The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the L...The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past,present and future.The academic con-notation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time,which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the Earth.Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological envi-ronment of China Jinping Underground Laboratory,the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention.Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out,which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time,reveal essential laws of deep earth science,and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the integration of the elements of civic and political education into the engineering geology course to improve students’ideological and moral qualities.It is proposed that by ...The purpose of this paper is to discuss the integration of the elements of civic and political education into the engineering geology course to improve students’ideological and moral qualities.It is proposed that by integrating elements of civic and political education,students are guided to form a positive attitude toward engineering practice as well as correct values and ethics.With regard to the teaching design and implementation of the course,the implementation paths of teacher team building,careful teaching design,innovative teaching methods,and the integration of civic and politics in practical teaching are proposed to summarize the significance of integrating the elements of civic and political education in the construction of the engineering geology course.It is pointed out that this integration not only improves the quality of the course,but also provides a reference for the civic and political education of other similar professional courses.This integration not only focuses on the teaching of professional knowledge,but also pays more attention to the cultivation of students’ideology and morality,which provides a model and guidance for shaping new talents with all-round development.展开更多
An often unrecognized problem is the geology and glacial history paradigm’s inability to explain topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which means geology research studies rarely address th...An often unrecognized problem is the geology and glacial history paradigm’s inability to explain topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which means geology research studies rarely address that type of topographic map evidence. The problem originated in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century with William Morris Davis who is sometimes called the father of geomorphology and was one of the first geologists to interpret what in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century were newly available topographic maps. An 1889 Davis paper describes selected drainage system evidence observed on an advance copy of the 1890 Doylestown (Pennsylvania) topographic map and an 1892 Ward paper written after discussions with Davis describes additional selected drainage system evidence seen on the same map. Both papers fail to mention the majority of the Doylestown map’s drainage system features including most barbed tributaries, asymmetric drainage divides, and through (dry) valleys crossing major drainage divides. Had Davis used all of the map’s drainage system and erosional landform evidence he should have recognized the map evidence shows headward erosion of an east-oriented Neshaminy Creek valley captured southwest-oriented streams which headward erosion of the south-oriented Delaware River valley and its east-oriented tributary Tohickon Creek valley had beheaded. Consciously or unconsciously, Davis chose not to alert future investigators that Doylestown topographic map evidence did not support his yet-to-be-published Pennsylvania and New Jersey erosion history interpretations and instead Davis proceeded to develop and promote erosion history interpretations which the map evidence did not support.展开更多
Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years,making great contributions to industrialization.Given the increasing demand for energy,along with the restructuring of the energy supply catalyzed by effor...Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years,making great contributions to industrialization.Given the increasing demand for energy,along with the restructuring of the energy supply catalyzed by efforts to achieve a low-carbon economy,deep seabed mining will play an important role in addressing energy-and resource-related problems in the future.However,deep seabed mining remains in the exploratory stage,with many challenges presented by the high-pressure,low-temperature,and complex geologic and hydrodynamic environments in deep-sea mining areas,which are inaccessible to human activities.Thus,considerable efforts are required to ensure sustainable,economic,reliable,and safe deep seabed mining.This study reviews the latest advances in marine engineering geology and the environment related to deep-sea min-ing activities,presents a bibliometric analysis of the development of ocean mineral resources since the 1950s,summarizes the development,theory,and issues related to techniques for the three stages of ocean mining(i.e.,exploration,extraction,and closure),and discusses the engineering geology environment,geological disasters,in-situ monitoring techniques,envi-ronmental protection requirements,and environmental effects in detail.Finally,this paper gives some key conclusions and future perspectives to provide insights for subsequent studies and commercial mining operations.展开更多
The lag in quantitative methods and detection techniques for geologic information has resulted in time-consuming and human-experienced geologic analysis in tunnels.Geochemical indicators of rocks can be used to identi...The lag in quantitative methods and detection techniques for geologic information has resulted in time-consuming and human-experienced geologic analysis in tunnels.Geochemical indicators of rocks can be used to identify adverse geology and to explain the intrinsic causes of damage to normal rocks.This study proposes a method to identify adverse geology by extracting and imaging the indicator elements.The mapping relationship between rock components and geologic bodies is quickly determined by indicator element extraction based on factor analysis,and then the data are gridded for image output.The location and size of the target adverse geology are visually identified through the distribution images of the indicator elements,thus reducing data dimensions and analysis time.A non-destructive,in-situ and fast element detection technique in tunnels was adopted to speed up the process of geology identification.The accuracy of the detection was validated by comparing field and laboratory test results.This study further confirms and refines the previous research,and the results provide references for geological,mining and underground projects.展开更多
