several prominent deformation areas due to human interventions.Simultaneously,utilizing the long short-term memory(LSTM)model to predict landslide displacement,and the forecast results demonstrate the effectiveness of the LSTM model in predicting landslides that are in a continuous development and movement phase.The landslide is still active,and based on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,new recommendations have been proposed for the future management of the landslide in order to mitigate potential hazards associated with landslide instability.展开更多
The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remai...The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remains insufficiently explored concerning landslide occurrence and dispersion.With the planning and construction of the Xinjiang-Tibet Railway,a comprehensive investigation into disastrous landslides in this area is essential for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.By using the human-computer interaction interpretation approach,the authors established a landslide database encompassing 13003 landslides,collectively spanning an area of 3351.24 km^(2)(36°N-40°N,73°E-78°E).The database incorporates diverse topographical and environmental parameters,including regional elevation,slope angle,slope aspect,distance to faults,distance to roads,distance to rivers,annual precipitation,and stratum.The statistical characteristics of number and area of landslides,landslide number density(LND),and landslide area percentage(LAP)are analyzed.The authors found that a predominant concentration of landslide origins within high slope angle regions,with the highest incidence observed in intervals characterised by average slopes of 20°to 30°,maximum slope angle above 80°,along with orientations towards the north(N),northeast(NE),and southwest(SW).Additionally,elevations above 4.5 km,distance to rivers below 1 km,rainfall between 20-30 mm and 30-40 mm emerge as particularly susceptible to landslide development.The study area’s geological composition primarily comprises Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic outcrops.Both fault and human engineering activities have different degrees of influence on landslide development.Furthermore,the significance of the landslide database,the relationship between landslide distribution and environmental factors,and the geometric and morphological characteristics of landslides are discussed.The landslide H/L ratios in the study area are mainly concentrated between 0.4 and 0.64.It means the landslides mobility in the region is relatively low,and the authors speculate that landslides in this region more possibly triggered by earthquakes or located in meizoseismal area.展开更多
This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity,displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides.The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plate...This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity,displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides.The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plateau of China was employed as the case,and the derived dynamic friction formula was included into the numerical simulation based on Particle Flow Code.Results showed that the friction decreased quickly from 0.64(the peak)to 0.1(the stead value)during the 5s-period after the sliding initiation,which explained the behavior of rapid movement of the landslide.The monitored balls set at different sections of the mass showed similar variation characteritics regarding the velocity,namely evident increase at the initial phase of the movement,followed by a fluctuation phase and then a stopping one.The peak velocity was more than 100 m/s and most particles had low velocities at 300s after the landslide initiation.The spreading distance of the landslide was calculated at the two-dimension(profile)and three-dimension scale,respectively.Compared with the simulation result without considering friction weakening effect,our results indicated a max distance of about 10 km from the initial unstable position,which fit better with the actual situation.展开更多
文摘In the process of human survival and development, it is inevitable to transform the original state of the world, thus forming a contradiction between the earth and the earth. The violent form of this contradiction is geological disasters. Geological disasters pose a threat to human life and property, and cause damage caused by natural or human factors, often causing casualties. The destruction process of geological disasters is usually a gradual process, showing many pre-disaster symptoms, such as local landslides, surface cracks, building deformation, tree skew, and ground sound. Evacuation can be avoided in advance according to the disaster precursors, so as to avoid casualties and achieve successful prediction. By reviewing the general situation of geological disasters in Shaanxi Province and the casualties in 2020, the difficulties in the prevention and control of geological disasters are summarized. In view of these difficulties, an on-site investigation, visit and analysis of geological disaster points and successful forecast points in Shaanxi Province in 2020 were conducted. In addition, combined with actual cases and years of work experience, the successful prediction experience of geological disasters was discussed from 8 aspects. Finally, the “Regulations on the Reward for Successful Geological Disaster Forecasting in Shaanxi Province” was revised in order to improve the successful prediction ability of geological disasters in Shaanxi Province and even the whole country, provide reference for future prevention and control of geological disasters, and effectively protect the safety of people’s lives and property.
基金supported by the International Partnership Program(131551KYSB20160002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41790433,41807509,41601571)IMHE fund(SDS-QN-1915 and SDS-QN-1705)。
文摘In China,many geological hazards occurred in remote mountainous regions,and it was time-consuming to disseminate disaster information for the responsible parties to make timely judgements.Besides,only relying on professionals to monitor and manage disasters was demanding and costly.The Chinese government created a system to engage residents in the process of disaster risk management,namely’Public Participation Monitoring and Warning’(PPMW),to disseminate timely disaster information and bring down management costs.The objective of this system was to reduce casualties with minimum cost by organizing residents to evacuate from disasters in advance.This paper introduced the PPMW system,including its structure,operation mechanism by reviewing government documents and research articles,and its implementation by a case study of a landslide at Boli village(E 101°01’,N 27°29’),Yanyuan County,Sichuan Province,China on July 19th 2018.Further,this paper analyzed the strengths and limitations of the system and discussed its future development.It had the potential to become an affordable disaster risk management tool for other countries facing similar situations to China.
文摘The capital of Georgia</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">—Tbilisi has a very convenient location and is a node of the transit corridor. Along with natural-geological conditions, its complexity is due to the rapid demographic growth of the city in a highly “sensitive” area of the geological environment and the pressure of high engineering and agricultural activities. In Tbilisi</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> it is observed almost all type</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of geological hazards, including landslide-gravitational, suffosion, debris/mudflows, river </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">bank erosion and inundation </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caused by groundwater. These hazard</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cause</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> high damages to the residential houses and other infrastructure facilities. Most importantly and most tragically is that these kind of negative geological events are often accompanied by human casualties. The study discusses the geological processes developed in March 2021 in the corridor of the Vashlij</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vari-Lisi road (Machavariani Street). The information obtained from the study,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> reflects the triggering factors of the geological hazards, also damages caused by them, and provides recommendations for short-term and long-term protective measures that should ensure the sustainable operation of the road and other infrastructure facilities.
基金financially supported by the China National Key R&D Program,Grant No.2019YFA0606900by the Scientific Investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,Grant No.2019QZKK0900。
文摘The Hengduan Mountains Region(HMR) is one of the areas that experience the most frequent geological hazards in China. However, few reports are available that address the geological hazard susceptibility of the region.This study developed six machine learning models to assess the geological hazard susceptibility. The results show that areas with medium and high susceptibility to geological hazards as a whole account for almost 21% of the total area, while both are 18% when it comes to the single hazard of landslide and rockfall respectively. Medium and high geological hazard susceptibility is found in three parts of the HMR with different characteristics:(1)the central and southern parts, where the population of the region concentrates;(2) the northern part, where higher geological hazard susceptibility is found along the mountain ranges;and(3) the junction of Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan in the eastern part, which is prone to larger-scale geological hazards. Of all the potential influencing factors,topographic features and climatic variables act as the major driving factors behind geological hazards and elevation,slope, and precipitation are crucial indicators for geological hazard susceptibility assessment. This study developed the geological hazard susceptibility maps of the HMR and provided information for the multi-hazard risk assessment and management of the region.
基金This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,No.2009CB723906)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41171280)CEODE Program(No.DESP01-04-10).
文摘To investigate geological mining hazards using digital techniques such as highresolution remote sensing,a semi-automatically geological mining hazards extraction method is proposed based on the case of the Shijiaying coal mine,located in Fangshan District,Beijing,China.In the method,the vegetation is first removed using the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)on the GeoEye-1 data.Then,geological mining hazards interpretation features are determined after color enhancement using principal component analysis(PCA)transformation.Bitmaps mainly covered by geological mining hazards are isolated by masking operation in the environment for visualizing images software.Next,each bitmap is classified into a two-valued imagery using support vector machine algorithm.In the two-valued imagery,1 denotes the geological mining hazards,while 0 denotes none.Afterwards,the two-valued imagery is converted into a vector graph by corresponding functions in the ArcGIS software and no geological mining hazards regions in the vector graph are deleted manually.Finally,the correlation between factors(such as mining activity,lithology,geological structure,and slope)and geological mining hazards is analyzed using a logistic regression and a hazardous-area forecasting model is built.The results of field verification show that the accuracy of the geological mining hazards extraction method is 98.1%and the results of the hazardous-area forecasting indicate that the logistic regression is an effective model in assessing geological hazard risks and that mining activity is the main contributing factor to the hazards,while geological structure,slope,lithology,roughness of the surface,and aspect are the secondary.