Accurate and effective identification of adverse geology is crucial for safe and efficient tunnel construction.Current methods of identifying adverse geology depend on the experience of geologists and are prone to mis...Accurate and effective identification of adverse geology is crucial for safe and efficient tunnel construction.Current methods of identifying adverse geology depend on the experience of geologists and are prone to misjudgment and omissions.Here,we propose a method for adverse geology identification in tunnels based on mineral anomaly analysis.The method is based on the theory of geoanomaly,and the mineral anomalies are geological markers of the presence of adverse geology.The method uses exploration data analysis(EDA)to calculate mineral anomaly thresholds,then evaluates the mineral anomalies based on the thresholds and identifies adverse geology based on the characteristics of the mineral anomalies.We have established a dynamic expansion process for background samples to achieve the dynamic evaluation of mineral anomalies by adjusting anomaly thresholds.This method has been validated and applied in a tunnel excavated in granite.As shown herein,in the tunnel range of 142+800–142+860,the fault F37 was successfully identified based on an anomalous decrease in the diagenetic minerals plagioclase and hornblende,as well as an anomalous increase in the content of the alteration minerals chlorite,laumonite,and epidote.The proposed method provides a timely warning when a tunnel enters areas affected by adverse geology and identifies whether the tunnel is gradually approaching or moving away from the fault.In addition,the applicability,accuracy,and further improvement of the method are discussed.This method improves our ability to identify adverse geology,from qualitative to quantitative,and can provide reference and guidance for the identification of adverse geology in mining and underground engineering.展开更多
Saraikistan (South Punjab and surrounding) area of Pakistan is located in the central Pakistan. This area represents Triassic-Jurassic to Recent sedimentary marine and terrestrial strata. Most of the Mesozoic and Earl...Saraikistan (South Punjab and surrounding) area of Pakistan is located in the central Pakistan. This area represents Triassic-Jurassic to Recent sedimentary marine and terrestrial strata. Most of the Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic are represented by marine strata with rare terrestrial deposits, while the Late Cenozoic is represented by continental fluvial deposits. This area hosts significant mineral deposits and their development can play a significant role in the development of Saraikistan region and ultimately for Pakistan. The data of recently discovered biotas from Cambrian to Miocene age are tabulated for quick view. Mesozoic biotas show a prominent paleobiogeographic link with Gondwana and Cenozoic show Eurasian. Phylogeny and hypodigm of Poripuchian titanosaurs from India and Pakistan are hinted at here.展开更多
Excavation under complex geological conditions requires effective and accurate geological forward-prospecting to detect the unfavorable geological structure and estimate the classification of surround-ing rock in fron...Excavation under complex geological conditions requires effective and accurate geological forward-prospecting to detect the unfavorable geological structure and estimate the classification of surround-ing rock in front of the tunnel face.In this work,a forward-prediction method for tunnel geology and classification of surrounding rock is developed based on seismic wave velocity layered tomography.In particular,for the problem of strong multi-solution of wave velocity inversion caused by few ray paths in the narrow space of the tunnel,a layered inversion based on regularization is proposed.By reducing the inversion area of each iteration step and applying straight-line interface assumption,the convergence and accuracy of wave velocity inversion are effectively improved.Furthermore,a surrounding rock classification network based on autoencoder is constructed.The mapping relationship between wave velocity and classification of surrounding rock is established with density,Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus as links.Two numerical examples with geological conditions similar to that in the field tunnel and a field case study in an urban subway tunnel verify the potential of the proposed method for practical application.展开更多
For thousands of years, mankind is observing the surrounding nature. Often, they found no obvious clues for inexplicable and complex facts, leading to the belief that their wisdom was limited. This is in the majority ...For thousands of years, mankind is observing the surrounding nature. Often, they found no obvious clues for inexplicable and complex facts, leading to the belief that their wisdom was limited. This is in the majority of cases still true today, but based on hundreds of years of (geo-) scientific work some older thoughts can now be readjusted by combining newer geological, environmental, historical and philosophical clues. Facts about the development of the North German Basin are used to demonstrate the variability of geological systems and how these can be described by taking dice as a metaphor for ruling geological parameters. This includes all kinds of plate tectonically controlled basin forming processes, especially metamorphism of the lower crust due to a fixed mantle plume, basin filling processes with their galactic and lunar overprints, basin modifying tectonics due to internal (halokinesis, inversion) or external forces (one-sided loads at the surface due to mighty Delta sediments or glacial ice sheets) and geochemical reactions as a result of pressure and temperature changes in course of subsidence. Especially, the Rotliegend (Lower Permian) Gas Play is one of the possible illustrations of the entity of the North German Basin with its more than 70 - 90 independent parameters belonging to a global set of very complex hydrocarbon systems. Processes on Earth like the formation of systems of hydrocarbon fields as well as environmental systems (e.g. river systems, lakes, islands, sedimentary basins) are subordinated to the dices of nature and are steered invisibly by a selection of rules of the game that one understands as natural laws. The facts and remaining uncertainties as well as problems with subsurface-related processes (e.g. manmade tectonics, subsidence and uplift) guide the thoughts of engaged individuals on how to proceed wisely with limited predictability of challenges and dangers of a subsurface system. This work will be a trial to associate once more the natural sciences (geology) and the humanities (philosophy) for the benefit of both.展开更多