文摘Geological hazard is an adverse geological condition that can cause loss of life and property.Accurate prediction and analysis of geological hazards is an important and challenging task.In the past decade,there has been a great expansion of geohazard detection data and advancement in data-driven simulation techniques.In particular,great efforts have been made in applying deep learning to predict geohazards.To understand the recent progress in this field,this paper provides an overview of the commonly used data sources and deep neural networks in the prediction of a variety of geological hazards.
文摘In recent years, natural disasters in China have occurred frequently, especially large disasters such as earthquakes, floods and droughts, which have posed a serious threat to local public safety. In addition, the geological environment of local mountainous areas in China is complex and diverse, and climate change is large. Considering the dynamic coupling effect of rainfall conditions to stimulate geological disasters, this paper takes dynamic risk assessment technology as the guide, constructs a dynamic risk early warning model of geological disasters, establishes a prototype system, realizes dynamic risk assessment and emergency early warning of geological disasters at the regional level, and provides feasible technical support for targeted emergency disaster prevention. At the same time, the investigation and evaluation, mechanism research and monitoring and early warning related to the comprehensive prevention and control of geological disasters are important tasks that cannot be ignored, an important link in the emergency response system for geological disasters, and a key stage process to guide scientific disaster prevention. On the basis of exploring the mechanism and catastrophic effect of rainfall to stimulate landslides and mudslides, we will carry out in-depth research on disaster prevention countermeasures such as systematic engineering disposal, monitoring and early warning.
文摘The current researches on risk assessment of geological disasters mainly focus on unexpected disasters such as collapses, landslides and mud-rock flows etc. As the convergence zone of land and sea, coastal zone is the most active and complex area of interactions of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere. The ecological environment of coastal zone is very fragile, so further systematical research on coastal geological hazard assessment and prevention is in urgent need. The author begins with the definition and research contents and selects three typical coastal geological disasters, namely, the seawater intrusion, coastline change and sea-level rise as the objects of study. The systematic analysis and study on assessment system and methods are conducted, hazard assessment factors are selected, and a completely set of coastal disaster assessment system is established based on the technique of GIS. We took Bao’an District of Shenzhen City as an example and carried out a case study.
文摘The Three Gorges Dam,known as one of the biggest project items throughout the history,is a milestone for the development of China.Since it was completed in 2006,the dam has been persistently supplying ample electricity to the southern and eastern part of China.Despite its impressive output and benefits notwithstanding,we have to objectively pay our attention to the long-term impact that the Three Gorges Dam leaves to the place where we live,especially the influence on the climate,the ecosystem and the migration pattern of the reservoir area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Award Number: 51704205)Key R & D Plan projects in Shanxi Province of China (Award Number: 201803D31044)+1 种基金Education Department Natural Science Foundation in Guizhou of China (Award Number: KY (2017) 097)the High-Level Talents Fund of Guizhou University of Engineering Science (Award Number: G2015005)。
文摘Landslides,collapses and cracks are the main types of geological hazards,which threaten the safety of human life and property at all times.In emergency surveying and mapping,it is timeconsuming and laborious to use the method of field artificial investigation and recognition and using satellite image to identify ground hazards,there are some problems,such as time lag,low resolution,and difficult to select the map on demand.In this paper,a10 cm per pixel resolution photogrammetry of a geological hazard-prone area of Taohuagou,Shanxi Province,China is carried out by DJ 4 UAV.The digital orthophoto model(DOM),digital surface model(DSM) and three-dimensional point cloud model(3 DPCM) are generated in this region.The method of visual interpretation of cracks based on DOM(as main)-3 DPCM(as auxiliary) and landslide and collapse based on 3 DPCM(as main)-DOM and DSM(as auxiliary) are proposed.Based on the low altitude remote sensing image of UAV,the shape characteristics,geological characteristics and distribution of the identified hazards are analyzed.The results show that using UAV low altitude remote sensing image,the method of combination of main and auxiliary data can quickly and accurately identify landslide,collapse and crack,the accuracy of crack identification is 93%,and the accuracy of landslide and collapse identification is 100%.It mainly occurs in silty clay and mudstone geology and is greatly affected by slope foot excavation.This study can play a great role in the recognition of sudden hazards by low altitude remote sensing images of UAV.
文摘The design of remediation works for the mitigation and prevention of the associated risk is needed where these geological hazards affect anthropized areas. Remedial measures for landslides commonly include slope reshaping, plumbing, drainage, retaining structures and internal slope reinforcement, while debris flow control works consist in open or closed control structures. The effectiveness of the remedial works implemented must be assessed by evaluating the reduction of the risk over time. The choice of the most appropriate and cost-effective intervention must consider the type of hazard and environmental issues, and selects, wherever possible, naturalistic engineering operations that are consequently implemented according to the environmental regulations or the design and specification standards imposed by the competent public administrations. The mitigation procedures consist of five basic steps:(a) acquisition of the knowledge of the hazard process;(b) risk assessment with identification of possible disaster scenarios;(c) planning and designing of specific remedial measures to reduce and/or eliminate the potential risk;(d) slope monitoring after application of remedial measures,(e) transfer of knowledge to the stakeholders. This paper presents two case studies describing the practice for the design of the mitigation measures adopted for debris flow and active landslide sites in North-Eastern Italy. The first case study is a debris flow site, for which, based on observation of past events and numerical simulations using the software FLOW-2D, the most suitable mitigation measures were found to be the construction of a debris basin, barriers and breakers. The second case study deals with an active landslide threatening a village. Based on the landslide kinematics and the results of numerical simulations performed with the code FLAC, hard engineering remedial works were planned to reduce the driving forces with benching and by increasing the available resisting forces using jet grout piles and deep drainage.
基金jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1100804)。
文摘Emergency road networks(ERNs),an important part of local disaster prevention systems,can provide security to residents and their property.Exploring the ERNs structure is of great significance in terms of promoting disaster prevention and establishing road safety in dangerous mountainous areas.This study considered the ERNs of the Kangding section of the Dadu River Basin as the area for a case study.Complex Network Analysis was used to examine the relationship between the four characteristic indicators of mountain roads and the degree of earthquake impacts under the Lushan,Wenchuan,and Kangding Earthquake scenarios.Based on the analysis results,the southwest mountain road network was evaluated;then,computer simulations were used to evaluate the structural changes in the road network after index changes.The network was optimized,and the corresponding emergency avoidance network was proposed to provide a reference for the establishment of the mountainous ERN.The results show that the overall completeness of the mountainous ERNs in Southwest China is poor and prone to traffic accidents.Moreover,the local stability is poor,and the network is susceptible to natural hazards.The overall structure of the road network is balanced,but that of certain road sections is not.Road sections with different attributes present a“gathering-scattering”spatial distribution,i.e,some sections are clustered together while others are far apart.Accordingly,a planning optimization strategy is proposed to better understand the complexity and systematic nature of the mountainous ERN as a whole and to provide a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning in mountainous regions in Southwest China.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 41877273)the Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 41521002)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Disaster Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology) (Grants No. SKLGP2017Z016)the Guizhou Provincial Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, and the Faer Coal Mine。
文摘During underground mining,accurate revelation on the deformation and failure mechanisms of a high-steep slope under multi-layer mining conditions facilitates the prevention and control of geological disasters in mines.Numerical simulation based on discrete element theory can be used to explore the characteristics and mechanism of action of deformation and failure of a slope under complex geological and multi-layer mining conditions.By utilising PFC2 D(particle flow code) software,the deformation and failure characteristics of a high-steep slope in Faer Coal Mine in Guizhou Province,China were investigated.Additionally,the mechanism of influence of different numbers of mining layers on the deformation and failure of the high and steep slope was elucidated.The result showed that after the goaf passed by the slope toe,multi-layer mining aggravated the subsidence and deformation of the slope toe:the slope toppled forward as it sank.The toppling of the slope changed the slope structures:the strata in the front of the slope were transformed from anti-dip to down-dip features.Extruded by collapsedtoppled rock mass,the slope toe and the rock mass located in the lower part of the slope toe generally exhibited a locking effect on the slope.Multi-layer mining degraded the overall stability of the slope,in that the total displacement of the slope was much greater than the total mining thickness of the coal seams.Based on the aforementioned research,ideas for preventing and controlling geological disasters during mining operations under a high-steep slope were proposed.