OneGeology is an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world and a flagship project of the"International Year of Planet Earth".Its aim is to create a digital geological map of the world a...OneGeology is an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world and a flagship project of the"International Year of Planet Earth".Its aim is to create a digital geological map of the world and to make it available via the web to all.The target scale is l:l million but the project is pragmatic and accepts a range of scales and the best available data.To date, 102 countries are participating in the project and。展开更多
2014年8月Geology杂志发表了一篇“2013年四川芦山地震：中国四川盆地山脉前缘盲断层产生的地震灾害”（The 2013Lushan earthquake：Implications for seismic hazards posed by the Range Front blind thrust in the Sichuan Basin,Ch...2014年8月Geology杂志发表了一篇“2013年四川芦山地震：中国四川盆地山脉前缘盲断层产生的地震灾害”（The 2013Lushan earthquake：Implications for seismic hazards posed by the Range Front blind thrust in the Sichuan Basin,China）的文章.展开更多
In order to effectively detect potential geology anomalous bodies in coal bearing formation,such as coal seam thickness variation,small faults,goafs and collapse columns,and provide scientific guidance for safe and ef...In order to effectively detect potential geology anomalous bodies in coal bearing formation,such as coal seam thickness variation,small faults,goafs and collapse columns,and provide scientific guidance for safe and efficient mining,the SUMMIT-II EX explosion-proof seismic slot wave instrument,produced by German DMT Company,was used to detect the underground channel wave with the help of transmission method,reflection method and transflective method.Region area detection experiment in mining face had been carried out thanks to the advantage of channel wave,such as its great dispersion,abundant geology information,strong anti-interference ability and long-distance detecting.The experimental results showed that:(1)Coal seam thickness variation in extremely unstable coal seam has been quantitatively interpreted with an accuracy of more than 80%generally;(2)The faults,goafs and collapse columns could be detected and predicted accurately;(3)Experimental detection of gas enrichment areas,stress concentration regions and water inrush risk zone has been collated;(4)A research system of disaster-causing geology anomalous body detection by in-seam seismic survey has been built,valuable and innovative achievements have been got.Series of innovation obtained for the first time in this study indicated that it was more effective to detect disaster-causing potential geology anomalies by in-seam seismic survey than by ground seismic survey.It had significant scientific value and application prospect under complex coal seam conditions.展开更多
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau located in the Tethyan tectonic domain is the best developed region of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments in China. The Qiangtang basin is the biggest and relatively stable area of the pl...The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau located in the Tethyan tectonic domain is the best developed region of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments in China. The Qiangtang basin is the biggest and relatively stable area of the plateau. Triassic and Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks are extensively distributed in the basin. There exist good dolomite and organic reef reservoirs and mudstone and evaporite cap rocks, as well as well-developed structural traps in the basin; in addition destroyed petroleum traps have been discovered. Therefore, the conditions of petroleum geology in the Qiangtang basin are展开更多
X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks in a low-angle diffraction section of clay minerals, especially those ofauthigenic origin, have broadening and tailing features in shape. Using the five basic parameters, peak position, p...X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks in a low-angle diffraction section of clay minerals, especially those ofauthigenic origin, have broadening and tailing features in shape. Using the five basic parameters, peak position, peakheight, width, shape coefficient and asymmetry, to describe an XRD peak is more accurate, comprehensive and integratedthan using only 3 of them, position, height and width. Following the concept of the five basic parameters of an XRD peak,the program Decoform proposed in this study provides more information in mineralogical analyses by fitting actual XRDprofiles. In combination with the HW-IR plot, Decoform can be systematically and accurately used in the comprehensiveanalyses of crystallinity, domain size, lattice strain and quantitative phase. It is also of value for the geologicalinvestigations of diagenesis, metamorphism, basin maturity, structural stress field and so on.展开更多
The development of a multiple level underground mine is a complex task in which geology,engineering,ground control,and unit operations are integrated into a single mine design.The components are interdependent and mus...The development of a multiple level underground mine is a complex task in which geology,engineering,ground control,and unit operations are integrated into a single mine design.The components are interdependent and must function cohesively to ensure a profitable underground mining operation.To optimize reserve recovery,mine planning should begin from the lowest level and progress up.This limits any misjudgments or oversights of a given level affecting the underlying levels and ensures the ability to maximize recovery from each level.Mine planning should start with the exploration and characterization of the geologic setting.Once the reserve geology and quality is well understood,then mine planning can begin with respect to the following:(1)orientation of mine works with respect to horizontal stress;(2)access to the reserve;(3)determination of opening widths;(4)selection of back,floor horizons and pillar centers;(5)selection of development and secondary mining heights;(6)appropriate inter-burden thicknesses;and(7)examining the stability of the multiple level mine through numerical modeling.The multiple level mine design process and decisions are presented through a case history example.The theme is that there is one opportunity to"get it right"and many chances to overlook a small aspect within the design that will plague the mine throughout all levels and through the entirety of its operating life.展开更多
Coal remote sensing technology was founded in the period of coal resources survey after the founding of People’s Republic of China.Aerophoto Grammetry&Remote Sensing Bureau of China National Administration of Coa...Coal remote sensing technology was founded in the period of coal resources survey after the founding of People’s Republic of China.Aerophoto Grammetry&Remote Sensing Bureau of China National Administration of Coal Geology was established,specializing in the application and promotion of coal remote sensing technology.With the rapid development of coal geological exploration in China,coal remote sensing technology has evolved from coal geology based survey to comprehensive survey that factors in resources,environment,ecology and so on.This paper summarizes the general situation,theories,development process,key research and future of remote sensing technology for coal mining in China.Spanning over 50 years,the history of China’s coal remote sensing technology can be divided into five stages:aero-geological mapping,coal remote sensing theory experimental research,application research and promotion,architecture planning and productionisation,“3S”technology integration and application.This paper expounds the main technical progress,application fields,major projects and major achievements in various historical periods,and points out that the coal remote sensing has entered a unified development stage of“Aviation,Aerospace and Ground”,with a focus on high-resolution remote sensing,hyperspectral remote sensing,radar remote sensing,“3S”technology integration and multi-means comprehensive exploration and evaluation.In the future,coal remote sensing technology will develop rapidly in data mass,technology integration,evaluation intelligence,integration application programming,system visualization,etc.Coal remote sensing technology has entered the industrial development from technology application.展开更多
The development of metamorphic petrology to metamorphic geology in China has a long history.Ancient basement metamorphic rocks are distributed primarily in the North China Craton,the Yangtze Block and Tarim Craton.The...The development of metamorphic petrology to metamorphic geology in China has a long history.Ancient basement metamorphic rocks are distributed primarily in the North China Craton,the Yangtze Block and Tarim Craton.They are mainly made up of plutonic gneiss and metamorphosed supercrust rock,transformed to granulite facies through Archean Paleoproterozoic.Many of the Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks have undergone high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism with a clockwise metamorphic evolution path.The ultrahigh temperature (UHT)granulites from the Late Paleoproterozoic are found in North China Craton.Many high-precision chronological data have allowed preliminary construction of the formation and evolutionary framework of different metamorphic basements.Primarily there are low-temperature and high-pressure blue schist,high-temperature and high-pressure granulite and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP)eclogite facies metamorphic rocks in the Phanerozoic orogenic belt.The discovery of eclogite in the Sulu orogen and a large quantity of coesite in its country rocks show that there was a deep subduction of voluminous continental materials during the collision process between the Yangtze block and the North China Craton in the Early Mesozoic phase.From the studies of,for instance,organic matter vitrinite reflectance,illite crystallinity,illite (muscovite)polytype and illite (muscovite)b dimension,the Late Paleozoic strata in the eastern region of Inner Mongolia and the north-central region of NE China have only experienced diagenesis to an extremely low-grade metamorphism.The discovery of impact-metamorphosed rocks in Xiuyan area of Liaoning province has enriched the type and category of metamorphic rocks in China.The phase equilibrium method has been widely used in the study of metamorphism of middle and high-grade metamorphic rocks.On the basis of existing geologic surveys and monographic study results, different scholars have respectively compiled 1:1500000 Metamorphic Geological Map and Specifications of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and its Adjacent Areas,1:2500000 Metamorphic Tectonic Map of China, and the 1:5000000 Metamorphic Geological Map and Specifications of China,among others repectively, which have systematically summarized the research results of metamorphic petrology and metamorphic geology in China.展开更多
In China,the connection between coal utilization and environmental pollution has been increasingly evident due to the rapid growth in energy consumption.Clean coal technology(CCT)is one of the effective methods to add...In China,the connection between coal utilization and environmental pollution has been increasingly evident due to the rapid growth in energy consumption.Clean coal technology(CCT)is one of the effective methods to address coal-associated pollution.However,CCT needs the practical and theoretical support of clean coal geology(CCG).In this paper,a new definition of CCG is proposed,based on the definitions of coal,coal geology,and CCT,combined with the development of national CCG.CCG is the discipline comprehensively researching the genesis,nature,distribution,cleaning potential,clean utilization and environmental effects of resources(coal,coal bed methane,and other coal-associated resources)that can be cleaned by CCT.The research content of CCG is discussed from different aspects,such as cleaning potential evaluation,geological guarantee for coal mining,ash yields and sulfur contents,trace elements,pollution caused by coal,and mine reclamation.The progress of CCG in China is also briefly divided into four stages and delineated.Finally,scientific problems in CCG are summarized and an outlook for CCG is given.展开更多
Mine safety have top-five disasters,which including the water,gas,fire,dust and geological dynamic disaster.The coal mine water disaster is one of the important factors which restricted the development of China’s coa...Mine safety have top-five disasters,which including the water,gas,fire,dust and geological dynamic disaster.The coal mine water disaster is one of the important factors which restricted the development of China’s coal production.It is showed by statistics that 60%of mine accidents are affected by groundwater,which not only result in the production losses,casualties and a variety of展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125402 and 52174084)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China(No.2022NSFSC0005).