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41520104002,41572303)the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS(Grant No.XDA23090303)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Project No.2017YFC1501000)。
文摘The great diversity and complexity of geological hazards in terms of flowing materials,environment,triggering mechanisms and physical processes during the flow bring great difficulties to the numerical parameter selection for the discrete element method.In order to identity the significance of individual parameters on the landslides dynamic process and provide valuable contribution to the runout analysis of similar landslide,the dynamic process and associated microscopic mechanism of the Turnoff Creek rock avalanche in Canada are simulated.The present numerical results are compared with the field survey data and the results of depth-integrated continuum method.The final deposit range matches well with the field survey data.It is illustrated that the discrete element method is robust and feasible to capture the dynamic characteristics of large rock avalanche over a complex terrain.Besides,a new method to assess the landslide hazard level based on the discrete element method is proposed.According to the parameter sensitivity analysis,it is demonstrated that the basal friction coefficient and bond strength are essential to the final deposit while rolling coefficient and restitution coefficient have little effects on it.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41807231)the project“Subsidies of innovative ability training for postgraduates”in Hebei Provincial Education Department(CXZZSS2019115)+1 种基金the“Subsidies for scientific research projects after the 16th student science and technology fund of Hebei GEO University”(KAD201906)the“Provincial Geological Exploration Project of Shanxi Department of Land and Resources”(SXZDF20170820).
文摘Considering the geological hazards attributed to the highway slope,using a common simple model cannot accurately assess the stability of the slope.First,principal component analysis(PCA)was conducted to extract the principal components of six factors(namely,bulk density,cohesion,internal friction angle,slope angle,slope height,and pore water pressure ratio)affecting the slope stability.Second,four principal components were adopted as input variables of the support vector machine(SVM)model optimized by genetic algorithm(GA).The output variable was slope stability.Lastly,the assessing model of highway slope stability based on PCA-GA-SVM is established.The maximal absolute error of the model is 0.0921 and the maximal relative error is 9.21%by comparing the assessment value and the practical value of the test sample.The above studies are conducive to enrich the assessing model of highway slope stability and provide some reference for highway slope engineering treatment.
基金the IUGS Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) Big Science Programfinancially supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (No.2022YFB3904200)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (No.2022CFB640)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation,Ministry of Natural Resources (No.KF-202207-014)the Opening Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision-Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering (No.2022SDSJ04)the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education (No.GLAB 2023ZR01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Many detailed data on past geological hazard events are buried in geological hazard reports and have not been fully utilized. The growing developments in geographic information retrieval and temporal information retrieval offer opportunities to analyse this wealth of data to mine the spatiotemporal evolution of geological disaster occurrence and enhance risk decision making. This study presents a combined NLP and ontology matching information extraction framework for automatically recognizing semantic and spatiotemporal information from geological hazard reports. This framework mainly extracts unstructured information from geological disaster reports through named entity recognition, ontology matching and gazetteer matching to identify and annotate elements, thus enabling users to quickly obtain key information and understand the general content of disaster reports. In addition, we present the final results obtained from the experiments through a reasonable visualization and analyse the visual results. The extraction and retrieval of semantic information related to the dynamics of geohazard events are performed from both natural and human perspectives to provide information on the progress of events.
基金the IUGS Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) Big Science Programfinancially supported by the National Key R & D Program of China (No.2022YFF0711601)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (No.2022CFB640)the Opening Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision-Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering (No.2022SDSJ04)the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education (No.GLAB 2023ZR01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘The occurrence of geological disasters can have a large impact on urban safety. Protecting people’s safety is the most important concern when disasters occur. Safety improvement requires a large amount of comprehensive and representative risk analysis and a large collection of information related to geological hazards, including unstructured knowledge and experience. To address the relevant information and support safety risk analysis, a geological hazard knowledge graph is developed automatically based on computer vision and domain-geoscience ontology to identify geological hazards from input images while obeying safety rules and regulations, even when affected by changes. In the implementation of the knowledge graph, we design an ontology schema of geological disasters based on a top-down approach, and by organizing knowledge as a logical semantic expression, it can be shared using ontology technologies and therefore enable semantic interoperability. Computer vision approaches are then used to automatically detect a set of entities and attributes, using the data from input images, and object types and their attributes are identified so that they can be stored in Neo4j for reasoning and searching. Finally, a reasoning model for geological hazard identification was developed using the Neo4j database to create nodes, relationships, and their properties for modeling, and geological hazards in the images can be automatically identified by searching the Neo4j database. An application on geological hazard is presented. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of identifying possible potential hazards in geological hazards and assisting in formulating targeted preventive measures.
基金supported by the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant NO.2019QZKK0904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41941019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant NO.42307217)。
文摘The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by complex geological conditions and a relatively fragile ecological environment.In recent years,there has been continuous development and increased human activity in the Tibetan Plateau region,leading to a rising risk of landslides.The landslide in Banbar County,Xizang(Tibet),have been perturbed by ongoing disturbances from human engineering activities,making it susceptible to instability and displaying distinct features.In this study,small baseline subset synthetic aperture radar interferometry(SBAS-InSAR)technology is used to obtain the Line of Sight(LOS)deformation velocity field in the study area,and then the slope-orientation deformation field of the landslide is obtained according to the spatial geometric relationship between the satellite’s LOS direction and the landslide.Subsequently,the landslide thickness is inverted by applying the mass conservation criterion.The results show that the movement area of the landslide is about 6.57×10^(4)m^(2),and the landslide volume is about 1.45×10^(6)m^(3).The maximum estimated thickness and average thickness of the landslide are 39 m and 22 m,respectively.The thickness estimation results align with the findings from on-site investigation,indicating the applicability of this method to large-scale earth slides.The deformation rate of the landslide exhibits a notable correlation with temperature variations,with rainfall playing a supportive role in the deformation process and displaying a certain lag.Human activities exert the most substantial influence on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,leading to the direct impact of several prominent deformation areas due to human interventions.Simultaneously,utilizing the long short-term memory(LSTM)model to predict landslide displacement,and the forecast results demonstrate the effectiveness of the LSTM model in predicting landslides that are in a continuous development and movement phase.The landslide is still active,and based on the spatial heterogeneity of landslide deformation,new recommendations have been proposed for the future management of the landslide in order to mitigate potential hazards associated with landslide instability.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3901205)National Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management of China(2023-JBKY-57)。
文摘The periphery of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is renowned for its susceptibility to landslides.However,the northwestern margin of this region,characterised by limited human activities and challenging transportation,remains insufficiently explored concerning landslide occurrence and dispersion.With the planning and construction of the Xinjiang-Tibet Railway,a comprehensive investigation into disastrous landslides in this area is essential for effective disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.By using the human-computer interaction interpretation approach,the authors established a landslide database encompassing 13003 landslides,collectively spanning an area of 3351.24 km^(2)(36°N-40°N,73°E-78°E).The database incorporates diverse topographical and environmental parameters,including regional elevation,slope angle,slope aspect,distance to faults,distance to roads,distance to rivers,annual precipitation,and stratum.The statistical characteristics of number and area of landslides,landslide number density(LND),and landslide area percentage(LAP)are analyzed.The authors found that a predominant concentration of landslide origins within high slope angle regions,with the highest incidence observed in intervals characterised by average slopes of 20°to 30°,maximum slope angle above 80°,along with orientations towards the north(N),northeast(NE),and southwest(SW).Additionally,elevations above 4.5 km,distance to rivers below 1 km,rainfall between 20-30 mm and 30-40 mm emerge as particularly susceptible to landslide development.The study area’s geological composition primarily comprises Mesozoic and Upper Paleozoic outcrops.Both fault and human engineering activities have different degrees of influence on landslide development.Furthermore,the significance of the landslide database,the relationship between landslide distribution and environmental factors,and the geometric and morphological characteristics of landslides are discussed.The landslide H/L ratios in the study area are mainly concentrated between 0.4 and 0.64.It means the landslides mobility in the region is relatively low,and the authors speculate that landslides in this region more possibly triggered by earthquakes or located in meizoseismal area.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42307248,U23A2047,42277187)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(D2022202005)+1 种基金Planning and Natural Resources Research Project of Tianjin City(2022-40,KJ[2024]25)the support from the Graduated Student Innovation Funding Project of Hebei Province(CXZZSS2024007)。
文摘This study proposed a novel friction law dependent on velocity,displacement and normal stress for kinematic analysis of runout process of rapid landslides.The well-known Yigong landslide occurring in the Tibetan Plateau of China was employed as the case,and the derived dynamic friction formula was included into the numerical simulation based on Particle Flow Code.Results showed that the friction decreased quickly from 0.64(the peak)to 0.1(the stead value)during the 5s-period after the sliding initiation,which explained the behavior of rapid movement of the landslide.The monitored balls set at different sections of the mass showed similar variation characteritics regarding the velocity,namely evident increase at the initial phase of the movement,followed by a fluctuation phase and then a stopping one.The peak velocity was more than 100 m/s and most particles had low velocities at 300s after the landslide initiation.The spreading distance of the landslide was calculated at the two-dimension(profile)and three-dimension scale,respectively.Compared with the simulation result without considering friction weakening effect,our results indicated a max distance of about 10 km from the initial unstable position,which fit better with the actual situation.