文摘The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past,present and future.The academic con-notation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time,which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the Earth.Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological envi-ronment of China Jinping Underground Laboratory,the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention.Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out,which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time,reveal essential laws of deep earth science,and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to discuss the integration of the elements of civic and political education into the engineering geology course to improve students’ideological and moral qualities.It is proposed that by integrating elements of civic and political education,students are guided to form a positive attitude toward engineering practice as well as correct values and ethics.With regard to the teaching design and implementation of the course,the implementation paths of teacher team building,careful teaching design,innovative teaching methods,and the integration of civic and politics in practical teaching are proposed to summarize the significance of integrating the elements of civic and political education in the construction of the engineering geology course.It is pointed out that this integration not only improves the quality of the course,but also provides a reference for the civic and political education of other similar professional courses.This integration not only focuses on the teaching of professional knowledge,but also pays more attention to the cultivation of students’ideology and morality,which provides a model and guidance for shaping new talents with all-round development.
文摘An often unrecognized problem is the geology and glacial history paradigm’s inability to explain topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which means geology research studies rarely address that type of topographic map evidence. The problem originated in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century with William Morris Davis who is sometimes called the father of geomorphology and was one of the first geologists to interpret what in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century were newly available topographic maps. An 1889 Davis paper describes selected drainage system evidence observed on an advance copy of the 1890 Doylestown (Pennsylvania) topographic map and an 1892 Ward paper written after discussions with Davis describes additional selected drainage system evidence seen on the same map. Both papers fail to mention the majority of the Doylestown map’s drainage system features including most barbed tributaries, asymmetric drainage divides, and through (dry) valleys crossing major drainage divides. Had Davis used all of the map’s drainage system and erosional landform evidence he should have recognized the map evidence shows headward erosion of an east-oriented Neshaminy Creek valley captured southwest-oriented streams which headward erosion of the south-oriented Delaware River valley and its east-oriented tributary Tohickon Creek valley had beheaded. Consciously or unconsciously, Davis chose not to alert future investigators that Doylestown topographic map evidence did not support his yet-to-be-published Pennsylvania and New Jersey erosion history interpretations and instead Davis proceeded to develop and promote erosion history interpretations which the map evidence did not support.
基金Funding for this research was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42022052,42277138,and 52108337)the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC2803800)+1 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2020YQ29)UCL's Department of Civil,Environmental and Geomatic Engineering,and Ocean University of China.
文摘Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years,making great contributions to industrialization.Given the increasing demand for energy,along with the restructuring of the energy supply catalyzed by efforts to achieve a low-carbon economy,deep seabed mining will play an important role in addressing energy-and resource-related problems in the future.However,deep seabed mining remains in the exploratory stage,with many challenges presented by the high-pressure,low-temperature,and complex geologic and hydrodynamic environments in deep-sea mining areas,which are inaccessible to human activities.Thus,considerable efforts are required to ensure sustainable,economic,reliable,and safe deep seabed mining.This study reviews the latest advances in marine engineering geology and the environment related to deep-sea min-ing activities,presents a bibliometric analysis of the development of ocean mineral resources since the 1950s,summarizes the development,theory,and issues related to techniques for the three stages of ocean mining(i.e.,exploration,extraction,and closure),and discusses the engineering geology environment,geological disasters,in-situ monitoring techniques,envi-ronmental protection requirements,and environmental effects in detail.Finally,this paper gives some key conclusions and future perspectives to provide insights for subsequent studies and commercial mining operations.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52022053 and 52279103)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Nos.ZR201910270116 and ZR2023YQ049).
文摘The lag in quantitative methods and detection techniques for geologic information has resulted in time-consuming and human-experienced geologic analysis in tunnels.Geochemical indicators of rocks can be used to identify adverse geology and to explain the intrinsic causes of damage to normal rocks.This study proposes a method to identify adverse geology by extracting and imaging the indicator elements.The mapping relationship between rock components and geologic bodies is quickly determined by indicator element extraction based on factor analysis,and then the data are gridded for image output.The location and size of the target adverse geology are visually identified through the distribution images of the indicator elements,thus reducing data dimensions and analysis time.A non-destructive,in-situ and fast element detection technique in tunnels was adopted to speed up the process of geology identification.The accuracy of the detection was validated by comparing field and laboratory test results.This study further confirms and refines the previous research,and the results provide references for geological,mining and underground projects.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52022053 and 52009073)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR201910270116)。
文摘Accurate and effective identification of adverse geology is crucial for safe and efficient tunnel construction.Current methods of identifying adverse geology depend on the experience of geologists and are prone to misjudgment and omissions.Here,we propose a method for adverse geology identification in tunnels based on mineral anomaly analysis.The method is based on the theory of geoanomaly,and the mineral anomalies are geological markers of the presence of adverse geology.The method uses exploration data analysis(EDA)to calculate mineral anomaly thresholds,then evaluates the mineral anomalies based on the thresholds and identifies adverse geology based on the characteristics of the mineral anomalies.We have established a dynamic expansion process for background samples to achieve the dynamic evaluation of mineral anomalies by adjusting anomaly thresholds.This method has been validated and applied in a tunnel excavated in granite.As shown herein,in the tunnel range of 142+800–142+860,the fault F37 was successfully identified based on an anomalous decrease in the diagenetic minerals plagioclase and hornblende,as well as an anomalous increase in the content of the alteration minerals chlorite,laumonite,and epidote.The proposed method provides a timely warning when a tunnel enters areas affected by adverse geology and identifies whether the tunnel is gradually approaching or moving away from the fault.In addition,the applicability,accuracy,and further improvement of the method are discussed.This method improves our ability to identify adverse geology,from qualitative to quantitative,and can provide reference and guidance for the identification of adverse geology in mining and underground engineering.
文摘Saraikistan (South Punjab and surrounding) area of Pakistan is located in the central Pakistan. This area represents Triassic-Jurassic to Recent sedimentary marine and terrestrial strata. Most of the Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic are represented by marine strata with rare terrestrial deposits, while the Late Cenozoic is represented by continental fluvial deposits. This area hosts significant mineral deposits and their development can play a significant role in the development of Saraikistan region and ultimately for Pakistan. The data of recently discovered biotas from Cambrian to Miocene age are tabulated for quick view. Mesozoic biotas show a prominent paleobiogeographic link with Gondwana and Cenozoic show Eurasian. Phylogeny and hypodigm of Poripuchian titanosaurs from India and Pakistan are hinted at here.
基金The research work described herein was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51922067)The Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province of China(Grant No.2020ZLYS01)Taishan Scholars Program of Shan-dong Province of China(Grant No.tsqn201909003).
文摘Excavation under complex geological conditions requires effective and accurate geological forward-prospecting to detect the unfavorable geological structure and estimate the classification of surround-ing rock in front of the tunnel face.In this work,a forward-prediction method for tunnel geology and classification of surrounding rock is developed based on seismic wave velocity layered tomography.In particular,for the problem of strong multi-solution of wave velocity inversion caused by few ray paths in the narrow space of the tunnel,a layered inversion based on regularization is proposed.By reducing the inversion area of each iteration step and applying straight-line interface assumption,the convergence and accuracy of wave velocity inversion are effectively improved.Furthermore,a surrounding rock classification network based on autoencoder is constructed.The mapping relationship between wave velocity and classification of surrounding rock is established with density,Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus as links.Two numerical examples with geological conditions similar to that in the field tunnel and a field case study in an urban subway tunnel verify the potential of the proposed method for practical application.
文摘For thousands of years, mankind is observing the surrounding nature. Often, they found no obvious clues for inexplicable and complex facts, leading to the belief that their wisdom was limited. This is in the majority of cases still true today, but based on hundreds of years of (geo-) scientific work some older thoughts can now be readjusted by combining newer geological, environmental, historical and philosophical clues. Facts about the development of the North German Basin are used to demonstrate the variability of geological systems and how these can be described by taking dice as a metaphor for ruling geological parameters. This includes all kinds of plate tectonically controlled basin forming processes, especially metamorphism of the lower crust due to a fixed mantle plume, basin filling processes with their galactic and lunar overprints, basin modifying tectonics due to internal (halokinesis, inversion) or external forces (one-sided loads at the surface due to mighty Delta sediments or glacial ice sheets) and geochemical reactions as a result of pressure and temperature changes in course of subsidence. Especially, the Rotliegend (Lower Permian) Gas Play is one of the possible illustrations of the entity of the North German Basin with its more than 70 - 90 independent parameters belonging to a global set of very complex hydrocarbon systems. Processes on Earth like the formation of systems of hydrocarbon fields as well as environmental systems (e.g. river systems, lakes, islands, sedimentary basins) are subordinated to the dices of nature and are steered invisibly by a selection of rules of the game that one understands as natural laws. The facts and remaining uncertainties as well as problems with subsurface-related processes (e.g. manmade tectonics, subsidence and uplift) guide the thoughts of engaged individuals on how to proceed wisely with limited predictability of challenges and dangers of a subsurface system. This work will be a trial to associate once more the natural sciences (geology) and the humanities (philosophy) for the benefit of both.
文摘OneGeology is an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world and a flagship project of the"International Year of Planet Earth".Its aim is to create a digital geological map of the world and to make it available via the web to all.The target scale is l:l million but the project is pragmatic and accepts a range of scales and the best available data.To date, 102 countries are participating in the project and。
文摘2014年8月Geology杂志发表了一篇“2013年四川芦山地震：中国四川盆地山脉前缘盲断层产生的地震灾害”（The 2013Lushan earthquake：Implications for seismic hazards posed by the Range Front blind thrust in the Sichuan Basin,China）的文章.
基金supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41130419).
文摘In order to effectively detect potential geology anomalous bodies in coal bearing formation,such as coal seam thickness variation,small faults,goafs and collapse columns,and provide scientific guidance for safe and efficient mining,the SUMMIT-II EX explosion-proof seismic slot wave instrument,produced by German DMT Company,was used to detect the underground channel wave with the help of transmission method,reflection method and transflective method.Region area detection experiment in mining face had been carried out thanks to the advantage of channel wave,such as its great dispersion,abundant geology information,strong anti-interference ability and long-distance detecting.The experimental results showed that:(1)Coal seam thickness variation in extremely unstable coal seam has been quantitatively interpreted with an accuracy of more than 80%generally;(2)The faults,goafs and collapse columns could be detected and predicted accurately;(3)Experimental detection of gas enrichment areas,stress concentration regions and water inrush risk zone has been collated;(4)A research system of disaster-causing geology anomalous body detection by in-seam seismic survey has been built,valuable and innovative achievements have been got.Series of innovation obtained for the first time in this study indicated that it was more effective to detect disaster-causing potential geology anomalies by in-seam seismic survey than by ground seismic survey.It had significant scientific value and application prospect under complex coal seam conditions.
文摘The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau located in the Tethyan tectonic domain is the best developed region of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments in China. The Qiangtang basin is the biggest and relatively stable area of the plateau. Triassic and Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks are extensively distributed in the basin. There exist good dolomite and organic reef reservoirs and mudstone and evaporite cap rocks, as well as well-developed structural traps in the basin; in addition destroyed petroleum traps have been discovered. Therefore, the conditions of petroleum geology in the Qiangtang basin are
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.49872033) the special pre-research project of the Basic Scientific Program.the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2001CCA02400).
文摘X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks in a low-angle diffraction section of clay minerals, especially those ofauthigenic origin, have broadening and tailing features in shape. Using the five basic parameters, peak position, peakheight, width, shape coefficient and asymmetry, to describe an XRD peak is more accurate, comprehensive and integratedthan using only 3 of them, position, height and width. Following the concept of the five basic parameters of an XRD peak,the program Decoform proposed in this study provides more information in mineralogical analyses by fitting actual XRDprofiles. In combination with the HW-IR plot, Decoform can be systematically and accurately used in the comprehensiveanalyses of crystallinity, domain size, lattice strain and quantitative phase. It is also of value for the geologicalinvestigations of diagenesis, metamorphism, basin maturity, structural stress field and so on.
文摘The development of a multiple level underground mine is a complex task in which geology,engineering,ground control,and unit operations are integrated into a single mine design.The components are interdependent and must function cohesively to ensure a profitable underground mining operation.To optimize reserve recovery,mine planning should begin from the lowest level and progress up.This limits any misjudgments or oversights of a given level affecting the underlying levels and ensures the ability to maximize recovery from each level.Mine planning should start with the exploration and characterization of the geologic setting.Once the reserve geology and quality is well understood,then mine planning can begin with respect to the following:(1)orientation of mine works with respect to horizontal stress;(2)access to the reserve;(3)determination of opening widths;(4)selection of back,floor horizons and pillar centers;(5)selection of development and secondary mining heights;(6)appropriate inter-burden thicknesses;and(7)examining the stability of the multiple level mine through numerical modeling.The multiple level mine design process and decisions are presented through a case history example.The theme is that there is one opportunity to"get it right"and many chances to overlook a small aspect within the design that will plague the mine throughout all levels and through the entirety of its operating life.
文摘Coal remote sensing technology was founded in the period of coal resources survey after the founding of People’s Republic of China.Aerophoto Grammetry&Remote Sensing Bureau of China National Administration of Coal Geology was established,specializing in the application and promotion of coal remote sensing technology.With the rapid development of coal geological exploration in China,coal remote sensing technology has evolved from coal geology based survey to comprehensive survey that factors in resources,environment,ecology and so on.This paper summarizes the general situation,theories,development process,key research and future of remote sensing technology for coal mining in China.Spanning over 50 years,the history of China’s coal remote sensing technology can be divided into five stages:aero-geological mapping,coal remote sensing theory experimental research,application research and promotion,architecture planning and productionisation,“3S”technology integration and application.This paper expounds the main technical progress,application fields,major projects and major achievements in various historical periods,and points out that the coal remote sensing has entered a unified development stage of“Aviation,Aerospace and Ground”,with a focus on high-resolution remote sensing,hyperspectral remote sensing,radar remote sensing,“3S”technology integration and multi-means comprehensive exploration and evaluation.In the future,coal remote sensing technology will develop rapidly in data mass,technology integration,evaluation intelligence,integration application programming,system visualization,etc.Coal remote sensing technology has entered the industrial development from technology application.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41203025)the Work Project of the China Geological Survey (1212010811048)the Fundamental Research Fund of the Institute of Geology of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (J1615).
文摘The development of metamorphic petrology to metamorphic geology in China has a long history.Ancient basement metamorphic rocks are distributed primarily in the North China Craton,the Yangtze Block and Tarim Craton.They are mainly made up of plutonic gneiss and metamorphosed supercrust rock,transformed to granulite facies through Archean Paleoproterozoic.Many of the Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks have undergone high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism with a clockwise metamorphic evolution path.The ultrahigh temperature (UHT)granulites from the Late Paleoproterozoic are found in North China Craton.Many high-precision chronological data have allowed preliminary construction of the formation and evolutionary framework of different metamorphic basements.Primarily there are low-temperature and high-pressure blue schist,high-temperature and high-pressure granulite and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP)eclogite facies metamorphic rocks in the Phanerozoic orogenic belt.The discovery of eclogite in the Sulu orogen and a large quantity of coesite in its country rocks show that there was a deep subduction of voluminous continental materials during the collision process between the Yangtze block and the North China Craton in the Early Mesozoic phase.From the studies of,for instance,organic matter vitrinite reflectance,illite crystallinity,illite (muscovite)polytype and illite (muscovite)b dimension,the Late Paleozoic strata in the eastern region of Inner Mongolia and the north-central region of NE China have only experienced diagenesis to an extremely low-grade metamorphism.The discovery of impact-metamorphosed rocks in Xiuyan area of Liaoning province has enriched the type and category of metamorphic rocks in China.The phase equilibrium method has been widely used in the study of metamorphism of middle and high-grade metamorphic rocks.On the basis of existing geologic surveys and monographic study results, different scholars have respectively compiled 1:1500000 Metamorphic Geological Map and Specifications of Qinghai Tibet Plateau and its Adjacent Areas,1:2500000 Metamorphic Tectonic Map of China, and the 1:5000000 Metamorphic Geological Map and Specifications of China,among others repectively, which have systematically summarized the research results of metamorphic petrology and metamorphic geology in China.
基金This paper was jointly supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2014CB238905)the National Natural Science foundation of China(41572146)+2 种基金the National Coal Resource Potential Evaluation Project(1212011121043)the Survey Project of Special and Scarce Coal Resources(1212011085511)the Public Welfare Project of the Ministry of Land and Resources(201211003)。
文摘In China,the connection between coal utilization and environmental pollution has been increasingly evident due to the rapid growth in energy consumption.Clean coal technology(CCT)is one of the effective methods to address coal-associated pollution.However,CCT needs the practical and theoretical support of clean coal geology(CCG).In this paper,a new definition of CCG is proposed,based on the definitions of coal,coal geology,and CCT,combined with the development of national CCG.CCG is the discipline comprehensively researching the genesis,nature,distribution,cleaning potential,clean utilization and environmental effects of resources(coal,coal bed methane,and other coal-associated resources)that can be cleaned by CCT.The research content of CCG is discussed from different aspects,such as cleaning potential evaluation,geological guarantee for coal mining,ash yields and sulfur contents,trace elements,pollution caused by coal,and mine reclamation.The progress of CCG in China is also briefly divided into four stages and delineated.Finally,scientific problems in CCG are summarized and an outlook for CCG is given.
文摘Mine safety have top-five disasters,which including the water,gas,fire,dust and geological dynamic disaster.The coal mine water disaster is one of the important factors which restricted the development of China’s coal production.It is showed by statistics that 60%of mine accidents are affected by groundwater,which not only result in the production losses,casualties and a variety of
